UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION SECTION A IESTIONS tion of errors is \d to prevent accumulat ae Se ier ‘ b) To work from jen to whole et above : ee and (b) above d) None of the MULTIPLE CHOICE qui The curvature of earth's surface Is taken into account only if the extent of survey 1S 2 more than (in km’) b) 500 ok ) 1800 Geode Is different from plane surveying because of a a) erp hall Beata covered -b) The curvature of earth Is considered ¢) The topography is bad d) The large difference of elevations 4 Hydrographic survey deals with mapping of 4) Large water bodies b) Rainfall data c) Wave movement d) None of the above 5. If the smallest division of vernier is longer than the sm: scale, the vernier is known as a) direct b) double ©) simple 4) retrograde st division of its primary 6. In case of geographical maps, the scale is usually a) 1cm = 10cm to 100em b) 1cm = 50m to 100m ¢) 1em = 5km to 160km d) 1m = more than 200km 7. The polar axis of earth is shorter than equatorial axis by a) 4285m b) 9542m 2) 42.95km 4) 95.24km 8. A survey in which horizontal and vertic: angular measurements is known as a) geodetic ee eeairvey b) cadastral survey \9) topographical survey al location of points are fixed by linear and 9. The Survey done to fix the property lines, to calculate overty trom Sritinsaraes mares the land area for transfer of land ©) municipality b) city 4) property———— ti (i‘OCO~™~™—™O—S 40. A survey in which observations of the heavenly bodies such as sun or any other fixed star is done is known as a) celestial b) astrological ¢) photographic d) astronomical 41. The accuracy required in the survey work does not depend upon the: a. The purpose of the survey. i b. The nature and size of the country to be surveyed. c. The instruments and methods of observations employed. dy” Time taken to complete the work. 42. Which of the following is not included in the Office work in surveying? 2) Processing b) Analyzing ¢) Calculation of observed data 4) Setting of Instruments 13. According to the place of work, which one of the following is not included in the survey: a. Land survey. b) Hydrological or marine survey. so) Traverse survey. d) Aerial survey. 14. To locate and establish different parameters / dimensions at the site as per design for further engineering works is included in: \_ay Setting out works b) Field observations : ) Planning d) Office work 45. The methods to be adopted for surveying come under: } a) Setting out works b) Field observations _#) Planning d) Office work ANSWER KEY: 1 bg? decd, hah tdesBeadiaBbe: |ouTouh. MmetenQyal Oe b $45) 42 item bras. ' | eaSECTION B STATE TRUE OR FALSE Jes between the lines at @ point are not affected by local attraction The horizontal ang) ‘The WCB and RB of a line differ by 90°. itis better to obtain location of detail points from longer rays than sh The scale of sextant is graduated in values equal to twice the actual angles. re ofline is obtained by multiplying its length by sine of its reduced bearing. g its length by cosine of its reduced bearing. of a closed traverse should be orter rays. Departur Latitude of a line is obtained by multiplying The algebraic sum of total departures of the stations zero where as the algebraic sum of total latitudes may not be 0. 4. The additive constant of theodolite is determined by adding the distance along the telescope from the centre of theadolite to the objective and its focal length. 9, In fixed hair method of tacheometry, the observation of staff should only be made when it is vertical. 40. For mapping any country secondary triangles are further broken into third and fourth order triangles, the points of which are used for detail surveys. 11. es tapes used for measuring base line is made of nickel iron alloy containing 36% nickel. NORE ens———— SECTION C SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1)= What is surveying? 5 aris ‘Ans: - Surveying is the art of determining relative positions of objects on above or the surface of the earth by taking measurements in the horizontal and vertical plane. The part of surveying which deals with the measurements in the vertical plane is known as leveling. (2):= What are main divisions of surveying? ‘Ans: - Surveying may be divided into the following two main classes:- 5 |. Plane Surveying: - The surveys, where the effect of curvature of the earth is neglected assuming the earth’s surface to be plane, are called plane surveying. 2. Geodetic surveying: - Those surveys, where the curvature of the earth is taken into account, are called Geodetic surveying. (3):-What are the systems of measurements in surveying? Ans: - There are two main systems of measurement in surveying:- 4. MKS. (meters, kilogram, second) or metric system. 2. F.P.S. (foot, pound, second) or British system. (4): What is the topographical survey? ‘Ans: - This is used for determining the natural features of the country such as lakes, rivers, hills, Woods and nallahs etc. and also the artificial features such as canal railways, roads, town and villages etc. (5):- What is the cadastral survey? ‘Ans: - A survey done to fix the property lines, to calculate the land area for transfer of land property from one owner to another is known as cadastral survey. This is usually plotted to a larger scale than topographical survey. Additional details such as boundaries of fields, houses and other property are determined. (6):- What is the work of a surveyor? Ans: - The work of surveyor can be divided into the following three parts:~ Field work: - It consists in taking the measurements for details, recording, field notes and setting out works. ; 2. Office work: - It consists in preparing maps, plans and sections from the data collected in the field and also calculating the areas and volumes and designing the various structures. 3. Care and adjustments of instruments:- The surveyor must be thorou: hi with the Instruments which he will be called upon to use. He must ein (Giant methods of testing and adjusting the instruments. emsources of errors in measurement? surement of Errors in Mea: rors in measurements are wena re caused due to variations In na! ‘yes ravity and magnetic field of the earth. umidity, refraction, g : These result from imperfection in the construction or ing instruments, and movement of their individual parts. senses of sight, (7)-What are s Ans: Sources Depending on sources, 4, Natural Errors: wind, temperature, hi 2. Instrumental Errors: re i.e., variations in adjustment of survey! 3, Personal Errors: - These arise from limitations of the human touch and hearing. Define geodetic surveying? f accuracy required is over large areas or the degree of tener mature ofthe earth cannot be ignored. Those surveys, where the curvature of are called geodetic surveys. They are also known as Ive the knowledge of trigonometry during different ment agencies. In India it is conducted by When the surveys extend great, the earth is taken into account, trigonometrical surveys as they invol operations. It is conducted only through govern! the Great Trigonometrical Survey (G.T.S.) department of India. What is degree of accuracy? ‘Ans:- The degree of accuracy indicates the accuracy attained in the measurements. It is usually expressed as the ratio of the error and the associated t! measured value. For example, a degree of accuracy of 1 in 10,000 indicates that there is an error of 1 unit in 10,000 units of measured / observed value. (10):- What includes office work in surveying? ‘Ans: - Office Work in surveying includes 1) Processing, analyzing and calculation of observed data; : y ) Preparation of necessary data (for making plan or map of the area); 3) Making of a plan or map of the area; =e ; 4) Computation of relevant field parameters as one per design for setting out engineeringOO SECTION D LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 4);-What is precision in surveying? a w The degree of accuracy required in survey work mainly depends upon the purpose of survey and the scale of plotting. Since the land in cities and towns is much more valuable than that in rural areas, so greater accuracy is required in the survey of urban areas and measurements must be made up to the nearest centimeter. But in the survey of fields, measuring upto smaller fractions is sheer wastage of time They may be taken to the nearest decimetre. The accuracy required in the survey work depends upon the following: . The purpose of the survey. .. The nature and size of the country to be surveyed. . The instruments and methods of observations employed. |. The sources of error. The time available. The scale used for planning. seepoge (2):- What are classifications of surveys? ~ Survey may be classified in different ways: 4. According to the instrument used, such as; a. Chain survey b, Compass survey c. Plane table survey d. Theodolite survey, etc. 2. According to the purposes of survey, such as; i. Mine survey to explore the mineral wealth such as gold, copper, etc. li, Geological survey to determine different strata in the earth’s crust. ili. Archaeological survey to trace customs or relics of the past. 3. According to the method employed, such i, Triangulation survey. ii, Traverse survey. 4, According to the place of work, such a b. Land survey for objects on earth's surface. c. Hydrological or marine survey for cbjects under water. d. Aerial survey by aero plane in air. Land survey can be further sub-divided into the following classes: a) Topographical survey b) Cadastral survey ©) City survey 4) Engineering survey (3):- What are basic principles of surveying? Ans:- The following two basic principles of surveying should be k mind determining the relative positions of points on the surface of the earth: ae oe 6 =+ locating a point:-It is always practicable to eee eacure the distance between their These = ints placed in a convenient position. From these thers can be located by two suitable ns on the sheet. lative positio it Is essential to establish uitable method for ining $! 1. Determining the field and to Mm two points in the ted on paper by two poll Repo siso known as reference points o measurements in the field and Soe ns aes aa whole to the part:- In » " - mersr a system of control points with great precision. Minor control pone san then be established by less precise methods and the details can fe afterwards by the method of triangulation or traversing between the control points. In this way the minor errors are automatically controlled and localized and do not accumulate. On the other hand, if we work from part to the whole, the ‘small errors are magnified and become uncontrollable at the end. (4):- What is the importance of surveying in civil engineering projects? ‘Ans: - The planning and design of all Civil Engineering projects such as construction of highways, bridges, tunnels, dams etc. are based upon surveying measurements. Moreover, during execution, project of any magnitude is constructed along the lines and points established by surveying. Thus, surveying is a basic requirement for all Civil Engineering projects. Other principal works in which surveying is primarily utilized is 1) To fix the national and state boundaries; 2) To chart coastlines, navigable streams and lakes; 3) To establish control points; 4) To execute hydrographic and oceanographic charting and mapping; and 5) To prepare topographic map of land surface of the earth. . ® et is the plane surveying? ns:- The earth is somewhat elliptical in nat = lure but is generally assumed a aa a aes points on the surface of the earth is e seems . But a survey plan is a rizont ; rojecti in its construction all linear and angular remakes: ey ot zaats a jorizontal. When the survey extends over limited are arc and the subtended chord for tre a ne difference in length between the neglected. The surveys wi any ‘two points on the earth is very small and a be of the earth is ne glected assumin urveys. The degree of accuracy chtained rally areas less than 260sq.km areET 4, Instruments used for ranging and laying out survey lines such as ranging rods, line ranger, cross-staff, optical square etc. 2. instruments used for direct measurements of lengths such band etc. 3, Instruments used for measurement of length indirectly s subtense bat electronic distance measuring instruments etc. 4, Instruments used for determining direction of lines such as prismatic compass, box-sextant, theodolite etc. 5. instruments used for measuring slopes and heights such 2s clinometers, level etc. 6. Instruments used for surveying and plotting simultaneously such as plane tab! 7. Instruments used for surveying by photographic means such as photo-theodolite. as chain, tape, steel uch as tacheometer, (7) Give an overview of Land Surveying vans:."The fundamental objective of land surveying Is to prepare a plan or map of an area. sre mnap thus prepared serves as the’primary source of information about the surface of Tre arth for further engineering works. The data required for making of @ Tae gets are od through field surveying. To:start field-surveying, it is required to know Sey ccurately, the geographical coordinates (latitude, longitude) of at least one point, known 2c ticl point and the length as well-as-azimuth of a line, known as baseline. The vstitude of the point andthe azimuth of the line are determined through astronomical survey and longitude from time measurement. The length of the line is measured with a distance measuring instrument. rom the control point in association with the base line, anumber of intervisible points are selected such that on joining these points well shaped triangles are formed. These triangles carry forward points whose geographical positions are calculated from the measurements (horizontal distance, horizontal angles) taken from the network of triangles, The calculated parameters undergo further adjustment by satisfying the {geometrical conditions associated with the parameters as well as with figures. This helps fr eninimization of errors which may creep in further surveying operation. Inside the big triangles formed by widely spaced control points, network of smaller triangles get getabliched. This process gets repeated materializing the basic principle of surveying “to work from whole to part”. Thus the entire area to be surveyed gets covered with network of triangles. ‘The detail surveying is then carried out within the smallest triangle. During surveying, measurements (distance, direction, angles, height ete.) for important objects! pointe are taken, The measurements aro then used for necessary calculations and Xdjustments resulting in identification and finding positions (with respect to standard reference) of salient objects. To prepare map, first a grid of medians and parallels of latitudes is being prepared to provide a frame work of map. Control points are then plotted by their spherical coordinates. Then objects are graphically represented i fectangular coordinate system for depicting plan metric position. Terrain hei ht te depicted by using contours at regular interval. The identification of objects esas using conventional symbols and colors. pores soniceajons in surveying? various operat! ived in surveying 2! operations inv : - What are the ‘ans:- The various 4. Planning 2. Field Observation 3. office wor ‘out works 1 ene planning operation needs aprior field visit and this is known as + Ponnaissance. Planning of surveying, include deciding ‘a the methods to be adopted for surveying; b the resources (instruments & personnel) to be used; ¢ the control points / stations to be used ( those already available and/ or to be set up). 2. Field Observation: It involves a) Collection of field data by making necessary m urements: b) Recording of observed data in a systematic manned Before starting any fleld observation, the permanent adjustments of all the instruments need te be checked thoroughly by trained personnel and if required, it must be adjusted. 3) Office Work: It involves ‘) Processing, analyzing and calculation of observed data; b) Preparation of necessary data (for making plan or map of the area); c) Making of a plan or map of the area; d) Computation of relevant field parameters de ‘engineering works at site. caacuoane 4) Setting out Works To locate and establish different Si rameters / di as per design for further engineering works. he ea for setting out coryee eee soar eye 10. SECTION E loveRVIEW QUESTIONS On what factors does accuracy of survey work depend upon? Classify the different types of land survey? Enlist the principal works in which survey Is utilized? What are the various operations involved in surveying? List the types of survey on the b: s of instrument used? What are the two basic principles of surveying? Explain the procedure to prepare a map? What are the points involved In office work? What do you mean by plane survey? Which body conducts geodetic surveying? 10