ElizabethGutierrez

ExerciseEffectsLabReport

Introduction: Thislabreportaddressestheanalysisofrestingbaselinedatacomparedto
exercisedatafromthecardiovascularandrespiratorysystems.Theelectrocardium(ECG/EKG)
isagraphicalrecordingoftheelectricaleventsoccurringinthehearthowever,inahealthyheart
theresanaturalpacemakerintherightatriumthatsendsanimpulsebetweentheatriatothe
atrioventricularnodeandthentobothventricles.Fivecomponentsofasinglebeatareknownas
P,Q,R,S,andT.ThePwaveisthestartoftheelectricaljourneyastheimpulsespreadsfrom
thesinoatrialnodedownwardtotheatrioventricularnodeandintotheventricles.QRSthen
representstheventricularactivationandtheTwaveresultsfromtheventricularrepolarization.
Theelectrocardiumhelpstraceevidencefordisordersoftheheartsuchasabnormalslowing,
speeding,irregularrhythms,andinjuryordeathtomuscletissue.Whenmeasuringlungvolumes
andcapacitiesaspirometerisusedhowever,thereisdifferenttypesofspirometersdependingon
howtheymeasurebothinspiratoryandexpiratoryvolumesandcapacities.Oneinspirationplus
thefollowingexpirationiscalledarespiratorycycle,sothevolumeofairthatleavesduringthe
respiratorycycleiscalledthetidalvolumewhichtheaveragevalueforahealthyadultis500
mL.Duringthemaximalforcedexpirationabout1,100mLofairinadditiontotherestingtidal
volumecanbeexpelledfromthelungsandiscalledtheexpiratoryreservevolumewhichthe
averagevalueforahealthyadultis1,200mL.Residualvolumeistheamountofairthatremains
inthelungsafteramaximalexhalation.Carbondioxideistransportedinthebloodstreamas
dissolvedcarbondioxide,sothepHisdeterminedbytheconcentrationofhydrogenionsinthe
bloodhowever,bloodcarbondioxidelevelsincreaseduringexercisewhichwillbeshown
throughoutthedatacollectedinthislab.
Question:
Howdoesexerciseaffectthecardiovascularsystemandrespiratorysystem?
Hypothesis:
Ifthebodyexercises,thenboththecardiovascularandrespiratorysystemwillwork
fastertorelievethestressthatisbroughttothebody.
Materials:
Figure1:
(credittoauthor)Thisfigurerepresentsthematerialsthatwereusedthroughoutthe
threeexperimentsconductedthroughoutthislab.Theexperimentsinclude:EKGLab,
RespiratoryVolumesLabandthepHLab.

Safetyinformation:
Befocusedonthedifferentexperimentsyouwillbeconductinginthislabnoplaying
aroundorrunninginthelabbecauseitcanleadtoinjuryofyourselfandothersaroundyou.
Whentakingyourcardiovasculardatayoushould:joginplaceorjumpingjacksbecauserunning
aroundinthelabcanbedangerous.UsegogglesandgloveswhencollectingyourpHdata
however,douseequipmentonlyasdirectedbythepaperandthenreturnallmaterialsback
whereyougotthemfrom.Cleanyourareawithalcoholwhenyouarefinished,sothatothers
haveasafeareatocollectdata.Incaseifanythingweretooccur,learnthesafetylocationswhich
include:eyewashfountain,safetyshower,fireextinguisherandthesafestexitatyourdisposal.

Procedures:
Theelectrocardiumisaquickandeasywaytoobtainagraphicalrepresentationofthe
electricalactivityintheheart.Thematerialsneededtoconductthisprocedureare:LabQuest,
LabQuestApp,andEKGsensorelectrodetabs.First,connecttheEKGsensortoLabQuestand
chooseNewfromtheFilemenu.Thereisthreeelectrodetabsthatwillbeplacedonthearms
however,twowillgoontherightarmandtheotherelectrodewillgoontheleftarm.Placethe
blackpatchontheinsideoftherightwrist,thegreenpatchtotheinsideoftherightupper
forearm,andtheredpatchontheinsideoftheleftupperforearm.Whentheelectrodeshavebeen
placed,itisveryimportantthatstudentsremainstillaspossibleandbreathenormally.Onthe
otherhand,whenmeasuringandcalculatinglungvolumesandcapacitiesaspirometerwillbe
used.Toavoidanygermsfromthepreviouspersoncleanthenozzlewithalcohol.Also,before
breathingintothespirometertotakedatamakesurethatalltheairistakenout,sothatthedatais
accurate.Totakethetidalvolumetakeanormalinhalationthenbreatheintothespirometer.To
taketheexpiratoryreservevolumetakeanormalinhalationthenbreatheintothespirometeruntil
younolongercan,Totakethevitalvolumetakethreeinhalationsthenbreatheintothe
spirometertillyounolongercan.ThenwhengatheringthepHdata,measure20mLofwaterand
pouritinacup,thenplacethepHsensorinsideandtakethelevelofpHforthecontrol.
Secondly,blowintothewaterwithastrawfor40seconds.ThenallowtimeforthepHlevelsto
stabilizeandrecordthevaluefortheexperimentalpH.Inallthreelabsexercisewasintroduced
inordertoobtaindata.

Data:
Figure2
:
BaselineCardiovascularData
(credittoauthor)
Thisdatawasgatheredatresttovisualizeafivesecondgraphicalrecordingofthe
electricaleventsoccurringwithintheheart.Thisdatahelpsidentifythedifferentcomponentsof
thewaveformsandhelpsdeterminetheheartrate.

Figure3:AfterExerciseCardiovascularData
(credittoauthor)
Thisdatawasgatheredafterexercisetovisualizeafivesecondgraphicalrecordingofthe
electricaleventsoccurringwithintheheart.Thelengthoftheintervalsgatheredinthisdata
indicateswhetheranimpulseisfollowingitsnormalpathway.

Figure4
:
Analysisofcardiovasculardata
(credittoauthor)

ThestandardrestingelectrocardiogramintervaltimeforthePRintervalintervalisa
rangeof0.12to0.20showever,atrestmydatashowsthatatrestmyelectrocardiograminterval
timewasnormal,butafterexerciseitincreasedto0.03swhichisa0.18sdifference.TheQRS
intervalstandardrestingtimeislessthan0.12sandmydatashowsgatheredindicatesmyinterval
timewas0.05swhichisnormal,butafterexercisetheQRSintervalremainedthesame.TheQT
standardrestingtimeis0.30to0.40s,butmydatagatheredwasa0.22sintervaltimewhichisnt
normal,butonceIdidexercisemyQTinterval.Frommydatagathereditisconcludedthatmy
PRandQRSwerenormal,butmyQTintervalwasabnormal.Theabnormalitycomesfrom
jogginginplaceandduetocardiovasculartrainingmybodyispronetohighlevelsofstress.
However,theheartrateincreasesduetoexercisebecausemybaselineheartratewas65andafter
exerciseitincreasedto87whichwasa22pulseincreaseduetotheincreaseofstressthebodyis
having.

Figure5
:
BaselineRespiratoryData
(credittoauthor)
Thisdatawascollectedusingthespirometertomeasureandcalculatelungvolumesand
capacitiesatrest.Thebreathsperminutewerecountedtill30secondsandmultipliedbytwo
whichgave18bpmatrest.

Figure6
:
AfterExerciseRespiratoryData
(credittoauthor)
Thisdatawascollectedusingthespirometertomeasureandcalculatelungvolumesand
capacitiesafterexercise.Thebreathsperminutewerecountedtill30secondsandmultipliedby
twowhichgave38bmpatexercise.

Figure7
:
AnalysisofRespiratoryData
(credittoauthor)
Thisfigurerepresentsthecomparisonofrespiratorylungvolumesandcapacitiesatrest
andafterexercisewhichweregatheredduringtheexperiment.

Theaveragevaluesforahealthyadultrangeat500mLwhichmybaselinedatagathered
was500mL,butafterexerciseitincreasedto1233mL.Theaveragefortheexpiratoryreserve
volumerangesat1,200mLandmybaselinedatawas2400mLmeanwhileafterexerciseit
decreasedto2000whichindicatesabnormality.Theaveragevalueforahealthyadultintotal
lungcapacityis6,000mLhowever,mybaselinedatawas3633mLandafterexerciseit
decreasedto2700mL.Theonlynormalaveragewasmytidalvolumemeanwhile,my
expiratoryreservevolumeandmytotallungcapacitywasnotanormalaverage.Thereisa
patternchangebecauseinthetidalvolumeafterexerciseitwasahighervolume,butthenthe
expiratoryreserveandtotalcapacityvolumewerelowersincethebodyisstabilizingthevolume
ofhighlevelsofstress.Lungvolumesvarywithexercise,butlungcapacitiesdont.

Figure8
:
%changeofpHvaluesatrestandafterexercise
(credittoauthor)
Thisdatawasgatheredinthelabwhencarbondioxidewasinhaledatrestandafterexercise.The
pH%changecomesfromthedifferenceofthecontrolpHandtheexperimentalpH.

Analyzing%changeofpHvaluesatrestandafterexercise

Whengatheringthisdatainthelab,itwasusedtodemonstratetheroleofcarbondioxide
inthecontrolofpulmonaryventilationrate.Carbondioxideisformedduringaerobiccellular
respiration,whenglucose,fattyacids,andaminoacidsarebrokendowntomakeATP.Carbon
dioxideistransportedinthebloodstreamasdissolvedcarbondioxidehowever,thepHofblood
isdeterminedbytheconcentrationofhydrogenionsintheblood.Thisdatarepresentsthatblood
carbondioxidelevelsincreaseduringexercisebecauseatresttherewasa10%change,butafter
exerciseitincreasedto22%pHchange.TheresultinadecreaseinbloodpHisduetothe
increasedlevelsofhydrogenionswhichincreasetherateofpulmonaryventilation.The
increasedbreathingrateafterexerciseallowsthelungstoexhalemorecarbondioxidetokeepthe

bodyfromunbalancingthehighlevelofstress.Theabnormalityrangesarebecausewhencarbon
dioxidelevelsdecrease,morehydrogenionsandbicarbonateionsformcarbonicacid.Theblood
hydrogenionlevelsthendecreaseandbloodpHreturnstothenormalwhichexplainsthe
abnormalitiesthroughoutthethreelabsthatwereexperimented.