Chapter28

SectionOne:TheNixonAdministration

TheSouthernStrategy
Nixonsvictoryhadastrongshowinginthesouth
Nixonrefusestoconcedetheregion.
Togainsouthernsupport,nixonhadmetupwithStromThurmond(SCsenator)and
Thurmondhimtoappointonconservativestothefederalcourts,Tonameasoutherner
tothesupremecourt,Toopposecourtorderedbusing,andtochooseaVPcandidate
decentforthesouth
Nixonwononelectionday
PresidentNixonwantedtobringinmoresouthernerstotherepublicanpartysohe
startedtheSouthernStrategy.
PresidentNixonkeptallagreementswithThurmondonslowdesegregation
Cutoffallfundsforraciallysegregatedschools.

ALawandOrderPresident
Nixonsadministrationtargetedthenationsantiwarprotesters.
GeneralJohnMitchellwasreadytoprosecutehardlinemilitantsthatcrossedstate
lines
AlsoNixonattackedthesupremecourtrulings
Nixoncriticizedthecourtandthechiefofjusticeearlwarren
Nixontookofficeafterthechiefofjusticeretired
Stonev.Powellcasestudythatagreedtothelimitsofrightsofthedefendantto
appealstateconvictions.

TheFederalism:
Nixonhadcampaignedpromisingtoreducethesizeofthefederalgovernment
Nixonwantedtoincreasepowerintheexecutivebranch
Nixonrefusedtoreleasethefunds.
Hehadimpoundedanestimated$15billiondollars.
Nixonhadcampaignedpromisingtoreducethesizeofthefederalgovernment

TheFamilyAssistancePlan:
NixonwantedtoreformtheAFDC
AFDChadmanycritics
TheyarguedthatAFDCwasmadebecausetheythoughtitwasbetterforpoorpeople
toapplyforbenefitsthantotakeajobthatdoesntpayasmuch.

 NixonproposedreplacingtheAFDCwiththeFamilyAssistancePlan.Theplancalled
forprovidingneedyfamiliesanannualgrantof$1,600.

NixonandKissinger:
NixonchoseHenrykissingerashisnationalsecurityadviser
NixonandKissingersharedmanyviewsandideas.
NixonandKissingerbelievedabandoningthewarinVietnamwoulddamagethe
UnitedStatesspositionintheworld.
VietnamizationExtendedgloballyandwascalledtheNixonDoctrine
Americasallieswouldhavetotakeresponsibilityformaintainingpeaceandstability.

CommuniststookpowerinChinaandtheUnitedStateshadrefusedtorecognizethe
Communistsasthelegitimaterulers.
AmericangovernmentrecognizedtheexiledregimeontheislandofTaiwanasthe
Chinesegovernment.
NixonWassetouttoreverseit.
NixonbeganbyliftingtradeandtravelrestrictionsandwithdrawingtheSeventhFleet
NixontookatriptochinatostrengthentieswiththechineseNixonVisitsChina:

UnitedStatesSovietTensionsEase:
TheSovietsproposedanAmericanSovietsummit
PresidentNixonbecamethefirstAmericanpresidentsinceWorldWarIItovisitthe
SovietUnion.
Salt1wasaplantolimitnucleararmsthetwonationshadbeenworkingonforyears
NixonandBrezhnevagreedtoincreasetradeandexchangeofscientificinfo.
Denteeasedthethenervesbetweenthetwonations

SectionTwo:TheWatergateScandal:

RootsofWatergate:
WasthemostfamousscandalinAmericanhistory.
Woodwardwasareporterandwasmadathiseditorformessinguphissaturday
FivemenhadbrokenintotheDNCinwatergateapartmentofficebuilding
OneofthefivemenhadworkedinthegovernmentintheCIA
WoodwardandhispartnerreporterwereconfusedonwhyaformerCIAagentwas
involvedinaburglary

 Woodwardandhispartneruncoveredascandalwithinthe2yearslookingtofindout
theanswertohisquestion

MountingaReelectionFight:
TheWatergatescandalbeganwhentheNixonadministrationtriedtocoverupits
involvementinthebreakin
PresidentNixonfoughthardtobecomepresident
Hewentthroughmanypoliticaldefeatsandallbuthekeptfightingfortheelection.
Nixonhadgottenverysecretivaanddefensivewhenitallcamedowntobusiness
GeorgeWallacehadmountedacampaignbuthaddroppedoutoftheraceafteran
assassinsbulletparalyzedhim
Nixonsreelectionwassomethingthatthepeopleknewthathewouldbepresident
again

TheCoverUpBegins:
Thefivementhathadbrokeninwerepaidtodowhathadhappened
Thegovernmenthadstarteddestroyingfalsetestimonyanddocuments
AdministrationofficialsaskedtheCIAtostoptheFBIfrominvestigatinghowthe
moneyhadgottenpaidtotheburglars.
Nixonwonreelectionbyoneofthelargestmarginsinhistory

ASummerofShockingTestimony:
JohnMitchellhadorderedtheWatergatebreakinandthatNixonhadplayedabig
partinthecoverup
Nixonadministrationhaddeniedthecharges
Deandidnthaveanyevidencetoconfirmanything
NixondecidestoresignsaftertheSaturdayNightMassacreandthegrowing
outragesfromhisactions.

Section3FordandCarter

AMightyEconomicMachineSlows:
PresidentJohnsonincreasedfederaldeficitspendings
Thiscausedinflationandjustputtinginalotofmoneyintotheeconomy
Thepriceofoilbegantoincreaseandpeoplewerenthappyaboutit.
TheOPEChadtheideaofusingoilasapoliticalweapon.

 Theembargoonlylastedacouplemonthsandoilpriceswerestillrising
Abarrelofoilwentfrom$3to$30in7years

AStagnantEconomy:
Manyamericanmanufactureplantswerelessefficientandwereoldcomparedto
GermanyandJapan.
TheUnitedStatesimportedgoodsthanexportedgoodsinthe1970s
Stagflation:acombinationofinflationandastagnanteconomywithhigh
unemployment.

Nixonthe ntrie dtore duce consume rspe ndingbyge ttingthe Fe de ralRe se rve Boardto
raise inte re strate s.Whe nthisfaile d,the pre side nttrie dtostopinflationbyimposinga
90dayfre e ze onwage sandprice sandthe nissuingfe de ralre gulationslimitingfuture
wage andprice incre ase s.Thistoome twithlittle succe ss.

Se ction4:Ne wapproache stocivilrights:

AfricanAme ricansSe e kGre ate rOpportunity:
Bythe e ndofthe 1960s,manyAfricanAme ricanle ade rsfe ltagrowingse nse of
frustration.
Althoughmostle galformsofracialdiscriminationhadbe e ndismantle d,manyAfrican
Ame ricanssawlittle improve me ntinthe irdailylive s.
Incre asingly,the proble msfacingmostAfricanAme ricanslayinthe irlackofacce ssto
goodjobsandade quate schooling.Asare sult,le ade rsofthe civilrightsmove me nt
be gantofocusthe ire ne rgie sonthe se proble ms.
EqualAcce sstoEducation:
Inthe 1970s,AfricanAme ricansbe gantopushharde rforimprove me ntsinpublic
e ducationandacce sstogoodschools.
Althoughthe Supre me Courthadorde re dane ndtose gre gate dpublicschoolsinthe
1954case Brownv.BoardofEducation,manyschoolsre maine dse gre gate dbe cause
childre natte nde dschoolsne arwhe re the ylive d.
Inmanycase swhe re de factose gre gatione xiste d,the white schoolswe re supe rior,as
RuthBatsonofthe NAACPnote din1965afte rvisitingBostonschools:
Affirmative Action:
Inadditiontosupportingbusing,civilrightsle ade rsinthe 1970sbe ganadvocating
affirmative actionasane wwaytosolve e conomicande ducationaldiscrimination.
Enforce dthroughe xe cutive orde rsandfe de ralpolicie s,affirmative actioncalle dfor
companie s,schools,andinstitutionsdoingbusine sswiththe fe de ralgove rnme ntto
re cruitAfricanAme ricanswiththe hope thatthiswouldle adtoimprove dsocialand
e conomicstatus.
~Officialslate re xpande daffirmative actiontoinclude othe rminoritygroupsand
wome n.
The disabilityRightsMove me nt:

The struggle fordisabilityrightshaditse arlye xpre ssioninthe inde pe nde ntliving

move me ntbe gunatthe Unive rsityofCaliforniaatBe rke le yinthe e arly1970s.
The Re habilitationActof1973wase ve nmore significant.AccordingtoSe ction504,no
othe rwise qualifie dindividualwithadisability...shall...be e xclude dfrom
participationin,be de nie dthe be ne fitsof,orbe subje cte dtodiscriminationunde rany
programorse rvice oractivityre ce ivingFe de ralfinancialassistance ...
Today,ne wte chnologie sare importantasse tstope ople withdisabilitie s.Innovations
suchasclose dcaptione dte le visionbroadcasts,de vice sforte le phone s,andscre e n
re ade rsallowpe ople withdisabilitie stoacce ssinformationinne wways.ExplainingWhy
didthe Ame rican