DavaVanBebber

Mrs.Somer
Period2Physiology
27,October2015
Physiologystudyguideunit2
1)

Restingmembraneiswhenyourneuronsareatrest,butyourneuralmembranestoresa

charge.TomaintainRMPyouactivelypumpthreesodiumoutandtwopotassiumintotheaxon.
DuringRMPyouneed70mVintheinsidethemembraneoftheaxon.Polarizediswhenyou
haveoppositepolesontheinsideandoutsidetheaxon.
2)

yourstimulushastobestrongenoughtopullyououtofrestingmembranepotential,

whichincludes70mV.Forthistohappenyourstimulushastojumpstartyourneuroninto
action,soyoucanhavesubstantialmovementofyourelectrolytes,andthenyourneuronwill
haveelectricalcurrentwhichcreatesanimpulsethatcansendsmessagedowntheaxon.In
addition,theweakstimulushasminimalmovementofelectrolytes.Thishappenswhenthe
voltageisweakanditwillnotbeabletokickstarttheneuronintoaction,andcausesthe
messagenottobeabletogetsentdowntheaxon.
3)

Tostartoffactionpotential,youhavetohaveastrongstimulusthattriggersmovementof

electrolytes.onceyougetmovementofelectrolytes,Na+reversedirectionflowintotheneuron,
thenintracellularRMPchangesfrom70mVto55mV.Thresholdisequalto55mV.
ThresholdvoltagekickstartsNa+andK+gatesintowrapspeed.Afterthishappens,numerous
Na+gatesstarttoopeninresponseto55mVthresholdvoltageandtheNa+floodsintothe
neuron.TocontinueactionpotentialtheinwardflowofNa+isequalandbecomes

depolarization,(depolarizationequalstojustdoit).Depolarizationiswhenthevoltageisat
55mVandgoesto30mV.Whenthevoltagebecome30mVtheNa+gatescloseandK+gates
open.Repolarizationoccurswhenk+rushesoutoftheneuron,causingarelaxrushingoutto30
mVto70mVinsidetheneuron.Hyperpolarizationoccurswhenthemembranepotentialisover
reacting,anddroppingbelow70mV.Refractoryoccurswhenthevoltagedropsbelow70mV
makingK+gatescloseslowly.Finallytheactionpotentialisatselfpropagation,andgoesdown
axon,likeaoceanwave.
4)

Thesignificanceofmyelinsheathisthatitspeedsuptheactionpotentialandthenthe

myelinsheathhelpsamessagestayonthetraintracks.TheOligodendritescandetachfromthe
nucleus,becausetheyonlywraponetime.Oligodendritesdonotmaintainneurolemma,because
theneurolemmaissqueezedout.PlusOligodendritesmyelinateCNS.TheSchwanncells
containsitnucleusatalltimes.AlsoSwchwaancellsmaylinatePNS.Multiplesclerosisis
dangerous,becauseitattacksandbreaksdownitsownmyelininsulation.Whenyouattackthe
myelintheRNSandtheCNSisdestroyed.
5)oneofmanydifferencesfromActionPotentialandtheNervepulseisthatonestartsatthe
beginningoftheaxonandtheNervepulsestartsattheendoftheaxon.Abigdifferencein
ActionPotentialandNerveImpulseisthat,ActionPotentialisthatitisonlyaelectricalreaction
andtheNerveimpulseifjustaChemicalreaction.Theactionpotentialhastohestrongenough
tohavethemessagetobesent.
6)

Ifenoughneurotransmittersreachthepostsynapticcellsmembrane,chemicalsensitive

Na+gatesopen,triggeringanerveimpulseinthiscell.Whichisaexcitatorypostsynaptic
potentialorEPSP.Themoreneurotransmitterthemoreimpulseoritcauseachemicalsensitive

k+orClgatestoopen,triggeringahyperpolarizationofacellmembrane.Thisispreventingan
impulsefromcontinuing.OverallisstandforInhibitorypostsynapticpotentialorPSP.
Clinical:Whenapersonisexperiencingdepression,theyMovementsstarttobecome
moreandmoreslow.Peoplestarttogetnegativeaboutanythingoranyone.Redtideiswhen
microscopicandoceanicphytoplanktonbelongtotheAnimalkingdomandcarryaspecific
toxin.Thetoxinthatoccursiscalledsaxitoxin.SaxitoxinisaNa+channelBlocker.IftheNa+is
blocked,depolarizationcannotoccur.Withoutdepolarization,EPSPswillnotbetriggered.If
EPSPisnottriggeredmuscleswillnotbeabletocontract.Apersonsrespiratorysystemneedsto
beabletorelaxandcontractsothattheaircanbemovedinandoutofyourbody,butifyouget
saxitoxininyourbody,therespiratorysystemgetstorelaxedandcannotcirculateairthroughout
yourbody.Serotoninisaneurotransmitterthatbelongstoagroup,wecallmonotones.
Serotoninhelpsmedicationsthatincreasetheconcentrationofmonosminesinthebloodstream.
Whentheseenhancersareworkingproperlytotreataderiderthisincreasesconcentrationof
serotoninissaidtobeattherapeuticlevels.Thisrelatestodepressionbecauseitcanhelploosen
apersonwhoisdepressedandcanmakethemhappy.Overallisseemsthatthestudenthadsome
seafoodthathadsaxitoxininitandmadehersavorilyill.Alsothestudentalreadyhaddepression
sothesaxitoxinhadareactionwiththeserotonininherbody.Thesetworeactionscausedherto
stopbreathing.