GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY - GOLD

COAST GRIFFITH SCHOOL OF

ENGINEERING

1502ENG ENGINEERING MATERILS

ASSESSMENT 2 LABORATORY REPORT
'Youngs Modulus, Stress, Strain and Elongation'
- Metals

The report presented is the sole work of the author.None of this

report is plagiarised (in whole or part) from a fellow student's work,
or from any un-referenced outside source.

Student Name: Matthew Sinclair

Student Number: s5024100
Date: May 2016



Aim:
Observe material behaviour under tensile loading.

Introduction:
Material is used in structural design to enable designers to design structures to withstand
the effects of gravity and other forces. This experiment will give a greater understanding to
the workings of materials, specifically metals. The metals will be steel, aluminium copper
and brass. Some terms need to be under stood for this experiment. These concepts will be
test and the results calculated and recorded. Youngs Modulus is the relation ship between
stress and strain in the elastic zone before permanent deformation. Yield stress is the point
at which permanent deformation occurs. The ultimate tensile strength is the maximum load
the material can sustain. Fracture stress is the stress at which the material will brake.
Elongation is the same as Stress but in percentage form. Passible fracture appetences rage
from brittle to moderately ductile to highly ductile. Understanding these terms and acting
on the results to apply these terms, will lead to a greater understanding of materials under
tensile loading.

Apparatus:
Universal tensile testing machine
hand-held Vernier caliper
Mild steel sample (gauge length is 25mm/cross sectional area is 30mm2)
Aluminium sample (gauge length is 25mm/cross sectional area is 30mm2)
Copper sample (gauge length is 25mm/cross sectional area is 30mm2)
Brass sample (gauge length is 25mm/cross sectional area is 30mm2)

Procedure:
1. Place sample 1 (Mild Steel) in Universal tensile testing machine
and attach clamps.

2. Start Universal tensile testing machine and observe material under stress along with
computer results until material brakes.

3. Remove broken sample, observe and record results.

4. Place sample 2 (Aluminium) in Universal tensile testing machine
and attach clamps.

5. Start Universal tensile testing machine and observe material under stress along with
computer results until material brakes.

6. Remove broken sample, observe and record results.

7. Place sample 3 (Copper) in Universal tensile testing machine
and attach clamps.

8. Start Universal tensile testing machine and observe material under stress along with
computer results until material brakes.

9. Remove broken sample, observe and record results.

10. Place sample 4 (Brass) in Universal tensile testing machine
and attach clamps.

11. Start Universal tensile testing machine and observe material under stress along with
computer results until material brakes.

12. Remove broken sample, observe and record results.

Results:
Test piece
E
YS
UTS
Fracture
Elongation
and
[GPa]
[MPa]
[MPa]
Stress [MPa] [%]
composition
1. Mild
10106.7341 289.7075117 336.9241357 17.29945667 65.92108
Steel





(Grade250)
2.
8443.030081 95.67303967 136.8232967 0.723406
18.6002
Aluminium



6061
3. Copper
9057.590365 193.2165177 243.9257057 68.65538667 66.79108
(C12200)





4. Brass
(C380)

9757.742024 156.10826

346.250862

95.855333

126.87892

Steel Chart
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Copper Chart
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Aluminium Chart
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

Brass Chart
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.2

1.4

Stress vs Strain
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

-50

Blue = Steel Grey = Aluminium Orange = Copper Yellow = Brass

Discussion:
Youngs modules
Test piece and
composition
1. Mild Steel
(Grade250)
2. Aluminium 6061

E
[GPa]
10106.7341

8443.030081

3. Copper (C12200)
9057.590365

4. Brass (C380)
9757.742024

From looking at youngs modules in the result materials it can be thought that Mild Steel is
the stiffest material and aluminium is the most flexible. There seem to be no abnormalities
in these results. As an interesting observation from observing the results in the mild Steel
graph it has an obvious yield point that clearly shows when the materials going form elastic
to plastic deformation.

Yield strength
Test piece and
YS
composition
[MPa]
1. Mild Steel
289.7075117
(Grade250)

2. Aluminium 6061
95.67303967

3. Copper (C12200)

193.2165177

4. Brass (C380)
156.10826

From looking at the yield strength if a material was wanted that would be able to go under
lots of stress but be able to go back to its original shape, out of the four materials mild steel
is best. The material that would start to permanently deform first is Aluminium. No
abnormalities seem to be apparent in these results.

Ultimate tensile strength
Test piece and
UTS
composition
[MPa]
1. Mild Steel
336.9241357
(Grade250)

2. Aluminium 6061
136.8232967

3. Copper (C12200)
243.9257057

4. Brass (C380)
346.250862

Brass had the highest UTS at 346 followed closely by mild steel at 337. This means that if a
material was needed to be under a lot of pressure for an instant steel would be best bet and
aluminium would be the worst.

Fracture Stress
Test piece and
Fracture Stress [MPa]
composition
1. Mild Steel
17.29945667
(Grade250)

2. Aluminium 6061
0.723406

3. Copper (C12200)

68.65538667

4. Brass (C380)
95.855333

When first calculated aluminiums fracture stress was negative and this was thought to be
an error so the fracture stress was recalculated to just before being negative. Though there
could be anther explanation this was thought to be the most probable result. Brass was
under the highest stress before breaking and Aluminium was under the least

Elongation
Test piece and
Elongation
composition
[%]
1. Mild Steel
65.92108
(Grade250)

2. Aluminium 6061
18.6002

3. Copper (C12200)

66.79108

4. Brass (C380)
126.87892

From observing the results Brass was able to extend 126.8% of its original length before
breaking were as Aluminium had the lowest elongation percent at 18.6%. If a material was
need that would fail safely then brass is the answer. The were no un expected results found
in the calculations.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, these materials are highly varied in their results. A lot has been learned from
the observation of materials under tensile loading such as the youngs modules, yield stress,
UTS, Fracture stress and elongation percentage. A greater ranger of materials should be
tested at a later date.

Reference:
Dr. Wayne Hall. 2016. Engineering Materials 1502ENG - Assessment 2youngs modulus,
stress, strain and elongation - metals [youngs modulus, stress, strain and elongation]
unpublished