CHAPTER # 1

IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
Question / Answers.
Q#1 : Define concept of ideology and its sources.
Ans : Meaning of Ideology :
1. The word Ideology is French in origin. It is made up of two components namely idea and logy.
Idea means concept and logy means to study.
2. A collection of beliefs, values, customs, aims, traditions, rituals which is common to all members of a
society and is expressed in the lives of all members of that society is called Ideology.
Sources of ideology :

Ideology could be the product of great and influential minds.

Ideology could also develop as a result of Divine guidance.

Q#2 : Define Islamic ideology along with its sources.

Ans : Islamic Ideology :

An ideology which enlightens the Islamic teachings, the teachings of Quran and Sunnah, Islamic
mode of life and culture is known as Islamic Ideology.
Islam is a complete mode of life and Islamic ideology is established on the basis of golden principles
of Islam.
It helps in gaining peace and comfort in life and teaches us the basic principles for the individual and
collective welfare of mankind.
Characteristics of Islamic Ideology / Islamic Society.

Islamic ideology helps the people to spend their lives according to the teachings of Quran and
Sunnah.
It provides a complete picture of Islamic way of life and traditions.
It helps in the construction of Islamic society according to the commands of Allah.
It helps in establishing the basic principles of human respect, tolerance, justice , equality, fraternity
and mutual co-operation.
Sources of Islamic Ideology :
There are following sources of Islamic Ideology:
1. The Holy Quran
2. Sunnah
3. Traditions and Cultural Values
1) The Holy Quran :

It is the book of guidance which was revealed on the last Prophet Hazrat Mohammad (S.A.W.W).
The Holy Quran is the permanent basis of Islam.
It provides detailed guidance to the people, concerning social and economic laws, leading to a
sustainable, peaceful and purposeful life at the individual and collective levels.

2) Sunnah :

The second important source of Islamic Ideology is the Sunnah of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.W).
Our Holy Prophet (S.A.W.W) explain the commands of Islam by his words and deeds.
The detailed explanation of the teachings of the Holy Quran is found in Sunnah.

3) Traditions and Cultural Values :

The values and traditions, which do not run opposite to the teachings of Islam are allowed to be
followed by the Muslims in their respective regions.

Q#3 : Why is an ideology important to a nation ?

Ans : Importance of Ideology :
1. Reflection of ideas.
It reflects the ideas of the people and determines their way of living , thinking and social interaction.
2. Unity.
It can unite the people on a platform on the basis of common ideas and traditions.
3. Motivating force.
It act as a source of motivation for people and enable them to sacrifice anything for a certain cause
under the influence of ideology.
4. Source of struggle.
It creates sense of responsibility among people to concentrate on their cause and struggle for it.
5. Choosing leadership.
It helps people in selecting the right kind of people for leading them.
6. Preserving freedom.
It helps in preserving the freedom, culture and traditions among the people of a society.
Q#4 : Mention the principles of democracy in Islam ?
Ans : Democracy :
Type of government in which, the representatives for the government are selected by the votes of common
people and all the members of the state take part directly or indirectly in the formation of the government
is called Democracy.
Principles Of Democracy In Islam :
Justice :
The literal meaning of justice is to keep the rights things at their right places. It is the foundation of
divine law.
No aspect of life can be complete without justice.
It is the justice which makes any society peaceful and prosperous.
The individual and collective lives are made effective due to the establishment of justice.
Equality :
Equality means all the persons are treated under the same principles of the state.
Islam rejects all kinds of discrimination on the basis of languages, caste, colour, culture, wealth or
poverty.
The Holy prophet (P.B.U.H) in his last pilgrimage declared that all human beings are the off-springs
of Hazrat Adam(A.S).
Fraternity :
Fraternity means brotherhood. Allah has told in the Holy Quran that all the believers are brothers to
each other.
The principles of fraternity are an important aspect of Islamic society.
Our Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) said that a Muslim is a brother to another. Mutual co-operation is
developed due to the establishment of fraternity in the society.

Tolerance :
Tolerance means the power of endurance and to accept the criticism of others.
Tolerance makes the relationship of human beings strong. The Holy Prophet (S.A.W.W) preached
tolerance through his words and deeds.
Tolerance helps in developing a peaceful society.
Q#5 : Discuss the contents of ideology.
Ans : Text book page # 7
Q#6 : What are the basis for the ideology of Pakistan ?
Ans : Basis of Ideology Of Pakistan :
The basis of the ideology of Pakistan is Islam. The constituent components of Islamic ideology are :
Doctrine of Faith :
Ideology of Pakistan is based on the doctrine of faith in unity of Allah , Prophethood of the last Prophet
Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W.W) , Revealed books and Prophets of Allah , angels and on the day of judgment.
Social dealings :
Justice and equity constitute the social system of Islam. In Islam there is no discrimination on the basis of
ethnicity , caste , colour & creed.
Q#7 : Explain in detail the concept of democracy in Islamic society. (done)
Q#8 : Outline the statements of Quaid-e-Azam on the ideology of Pakistan.
Ans : Ideology of Pakistan in the Light of Quaid-e-Azams Sayings :
Quaid-e-Azam was very concerned about the future of the Muslims of the sub-continent. He re-organized Muslim
League and brought all Muslims under its banner. Quaid-e-Azams views on ideology of Pakistan were very clear few
of his sayings are ;

Addressing to Islamia college students :

Our demand for Pakistan is not for a piece of land , instead we want to establish an experimental laboratory where
we could practice a system based on Islamic principles.

Addressing to Muslim League on 23rd March ,1940.

Hinduism and Islam are not merely two religions but they are two separate social systems. It would be a dream to
think that Hindus and Muslims will form a common nation. I want to make it clear that both the nations belonged to
two different civilizations and the foundation of these two civilizations is on such philosophies which are opposed to
each other.

Addressing in January ,1941.

India had never been a single country or a nation. The issue of sub-continent is international. The differences on
culture , social and economic values are of ideological nature.

Conclusion :
The following words of Quaid-e-Azam sum up the ideology of Pakistan :
Pakistan had come into being the day , the first non-Muslim was converted into a Muslim in India.

Q#9 : Outline the statements of Allama Iqbal on the Ideology of Pakistan.

Ans : Allama Iqbal And Ideology of Pakistan :
Allama Iqbal was a great thinker , philosopher and poet of Islam. He strongly expressed the need of a separate state
for the Muslims of the sub-continent.His views on the ideology of Pakistan are as follows ;

Addressing at Allahabad in 1930 : (Allahabad Address)

Allama Iqbal explained the idea of the separate nationhood for the Muslims in the following words :
It should be acknowledged that the sub-continent is inhabited by people speaking different languages , practicing
different religions and representing various cultures. Muslim nation possesses separate religious and cultural
identity.
Allama Iqbal also said that :
India is a sub-continent and not a country , where people belonging to different religions and speaking different
languages are inhabited. Muslim nation has its unique religious and cultural identity. All civilized nations should
respect religious principles , cultural and social values of Muslims.
Allama Iqbal also said that :
I would like to see the Punjab , the North-West frontier Province , Sindh and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single
state. Formation of a consolidated North-West Muslim State appears to be the final destiny of the Muslims , at least
of North-West India.

Conclusion :
The address of Allama Iqbal proved a milestone in the struggle for Pakistan. Quaid-e-Azam acknowledged the
thinking of Allama Iqbal by saying ;
Iqbals ideas were fundamentally one with mine and I have reached the same conclusion after a close study and
analysis of the constitutional problems of the sub-continent.

Q#10 : What is the role of ideology in building national character ?

Ans : Ideology And National Character :
Character is the sum total of habits , attitudes and the way of living of an individual. It is influenced by the ideology of
an individual. The following elements of ideology shape the national character.

a) Faith in Ideology :
Firm belief of an individual towards his ideology contributes positively towards the development of national
spirit and guides his actions to accomplish national interest.

b) Devotion :
Ideology helps in the uniformity of thoughts and actions among all the members of a nation. Ideology helps
individuals to devote themselves with the sense of great spirit and duty.

c) Honesty :
Ideology drives the virtue of honesty in the character of an individual. It should be reflected in the words and
deeds. Honest individuals are the biggest assets of a nation.

d) Patriotism :
An expression of the love and sacrifice for ones country is called patriotism. It gives stability to national
ideology & establishes the national character.

e) Hard Work :
Nations progress depends on the hard work of their citizens. The developed nations of today are prosperous
because of their hard work.

f) National Interest :
Ideology guides individuals to give priority to national interests over their personal gains without any
compromise. Only those nations survive whose individuals do not compromise on their national interests.

Conclusion :
There is a great importance of national character in success and stability of an ideology. The national
character is formed from the moral and ethical values in the light of an ideology.

CHAPTER # 2

MAKING OF PAKISTAN
Q#1 : What do you understand by Revivalist Movements of sub-continent ?
Ans : Revivalist Movements :
When the Muslims of the sub-continent diverge from the golden principles of Islam they lost their power and faced
demise. In such situations few Muslim scholars started movements to revive the Islamic teachings and values. Their
struggle to create Islamic spirit in the Muslims of the sub-continent is known as Revivalist Movements.
Following Revivalist Movements are very prominent :
1) Movement of Shah Wali Ullah.
2) Movement of Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barelvi.
3) Haji Shariatullahs Faraizi Movement.
4) Sir Syed Ahmed Khans Aligarh Movement.

Q#2 : Explain the revivalist movement of Shah Wali Ullah ?

Ans : Introduction :
Shah Wali Ullahs name was Qutubuddin but due to his spirituality he was called Waliullah. He was born on 21st
February 1703.
The efforts of Shah Waliullah for the spread of Islam were the first step towards the establishment of free Islamic
Society as well as the establishment of Pakistan.

Aims & Objectives Of Shah Wali Ullahs Movement :

After the fading state of Muslims in the sub-continent the Muslims were falling apart and appear to have a hopeless
future. Few Muslim scholars like Shah Waliullah determined to change the Muslims of sub-continent and revive in
them the true spirit of Islamic teachings. Following are the main features that outlined the aims & objectives of the
Shah Waliulalhs Movement.

a) Revival of Islamic spirit in Muslims.

Shah Waliullah stressed that the reason for the fall of Muslims is their ignorance to the Islamic principles. He
tried to revive the true spirit of Islam in Muslims.

b) Unity of Muslims in Sub-continent.

Shah Waliullah wanted the Muslim rulers to be united for the cause of protecting Islamic society in subcontinent. He wrote letters to the rulers of that time for the cause of Muslim unity.

c) Understanding of Islamic teachings.

To familiarize Muslims with Islam Shah Waliullah translated the Holy Quran in Persian language so that
common people could understand its true message.

d) Protection of Muslims from Jats & Marathas.

To save Muslims from the cruelty of Jatts and Marhattas Shah Waliullah wrote letters to Ahmed Shah Abdali
and other Mughal rulers to come to help them.

Role of Shah Wali Ullah in the Revivalist Movement :

a) As a Scholar & Teacher.
Shah Waliullah critically analyzed the factors for the downfall of the Muslims of the sub-continent and
concluded that Muslims have forgotten the true teachings of Islam which have caused their demise. He
taught them that to bring back the glorious days of their reign they first must practice the true principles of
Islamic Ideology.

e) Political Role.
Shah Waliullah tried to revive the spirit of unity in Muslims since it was the golden quality of Muslims success.
He wrote letters to various Mughal rulers of that time for the cause of protecting Muslim identity in the subcontinent.

f) Meritorious works of Shah Waliullah.

Persian translation of the Holy Quran.

Wrote books on Hadith , Fiqh & Tafseer.
His most famous book was Hujjat-ul-la-hul-Baligha.

Q#3 : Explain the revivalist movement of Syed Ahmed Shaheed ?

Ans : Introduction :
Syed Ahmed Shaheed is well known in the history of the sub-continent as the preacher of Islam. He was born in Rai
Bareilley in 1786. He was influenced by the teachings of Shah Waliullah and was a strong follower of his son Shah
Abdul Aziz.

Aims & Objectives Of Syed Ahmed Shaheeds Movement :

Syed Ahmed Shaheed was much concerned about the downfall of the Muslims. He dreamt of establishing an Islamic
state in the sub-continent. He started his movement with the name of Tehreek-e-Mujahideen (The struggle of
freedom fighters). His main objectives were as follows :

a) Preaching Tauheed.
Syed Ahmed Shaheed strongly emphasized the unicity of Allah and preached Tauheed.

b) Islamic Revival.
Syed Ahmed Shaheed focus on the revival of Islamic teachings among Muslims of the sub-continent. He
wanted to protect Muslims against such acts and ideas which are contrary to Islamic values.

c) Establishment of Islamic State.

Syed Ahmed Shaheed wanted to establish a state in the sub-continent based on the principles of Islam.

d) To preach Jihad.
Syed Ahmed Shaheed wanted to preach Jihad because it was not possible to get freedom from evil force
without armed struggle.

Role of Syed Ahmed Shaheed in the Revivalist Movement :

a) As an Islamic Scholar.
Syed Ahmed Shaheed was much inspired by the teachings of Shah Waliullah , thats why he became a strong
follower of his son Shah Abdul Aziz from whom he received religious education. He wanted to revive Islamic
spirit in Muslims and enable them to create a society based of Islamic laws and principles.

b) As a freedom fighter.
Syed Ahmed Shaheed started an armed struggle against the Sikh domination in Punjab & N.W.F.P. He
assembled a group of his followers (Mujahidin) for the cause of Islamic revival through Jihad. His campaigns
went successful initially and crushing defeats were given to Sikhs at Akora & Hazro.

Conclusion.
Syed Ahmed Shaheed was successful in his campaigns against Sikh domination and for the cause of Islamic
revival but due to the conspiracies and lack of unity among Muslims his struggle ended with his martyrdom
on 6th May , 1831.

Q#4 : Explain the revivalist movement of Haji Shariatullah (Faraizi Movement) ?

Ans : Introduction :
Haji Shariatullah was among the prominent reformers who started revivalist movements in the sub-continent. He was
born in Faridpur (Bengal) in 1761. He stayed in Makkah for 20 years and received his religious education their.

Aims & Objectives Of Haji Shariatullahs Movement (Faraizi Movement) :

Haji Shariatullah was very moved to see the shameful state of religion among his countrymen. He stressed Muslims
to follow the basic Islamic principles (Faraiz). Therefore , his reform movement for Muslims is called Faraizi
Movement. His main objectives were as follows :

a) Eliminating Un-Islamic customs.

Haji Shariatullah wanted Muslims of the sub-continent to abandon the un-Islamic customs and traditions.

b) Preaching Faraiz.
Haji Shariatullah preached the Muslims of the sub-continent to follow the basic principles called Faraiz of
Islam and stay away from un-Islamic customs of other religions.

c) Protection of tenants.
Another very important aspect of Faraizi movement was the protection of the rights of the Muslim tenants in
Bengal from Hindu landlords.

d) Awareness of rights.

Faraizi Movement boost confidence in Bengali Muslims and create awareness about their rights and uplift
their moral status.

Role of Haji Shariatullah in the Revivalist Movement :

a) As an Islamic Scholar.
Haji Shariatullah observed the declining state of the Muslims in the sub-continent. He was shocked to see the
state of Muslims and decided to revive in them the true spirit of Muslim ideology. He started preaching
Muslims about the basic obligations (Faraiz) of Islam. He stressed on the practice of Faraiz and abandoning
of the un-Islamic customs.

b) As a social activist.
Faraizi Movement organized Bengali Muslims to aware of their rights and protected them against the
mistreatment from Hindu and British landlords.

Conclusion.
As a result of Faraizi Movement the religious and moral status of Bengali Muslims was improved and the
rights of the tenants were protected to a greater extent.

Q#5 : Explain the revivalist movement of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (Aligarh Movement) ?
Ans : Introduction :
After losing the War Of Independence the Muslims became the victim of the British & Hindu cruelty. Muslims were
denied their religious , political , educational and economical rights. In such states Sir Syed Ahmed Khan started an
awakening movement known as Aligarh Movement.

Aims & Objectives Of Aligarh Movement :

a) General Awareness.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan told Muslims to accept the reality that they are being ruled by the British. They are not
strong enough to fight for the government instead they must learn to adapt and plan for future.

b) Establishing Goodwill.
Sir Syed tried to maintain friendly relations with British. He removed the misconception that Muslims are the
cause of war of independence.

c) Motivation For Modern Knowledge.

Sir Syed tried to convince the Muslims that they should adapt the modern scientific education for progress
otherwise their survival in the modern world is not possible. He established Scientific Society and
Muhammadan-Anglo-Oriental college for this purpose.

d) Non-Confrontal Politics.
Sir Syed wanted Muslims to stay away from the politics and focus only on education and their social
development.

Features Of Aligarh Movement :

a) Educational Services.
Sir Syed realized that without modern education Muslim society in India could not develop. Therefore he
setup education institutes to educate Muslims. He stressed younger generation to learn English so that
modern education become easy for them.

b) Social Services.
After the war of independence the Muslims of the sub-continent become miserable and destroyed
economically. To revive their honour Sir Syed took the following steps :
Create goodwill between British and Muslim and wrote causes of war of independence.
Do to his efforts ban on the employment of Muslims were relaxed.
Do to his efforts properties of Muslims were also restored to them.
Do to his efforts Muslism were also involved in development programmes.

Conclusion.
The Aligarh movement became a source of strength for the Muslims of the sub-continent and also provided
the foundation for the development of Two Nation Theory.

Q#6 : Explain Two Nation theory and its main features.

Ans : Two Nation Theory :

Two Nation theory elaborates the concept that India is a sub-continent where two major nations Hindus &
Muslims are inhabited.
These nations have their specific unique ideology , culture , religious beliefs , customs and traditions.
These nations could never be merged as a single nation.
The political solution of the sub-continent is to accept the Muslims as a separate nation.

Two Nation Theory In The Light Of Muslim Leaders :

Two Nation Theory In The View Of Allama Iqbal :
Allama Iqbal was the first leader who proposed the idea of separate homeland on the basis of two nation theory. In
the annual session of Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930 , he said:
"India is a continent of human beings belonging to different languages and practicing different religions. Therefore , I
demand the formation of a consolidated Muslim state in the best interests of the Muslims of India and Islam."

Two Nation Theory In The View Of Quaid-e-Azam :

Quaid-e-Azam expressed his ideas on the two nation theory in the following words ;
"Muslims are not a minority , they are one nation by every definition of the word nation , by all canons of
international law we are a nation."
He also said that ;
India is neither a country nor its inhabitants a nation. This is a sub-continent where many nations live. Among these ,
Hindus and Muslims are the two important nations.

Features/ Reasons Of Two Nation Theory :

1. Religious Differences.
The Hindus and Muslims belong to different religions. Islam preaches Tauheed. Hinduism ,on the other hand is based
on the concept of multiple Gods.

2. Hindu Nationalism.
A number of Hindu nationalist movements to strive for domination and crush Muslim identity is the cause of Two
Nation Theory.

3. Cultural Differences
Muslim followed the Islamic culture while Hindus inherited a self build culture. There is no hope they could merge.

4. Social Differences
The two communities of the sub-continent differ in their social life as well. The clothes ,the foods, the household
gestures and everything about them was different.

5. Economics Differences.
After 1857,the Muslim economy was crushed and all trade policies were framed in such a way so as to destroy the
Muslims economically.

6. Educational Differences.
Hindus had advanced in the educational field and designed educational system to keep Muslims away from
education.

7. Political Differences.
The political differences between the Hindus and Muslims have played an important role in the development and
evolution of Two Nation Theory.

8. Hindi Urdu Controversy.

In 1867, Hindus demanded that Urdu should be written in Hindi Script instead of Persian script. This created another
gap between Hindus and Muslims.

9. Congress Attitude.
The Indian national Congress was founded in 1885.It claimed to represent all communities of India but oppressed all
Muslim ideas and supported the Hindus.

10. Partition of Bengal.

In 1905, the partition of Bengal ensured a number of political benefits for the Muslims, but the Hindus launched an
agitation against the partition and partition was cancelled in 1911.

Q#7 : Explain the aims and objectives of the establishment of All India Muslim League.
Ans : Introduction :
In 1885 Indian National Congress was formed to represent all the Indian nations to the British government. But soon
it became the representing party of only Hindus. In 1906 Muslim leaders gathered at Dhaka & organized a political
party with the name All India Muslim League.

Aims And Objectives Of All India Muslim League :

a) Establishing Goodwill with British.
The basic objective of the party was to eliminate the misunderstanding from the minds of British against
Muslims.

b) Co-ordination with other parties.

It is also the core objective to keep close co-ordination with all the political parties for common welfare.

c) Protection Of Muslim Rights.

To protect the rights of the Muslims by seeking co-operation of the government and other political parties.

Q#8 : Explain the role of Muslim League in the struggle for independence.
Ans : Role Of Muslim League in the struggle for independence :
The Muslim League provided Muslims an opportunity to unite themselves at one platform. They could struggle for
their rights and attain freedom from the British. The role of Muslim League can be mentioned below.

a. Protection of Rights:
As a political party the immediate cause before the Muslim League was to safeguard the Muslim rights. Muslim
League adapted a balance attitude towards Congress and the British as they were in numerical minority of South
Asia.

b. Political Settlement with Congress:

Muslim League wanted a close and friendly terms with the Congress. A political settlement was achieved between
the two parties in 1916 in Lucknow, commonly known as The Lucknow Pact. It was the first time when Congress
accepted Muslims as a separate nation and Muslim League as a political party of Muslims of South Asia.

c. Muslim Representation in the Legislative Assemblies:

Due to the efforts of Muslim League, Muslim representation was increased to one-third in the Central Legislative
Assembly.

d. Protection of Muslim Majority in Bengal and Punjab:

It was because of Muslim League that the strength of Muslims was established in Bengal and Punjab.

e. Formation of Sindh Province:

The British occupied Sindh in the year 1843 A.D. Since then the separate status of Sindh as a province was abolished.
It was the effort of Muslim League that Sindh was restored as a province in 1935.

Conclusion :
The greatest achievement of Muslim League was the creation of Pakistan. Under the dynamic leadership of Quaid-eAzam the Muslims united themselves on the platform of Muslim League and achieved Pakistan in 1947.

Q#9 : Write down the fourteen points of Quaid-e-Azam. (for short any 4)
Ans : Introduction :
Since Nehru Report of 1928 rejected all the basic rights of Muslim community as a result Quaid-e-Azam proposed a
demand of fourteen points for the future constitution of India popularly known as fourteen points of Quaid-e-Azam.

Fourteen Points Of Quaid-e-Azam :

1. Constitution :

The form of the future constitution should be federal with the residuary powers vested in the provinces.

2. Change in Constitution :
No change shall be made in the constitution by the Central Legislature except with the concurrence of the States
constituting the Indian Federation.

3. Provincial Autonomy :
A uniform measure of autonomy shall be granted to all provinces.

4. Provincial Reforms :
Reforms should be introduced in the North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan on the same footing as in other
provinces.

5. Muslim Representation :
In the central legislature , Muslims representation shall not be less than one-third.

6. Muslim Majority Provinces :

Any territorial re-distribution that might at any time be necessary shall not in any way, affect the Muslim majority in
the Punjab, Bengal and the N.W.F.P.

7. Cabinet formation :
No cabinet, either Central or Provincial should be formed, without there being at least one-third of Muslim Ministers.

8. Religious Liberty :
Full religious liberty, that is liberty of belief, worship and observance , propaganda , association and education shall
be guaranteed to all communities.

9. Separation of Sindh :
Sindh should be separated from Bombay Presidency.

10. Separate Electorates :

Representation of communal groups shall continue to be by separate electorates, provided that it shall be open to
any community, at any time, to abandon its separate electorate in favor of joint electorate.

11. Approval of resolution :

No bill or resolution or any part thereof shall be passed in the legislature or any other elected body if three fourths of
the members of any community in that particular body oppose it as being injurious to the interests of that community
or in the alternative such other method is devised as may be found feasible and practicable to deal with such cases.

12. Representation of Minorities :

All legislatures in the country and other elected bodies shall be constituted on the definite principle of adequate and
effective representation of minorities in every province without reducing the majority in any province to a minority or
even equality.

13. Government Services :

Provision should be made in the constitution giving Muslims an adequate share along with the other Indians in all the
services of the State and in local self-governing bodies having due regard to the requirements of efficiency.

14. Protection of Muslims culture :

The constitution should embody adequate safeguards for the protection of Muslim culture and for the protection and
promotion of Muslim education , language , religion , personal laws and Muslim charitable institutions and for their
due share in the grants-in-aid given by the State and by self-governing bodies.

Q#10 : Explain Pakistans Independence Movement.

Ans : Pakistan Movement :
Movement for Pakistan was in progress since the establishment of Muslim League in 1906. Following events had a
critical role in the establishment of independent Pakistan.

(a) Lahore Resolution (1940) :

Lahore Resolution which is also known as Pakistan Resolution was passed in the annual session of Muslim League in
Lahore at Minto Park (Iqbal Park) where Minar-e-Pakistan is built as monument. The Resolution stated that :
No constitutional plan would be workable in this country or acceptable to Muslims unless it is designed on the
following basic principle ;
1. Geographically nearby units are establish into regions which should be so constituted with such territorial
readjustments as may be necessary.
2. The areas in which the Muslims are numerically in a majority as in the north-western and eastern zones of India ,
should be grouped to constitute independent states in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and
sovereign.
3. Adequate , effective and mandatory safeguards should be specifically provided in the Constitution for minorities ,
for the protection of their religious , cultural , economic , political , administrative & other rights.
Lahore Resolution became the very basis of Pakistan.

(b) Cripps Mission 1942.

British government sent Sir Stanford Cripps to India to solve the political deadlock. On 29th March, 1942 he
announced the following constitutional proposals ;
1. At the end of the World War II , a legislative assembly for India will be formulated which will prepare a
constitution for the country. But during the period of war , the British occupation of India will continue.
2. Proposed Constitution of the mission will be of Federal character, participated by all the provinces and the states.
3. The federal Constitution will provide an option to the provinces that any constituent province or state of the
Federation after a period of ten years may quit as Federating unit. Those who quit may form their own
Federation.
Both Muslim League and Congress rejected the proposals and did not accept that.

(c) Simla Conference 1945.

After the second world war Lord Wavell became the Viceroy of India. In order to unite India he called of a meeting of
political leaders to form a coalition government. The conference started on 25th June , 1945.

Salient Features of Simla Conference :

Lord Wavell wanted to opt five ministers from the Muslims, five from the Hindus and three from minorities.
The Congress was not in favour of five Muslim ministers & wanted only one Muslim minister.
Quaid-e-Azam demanded general elections in the country to decide which party represents Muslims.
Due to the negative attitude of Congress Simla conference failed.

(d) Elections of 1945 - 46.

Elections of 1945 1946 are held in two stages.

Elections of Central Legislative Assembly (1945) :

Muslim league participated in the elections on the slogan of establishment of Pakistan.

Muslim league won all the 30 Muslim seats. Congress won 57 out of 72 seats.
In Sindh , Punjab & Bengal Muslim league won a majority.

Elections of Provincial Assembly (1946) :

Muslim league won 430 out of 495 Muslim seats.

Muslim league formed government in Bengal but it was dissolved due to conspiracy of Congress.
Muslim league won all seats from Sindh & form coalition government in Punjab & N.W.F.P with Congress.

(e) 3rd June Plan 1947.

In March 1947 Lord Mountbatten became the last viceroy of sub-continent. He tried to unite it but failed & finally
decided to partition the sub-continent. On 3rd June, 1947 it was announced that Pakistan would be given
independence on 14th August , 1947.

Salient Features of 3rd June Plan :

Assemblies of Punjab & Bengal would decide the method of partition and their new boundaries would be
decided by a commission.
Sindh assembly , Sylhet & N.W.F.P would decide its future through majority of vote.

(f) The Indian Independence Bill , 1947.

To execute the 3rd June plan the British government passed the Indian Independence Bill on 16th July 1947. Quaid-eAzam was appointed as the first Governor General of Pakistan.

(g) Radcliff Award.

A boundary commission was constituted under the Chairmanship of Sir Cyril Radcliff for the demarcation of
the boundaries of Punjab & Bengal.
Boundary commissions illogical and unfair demarcation of the provinces strengthened the feelings of hatred.
Both the nations started burning in the passion of rage and revenge.
The commission demarcated according to the wishes of the Congress.

Q#11 : Explain the role of various provinces in Pakistan Movement ?

Ans : Role of Provinces in the Making of Pakistan :
Pakistan created in 1947 was due to a long and untiring effort of the Muslims living in all parts of South Asia.
Muslims of all the provinces of South Asia sacrificed for the creation of Pakistan. The role of various provinces in
Pakistan Movement is given below :

i. Role Of Punjab in Pakistan Movement :

Punjab was a Muslim majority province. Punjab produced a number of Sufis, scholars and thinkers that contributed a
lot in the Pakistan Movement.

Allama Iqbal (The poet of East) :

Allama Iqbal , the thinker of Pakistan for the first time gave the idea of a Muslim state in South Asia was from Punjab.

Pakistan Resolution 1940 :

Pakistan Resolution was presented in Lahore in 1940. This resolution paved the way for the creation of Pakistan.

Sugra Aftab :
During the Disobedience Movement Sugra Aftab, a brave girl from Lahore hoisted Muslim Leagues flag on the
Punjab Secretariat.

Role of students :

Students all over Punjab worked day and night to convey the message of Muslim League.

ii. Role Of Sindh in Pakistan Movement :

Gateway of Islam :
Sindh is popularly known as the gateway of Islam in South Asia as Islam entered into the sub-continent through
Sindh.

Muslim League in Sindh :

The first annual session of Muslim League was held at Karachi in 1907. The Muslim League Sindh branch demanded
for the first time the establishment of Muslim government in Muslim majority provinces.

Active Participation :
Syed Sibghatullah Shah, commonly known as the Pir Sahab Pagara , started an armed movement against the British
rule during the 2nd world war. People of Sindh actively took part in the Pakistan Movement.

Role Of Students :
Students of Sindh Madarassa tul Islam and Noor Mohammed School also actively took part in the Pakistan
Movement.

iii. Role Of Baluchistan in Pakistan Movement :

The brave people of Baluchistan maintained their independent identity even during the British rule. They gave a
positive response to the appeal of Quaid-e-Azam.

Muslim League in Baluchistan :

Kazi Muhammad Isa established Muslim League in Baluchistan. Other well known leaders such as Mir Jaffar Khan
Jamali, Mir Kadir Bux Zehri, Sardar Baz Khan and Nawab Muhammad khan Jogezai also worked a lot to convey the
message of Muslim League in Baluchistan. On 21 March 1941, Pakistan Day was celebrated in Quetta. In 1947, the
Shahi Jirga of Baluchistan decided to join Pakistan.

iv. Role Of Khyber Pakhtunkhuwa in Pakistan Movement :

In 1928, Quaid-e-Azam demanded reforms in NWFP. Initially NWFP was a stronghold of Congress.
Due to the efforts of Sardar Aurangzeb Khan Muslim League Conference was held at Abbotabad in 1939.
The Muslim League started Civil Disobedience Movement in 1947.
The students of Islamia College and Edward College were on the frontline of the Pakistan Movement.
Due to these sacrifices and efforts, Congress lost its control over NWFP and in 1947 it became a part of
Pakistan.

Q#12 : What is the importance of 14th August 1947 for the Muslims of sub-continent ?
Ans : Role of Provinces in the Making of Pakistan :

Pakistan created in 1947 Pakistan became independent on 14th of August,1947.

14th of August coincide with the 27th of Ramadan the night of Lailatul-Qadar (the night of power) , this is
taken as a blessing from Allah and an event commanded by Almighty Allah.
Pakistan is the only Muslim nuclear power state and a symbol of pride for all Muslims.
The creation of Pakistan is a dream come true for the Muslims of the sub-continent.

Q#13 : What are the responsibilities of the citizen of an ideological state ?

Ans : Responsibilities Of Citizens Of an Ideological State :
The basis for the struggle for Pakistan was to lay down the foundation of an Islamic State where Muslims lead their
lives according to the principles of Islam. This ideological state demands from the people the following
responsibilities.
a) Enforcing Islamic Laws :
They should try to live their lives according to the teachings of Islam and help in enforcing Islamic laws.
b) Islamic Democratic Setup :
People should struggle for a Islamic democratic setup in the country. The western type democratic setup is
not suitable for Pakistan.
c) Loyal & Patriotic :
Every citizen of an ideological state should be loyal and patriotic. They should be ready to sacrifice their life
for the state at time of test.
d) Honest living :
The citizens should earn their livelihood through honest means and avoid fraud and cheating.
e) Educated & Civilized :
Citizens should behave in an educated and civilized way. Education is the basis for the progress of any nation
& without education strong foundation of any country is not possible.
f)

Law Abiding Citizen :

Every citizen of an ideological state should abide by its rules and regulations. They should help the law
enforcing agencies to maintain law and order in the state.

g) Social Welfare :
Social welfare is the collective responsibility of all the citizens of an state. They should participate in the
activities that will increase progress and prosperity of the nation.

Q#14 : Explain the role of Quaid-e-Azam as first Governor General of Pakistan.

Ans : Quaid-e-Azam as First Governor General of Pakistan :
On 15th August 1947, Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah took the oath as first Governor General of Pakistan. He
remained Governor General of the country for thirteen months. During this period, he solved many important
national issues. Some of them are mentioned as under:

(a) Pakistans First Cabinet :

This first cabinet of Pakistan took oath on 15th August 1947. Quaid-e-Azam appointed Liaquat Ali Khan as the Prime
Minister. Other members of the cabinet were also nominated.

(b) Constitutional Problems :

The Act of 1935 was amended and enforced in the country as there was no constitution available of the newly born
state. Thus this great achievement was done under the administrative leadership of the Quaid-e-Azam.

(c) Establishment of Capital :

Karachi was made Capital of Pakistan.

(d) Establishment of Administrative Head Quarters :

For the administration a committee was set up and Chaudhry Muhammad Ali was made the Secretary General. Civil
Services were re-organized. The Secretariat was established. Head quarters for Army, Navy and Air Force were set up.
An ammunition factory was also set up.

(e) Attention to Foreign Affairs :

Realizing the sensitivity of foreign affairs, Quaid-e-Azam paid his utmost attention to the Foreign Policy. He
developed healthy relations with the neighboring and developed countries that were the main objective of the
Foreign Policy.

(f) Membership of U.N.O :

After independence, Quaid-e-Azam paid immediate attention for acquiring membership of the United Nations
Organization (UNO). On 30th September 1947, Pakistan became the member of the UNO.

(g) Implementation of Education Policy :

Quaid-e-Azam held the first Educational Conference in 1947. He wished that every citizen of Pakistan should serve his
nation with honesty and national spirit. He made achievement of scientific and technological education compulsory
for the students.

Conclusion :
Quaid-e-Azam served his country till his death. These were the most important works done by the Quaid as Governor
General in a very short period of 13 months. These achievements of the Quaid will not be forgotten by the people of
Pakistan.

Q#15 : Explain in detail the problems faced by Pakistan after its independence.
Ans : Problems Faced By Pakistan After Independence :
Pakistan appeared on the map of the world after a long and deliberate struggle of the Muslims of the sub-continent.
From the day of creation Pakistan had faced a number of challenges some very important are as follows :

1. Establishment Of Government :
The most prominent problem faced by Pakistan after the independence was to setup an administrative
government for the new state. There were few capable people for the job and the work load was very high
because a strong foundation of a country demands a strong administrative setup.

2. Unfair Boundary Distribution :

Radcliff commission unfairly demarcated the boundaries between the two newly created states. It fueled the
rage and vengeance between the communities and mass killing of people erupted as a result.

3. Refugees Problem :
After independence Muslims properties were set on fire and they were compelled to leave India for Pakistan
with nothing but their lives. Millions of refugees were also killed before they reached Pakistan. Many
migrants were looted and had to be provided with necessities as they reached Pakistan.

4. Communal Riots :
After the creation of Pakistan communal riots broke out and killed millions of Muslims migrating to Pakistan.
Jinnah was very sad at such events and requested the neighboring country India to protect the rights of
minorities.

5. Unfair Division Of Financial Assets :

In order to weaken Pakistan financially, India did a lot of shameful acts which were concerned with its
benefits. Pakistan was promised to get Rs. 750 million but the Indian Government refused to give. Pakistan
received only 200 million.

6. Unfair Division Of Military :

Pakistan also did not receive the due share of the military assets. This dishonest attitude put Pakistan into
great difficulties. All the arms and ammunition industry was given to India and Pakistan was provided with
scrap and unserviceable machines and weaponry.

7. Canal Water Dispute :

Most of the rivers flowing in Pakistan have their origin in India. In 1948, India stopped water supply to
Pakistani canals to damage the Pakistani agriculture. However after Pakistan raised matters into
international attention then on 9th September, 1960 an agreement called Indus Basin Treaty was signed
between the two countries to solve the dispute.

8. Constitutional Problems :

The constituent assembly failed to frame a constitution even in eight years. Lack of a permanent constitution
created chances of dishonest interference in democratic progress of Pakistan.

9. Annexation Of Princely States :

At the time of partition there were 462 princely states in subcontinent. Rulers of these princely states were
given option by the British government to join either of the two newly born states ( India, Pakistan) or remain
independent. But India used armed aggression to merge many states favouring Pakistan with India.

10. Electricity Problem :

Due to transfer of Muslim majority areas to India and unfair demarcation , electricity system of West Punjab
was disrupted , because all power stations were at Mundi, a predominantly Muslim majority area gifted to
India.

11. Kashmir Issue :

At the time of independence Kashmir was a Muslim majority area wanted to join Pakistan but India occupied
Kashmir with illegal military power.

Q# 16 : Highlight the features that make the character of Quaid-e-Azam as a role model for others.
Ans : Quaid-e-Azam as a Role Model :
Quaid-e-Azam is the true role model for the nation in the light of his personal character , selfless qualities of
dedication , sacrifice and love for Pakistan. He was a great political leader. Following are the great qualities of our
national Quaid.

1. Man of Principle :
He was a man of principle and acted upon what he had said or promised to do.

2. Great Political Leader :

He was an intelligent political leader with courage , sense of responsibility , integrity , forwardness &
dedication to his cause.

3. Courageous Person :
He was an honest and courageous person and never afraid of any one and take fearless decisions.

4. Pleasing Personality :
He possessed a very pleasing and attractive personality. His dressings and manners are famous among
people.

5. Strong Character :
He possesses a very strong character and never compromised on his principles especially on the cause of
Muslims and Pakistan.

6. Resolute Man :
He was a resolute man of untiring spirit.

7. Devoted For Nation :

He devoted his life for Pakistan. It was his vision , courage , selfless service and dedication that he overcame
the huge problems faced by Pakistan after independence.

8. Admirer Of Youth :
He was a great supporter and admirer of the younger generation of students and considered them the future
arsenal of Islam and Pakistan.

CHAPTER # 3

CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN

Q#1 : Explain what is mean by Constitution and why is it necessary ?
Ans : Constitution :

Constitution means a set of basic laws , rules and regulations which are necessary for running the
administration of a state.

Objective of a Constitution :

To run the affairs of the government a constitution is required.

It explains the rights and obligations of an individual.
Constitutions are formed with the objective that people may lead an independent , disciplined , peaceful &
happy life.

Q#2 : Explain in detail Objective Resolution along with its salient features.
Ans : Objective Resolution :
Objective Resolution is an important document and basic step to frame constitution of Pakistan. It was approved on
March 12 , 1949.
Salient Features of Objective Resolution :
(1) Sovereignty :
Sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to Almighty Allah. The political power is a sacred trust which
shall be exercised by the representatives of the people within the limits prescribed by Islam.
(2) Principles of Democracy :
The principles and concepts of democracy , equality & social justice as explained by Islam shall be applied
within the country.
(3) Way of Living :
Muslims shall be enabled to lead their individual as well as collective life in accordance with the principles set
in the Holy Quran & Sunnah.
(4) Rights of Minorities :
The rights of the minorities shall be protected. They will have the freedom to follow their religion and
promote their own culture.
(5) Form of Government :
Pakistan shall be a Federal State. The provinces will enjoy autonomy within the prescribed limits mentioned in
the Constitution.
(6) Rights of People :
The basic rights of the people & the independence of judiciary will be guaranteed.

Q#3 : Explain the salient features of the constitution of 1956. (for short only 4 points)
Ans : Constitution of 1956 :
In June 1955 the Constitution Assembly started making a constitution for the country which was completed and
enforced on March 23 , 1956 & is known as Constitution of 1956.

Salient features of the constitution of 1956 :

1. Preamble :
In the preamble of the constitution it was stated that sovereignty rests with Almighty Allah and Pakistan was
declared an Islamic Republic.

2. Form of Government :
Federal Parliamentary System was introduced in the country.

3. President :
Governor General position was replaced with the President.

4. Distribution of Powers :
The powers were distributed between the centre and the two provinces of Pakistan , namely the then East
Pakistan & West Pakistan under the federal system of government.

5. Islamic Ideology :
It was ensured to provide all opportunities to the Muslims to lead their lives according to the teachings of
Islam.

6. Foreign Relations :
Establishment of close relations with the Muslims countries of the world was emphasized.

7. Head of State :
The office of the Head of the State was restricted to the Muslims.

8. Islamic Principles :
Any existing law contrary to the principles of Islam was to be amended.

9. Rights of Minorities :
The rights of the Non-Muslim minority were given due protection.

10. National Language :

Urdu and Bengali were declared as the national languages of Pakistan.

Conclusion :
The Constitution of 1956 had remained in force for about two and a half year. General Muhammad Ayub Khan
dismissed the constitution and imposed Martial Law on 7th October , 1958.

Q#4 : Explain the salient features of the constitution of 1962. (for short only 4 points)
Ans : Constitution of 1962 :
On June 8 , 1962 martial law was lifted from the country and a new Constitution was enforced , known as the
Constitution of 1962.

Salient features of the constitution of 1962 :

1. Preamble :
The Objective Resolution (1949) was included in the preamble of the Constitution.

2. Form of Government :
The Presidential form of government was introduced.

3. Presidential Powers :
All the powers were concentrated in the office of the President.

4. Election System :
Indirect system of elections was introduced.

5. Democracy :
The system of basic democracies was made part of the Constitution.

6. Islamic Advisory Council :

An Islamic Advisory Council was set up with the objectives to identify Un-Islamic provisions in the existing
laws & recommend amendments to make them in accordance with the Islamic principles.

7. Islamic Principles :
No law contrary to the principles of Islam was to be enforced. People were provided all possible opportunities
to lead their lives according to the teachings of Quran and Sunnah.

8. Islamic Republic :
The Islamic Republic status of the state was upheld.

9. Use of Power :
The public representatives would use their powers within the limits prescribed by Holy Quran & Sunnah.

Conclusion :
The Constitution of 1962 remained in force for about seven years. General Yahya Khan dismissed the Constitution of
1962 on 25th March, 1969 and imposed Martial Law in the country.

Q#5 : Explain the salient features of the constitution of 1973. (for short only 4 points)
Ans : Constitution of 1973 :
The draft for the constitution was approved in April 1973. On 14th August , 1973 the constitution was finally approved
and enforced in the country.

Salient features of the constitution of 1973 :

(a) Islamic Provisions Of the Constitution of 1973 :
1. Preamble :
The Objective Resolution (1949) was included in the preamble of the Constitution.

2. Islamic Republic :
The country was declared as Islamic Republic of Pakistan & Islam was made the official religion of the state.

3. Definition of Muslim :
The definition of Muslim was made part of the constitution, it stated that : a person who has an implicit
faith in the Oneness of Allah & in the prophethood of Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W.W) as the last
Prophet of Allah will be considered a Muslim.

4. Head of State :
The offices of President & Prime Minister of Pakistan were restricted for the Muslims only.

5. Islamic Ideological Council :

Islamic Ideological Council was set up to guide the government in connection with Islamic principles. This
council will help government in setting up an Islamic society by enforcing Islamic laws and principles.

(b) Other Provisions of Constitution of 1973 :

1. Form of Government :
Federal and Parliamentary form of government was introduced. Prime Minister was delegated with wide
powers & authority of President was limited. Practically the President could not pass important orders
without the agreement of the Prime Minister.

2. Foundation :
Foundation of the constitution of 1973 was laid on the Objective Resolution.

3. Parliament :
A Parliament consisting of two houses was established for the first time. The upper house was called the
Senate and the lower house was called the National Assembly.

4. Provincial autonomy :
The provincial governments were granted autonomy.

5. Independent Judiciary :
In order to protect rights of the people necessary safeguards were provided to ensure independence of
judiciary.

Conclusion :
The Constitution of 1973 is still in force although certain amendments in the constitution have been incorporated in
it.

Q#6 : What were the causes of fall of East - Pakistan ? (for short only 4 points)
Ans : The Fall Of East Pakistan :
Pakistan came into being on 14th August 1947 into two parts East and West Pakistan. It remained one country till the
separation of East Pakistan in 1971.

Causes Of Fall Of East Pakistan :

1. Geographical Location :
East and West Pakistan was separated by a vast land of India , this gave India a technical advantage to
create mistrust and spread propaganda. India never accepted the division and hence started vicious
propaganda against Pakistan.

2. Social & Cultural Differences :

There is a difference in cultural life of East and West Pakistan. In East Pakistan the officials are friendlier
towards people and sit with them in solving problems while West Pakistan officials have a different attitude.
This created a sense of hatred and feeling of rebel.

3. Martial Laws :
Since independence of Pakistan there is a lack of permanent democratic setup of government in which people
would participate and contribute for the development of nation. This also created an atmosphere of revolt for
the achievement of basic rights.

4. Language Issue :
The Federal Governments policy on language was opposed by the people of East Pakistan. This conflict
caused lives of many Bengali students protesting for the cause and agitated their minds.

5. Provincial Autonomy :
East Pakistan wanted complete provincial autonomy which was not accepted by the Government. If the
demand had been accepted Pakistan would not be separated.

6. Economic Deprivation :
Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rehman , a leader of Awami League Party propagated that Bengalis were economically
deprived and demanded a separate Economic system for East Pakistan. His demands were turned down and
he then seek help from India.

7. Role of Hindu Teachers :

Hindu teachers teaching in the East Pakistan used the conflicts between East & West Pakistan as
opportunities and promoted negative thinking against Pakistan.

8. International Conspiracies :
About 10 million Hindus were living in East Pakistan , India helped the agitated Bengalis for separation to
gain their interests against Pakistan. The cold war between America & Russia also played its part since
Pakistan supported America , Russia backed up India for aggression. America did not help Pakistan on the
issue.

9. Elections of 1970 :
In the elections of 1970 Awami League won with majority but the demands of Mujib ur Rehman was
suppressed by the then Government & Military of Pakistan.

10. Military Action in East Pakistan :

The brutal military actions to suppress the demands of East Pakistan created hatred and atmosphere of rebel
against Pakistan. India helped the separatists for armed struggle.

11. Indias Attack :

On December 3rd , 1971 war between India and Pakistan broke out. Due to lack of support from local
population and improper arrangements Pakistan Army surrendered in East Pakistan Front & cease fire on
West Pakistan side on 16th December , 1971 was declared.

Conclusion :
On December 16th , 1971 East Pakistan became an independent and free state of Bangladesh.

Q#7 : Explain the role of an individual for the progress & prosperity of Pakistan ? (for short only 4 points)
Ans : Same answer as Q#13 chapter 2