SRM UNIVERSITY

LECTURE NOTES ON
PE2001-ANALYSIS OF POWER CONVERTER
Prepared by
Mr. R. Sridhar, AP/EEE
Ms. A. Geetha, AP/EEE

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SRM UNIVERSITY

RECTIFIER CIRCUIT

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INTRODUCTION
IN THYRISTOR BASED RECTIFIERS, OUTPUT VOLTAGE CAN BE CONTROLLED. SO THEY ARE
TERMED AS CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS.
CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS PRODUCE VARIABLE DC OUTPUT, WHOSE MAGNITUDE IS VARIED BY
PHASE CONTROL.
PHASE CONTROL
DC OUTPUT FROM RECTIFIER IS CONTROLLED BY CONTROLLING DURATION OF THE
CONDUCTION PERIOD BY VARYING THE POINT AT WHICH GATE SIGNAL IS APPLIED TO SCR.

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CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS ARE OF TWO TYPES,

1- FULLY CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS
DC CURRENT IS UNIDIRECTIONAL, BUT DC VOLTAGE HAS EITHER POLARITY. WITH ONE
POLARITY, FLOW OF POWER IS FROM AC SOURCE TO DC LOAD---RECTIFICATION.
WITH THE REVERSAL OF DC VOLTAGE BY THE LOAD, FLOW OF POWER IS FROM DC LOAD
TO AC SOURCE---INVERSION.
2- HALF CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS
HALF OF SCRS ARE REPLACED BY DIODES.

DC OUTPUT CURRENT AND VOLTAGE ARE UNIDIRECTIONAL. I.E., FLOW OF POWER IS FROM
AC SOURCE TO DC LOAD.
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Half-Wave Rectifier with R-L Load

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Half-Wave Rectifier with R-L Load (freewheeling diode)

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Full controlled Rectifier with R-L Load (freewheeling diode)

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Full controlled Rectifier with R-L Load

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Full controlled Rectifier with R-L Load with freewheeling diode(Bridge type)

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Full controlled Rectifier with RLE Load(Bridge type)

Continuous current mode

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Discontinuous current mode

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Full controlled Rectifier with RLE Load(Bridge type)

Inversion mode of operation

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 IN FULLY-CONTROLLED RECTIFIER, ONLY RECTIFICATION CAN BE OBTAINED BY

CONNECTING A FREEWHEELING DIODE ACROSS THE OUTPUT TERMINALS OF THE
RECTIFIER.

ANOTHER METHOD OF OBTAINING RECTIFICATION IN BRIDGE RECTIFIERS IS

REPLACING HALF OF THE SCRS WITH DIODES. THESE CIRCUITS ARE CALLED
SEMICONTROLLED BRIDGE RECTIFIERS.

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Semi controlled Rectifier with R-L Load

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Semi controlled Rectifier with R-L Load with freewheeling diode

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Semi controlled Rectifier with RLE Load (Continuous current mode)

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Semi controlled Rectifier with RLE Load (Discontinuous current mode)

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WHY DUAL CONVERTER?

SEMI-CONVERTER ARE SINGLE QUADRANT CONVERTER (I.E) OVER ENTIRE FIRING ANGLE RANGE,
LOAD VOLTAGE & CURRENT IS SAME POLARITY
SEMI-CONVERTER OPERATES ONLY IN RECTIFICATION MODE

FULL-CONVERTER ARE TWO QUADRANT CONVERTER

HERE THE CURRENT DIRECTION CANNOT REVERSED DUE TO UNIDIRECTIONAL PROPERTY OF SCR.
BUT VOLTAGE CAN BE REVERSED
= 0 TO 90 -(VTG & CT IS + VE)-RECTIFIER
= 90 TO 180 -(VTG IS -VE & CT IS +VE)-INVERTER
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WHAT ..?

IN ORDER TO HAVE FOUR QUADRANT OPERATION WITHOUT ANY MECH CHANGEOVER

SWITCH WE GO FOR DUAL CONVERTER
TWO CONVERTERS ARE CONNECTED BACK TO BACK TO THE LOAD CIRCUIT(IE)TWO
CONVERTERS IN ANTI-PARALLEL & CONNECTED TO SAME DC LOAD
BY THIS ARRANGEMENT WE CAN REVERSE BOTH VTG & CT
THUS FOUR QUADRANT OPERATION IS OBTAINED

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SINGLE PHASE DUAL CONVERTER

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GATING SEQUENCE
The average dc output voltage of converter 1 is
2Vm
Vdc1
cos 1

The average dc output voltage of converter 2 is

2Vm
Vdc 2
cos 2

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GATING SEQUENCE

In the dual converter operation one

converter is operated as a controlled rectifier
with 90 & the second converter is
operated as a line commutated inverter
0

in the inversion mode with 90

Vdc1 Vdc 2

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GATING SEQUENCE
2Vm

cos 1

2Vm

cos 2

2Vm

cos 1 cos 2

cos 2

or
cos 2 cos 1 cos 1

2 1 or

1 2

radians

Which gives
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2 1

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OUTPUT WAVEFORM

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PRACTICAL DUAL CONVERTER

THOUGH THEIR AVG OUTPUT VTG ARE EQUAL ,YET THEIR INST.VTG ARE OUT OF PHASE. THIS
RESULT IN VTG DIFFERENCE
SO LARGE CIRCULATING CT FLOW BETWEEN TWO CONVERTERS BUT NOT THROUGH THE
LOAD
CIRCULATING CT CAN BE LIMITED BY INSERTING A REACTOR BETWEEN THE TWO CONVERTERS

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EXP FOR INST.CIRCULATING CURRENT

VO1 = INSTANTANEOUS OUTPUT VTG OF CONVERTER 1
VO2 = INSTANTANEOUS OUTPUT VTG OF CONVERTER 2
THE CIRCULATING CURRENT IR CAN BE DETERMINED BY INTEGRATING THE INSTANTANEOUS
VOLTAGE DIFFERENCE (WHICH IS THE VOLTAGE DROP ACROSS THE CIRCULATING CURRENT
REACTOR LR), STARTING FROM T = (2 - 1).
IDEAL CONDTION
AS THE TWO
AVERAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGES DURING THE INTERVAL T = (+1) TO (2 - 1) ARE EQUAL AND
OPPOSITE THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO THE INSTANTANEOUS CIRCULATING CURRENT IR IS ZERO
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EXP FOR INST.CIRCULATING CURRENT

t

vr .d t ; vr vO1 vO 2
2 1

As the o/p voltage vO 2 is negative

1
ir
Lr

vr vO1 vO 2

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1
ir
vO1 vO 2 .d t ;
Lr 2 1

vO1 Vm sin t for 2 1 to t

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EXP FOR INST.CIRCULATING CURRENT

t
t

Vm
ir
sin t.d t sin t.d t
Lr 2 1

2 1
2Vm
ir
cos t cos 1
Lr

The instantaneous value of the circulating current

depends on the delay angle.
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EXP FOR INST.CIRCULATING CURRENT

For trigger angle (delay angle) 1 0,
the magnitude of circulating current becomes min.
when t n , n 0, 2, 4,.... & magnitude becomes
max. when t n , n 1, 3, 5,....
If the peak load current is I p , one of the
converters that controls the power flow
may carry a peak current of

4Vm
Ip
,
Lr

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EXP FOR INST.CIRCULATING CURRENT

where
I p I L max

Vm
,
RL

&
ir max
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4Vm

max. circulating current

Lr
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MODES OF OPERATION
DUAL CONVERTER WITHOUT CIRCULATING
CURRENT
DUAL CONVERTER WITH CIRCULATING
CURRENT
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DUAL CONVERTER WITHOUT CIRCULATING

CURRENT
IN THIS MODE ONLY ONE CONVERTER IS OPERATED AT A TIME & NO NEED OF REACTOR
WHEN CONVERTER 1 IS ON, 0 < 1 < 900
VDC IS POSITIVE AND IDC IS POSITIVE
ALLOW 10 TO 20MS TO LOAD CT TO REACH ZERO
WHEN CONVERTER 2 IS ON, 0 < 2 < 900
VDC IS NEGATIVE AND IDC IS NEGATIVE
LOAD CT MAY DISCONTINUOUS OR CONTINUOUS BUT SATISFACTORY OPERATION IS DONE
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DUAL CONVERTER WITH CIRCULATING CURRENT

IN THIS MODE, BOTH THE CONVERTERS ARE SWITCHED ON AND OPERATED AT THE SAME TIME &
REACTOR IS INSERTED
THE TRIGGER ANGLES 1 AND 2 ARE ADJUSTED SUCH THAT (1 + 2) = 1800 (IE) 2 = (1800 - 1)

WHEN 0 <1 <900, CONVERTER 1 OPERATES AS A CONTROLLED RECTIFIER AND CONVERTER 2

OPERATES AS AN INVERTER WITH 900 <2<1800
IN THIS CASE VDC AND IDC, BOTH ARE POSITIVE
WHEN 900 <1 <1800, CONVERTER 1 OPERATES AS AN INVERTER AND CONVERTER 2 OPERATED
AS A CONTROLLED RECTIFIER BY ADJUSTING ITS TRIGGER ANGLE 2 SUCH THAT 0 <2<900
IN THIS CASE VDC AND IDC, BOTH ARE NEGATIVE
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FOUR QUADRANT OPERATION

Conv. 2
Inverting
2 > 900

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Conv. 2
Rectifying
2 < 900

Conv. 1
Rectifying
1 < 900
Conv. 1
Inverting
1 > 900
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MERITS OF DUAL CONVERTER WITH CIRCULATING CT

THE CIRCULATING CURRENT MAINTAINS CONTINUOUS CONDUCTION OF BOTH THE
CONVERTERS OVER THE COMPLETE CONTROL RANGE, INDEPENDENT OF THE LOAD
ONE CONVERTER ALWAYS OPERATES AS A RECTIFIER AND THE OTHER CONVERTER OPERATES
AS AN INVERTER, THE POWER FLOW IN EITHER DIRECTION AT ANY TIME IS POSSIBLE
AS BOTH THE CONVERTERS ARE IN CONTINUOUS CONDUCTION WE OBTAIN FASTER DYNAMIC
RESPONSE. I.E., THE TIME RESPONSE FOR CHANGING FROM ONE QUADRANT OPERATION TO
ANOTHER IS FASTER

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DEMERITS OF DUAL CONVERTER WITH

CIRCULATING CT
DUE TO REACTOR, SIZE & COST IS HIGH
CIRCULATING CT GIVES RISE TO MORE LOSSES IN CONVERTER. SO THE EFFICIENCY & POWER
FACTOR IS LOW
THE CONVERTER THYRISTORS SHOULD BE RATED TO CARRY A PEAK CURRENT MUCH GREATER
THAN THE PEAK LOAD CURRENT

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Effect of source Inductance in single phase rectifier

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Effect of source Inductance in single phase rectifier

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3-phase full controlled rectifier(RL)

THE LINE-TO-NEUTRAL VOLTAGES ARE:

van Vm sin t
vbn
vcn

2
Vm sin ( t
)
3
2
Vm sin ( t
)
3

THEN THE LINE-TO-LINE VOLTAGES ARE:

vab van vbn 3 Vm sin ( t )

6

vbc vbn vcn 3 Vm sin ( t )

2
5
vSRM
vcn van 3 Vm sin ( t )
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3-phase full controlled rectifier(RL)

THE AVERAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE IS FOUND FROM :

Vdc

/ 2

/ 6

vab d ( t )

3 3 Vm

cos

THE RMS VALUE OF THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE IS :

Vrms

Vrms
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/ 2

/ 6

v d ( t )

1/ 2

2
ab

1 3 3
3 Vm (
cos 2 )1/ 2
2
4

3-phase full controlled rectifier(RLE)

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3-phase full controlled rectifier(RLE)

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Rectification mode

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Inversion mode

Analysis for Rectification mode

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Analysis for Rectification mode

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Effect of source Inductance in three phase rectifier

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Effect of source Inductance in three phase rectifier

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3 phase Dual Converter

Due to instantaneous voltage differences between the output

voltages of converters, a circulating current flows through the
converters.
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This circulating
current is limited by a reactor.

12 PULSE CONVERTER

a) SERIES CONNECTION
b) PARALLEL CONNECTION
c)

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TRANSFORMER CONNECTION

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12 PULSE CONVERTER

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DC-DC CONVERTERS (CHOPPERS)

THE OBJECTIVE IS TO CONVERT A FIXED DC VOLTAGE TO A VARIABLE
DC VOLTAGE
IT IS POSSIBLE TO STEP UP AND STEP DOWN VOLTAGE.

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VOLTAGE STEP DOWN (BUCK CONVERTER)

First, suppose L=0, E=0.
The diode is not needed.
Va=(ton/T)Vs
k=ton/T is the duty cycle
VRMS=k1/2Vs

2
Pout=(kVs )/R
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VOLTAGE STEP UP (BOOST) CONVERTER

On mode:

VL=L(di/dt)

Off mode: Assume current

decreases at a constant rate. Then
Vo=Vs+VL
To ensure continuous current flow, a
capacitor is included.

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AVERAGE VALUE OF THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE

t1

1
Va vO dt
T 0
t1

1
Va VS dt
T 0
t1
Va VS ft1VS
T
Va kVS
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Performance of a step up converter with resistive load

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DC-DC CONVERTER CLASSIFICATION

FIRST QUADRANT CONVERTER
SECOND QUADRANT
CONVERTER

1ST AND 2ND QUADRANT

CONVERTER
3RD AND 4TH QUADRANT
CONVERTER
FOUR QUADRANT CONVERTER
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FIRST QUADRANT CHOPPER

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SECOND QUADRANT CHOPPER

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THIRD QUADRANT CHOPPER

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FOURTH QUADRANT CHOPPER

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1-2 AND 3-4 QUADRANT CONVERTERS

1st quad: S1, D4
2nd quad: S4, D1

3rd quad: S3, D2

4th quad: S2, D3
Polarity of the load EMF is reversed.

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FOUR QUADRANT CONVERTER

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FOUR QUADRANT CONVERTER

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FOUR QUADRANT CONVERTER

LOAD VOLTAGE EXPRESSIONS ARE

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Step-Down/Up (Buck-Boost) Converter

The output voltage can be higher or lower than the input voltage

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Buck-Boost Converter: Waveforms

Continuous conduction mode
Switch closed:

di L
VCC

dt
L
Switch open:

di L
vo

dt
L
Inductor Volt-second balance:

VCC DT
V (1 D )T
o
0
L
L
DVCC
Vo

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Buck-Boost: Limits of Cont./Discont. Conduction

The output voltage is held constant

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Buck-Boost: Discontinuous Conduction

This occurs at light loads

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Cuk DC-DC Converter

The output voltage can be higher or lower than the input voltage
Capacitor C1 stores and transfers energy from input to output
When switch is ON, C1 discharges through the switch and transfers energy to the
output
When switch is OFF, capacitor C1 is charged through the diode by energy from the
input and L1

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Cuk DC-DC Converter: Waveforms

The capacitor voltage is
assumed constant (very large)
Note phase inversion at the
output

Vo
D

Vd
1 D

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SEPIC Converter

Single-ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC)

Can buck or boost the voltage

Note that output is similar to buck-boost, but without a phase
inversion
This circuit is useful for lithium battery powered equipment
Vo
D

Vd
1

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SEPIC Converter
Circuits for 2 different switching states

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ZETA CONVERTER
A Zeta converter performs a non-inverting buck-boost function similar to that of a SEPIC, which is an
acronym for Single-Ended Primary Inductance Converter. The Zeta topology is also similar to the SEPIC,
in that it uses two inductors, two switches and a capacitor to isolate the output from the input.

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ZETA CONVERTER
When analyzing Zeta waveforms it is helpful to keep in mind that at equilibrium, L1average current equals IIN and L2
average current equals IOUT, since there is no DC current through the flying cap CFLY. Also there is no DC voltage across
either inductor. Therefore, CFLY sees ground potential at its left side and VOUT at its right side, resulting in DC voltage
across CFLY being equal to VOUT.
When M1 is on, L1 and L2 are energized. D1 sees a potential of VIN+VOUT across it (see figures 3, 4, and 5). When M1
is off, energy stored in L1 and L2 is released. D1 is forward biased.

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ZETA CONVERTER

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ZETA CONVERTER
Output voltage is given by the following equation:

Where D is duty cycle. VOUT is plotted as a function of D in figure 6. As

can be seen, for D less than 0.5 the converter performs buck function and
for D larger than 0.5 it is a boost topology.

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RESONANT CONVERTER
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION

CONCLUSION

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INTRODUCTION
RESONANT

INVERTERS

ARE

ELECTRICAL

INVERTER

BASED

ON RESONANT CURRENT OSCILLATION. IT IS KNOWN AS DC TO DC CONVERTER OR DC

TO AC PWM INVERTER.
MAIN FUNCTION IS TO REDUCE SWITCHING LOSSES OF THE DEVICES(MOSFET&IGBT).

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CLASSIFICATION
THE RESONANT CONVERTER BROADLY CLASSIFIED INTO EIGHT TYPES. THOSE ARE:-

1.

SERIES RESONANT INVERTER

2.

PARALLEL RESONANT INVERTER

3.

CLASS E RESONANT CONVERTER

4.

CLASS E RESONANT RECTIFIER

5.

ZERO VOLTAGE SWITCHING(ZVS) RESONANT CONVERTER

6.

ZERO CURRENT SWITCHING(ZCS) RESONANT CONVERTER

7.

TWO QUADRANT ZVS RESONANT CONVERTER

8.

RESONANT DC-LINK INVERTER

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SERIES RESONANT INVERTER

IT IS BASED ON RESONANT CURRENT OSCILLATION.

SWITCHING DEVICE ARE PLACED IN SERIES WITH LOAD.

THYRISTOR ARE WORK IN SWITCHING DEVICE.
THIS TYPE OF INVERTER PRODUCES AN APPROXIMATELY SINUSOIDAL WAVE FORM AT
A HIGH FREQUENCY ,RANGING FROM 200HZ TO 100KHZ.

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CIRCUIT DIG. OF SERIES RESONANT CONVERTER

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Equivalent circuit dig.

Waveform

PARALLEL RESONANT INVERTER

PARALLEL RESONANT INVERTER IS DUAL OF SERIES RESONANT INVERTER
CURRENT IS CONTINUOUSLY CONTROLLED , THAT GIVES BETTER SHORT CIRCUIT
PROTECTION UNDER FAULT CONDITION

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CLASS E RESONANT CONVERTER

IT HAS LOW SWITCHING LOSSES , YIELDING A HIGH EFFICIENCY OF MORE THAN 95%.
USED IN LOW POWER APPLICATION & HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRIC LAMP.

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CIRCUIT DIG. OF CLASS E RESONANT INVERTER & WAVE FORM

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CLASS E RESONANT RECTIFIER

CLASS E RESONANT RECTIFIER IS BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF ZERO VOLTAGE
SWITCHING(ZVS) .
THE DIODE TURN OFF AT ZERO VOLTAGE.
A HIGH FREQUENCY DIODE RECTIFIER SUFFERS FROM DISADVANTAGE THAT IS

SWITCHING LOSSES , HARMONIC CONTENT.

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ZERO VOLTAGE SWITCHING(ZVS)

RESONANT CONVERTER
THE ZVS RESONANT CONVERTER TURN ON & TURN OFF AT ZERO VOLTAGE.
OUTPUT VOLTAGE CONTROL CAN BE ACHIEVED BY VARYING THE FREQUENCY &
OPERATES WITH CONSTANT OFF TIME CONTROL .

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ZERO CURRENT SWITCHING(ZCS)

RESONANT CONVERTER
ZERO CURRENT SWITCHING(ZCS) RESONANT CONVERTER TURN ON & TURN OFF AT
ZERO CURRENT.
THIS CONVERTER CAN OPERATE AT HIGHER RANGE FREQUENCY THAT IS 1MHZ TO
2MHZ.

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TWO QUADRANT ZVS RESONANT

CONVERTER
IN THIS CONVERTER THE ZVS CONCEPT IS EXTENDED
HERE FO > FS
=

1
2

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RESONANT DC-LINK INVERTER

THE DC LINK INVERTER IS SIMILAR TO THE PWM INVERTER .

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CONCLUSION
IT IS USED FOR HIGH FREQUENCY APPLICATION.
ZCS&ZVS BECOMES POPULAR AND THEY CAN TURN ON &TURN OFF AT ZERO
VOLTAGE&CURRENT AND ALSO ELIMINATE SWITCHING LOSSES.
IN DC-LINK INVERTERS , A RESONANT CIRCUIT IS CONNECTED BETWEEN THE
INVERTER & DC SUPPLY.

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UNIT 4
AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS

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INTRODUCTION
THE POWER FLOW INTO A LOAD CAN BE CONTROLLED BY VARYING THE RMS VALUE OF THE LOAD
VOLTAGE.

THIS CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED BY THYRISTORS, AND THIS TYPE OF POWER CIRCUIT IS KNOWN AS AC
VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS.

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 THE MOST APPLICATION OF AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS ARE:

INDUSTRIAL HEATING
ON-LOAD TRANSFORMER TAP CHANGING

LIGHT CONTROLS
SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTORS
AC MAGNET CONTROLS

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 FOR POWER TRANSFER, TWO TYPES OF CONTROL ARE NORMALLY USED:

ON-OFF CONTROL
PHASE ANGLE CONTROL

IN ON-OFF CONTROL, THYRISTOR SWITCHES CONNECT THE LOAD TO THE AC SOURCE FOR A FEW
CYCLES OF THE INPUT VOLTAGE AND THEN DISCONNECTED FOR A FEW CYCLES.
IN PHASE CONTROL, THYRISTOR SWITCHES CONNECT THE LOAD TO THE AC SOURCE FOR A
PORTION OF EACH CYCLE.

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 THE AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO TYPES:

SINGLE-PHASE CONTROLLERS
THREE-PHASE CONTROLLERS

EACH TYPE CAN BE SUBDIVIDED INTO:

UNIDIRECTIONAL OR HALF-WAVE CONTROL

BIDIRECTIONAL OR FULL-WAVE CONTROL

SINCE THE INPUT VOLTAGE IS AC, THYRISTORS ARE LINE COMMUTATED.

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PRINCIPLE OF ON-OFF CONTROL

THE PRINCIPLE OF ON-OFF CONTROL CAN BE EXPLAINED WITH THE FOLLOWING SINGLE-PHASE
FULL-WAVE CONTROLLER.

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 THIS TYPE OF CONTROL IS APPLIED IN APPLICATIONS WHICH HAVE HIGH MECHANICAL INERTIA AND
HIGH THERMAL TIME CONSTANT.

TYPICAL EXAMPLES ARE INDUSTRIAL HEATING AND SPEED CONTROL OF MOTORS.

IF THE INPUT VOLTAGE IS CONNECTED TO LOAD FOR N CYCLES AND IS DISCONNECTED FOR M
CYCLES, THE OUTPUT LOAD VOLTAGE IS FOUND FROM:

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Vo rms

2 ( n m)

Vo rms Vs

n
Vs
mn

2 V sin t d ( t )

2
s

1/ 2

NOTE THAT K IS CALLED THE DUTY CYCLE, AND THE POWER FACTOR AND OUTPUT VOLTAGE VARY
WITH THE SQUARE ROOT OF K.

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PRINCIPLE OF PHASE CONTROL

THE PRINCIPLE OF PHASE CONTROL CAN BE EXPLAINED WITH THE FOLLOWING CIRCUIT.

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 DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF DIODE D1, THE CONTROL RANGE IS LIMITED.

THE RMS OUTPUT VOLTAGE CAN ONLY BE VARIED BETWEEN 70.7 TO 100%.

THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE AND INPUT CURRENT ARE ASYMMETRICAL AND CONTAIN A DC COMPONENT.
THIS CIRCUIT IS A SINGLE-PHASE HALF-WAVE CONTROLLER AND IS SUITABLE ONLY FOR LOW
POWER RESISTIVE LOADS, SUCH AS HEATING AND LIGHTING.

SINCE THE POWER FLOW IS CONTROLLED DURING THE POSITIVE HALF-CYCLE OF INPUT VOLTAGE,
THIS TYPE OF CONTROLLER IS ALSO KNOWN AS UNIDIRECTIONAL CONTROLLER.

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 THE RMS VALUE OF THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE IS FOUND FROM:

2
1
2
2
Vo {
[ 2 Vs sin t d ( t )
2 Vs2 sin 2 t d ( t )]}1/ 2

2
1
sin 2 1/ 2
Vo Vs [
( 2
)]
2
2

THE AVERAGE VALUE OF THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE IS:

2
1
Vdc
[
2 Vs sin t d ( t )

2
2 Vs
Vo
(cos 1)
2

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2 Vs sin t d ( t )]

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 THE FIRING PULSE OF T1 AND T2 ARE 180 DEGREES APART.

THE RMS VALUE OF THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE IS:

2
Vo
2

2 V sin t d ( t )

2
s

1/ 2

sin 2
1
Vo Vs (
2

1/ 2

BY VARYING FROM 0 TO , VO CAN BE VARIED FROM VS TO 0.

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SINGLE-PHASE AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS WITH

INDUCTIVE LOAD
IN PRACTICE, MOST LOADS ARE INDUCTIVE TO A CERTAIN EXTENT.

A FULL-WAVE CONTROLLER WITH AN INDUCTIVE LOAD IS SHOWN NEXT.

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SINGLE PHASE AC VOLTAGE REGULATOR WITH RL LOAD

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 THE GATING SIGNALS OF THYRISTORS COULD BE SHORT PULSES FOR A CONTROLLER WITH A
RESISTIVE LOAD.

HOWEVER, THEY ARE NOT SUITABLE FOR INDUCTIVE LOADS.

WHEN THYRISTOR T2 IS FIRED, THYRISTOR T1 IS STILL CONDUCTING DUE TO THE INDUCTIVE LOAD.

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 BY THE TIME THE CURRENT OF T1 FALLS TO ZERO AND T1 IS TURNED OFF, THE GATE CURRENT OF T2
HAS ALREADY CEASED.

CONSEQUENTLY, T2 WILL NOT BE TURNED ON.

THIS DIFFICULTY CAN BE RESOLVED BY USING A CONTINUOUS GATE SIGNAL WITH A DURATION OF
- .

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 HOWEVER A CONTINUOUS GATE PULSE INCREASES THE SWITCHING LOSS OF THYRISTORS.

IN PRACTICE A TRAIN OF PULSES WITH SHORT DURATION ARE USED TO OVERCOME THE LOSS
PROBLEM.

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 THE RMS VALUE OF THE OUTPUT LOAD VOLTAGE IS FOUND FROM:

2
Vo
2

2
2
2
V
sin

t
d
(

t
)
s

1/ 2

sin 2
sin 2
1
Vo Vs (

2
2

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THREE-PHASE FULL-WAVE CONTROLLERS

THE UNIDIRECTIONAL CONTROLLERS, WHICH CONTAIN DC INPUT CURRENT AND HIGHER HARMONIC
CONTENT DUE TO THE ASYMMETRICAL NATURE OF THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE WAVEFORM, ARE NOT
NORMALLY USED IN AC MOTOR DRIVES.

A THREE-PHASE BIDIRECTIONAL CONTROL IS COMMONLY USED.

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30o

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 FOR 0 < < 60O:

1 sin 2
6 Vs (

)
4
8
6

1/ 2

Vo
FOR 60O < < 90O:

Vo

1
3 sin 2
6 Vs (

16
12

3 cos 2
)
16

1/ 2

FOR 90O < < 150O:

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Vo

1 5 sin 2
6 Vs (

4
16
24

3 cos 2
)
16

1/ 2
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THREE-PHASE BIDIRECTIONAL DELTA-CONNECTED

CONTROLLERS
IF THE TERMINALS OF A THREE-PHASE SYSTEM ARE ACCESSIBLE, THE CONTROL ELEMENTS (SCRS) AND
LOAD MAY BE CONNECTED IN DELTA.

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 SINCE THE PHASE CURRENT IN A NORMAL THREE-PHASE DELTA SYSTEM IS ONLY 1/3 OF THE LINE
CURRENT, THE CURRENT RATINGS OF THE THYRISTORS ARE LESS.

THE FOLLOWING FIGURE SHOWS THE WAVEFORMS FOR A DELAY ANGLE OF 120 DEGREES.

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60o

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 FOR RESISTIVE LOADS:

sin 2
1
Vo Vs (
2

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UNIT 5
CYCLOCONVERTER

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SINGLE PHASE CYCLOCONVERTER

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INTRODUCTION
A DEVICE WHICH CONVERTS INPUT POWER AT ONE FREQUENCY TO THE OUT PUT POWER AT
DIFFERENT FREQUENCY WITH ONE STAGE CONVERSION IS CALLED A CYCLOCONVERTER
TYPES
STEP-UP CYCLOCONVERTER( FO > FS)
STEP-DOWN CYCLOCONVERTER ( FO < FS)
DUE TO HIGH COST, NOT SPREAD WIDELY IN EARLY DAYS
NOW WITH ADVENT OF HIGH POWER THYRISTOR, CYCLOCONVERTER BECOME POPULAR
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APPLICATION OF CYCLOCONVERTER
SPEED CONTROL OF HIGH POWER AC DRIVE
INDUCTION HEATING
STATIC VAR COMPENSATION
FOR CONVERTING VARIABLE SPEED ALTERNATOR VTG TO CONT FREQ OUTPUT VTG FOR USE
AS POWER SUPPLY IN AIRCRAFT OR SHIPBOARDS

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SINGLE PHASE TO SINGLE PHASE MID POINT TYPE

STEP-UP CYCLOCONVERTER WITH R LOAD

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WAVEFORM

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SINGLE PHASE TO SINGLE PHASE BRIDGE TYPE

STEP-UP CYCLOCONVERTER WITH R LOAD

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WAVEFORM

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1- TO 1- MID POINT TYPE STEP-DOWN

CYCLOCONVERTER WITH R LOAD

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OUTPUT VOLTAGE (VO) AND CURRENT (IO) WAVEFORM

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1- TO 1- MIDPOINT TYPE STEP-DOWN

CYCLOCONVERTER WITH R-L LOAD

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OUTPUT VOLTAGE (VO) AND CURRENT (IO)

WAVEFORM FOR DISCONTINUOUS CONDUCTION
MODE

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OUTPUT VOLTAGE (VO) AND CURRENT (IO)

WAVEFORM FOR CONTINUOUS CONDUCTION MODE

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1- TO 1- BRIDGE TYPE STEP-DOWN

CYCLOCONVERTER WITH R LOAD

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OUTPUT VOLTAGE (VO) AND CURRENT (IO)

WAVEFORM

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1- TO 1- BRIDGE-TYPE STEP-DOWN
CYCLOCONVERTER WITH R-L LOAD

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OUTPUT VOLTAGE (VO) AND CURRENT (IO)

WAVEFORM FOR DISCONTINUOUS CONDUCTION
MODE

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OUTPUT VOLTAGE (VO) AND CURRENT (IO)

WAVEFORM FOR CONTINUOUS CONDUCTION MODE

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THREE PHASE CYCLOCONVERTER

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THREE PHASE TO SINGLE PHASE CYCLOCONVERTERTOPOLOGY 1

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TOPOLOGY 2

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OUTPUT VOLTAGE
THE INPUT AND OUTPUT VOLTAGES ARE ADJUSTED TO BE EQUAL AND THE LOAD CURRENT CAN
FLOW IN EITHER DIRECTION. THUS,

V0 Vd Vd 0 cos p Vd 0 cos n
WHERE VD0 IS THE DC OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF EACH CONVERTER AT ZERO FIRING ANGLE AND
P AND N ARE THE INPUT AND OUTPUT FIRING ANGLES. FOR A 3 HALF-WAVE CONVERTER
VD0 =0.675VL AND VD0 = 1.35VL FOR THE BRIDGE CONVERTER (VL IS THE RMS LINE VOLTAGE).

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FIRING ANGLE
VOLTAGE-TRACKING BETWEEN THE INPUT AND OUTPUT VOLTAGES IS ACHIEVED BY SETTING
THE SUM OF THE FIRING ANGLES TO . POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE VOLTAGE POLARITY CAN BE
ACHIEVED AS SHOWN BELOW

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THREE PHASE TO THREE PHASE CYCLOCONVERTER

EACH PHASE GROUP FUNCTIONS AS A DUAL CONVERTER BUT THE FIRING ANGLE OF EACH
GROUP IS MODULATED SINUSOIDALLY WITH 2/3 PHASE ANGLE SHIFT -> 3 BALANCED
VOLTAGE AT THE MOTOR TERMINAL.

AN INTER-GROUP REACTOR (IGR) IS CONNECTED TO EACH PHASE TO RESTRICT CIRCULATING

CURRENT.

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TOPOLOGY 1

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WAVEFORM

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TOPOLOGY 2

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REFERENCES
1. RASHID M.H., "POWER ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS, DEVICES AND APPLICATIONS", PRENTICE
HALL INDIA, THIRD EDITION, NEW DELHI, 2011.
2. P.C. SEN, MODERN POWER ELECTRONICS, WHEELER PUBLISHING CO, THIRD EDITION, NEW
DELHI, 2008.
3. NED MOHAN, UNDELAND AND ROBBIN, POWER ELECTRONICS: CONVERTERS, APPLICATION
AND DESIGN, JOHN WILEY AND SONS.INC, NEWYORK,REPRINT - 2009.
4. CYRIL W.LANDER, POWER ELECTRONICS, THIRD EDITION, MCGRAW HILL- 1993.
www.nptel.ac.in, www.ieee.com, www.ocw.mit.edu
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