Bai gidng sé 18 PHUONG TRINH LUQGNG GIAC Cing gidng nhur céc bai toan vé ham sd, cdc bai ton vé phuong trinh lwong gidc 1a mot cau hdi bat bude cé mat trong moi dé thi vé mén Toan vao cac trudng Dai hoc, Cao ding cac nam 2002-2009. Bai giang nay dé cap dén cdc phuong phap gidi phuong trinh lugng gic thy theo dang ctia ching. Luge dé chung dé giai cdc phurong trinh lrong gide duge tién hanli nhur sau: 1/ Dat diéu kién dé phuong trinh c6 nghia. Ngoai ign thong thudng nhu d6i voi mi phuong trinh khac (thi du nhu diéu kign vé mau sé, cdc biéu thire trong can cla cdc can bic chin cé mat trong phuong y trinh...), riéng déi voi phuong trinh Ivgng gidc can chu ¥ dic biét dén cdc diéu kign sau: + dé tan x c6 nghia, diéu kign la x # = tkr,keZ + Dé cot x cé nghia, digu kign lax ¢ kn ke Z. 2/ Giai phuong trinh bing cdc luge dé quen thude. 3/ So sénh nghiém tim duge voi diéu kign dat ra dé loai bd di cdc nghiém ngoai lai. §1. PHUONG TRINH BAC NHAT DOI VOI SINX VA COSX 1. Dang phuong trinh: asin x + bos x = 2 (a, b #0) Phuong trinh cé nghiém khi va chi khi a’ +b? > c°. ich giai phuong trinh nay: b in X +~j_—=— COS X = > a) a+b? Ear Dat cos@= = :sing= 2 ee Te Khi do (1) <> sin (x + a) = sina. Phuong phip 2: Xét hai kha nang sau: +Néub+c=05 cos =0 théa man phuong trinh => x=n+k20.k © Z thudc vao tap hop nghiém. +Néu b+e £0 = cos> #0, khi do dat tan =t sz:bd Ap dang eéng thie sin x= - ee ern ta quy phuong trinh da cho +t Cl +t? vé phuong trinh bac 2 déi véi t, sau dé giai tan a =t Chit ¥: Khi str dung phuong phap nay ngudi ta thudng hay quén xét kha nang cos =0, ma dat ngay tan? = t, khi dé sé dn dén kha nang c6 thé mat nghiém cua phuong trinh. Thi du 1: (Dé thi tuyén sink Dai hoe khéi D - 2007) Giai phyong trinh luong gidc: (sin teos y+ V3 cosx = 2(1). Gisi Tacd (1) 1+ sims cosx=2e2 heim + Boosx=t xt ety kon x=" 4k2n ° sin{ x42] =sind ° 3 : ° 6 (keZ) ean |x at 4kon 3 6 3 Thi du 2: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khéi A - 2009) Giai phuong trinh lugng gidc: (1 -2sinx)cosx B = 53 (1). (1+2sinx)(1-sim: 1) Diéu kién dé (1) co nghia la sin x # | va sin x # 5 (2). Khi do: (1) cosx- V3sinx =sin2x + V3cos2x I a v3 F << —cosx ———sinx =—sin 2x + —cos2x (3) 2 2 2 2 © cos(x +2) c0s 2-2) cons Sna(2n-2)+42n 3 6 3 6 318Dé y ring nghiém x = ot k2z bj loai (vi khéng théa man (2)), va 16 rang 2 : x=—4k 2 théa man (2) nén nghigm cba (I) la x=-2- 4+ ke ke Z. is a ig Nhén xét: ei Mac di & day (1) khéng ¢6 dang asinx + beosx = c, nhung thyre chat céch giai (3) la str dung phuong phap cua cach gidi phuong trinh asinx + beosx = c, nén ta sp xép no vao dang nay. Thi du 3: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khdi B - 2009) Gidi phuong trinh lwgng giac: sinx-+-cosxsin 2x + /3cos3x = 2(cosd4x + sin? x) (1). Taco: (1) < sinx +cosxsin 2x + V3cos3x ~2sin® x = 2cos 4x <= sinx(I-2sin? x) +cosxsin2x +V3c0s3x = 2cos4x <> sinxcos2x + cosxsin 2x + V3cos3x = 2cos4x © sin3x + J3cos3x = 2cos4x ¢> ssin3x + Beossrecoste x m ° voa( 3 -2) =cos4x <> 3x 7 =+4x+k20 x= ee k2n ° 6 (keZ) k OF Thi du 4: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khéi D— 2009) Giai phuong trinh: /3cos5x — 2sin3xcos2x ~sinx =0 (1). G Tac: (1) < V3cos5x -(sin 5x +sinx) -sinx = 0 ° Boosts ~ssin5x =sinx sin £-sx] =sinx Thi du 5: Giai phuong trinh 4(sin'x+cos*x)+ V3 sin 4x =2 (1) 319