LI ST OF EXPERI M ENT S

1. To implement Data Definition language

1.1. Create, alter, drop, truncate
1.2. To implement Constraints.
1.2.1. (a). Primary key, (b).Foreign Key, (c). Check, (d). Unique, (e). Null,
(f). Not null , (g) . Default, (h). Enable Constraints, (i). Disable Constraints
(j). Drop Constraints
2. To implementation on DML, TCL and DRL
2.1. (a).Insert, (b).Select, (c).Update, (d).Delete, (e).commit, (f).rollback, (g).save point, (i).
Like'%', (j).Relational Operator.

3. To implement Nested Queries & Join Queries

3.1.(a). To implementation of Nested Queries
3.2.(b). (a) Inner join, (b).Left join, (c).Right join (d).Full join

EX: NO: 1
AIM:
DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE (DDL) COMMANDS IN RDBM
To execute and verify the Data Definition Language commands and constraints
DDL (DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE)

CREATE

ALTER

DROP

TRUNCATE

COMMENT

RENAME

PROCEDURE
STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Create the table with its essential attributes.
STEP 3: Execute different Commands and extract information from the table. STEP 4: Stop
SQL COMMANDS
1. COMMAND NAME: CREATE
COMMAND DESCRIPTION: CREATE command is used to create objects in the database.
2. COMMAND NAME: DROP
COMMAND DESCRIPTION: DROP command is used to delete the object from the database.
3. COMMAND NAME: TRUNCATE
COMMAND DESCRIPTION: TRUNCATE command is used to remove all the records from the
table
4. COMMAND NAME: ALTER
COMMAND DESCRIPTION: ALTER command is used to alter the

structure of database

5. COMMAND NAME: RENAME

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: RENAME command is used to rename the objects.

QUERY: 01

Q1. Write a query to create a table employee with empno, ename, designation, and salary.
Syntax for creating a table:
SQL: CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1
<DATATYPE> (SIZE), COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)
); ANS:
SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP (EMPNO NUMBER (4), ENAME
VARCHAR2 (10), DESIGNATIN VARCHAR2 (10),
SALARY NUMBER (8,2));
Table created.

QUERY: 02
Q2. Write a query to display the column name and datatype of the table employee.
Syntax for describe the table:
SQL: DESC <TABLE NAME>; SQL> DESC
EMP;
Name
Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ------------- EMPNO
NUMBER(4) ENAME
VARCHAR2(10)
DESIGNATIN
VARCHAR2(10) SALARY
NUMBER(8,2)

QUERY: 03
Q3. Write a query for create a from an existing table with all the fields
Syntax For Create A from An Existing Table With All Fields
SQL> CREATE TABLE <TRAGET TABLE NAME> SELECT * FROM
<SOURCE TABLE NAME>; ANS: 03
SQL> CREATE TABLE EMP1 AS SELECT * FROM EMP; Table created.
SQL> DESC EMP1
Name
Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ------------------ EMPNO
NUMBER(4) ENAME
VARCHAR2(10)
DESIGNATIN
VARCHAR2(10) SALARY
NUMBER(8,2)

QUERY: 04
Q4. Write a query for create a from an existing table with selected fields
Syntax For Create A from An Existing Table With Selected Fields

SQL> CREATE TABLE <TRAGET TABLE NAME> SELECT EMPNO, ENAME FROM <SOURCE
TABLE NAME>;
ANS: 04
SQL> CREATE TABLE EMP2 AS SELECT EMPNO, ENAME FROM EMP; Table created.
SQL> DESC EMP2
Name
Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------- EMPNO
NUMBER (4)
ENAME
VARCHAR2 (10)
QUERY: 05
Q5. Write a query for create a new table from an existing table without any record:
Syntax for create a new table from an existing table without any record:
SQL> CREATE TABLE <TRAGET TABLE NAME> AS SELECT * FROM
<SOURCE TABLE NAME> WHERE <FALSE CONDITION>;

ANS: 05
SQL> CREATE TABLE EMP3 AS SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE
1>2; Table created.
SQL> DESC EMP3;
Name
Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ------------------------ EMPNO
NUMBER(4)
ENAME
VARCHAR2(10) DESIGNATIN
VARCHAR2(10) SALARY
NUMBER(8,2);

ALTER & MODIFICATION ON TABLE

QUERY: 06
Q6. Write a Query to Alter the column EMPNO NUMBER (4) TO EMPNO NUMBER (6).
Syntax for Alter & Modify on a Single Column:
SQL > ALTER <TABLE NAME> MODIFY <COLUMN NAME> <DATATYPE> (SIZE);

ANS: 06
SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP MODIFY EMPNO NUMBER (6); Table altered.

SQL> DESC EMP;

Name
Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------- EMPNO
NUMBER(6)
ENAME
VARCHAR2(10) DESIGNATIN
VARCHAR2(10) SALARY
NUMBER(8,2)
QUERY: 07
Q7. Write a Query to Alter the table employee with multiple columns (EMPNO, ENAME.)
Syntax for alter table with multiple column:
SQL > ALTER <TABLE NAME> MODIFY <COLUMN NAME1> <DATATYPE> (SIZE), MODIFY
<COLUMN NAME2> <DATATYPE> (SIZE)
.; ANS: 07
SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP MODIFY (EMPNO NUMBER (7), ENAME VARCHAR2(12));
Table altered.
SQL> DESC EMP;
Name
Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------- EMPNO
NUMBER(7)
ENAME
VARCHAR2(12) DESIGNATIN
VARCHAR2(10) SALARY
NUMBER(8,2);

QUERY: 08
Q8. Write a query to add a new column in to employee
Syntax for add a new column:
SQL> ALTER TABLE <TABLE NAME> ADD (<COLUMN NAME> <DATA TYPE> <SIZE>);

ANS: 08
SQL> ALTER TABLE EMP ADD QUALIFICATION VARCHAR2(6); Table altered.
SQL> DESC EMP;
Name
Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------- EMPNO
NUMBER(7)
ENAME
VARCHAR2(12) DESIGNATIN
VARCHAR2(10) SALARY
NUMBER(8,2)
QUALIFICATION
VARCHAR2(6)

QUERY: 09
Q9. Write a query to add multiple columns in to employee
Syntax for add a new column:
SQL> ALTER TABLE <TABLE NAME> ADD (<COLUMN NAME1> <DATA TYPE> <SIZE>,
(<COLUMN NAME2> <DATA TYPE> <SIZE>,

);

ANS: 09
SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP ADD (DOB DATE, DOJ DATE); Table altered.
SQL> DESC EMP;
Name
Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------- EMPNO
NUMBER(7) ENAME
VARCHAR2(12)
DESIGNATIN
VARCHAR2(10) SALARY
NUMBER(8,2) QUALIFICATION
VARCHAR2(6)
DOB
DATE DOJ
DATE

REMOVE / DROP QUERY: 10

Q10. Write a query to drop a column from an existing table employee
Syntax for add a new column:
SQL> ALTER TABLE <TABLE NAME> DROP COLUMN <COLUMN NAME>;
ANS: 10
SQL> ALTER TABLE EMP DROP COLUMN DOJ; Table altered.
SQL> DESC EMP;
Name
Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ------------- EMPNO
NUMBER(7) ENAME
VARCHAR2(12)
DESIGNATIN
VARCHAR2(10) SALARY
NUMBER(8,2) QUALIFICATION
VARCHAR2(6)
DOB
DATE
QUERY: 11
Q10. Write a query to drop multiple columns from employee
Syntax for add a new column:
SQL> ALTER TABLE <TABLE NAME> DROP <COLUMN
NAME1>,<COLUMN NAME2>,.. ;
ANS: 11
SQL> ALTER TABLE EMP DROP (DOB, QUALIFICATION); Table altered.
SQL> DESC EMP;
Name
Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- -------------- EMPNO
NUMBER(7) ENAME
VARCHAR2(12)
DESIGNATIN
VARCHAR2(10) SALARY
NUMBER(8,2)
REMOVE QUERY: 12
Q10. Write a query to rename table emp to employee
Syntax for add a new column:

SQL> ALTER TABLE RENAME <OLD NAME> TO <NEW NAME>

ANS: 12
SQL> ALTER TABLE EMP RENAME EMP TO EMPLOYEE; SQL> DESC
EMPLOYEE;
Name
Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- -------------- EMPNO
NUMBER(7) ENAME
VARCHAR2(12)
DESIGNATIN
VARCHAR2(10) SALARY
NUMBER(8,2)

CONSTRAINTS
Constraints are part of the table definition that limits and restriction on the value entered into its
columns.
TYPES OF CONSTRAINTS:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

Primary key
Foreign key/references
Check
Unique
Not null
Null
Default

CONSTRAINTS CAN BE CREATED IN THREE WAYS:

1) Column level constraints
2) Table level constraints
3) Using DDL statements-alter table command
OPERATION ON CONSTRAINT:
i)
ENABLE ii)
DISABLE
iii)
DROP
Column level constraints Using Primary key
Q13. Write a query to create primary constraints with column level

Primary key
Syntax for Column level constraints Using Primary key:
SQL:>CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)<TYPE OF
CONSTRAINTS> , COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)
);
ANS:13

SQL>CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(EMPNO NUMBER(4) PRIMARY KEY,

ENAME VARCHAR2(10), JOB
VARCHAR2(6),
SAL NUMBER(5), DEPTNO
NUMBER(7));
Column level constraints Using Primary key with naming convention
Q14. Write a query to create primary constraints with column level with naming convention
Syntax for Column level constraints Using Primary key:
SQL: >CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)CONSTRAINTS
<NAME OF THE CONSTRAINTS> <TYPE OF THE CONSTRAINTS> , COLUMN NAME.1
<DATATYPE> (SIZE)
);

QUERY:14
SQL>CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(EMPNO NUMBER(4)
CONSTRAINT EMP_EMPNO_PK PRIMARY KEY,
ENAME VARCHAR2(10), JOB
VARCHAR2(6),
SAL NUMBER(5), DEPTNO
NUMBER(7));
Table Level Primary Key Constraints
Q15. Write a query to create primary constraints with table level with naming convention
Syntax for Table level constraints Using Primary key:
SQL: >CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE) , COLUMN
NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE), CONSTRAINTS <NAME OF THE CONSTRAINTS> <TYPE OF THE
CONSTRAINTS>);
ANS: 15
SQL>CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE (EMPNO NUMBER(6), ENAME
VARCHAR2(20), JOB VARCHAR2(6),
SAL NUMBER(7), DEPTNO
NUMBER(5),
CONSTRAINT EMP_EMPNO_PK PRIMARY KEY(EMPNO));

Table level constraint with alter command (primary key):

Q16. Write a query to create primary constraints with alter command
Syntax for Column level constraints Using Primary key:

SQL:>CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE), COLUMN

NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE) );
SQL> ALTER TABLE <TABLE NAME> ADD CONSTRAINTS <NAME OF THE CONSTRAINTS>
<TYPE OF THE CONSTRAINTS> <COLUMN NAME>);

QUERY: 16
SQL>CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(EMPNO NUMBER(5), ENAME
VARCHAR2(6), JOB VARCHAR2(6),
SAL NUMBER(6),
DEPTNO NUMBER(6));
SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP3 ADD CONSTRAINT EMP3_EMPNO_PK PRIMARY KEY (EMPNO);
Reference /foreign key constraint
Column level foreign key constraint:
Q.17. Write a query to create foreign key constraints with column level
Parent Table:
Syntax for Column level constraints Using Primary key:
SQL:>CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)<TYPE OF
CONSTRAINTS> , COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)
);
Child Table:
Syntax for Column level constraints Using foreign key:
SQL:>CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE), COLUMN
NAME2 <DATATYPE> (SIZE) REFERENCES <TABLE NAME> (COLUMN NAME>
);
ANS: 17
SQL>CREATE TABLE DEPT(DEPTNO NUMBER(2) PRIMARY KEY,
DNAME VARCHAR2(20), LOCATION
VARCHAR2(15));
SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP4 (EMPNO
NUMBER(3),
DEPTNO NUMBER(2) REFERENCES DEPT(DEPTNO),
DESIGN VARCHAR2(10));

Column level foreign key constraint with naming conversions: Parent Table:
Syntax for Column level constraints Using Primary key:
Q.18. Write a query to create foreign key constraints with column level

SQL:>CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)<TYPE OF

CONSTRAINTS> , COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)
);
Child Table:
Syntax for Column level constraints using foreign key:
SQL:>CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE) , COLUMN
NAME2 <DATATYPE> (SIZE) CONSTRAINT <CONST. NAME> REFERENCES <TABLE NAME>
(COLUMN NAME>
);
ANS:18
SQL>CREATE TABLE DEPT(DEPTNO NUMBER(2) PRIMARY KEY,
DNAME VARCHAR2(20), LOCATION
VARCHAR2(15));
SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP4A (EMPNO
NUMBER(3),
DEPTNO NUMBER(2)CONSTRAINT EMP4A_DEPTNO_FK REFERENCES
DEPT(DEPTNO),
DESIGN VARCHAR2(10));
Table Level Foreign Key Constraints
Q.19. Write a query to create foreign key constraints with Table level
Parent Table:
SQL:>CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)<TYPE OF
CONSTRAINTS> , COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)
);
Child Table:
Syntax for Table level constraints using foreign key:
SQL:>CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE), COLUMN
NAME2 <DATATYPE> (SIZE), CONSTRAINT <CONST. NAME> REFERENCES <TABLE NAME>
(COLUMN NAME> );
ANS: 19
SQL>CREATE TABLE DEPT
(DEPTNO NUMBER(2) PRIMARY KEY, DNAME
VARCHAR2(20),
LOCATION VARCHAR2(15));
SQL>CREATE

TABLE

EMP5

(EMPNO

NUMBER(3), DEPTNO NUMBER(2),

DESIGN VARCHAR2(10)CONSTRAINT ENP2_DEPTNO_FK FOREIGN KEY(DEPT
NO)REFERENCESDEPT(DEPTNO));

Table Level Foreign Key Constraints with Alter command

Q.20. Write a query to create foreign key constraints with Table level with alter command.
Parent Table:
SQL:>CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)<TYPE OF
CONSTRAINTS> , COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)
);

Child Table:
Syntax for Table level constraints using foreign key:
SQL:>CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE) , COLUMN
NAME2 <DATATYPE> (SIZE));

SQL> ALTER TABLE <TABLE NAME> ADD CONSTRAINT <CONST. NAME> REFERENCES
<TABLE NAME> (COLUMN NAME>);
QUERY:20
SQL>CREATE TABLE DEPT
(DEPTNO NUMBER(2) PRIMARY KEY, DNAME
VARCHAR2(20),
LOCATION VARCHAR2(15));
SQL>CREATE

TABLE

EMP5

(EMPNO

NUMBER(3), DEPTNO NUMBER(2),

DESIGN VARCHAR2(10));

SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP6 ADD CONSTRAINT EMP6_DEPTNO_FK FOREIGN

KEY(DEPTNO)REFERENCES DEPT(DEPTNO);

Check constraint
Column Level Check Constraint
Q.21. Write a query to create Check constraints with column level
Syntax for clumn level constraints using Check:
SQL:>CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE) CONSTRAINT
<CONSTRAINTS NAME> <TYPE OF CONSTRAINTS> (CONSTRAITNS CRITERIA) , COLUMN
NAME2 <DATATYPE> (SIZE));

QUERY:21
SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP7(EMPNO NUMBER(3), ENAME
VARCHAR2(20),
DESIGN VARCHAR2(15),

SAL NUMBER(5)CONSTRAINT EMP7_SAL_CK CHECK(SAL>500 AND SAL<10001),

DEPTNO NUMBER(2));

Table Level Check Constraint:

Q.22. Write a query to create Check constraints with table level
Syntax for Table level constraints using Check:
SQL:>CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE), (COLUMN
NAME2 <DATATYPE> (SIZE), CONSTRAINT
<CONSTRAINTS NAME> <TYPE OF CONSTRAINTS> (CONSTRAITNS CRITERIA)) ;
QUERY:22

SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP8(EMPNO NUMBER(3), ENAME

VARCHAR2(20),
DESIGN VARCHAR2(15),
SAL NUMBER(5),DEPTNO NUMBER(2), CONSTRAINTS EMP8_SAL_CK
CHECK(SAL>500 AND SAL<10001));
Check Constraint with Alter Command
Q.23. Write a query to create Check constraints with table level using alter command.
Syntax for Table level constraints using Check:
SQL:>CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE), (COLUMN
NAME2 <DATATYPE> (SIZE), CONSTRAINT
<CONSTRAINTS NAME> <TYPE OF CONSTRAINTS> (CONSTRAITNS CRITERIA)) ;
QUERY:23
SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP9(EMPNO NUMBER, ENAME
VARCHAR2(20),
DESIGN VARCHAR2(15), SAL
NUMBER(5));

SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP9 ADD CONSTRAINTS EMP9_SAL_CK CHECK(SAL>500

AND SAL<10001);
Column Level Constraint

Unique Constraint

Q.24. Write a query to create unique constraints with column level

Syntax for Column level constraints with Unique:
SQL :> CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (<COLUMN NAME.1>
<DATATYPE> (SIZE) CONSTRAINT <NAME OF CONSTRAINTS>
<CONSTRAINT TYPE>, (COLUMN NAME2 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)) ;
QUERY:24

SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP10(EMPNO NUMBER(3), ENAME

VARCHAR2(20),
DESGIN VARCHAR2(15)CONSTRAINT EMP10_DESIGN_UK UNIQUE, SAL NUMBER(5));
Table Level Constraint
Q.25. Write a query to create unique constraints with table level
Syntax for Table level constraints with Unique:
SQL :> CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (<COLUMN NAME.1>
<DATATYPE> (SIZE), (COLUMN NAME2 <DATATYPE> (SIZE), CONSTRAINT
<NAME OF CONSTRAINTS> <CONSTRAINT TYPE>(COLUMN NAME);) ;
QUERY:25

SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP11(EMPNO NUMBER(3), ENAME

VARCHAR2(20),
DESIGN VARCHAR2(15),
SAL NUMBER(5),CONSTRAINT EMP11_DESIGN_UK UNIGUE(DESIGN));
Table Level Constraint Alter Command
Q.26. Write a query to create unique constraints with table level
Syntax for Table level constraints with Check Using Alter
SQL :> CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (<COLUMN NAME.1>
<DATATYPE> (SIZE), (COLUMN NAME2 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)) ;
SQL> ALTER TABLE ADD <CONSTRAINTS> <CONSTRAINTS NAME>
<CONSTRAINTS TYPE>(COLUMN NAME);

QUERY:26

SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP12 (EMPNO NUMBER(3),

ENAME VARCHAR2(20), DESIGN
VARCHAR2(15), SAL NUMBER(5));
SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP12 ADD CONSTRAINT EMP12_DESIGN_UK UNIQUE(DESING);

Not Null

Column Level Constraint

Q.27. Write a query to create Not Null constraints with column level
Syntax for Column level constraints with Not Null:
SQL :> CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (<COLUMN NAME.1>
<DATATYPE> (SIZE) CONSTRAINT <NAME OF CONSTRAINTS>
<CONSTRAINT TYPE>, (COLUMN NAME2 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)) ;

QUERY: 27
SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP13 (EMPNO
NUMBER(4),
ENAME VARCHAR2(20) CONSTRAINT EMP13_ENAME_NN NOT NULL, DESIGN
VARCHAR2(20),
SAL NUMBER(3));
Column Level Constraint
Nul
Q.28. Write a query to create Null constraints with column level
Syntax for Column level constraints with Null:
SQL :> CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (<COLUMN NAME.1>
<DATATYPE> (SIZE) CONSTRAINT <NAME OF CONSTRAINTS>
<CONSTRAINT TYPE>, (COLUMN NAME2 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)) ;
QUERY:28

SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP13 (EMPNO

NUMBER(4),
ENAME VARCHAR2(20) CONSTRAINT EMP13_ENAME_NN NULL, DESIGN
VARCHAR2(20),
SAL NUMBER(3));
EX: NO: 2
To implementation on DML and DCL Commands in RDBMS
AIM:
To execute and verify the DML and TCL Language commands
DML (DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE)
SELECT
INSERT
DELETE
UPDATE
TCL (TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE)
COMMIT
ROLL BACK
SAVE POINT
PROCEDURE
STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Create the table with its essential attributes. STEP 3: Insert the
record into table
STEP 4: Update the existing records into the table

STEP 5: Delete the records in to the table

STEP 6: use save point if any changes occur in any portion of the record to undo its original state.
STEP 7: use rollback for completely undo the records
STEP 6: use commit for permanently save the records.

SQL COMMANDS
1. COMMAND NAME: INSERT
COMMAND DESCRIPTION: INSERT command is used to Insert objects in the database.
2. COMMAND NAME: SELECT
COMMAND DESCRIPTION: SELECT command is used to SELECT the object from the database.
3. COMMAND NAME: UPDATE
COMMAND DESCRIPTION: UPDATE command is used to UPDATE
the records from the table
4. COMMAND NAME: DELETE
COMMAND DESCRIPTION: DELETE command is used to DELETE the
Records form the table
5. COMMAND NAME: COMMIT
COMMAND DESCRIPTION: COMMIT command is used to save the
Records.

6. COMMAND NAME: ROLLBACK

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: ROLL BACK command is used to undo the
Records.

6. COMMAND NAME: SAVE POINT

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: SAVE POINT command is used to undo the
Records in a particular transaction.

QUERY: 01
INSERT
Q1. Write a query to insert the records in to employee.
Syntax for Insert Records in to a table:
SQL :> INSERT INTO <TABLE NAME> VALUES< VAL1, VAL2,..);
QUERY: 01
INSERT A RECORD FROM AN EXISTING TABLE:
SQL>INSERT INTO EMP VALUES(101,'NAGARAJAN','LECTURER',15000);
1 row created.

QUERY: 02
SELECT
Q3. Write a query to display the records from employee.
Syntax for select Records from the table:
SQL> SELECT * FROM <TABLE NAME>;

QUERY: 02
DISPLAY THE EMP TABLE:
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;

EMPNO ENAME

DESIGNATIN

SALARY

---------- ------------ ---------- ---------101 NAGARAJAN

LECTURER

15000

INSERT A RECORD USING SUBSITUTION METHOD QUERY: 03

Q3. Write a query to insert the records in to employee using substitution method.
Syntax for Insert Records into the table:
SQL :> INSERT INTO <TABLE NAME> VALUES< &column name, &column name 2,..);
QUERY: 03
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP
VALUES(&EMPNO,'&ENAME','&DESIGNATIN','&SALARY'); Enter value for
empno: 102
Enter value for ename: SARAVANAN Enter value for
designatin: LECTURER Enter value for salary: 15000
old 1: INSERT INTO EMP
VALUES(&EMPNO,'&ENAME','&DESIGNATIN','&SALARY')
new 1: INSERT INTO EMP VALUES(102,'SARAVANAN','LECTURER','15000')
1 row created. SQL> /
Enter value for empno: 103
Enter value for ename: PANNERSELVAM Enter value for
designatin: ASST. PROF Enter value for salary: 20000
old 1: INSERT INTO EMP
VALUES(&EMPNO,'&ENAME','&DESIGNATIN','&SALARY')
new 1: INSERT INTO EMP VALUES(103,'PANNERSELVAM','ASST. PROF','20000')
1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for empno: 104
Enter value for ename: CHINNI
Enter value for designatin: HOD, PROF Enter value for
salary: 45000
old 1: INSERT INTO EMP
VALUES(&EMPNO,'&ENAME','&DESIGNATIN','&SALARY')
new 1: INSERT INTO EMP VALUES(104,'CHINNI','HOD, PROF','45000')
1 row created.
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;

EMPNO ENAME
----------

DESIGNATIN

------------

SALARY

----------

----------

101 NAGARAJAN

LECTURER

15000

102 SARAVANAN

LECTURER

15000

103 PANNERSELVAM ASST. PROF

104 CHINNI

20000

HOD, PROF

45000

UPDATE
QUERY: 04
Q1. Write a query to update the records from employee.
Syntax for update Records from the table:
SQL> UPDATE <<TABLE NAME> SET <COLUMNANE>=<VALUE> WHERE
<COLUMN NAME=<VALUE>;
QUERY: 04
SQL> UPDATE EMP SET SALARY=16000 WHERE EMPNO=101;
1 row updated.
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;
EMPNO ENAME
----------

DESIGNATIN

------------ ----------

SALARY
----------

101 NAGARAJAN

LECTURER

16000

102 SARAVANAN

LECTURER

15000

103 PANNERSELVAM ASST. PROF

20000

104 CHINNI

45000

HOD, PROF

QUERY: 05
UPDATE MULTIPLE COLUMN
Q5. Write a query to update multiple records from employee.
Syntax for update multiple Records from the table:
SQL> UPDATE <<TABLE NAME> SET <COLUMNANE>=<VALUE> WHERE
<COLUMN NAME=<VALUE>;

QUERY: 05

SQL>UPDATE EMP SET SALARY = 16000, DESIGNATIN='ASST. PROF' WHERE

EMPNO=102;

1 row updated.
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;

EMPNO ENAME

DESIGNATIN

SALARY

---------- ------------ ---------- ---------101 NAGARAJAN

LECTURER

102 SARAVANAN ASST. PROF

16000
16000

103 PANNERSELVAM ASST. PROF 20000

104 CHINNI

HOD, PROF

45000

DELETE

QUERY: 06
Q5. Write a query to delete records from employee.
Syntax for delete Records from the table:
SQL> DELETE <TABLE NAME> WHERE <COLUMN NAME>=<VALUE>;

QUERY: 06
SQL> DELETE EMP WHERE EMPNO=103;

1 row deleted.
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;
EMPNO ENAME

DESIGNATIN

SALARY

---------- ------------ ---------- ---------101 NAGARAJAN

LECTURER

16000

102 SARAVANAN ASST. PROF

104 CHINNI

16000

HOD, PROF

45000

TCL(TRNSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE)

SAVEPOINT:
QUERY: 07
Q5. Write a query to implement the save point.
Syntax for save point:
SQL> SAVEPOINT <SAVE POINT NAME>;
QUERY: 07
SQL> SAVEPOINT S1;
Savepoint created.
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;

EMPNO ENAME

DESIGNATIN

SALARY

---------- ------------ - --------101 NAGARAJAN

LECTURER

102 SARAVANAN ASST. PROF

104 CHINNI

---------16000
16000

HOD, PROF

45000

SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES(105,'PARTHASAR','STUDENT',100);

1 row created.
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;
EMPNO ENAME

DESIGNATIN

SALARY

----- ------------ ---------- ---------105 PARTHASAR

STUDENT

100

101 NAGARAJAN

LECTURER

16000

102 SARAVANAN

ASST. PROF

16000

104 CHINNI

HOD, PROF

45000
ROLL BACK

QUERY: 08
Q5. Write a query to implement the Rollback.
Syntax for save point:
SQL> ROLL BACK <SAVE POINT NAME>;

QUERY: 08
SQL> ROLL BACK S1;
Rollback complete.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;

EMPNO ENAME

DESIGNATIN

SALARY

---------- ------------ ---------- ---------101 NAGARAJAN

LECTURER

102 SARAVANAN ASST. PROF

16000
16000

103 PANNERSELVAM ASST. PROF

104 CHINNI

HOD, PROF

45000

QUERY: 09
COMMIT
Q5. Write a query to implement the Rollback.
Syntax for commit:
SQL> COMMIT;

20000

QUERY: 09
SQL> COMMIT;
Commit complete.
DCL (DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE)
CREATING A USER
SQL>CONNECT SYSTEM/MANAGER;
SQL>CREATE USER "USERNAME" IDENTIFIED BY "PASSWORD"
SQL>GRANT DBA TO "USERNAME"
SQL>CONNECT "USERNAME"/"PASSWORD";
EXAMPLE
CREATING A USER
SQL>CONNECT SYSTEM/MANAGER;
SQL>CREATE USER CSE2 IDENTIFIED BY CSECSE;
SQL>GRANT DBA TO CSE2;
SQL>CONNECT CSE2/CSECSE;
SQL>REVOKE DBA FROM CSE2;

DRL-DATA RETRIEVAL IMPLEMENTING ON SELECT

COMMANDS
SQL> select * from emp;
EMPNO ENAME
JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL
DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------7369 SMITH
CLERK
7902 17-DEC-80
800

2000

7499 ALLEN

SALESMAN

7698 20-FEB-81

1600

3000

7521 WARD

SALESMAN

7698 22-FEB-81

1250

5000

7566 JONES

MANAGER

7839 02-APR-81

2975

2000

4 rows selected.

SQL> select empno,ename,sal from emp;

EMPNO ENAME
SAL
---------- ---------- ---------7369 SMITH
800
7499 ALLEN
1600
7521 WARD
1250
7566 JONES
2975
SQL>select ename,job,sal,deptno from emp where sal not between 1500 and 5000;
ENAME
---------SMITH
WARD
MARTIN
ADAMS
JAMES
MILLER

JOB
--------CLERK
SALESMAN
SALESMAN
CLERK
CLERK
CLERK

SAL
800
1250
1250
1100
950
1300

DEPTNO
------------------20
30
30
20
30
10

6 rows selected.

SQL> select empno,ename,sal from emp where sal in (800,5000);

EMPNO ENAME
SAL
---------- ---------- ---------7369 SMITH
800
7839 KING
5000
SQL> select empno,ename,sal from emp where comm is null;
EMPNO ENAME
SAL
---------- ---------- ---------7369 SMITH
800
7566 JONES
2975
7698 BLAKE
2850
7782 CLARK
2450
7788 SCOTT
3000
7839 KING
5000

7876 ADAMS
7900 JAMES
7902 FORD
7934 MILLER

1100
950
3000
1300

10 rows selected.
SQL> select empno,ename,sal from emp where comm is not null;
EMPNO ENAME
---------- ---------- ---------7499 ALLEN
7521 WARD
7654 MARTIN
7844 TURNER

SAL
1600
1250
1250
1500

SQL> select empno,ename,job,sal from emp where ename like'S%';

EMPNO ENAME
JOB
---------- ---------- --------- ---------7369 SMITH
CLERK
7788 SCOTT
ANALYST

SAL
800
3000

SQL> select empno,ename,job,sal from emp where job not like'S%';

EMPNO ENAME
JOB
SAL
---------- ---------- --------- ---------7369 SMITH
CLERK
800
7566 JONES MANAGER
2975
7698 BLAKE
MANAGER
2850
7782 CLARK
MANAGER
2450
7788 SCOTT ANALYST
3000
SQL> select ename,job,sal from emp where sal>2500;
ENAME
JOB
SAL
---------- --------- ---------JONES
MANAGER
2975
BLAKE
MANAGER
2850
SCOTT
ANALYST
3000
KING
PRESIDENT
5000
FORD
ANALYST
3000

SQL> select ename,job,sal from emp where sal<2500;

ENAME
JOB
SAL
---------- --------- ----------

SMITH
ALLEN
WARD
MARTIN
CLARK
TURNER
ADAMS
JAMES
MILLER

800
CLERK
SALESMAN
1600
SALESMAN
1250
SALESMAN
1250
MANAGER
2450
SALESMAN
1500
CLERK
1100
CLERK
950
CLERK
1300

9 rows selected.

SQL> select empno,ename,job,sal from emp order by sal;

EMPNO ENAME
JOB
SAL
---------- ---------- --------- ---------7369 SMITH
CLERK
800
7900 JAMES
CLERK
950
7876 ADAMS
CLERK
1100
7521 WARD
SALESMAN
1250
7654 MARTIN
SALESMAN
1250
7934 MILLER
CLERK
1300
7844 TURNER
SALESMAN
1500
7499 ALLEN
SALESMAN
1600
7782 CLARK
MANAGER
2450
7698 BLAKE
MANAGER
2850
7566 JONES
MANAGER
2975
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
---------- ---------- --------- ---------7788 SCOTT
ANALYST
7902 FORD
ANALYST
7839 KING
PRESIDENT

SAL
3000
3000
5000

14 rows selected.
SQL> select empno,ename,job,sal from emp order by sal desc;
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
---------- ---------- --------- ---------7839 KING
PRESIDENT
7788 SCOTT
ANALYST
7902 FORD
ANALYST
7566 JONES
MANAGER
7698 BLAKE
MANAGER
7782 CLARK
MANAGER

SAL
5000
3000
3000
2975
2850
2450

7499 ALLEN
7844 TURNER
7934 MILLER
7521 WARD
7654 MARTIN

SALESMAN
1600
SALESMAN
1500
CLERK
1300
SALESMAN
1250
SALESMAN
1250

EMPNO ENAME
JOB
---------- ---------- --------- ----------

SAL

7876 ADAMS CLERK

7900 JAMES CLERK
7369 SMITH CLERK

1100
950
800

14 rows selected.

EX: NO: 3
EX: NO: 3 A

NESTED QUERIES AND JOIN QUERIES

Nested Queries

AIM
To execute and verify the SQL commands for Nested Queries.
OBJECTIVE:
Nested Query can have more than one level of nesting in one single query. A SQL nested query
is a SELECT query that is nested inside a SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT, or DELETE SQL query.
PROCEDURE
STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Create two different tables with its essential attributes.
STEP 3: Insert attribute values into the table.
STEP 4: Create the Nested query from the above created table.
STEP 5: Execute Command and extract information from the tables. STEP
6: Stop
SQL COMMANDS
1. COMMAND NAME: SELECT
COMMAND DESCRIPTION: SELECT command is used to select records from the table.

2. COMMAND NAME: WHERE

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: WHERE command is used to identify particular elements.

3. COMMAND NAME: HAVING

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: HAVING command is used to identify particular elements.
4. COMMAND NAME: MIN (SAL)
COMMAND DESCRIPTION: MIN (SAL) command is used to find minimum salary.
Table -1
SYNTAX FOR CREATING A TABLE:
SQL: CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE>
(SIZE), COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE) );
SQL> CREATE TABLE EMP2(EMPNO NUMBER(5),
ENAME VARCHAR2(20),
JOB VARCHAR2(20),
SAL NUMBER(6),
MGRNO NUMBER(4),
DEPTNO NUMBER(3));
SYNTAX FOR INSERT RECORDS IN TO A TABLE:
SQL :> INSERT INTO <TABLE NAME> VALUES< VAL1, VAL2,..);
INSERTION
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1001,'MAHESH','PROGRAMMER',15000,1560,200);
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1002,'MANOJ','TESTER',12000,1560,200);
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1003,'KARTHIK','PROGRAMMER',13000,1400,201);
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1004,'NARESH','CLERK',1400,1400,201);
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1005,'MANI','TESTER',13000,1400,200);
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1006,'VIKI','DESIGNER',12500,1560,201);
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1007,'MOHAN','DESIGNER',14000,1560,201);

1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1008,'NAVEEN','CREATION',20000,1400,201);
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1009,'PRASAD','DIR',20000,1560,202);
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1010,'AGNESH','DIR',15000,1400,200);
1 ROW CREATED.

SYNTAX FOR SELECT RECORDS FROM THE TABLE:

SQL> SELECT * FROM <TABLE NAME>;

SQL> SELECT *FROM EMP2;

EMPNO
----------

ENAME
----------

JOB
----------

SAL
----------

MGRNO
----------

DPTNO
----------

1001

MAHESH

PROGRAMMER

15000

1560

200

1002

MANOJ

TESTER

12000

1560

200

1003

KARTHIK

13000

1400

201

1004

NARESH

1400

1400

201

1005

MANI

TESTER

13000

1400

200

1006

VIKI

DESIGNER

1007

MOHAN

DESIGNER

14000

1560

201

1008

NAVEEN

CREATION

20000

1400

201

1009

PRASAD

DIR

20000

1560

202

1010

AGNESH

DIR

15000

1400

200

PROGRAMMER
CLERK

12500

1560

201

TABLE- 2
SYNTAX FOR CREATING A TABLE:
SQL: CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE>
(SIZE), COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE) );

SQL> CREATE TABLE DEPT2(DEPTNO NUMBER(3),

DEPTNAME VARCHAR2(10),
LOCATION VARCHAR2(15));
Table created.
SYNTAX FOR INSERT RECORDS IN TO A TABLE:
SQL :> INSERT INTO <TABLE NAME> VALUES< VAL1, VAL2,..);

INSERTION
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT2 VALUES(107,'DEVELOP','ADYAR');
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT2 VALUES(201,'DEBUG','UK');
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT2 VALUES(200,'TEST','US');
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT2 VALUES(201,'TEST','USSR');
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT2 VALUES(108,'DEBUG','ADYAR');
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT2 VALUES(109,'BUILD','POTHERI');
1 ROW CREATED.
SYNTAX FOR SELECT RECORDS FROM THE TABLE:
SQL> SELECT * FROM <TABLE NAME>;
SQL> SELECT *FROM DEPT2;
DEPTNO

DEPTNAME

LOCATION

----------

----------

---------------

107

DEVELOP

ADYAR

201

DEBUG

UK

200

TEST

US

201

TEST

USSR

108

DEBUG

ADYAR

109

BUILD

POTHERI

6 rows selected.

GENERAL SYNTAX FOR NESTED QUERY:

SELECT "COLUMN_NAME1"
FROM "TABLE_NAME1"
WHERE "COLUMN_NAME2" [COMPARISON OPERATOR]
(SELECT "COLUMN_NAME3"
FROM "TABLE_NAME2"
WHERE [CONDITION])

SYNTAX NESTED QUERY STATEMENT:

SQL> SELECT <COLUMN_NAME> FROM FRORM <TABLE _1> WHERE
<COLUMN_NAME> <RELATIONAL _OPERATION> VALUE
(SELECT (AGGRECATE FUNCTION) FROM <TABLE_1> WHERE <COLUMN
NAME> = VALUE
(SELECT <COLUMN_NAME> FROM <TABLE_2> WHERE <COLUMN_NAME=
VALUE));
NESTED QUERY STATEMENT:
SQL> SELECT ENAME FROM EMP2 WHERE SAL>
(SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP2 WHERE DPTNO=
(SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT2 WHERE LOCATION='UK'));

Nested Query Output:

ENAME
---------MAHESH
MANOJ
KARTHIK
MANI
VIKI
MOHAN
NAVEEN

EX: NO: 3 B - JOINS

AIM
To execute and verify the SQL commands using Join queries.

OBJECTIVE:
SQL joins are used to query data from two or more tables, based on a relationship
between certain columns in these tables.
PROCEDURE
STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Create the table with its essential attributes.
STEP 3: Insert attribute values into the table
STEP 4: Execute different Commands and extract information from the table. STEP
5: Stop

SQL COMMANDS
COMMAND NAME: INNER JOIN
COMMAND DESCRIPTION: The INNER JOIN keyword return rows when there is at least
one match in both tables.
COMMAND NAME LEFT JOIN
COMMAND DESCRIPTION: The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all rows from the left table
(table_name1), even if there are no matches in the right table (table_name2). COMMAND
NAME : RIGHT JOIN
COMMAND DESCRIPTION: The RIGHT JOIN keyword Return all rows from the right table
(table_name2), even if there are no matches in the left table (table_name1).

COMMAND NAME : FULL JOIN

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: The FULL JOIN keyword return rows when there is a match
in one of the tables.

LEFT JOIN or LEFT OUTTER JOIN

Table:1 - ORDERS
SQL> CREATE table orders(O_Id number(5),
Orderno number(5),
P_Id number(3));
Table created.
SQL> DESC orders;
Name

Null?

---------------------

Type
-------- -----------

O_ID

NUMBER(5)

ORDERNO

NUMBER(5)

P_ID

NUMBER(3)

INSERTING VALUES INTO ORDERS

SQL> INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id); Enter
value for o_id: 1
Enter value for orderno: 77895
Enter value for p_id: 3
old 1: INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id)
new 1: INSERT into orders values(1,77895,3)
1 row created.

SQL> INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id); Enter

value for o_id: 2
Enter value for orderno: 44678
Enter value for p_id: 3
old 1: INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id)
new 1: INSERT into orders values(2,44678,3)
1 row created.

SQL> INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id); Enter

value for o_id: 3
Enter value for orderno: 22456
Enter value for p_id: 1
old 1: INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id)
new 1: INSERT into orders values(3,22456,1)
1 row created.

SQL> INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id); Enter

value for o_id: 4
Enter value for orderno: 24562
Enter value for p_id: 1
old 1: INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id)
new 1: INSERT into orders values(4,24562,1)
1 row created.

SQL> INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id); Enter

value for o_id: 5
Enter value for orderno: 34764
Enter value for p_id: 15
old 1: INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id)
new 1: INSERT into orders values(5,34764,15)
1 row created.

TABLE SECTION:
SQL> SELECT * FROM orders;
O_ID

ORDERNO

---------- ----------

P_ID
----------

77895

44678

22456

24562

34764

15

TABLE -2: PERSONS

SQL> CREATE table persons(p_Id number(5),

LASTNAME varchar2(10),
Firstname varchar2(15), Address varchar2(20), city
varchar2(10));

Table created.

SQL> INSERT into persons values(&p_Id,'&Lastname','&firstname','&Address','&city');

Enter value for p_id: 1
Enter value for lastname: Hansen
Enter value for firstname: Ola
Enter value for address: Timoteivn 10
Enter value for city: sadnes
old 1: INSERT into persons values(&p_Id,'&Lastname','&firstname','&Address','&city')
new 1: INSERT into persons values(1,'Hansen','Ola','Timoteivn 10','sadnes')

1 row created.

SQL> INSERT into persons values(&p_Id,'&Lastname','&firstname','&Address','&city'); Enter

value for p_id: 2
Enter value for lastname: Svendson
Enter value for firstname: Tove Enter
value for address: Borgn 23
Enter value for city: Sandnes

old 1: INSERT into persons values(&p_Id,'&Lastname','&firstname','&Address','&city')

new 1: INSERT into persons values(2,'Svendson','Tove','Borgn 23','Sandnes')

1 row created.

SQL> INSERT into persons values(&p_Id,'&Lastname','&firstname','&Address','&city'); Enter

value for p_id: 3
Enter value for lastname: Pettersen
Enter value for firstname: Kari
Enter value for address: Storgt 20
Enter value for city: Stavanger
old 1: INSERT into persons values(&p_Id,'&Lastname','&firstname','&Address','&city')
new 1: INSERT into persons values(3,'Pettersen','Kari','Storgt 20','Stavanger')
1 row created.
SQL> SELECT * FROM persons;

P_ID LASTNAME FIRSTNAME

----------

----------

---------------

ADDRESS

CITY

-------------------

----------

Hansen

Ola

Timoteivn 10

sandnes

Svendson

Tove

Borgn 23

Sandnes

Pettersen

Kari

Storgt 20

Stavanger

LEFT JOIN SYNTAX

SQL> SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1
LEFT JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name

LEFT JOIN EXAMPLE

SQL> SELECT persons.lastname,persons.firstname,orders.orderno

FROM persons
LEFT JOIN orders
ON persons.p_Id = orders.p_Id
ORDER BY persons.lastname;
OUTPUT
LASTNAME FIRSTNAME

ORDERNO

------------------ ------------------

---------------

Hansen

Ola

22456

Hansen

Ola

24562

Pettersen

Kari

77895

Pettersen

Kari

44678

Svendson

Tove
FULL OUTTER JOIN

SQL> SELECT * FROM persons;

P_ID LASTNAME FIRSTNAME

---------- --------------- --------------------

ADDRESS

CITY

----------------

----------

Hansen

Ola

Timoteivn 10

sandnes

Svendson

Tove

Borgn 23

Sandnes

Pettersen

Kari

Storgt 20

Stavanger

SQL> SELECT * FROM orders;

O_ID
---------1

ORDERNO
---------77895

P_ID
---------3

44678

22456

24562

34764

15

FULL OUTER JOIN SYNTAX

SQL>SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1
FULL JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name
FULL OUTER JOIN EXAMPLE
SQL> SELECT persons.lastname,persons.firstname,orders.orderno
FROM persons
FULL OUTER JOIN orders ON
persons.p_Id = orders.p_Id
ORDER BY persons.lastname;
RIGHT OUTTER JOIN
RIGHT OUTTER JOIN SYNTAX
SQL>SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo
FROM Persons
RIGHT JOIN Orders
ON Persons.P_Id=Orders.P_Id
ORDER BY Persons.LastName
RIGHT OUTTER JOIN EXAMPLE
SQL> SELECT persons.lastname,persons.firstname,orders.orderno
FROM persons
RIGHT OUTER JOIN orders
ON persons.p_Id = orders.p_Id
ORDER BY persons.lastname;

LASTNAME

FIRSTNAME

ORDERNO

------------------- -----------------Hansen

Ola

24562

Hansen

Ola

22456

Pettersen Kari

44678

Pettersen Kari

77895

---------------

INNER JOIN
INNTER JOIN SYNTAX
SQL>SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1
INNER JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name
INNTER JOIN EXAMPLE
SQL> SELECT persons.lastname,persons.firstname,orders.orderno
2 FROM persons
3 INNER JOIN orders
4 ON persons.p_Id = orders.p_Id
5 ORDER BY persons.lastname;

LASTNAME FIRSTNAME

ORDERNO

------------------ ------------------

---------------

Hansen

Ola

22456

Hansen

Ola

24562

Pettersen

Kari

77895

Pettersen

Kari

44678