KyleeKopriva

DigestiveSystemLabReport
PartI.
Thislabaddressesthevariouslabsdescribingthedigestivesystemandmajorrolesandis
alongprocess.Forinstance,suchasdetoxificationbyremovingwasteandabsorbsnutrientsand
isabigpartofimmunesystem.Themouthstructureswhichincludesthreebasicfunctionstaste,
SalivaryGlands(saliva)andteeth.Digestionbeginswhenweseefood,orsmellfoodsaliva
beginstoform.Masticationisthefirststepofdigestionsothatenzymesinsalivacanbeginto
breakdownthefoodefficiently.Thefirstsignofdigestionischewingusingourteeth.
Thereare
28permanentteethinall.Betweentheagesof17and25,fourmoreteethcalledwisdomteeth
usuallygrowinatthebackofthemouth.Theycompletetheadultsetof32teeth.
Whenthebolus
passesthroughtheesophagusandtransportstothestomachwheremixingandchymeformation
begins.Thegastricjuiceshelpbreakdownproteins.Thentravelingtothesmallandlarge
intestineswheresegmentation,peristalsisandfecesforms.90perecentofnutrientsandwateris
absorbedafterdigestion.

Question:Whatistheeffectofamylaseonstarchcrackers?
Hypothesis:Theeffectofamylaseonstarchcrackersisthatthecrackerswilleventuallybreak
downintonothing.
Digestionbeginsinthemouthbecausesalivaryglandsbeingstoform.
Theamountof
salivasecretedin24hoursusuallyamountsto11.5liters.
Therearethreemainpartsofthe
salivaryglands
t
heparotid,submandibularandsublingualglands.Thetonguehelpsproduce
glandsthatarenecessaryforswallowing.Next,masticationhelpssalivamixeswiththefoodto
beginthebreakingdownprocess.Thefoodbecomesmoistfromthesalivaanddeglutitionhelps
movethefooddowntheesophagus.Salivacontainsanenzymecalledamylasealsoknownas
ptyalinwhichhelpsbreakdownthecarbohydrateseasier.

Figure1.Thetesttubefilledwithsalivaandstarch.Thesecondtesttubefilledwithwater
andstarch.(picturetakenbyMadisonA)

Question:Istaste80%smell?
Hypothesis:Ibelievethattasteis80%smellbecauseyouareunabletotasteifyournoseis
cloggedandunabletosmell.
Tobeginwith,tastebudsaresensoryorgansthatarefoundonyourtongue.Tasteisa
complexsensingmechanismthatisinfluencedbythesmellandtextureofsubstances.For
example,therearefourdifferenttypesoftastebudsbitter,sour,saltyandsweet.Papillaebumps
onthetongueevencontaintastebuds.Theprocessofsmellingandtastingbeginswhen
moleculesreleasedbythefoodorthearomastimulatesnervecellsinthenose,mouth,orthroat.
Forexample,theodormoleculesfromfoodgiveusthemostofourtastesensation.Thisdepends
uponthelocationofthesmellcellsattheendofthenasalpassage,alsoknownastheolfactory
region.Duringtheexperiment,fivedifferentfoodsweretastedwithoureyesclosedandnose
pluggedwithcottonballs.Theparticipanthadfivesecondswiththefoodplacedonthetongue
withoutchewing.Next,fivesecondswithchewing.Iftheparticipantwasstillunabletoidentify
theycouldunplugtheirnose.Fromthefivefoodsonlyonewasidentified.

Figure2.Thischartrepresentswhatthefivefoodswereandhowlongittookfortheparticipant
toidentifythem.

Figure3.Thetoothconsistoftwopartscrown,androot.Thecrownisvisibleinthemouth
,whiletherootisembeddedinthejawusuallynotvisible.Thispicturerepresentsthemolars,
premolars,carines,andincisors.

PartII
Question:Howdoeshydrochloricacidaffecttheproteindigestive?
Hypothesis:Thehydrochloricacidwillcausetheeggtobreakdownintheexperimentaltubeand
itwillremaininthecontrolledtube.
DuringdigestionthepHchangesduringthedifferentstagesofthedigestiveprocess.
SalivahelpsthepHinyourmouthremainbetween6.5and7.Thishelpstheamylaseenzymes
breakdowncarbohydrates.Theenzymesthathelpdigestfoodinthestomach,suchaspepsin,
workbestatapHaround2.BeforefoodthestomachnormallyhasapHbetween5and6then
acidsaresecretedcausingthepHleveltodrop.Thestomachacidshelpsbreakdownthefood.
Inthelabpepsinwasusedtobreakdownthestarch(cracker).Whenthesubstancemovestothe
smallandlargeintestineworkbestatpHat7.5.Day0whenthepieceofeggwasplacedatthe
bottomofthetubenophysicalchangeshappenedimmediately.Thenextwhencheckingthetest
tubestheeggremainedinthecontrolledtesttube.Meanwhile,theexperimentaltesttubetheegg
wasnolongerpresent.Thecombinationofpepsinandhydrochloricacidbrokedowntheegg.
ParietalcellssecreteHCLandintrinsicfactor.Thecellsarelocatedinthegastricglandsandin
theliningofthefundusofthestomach.

Figure4.Day0firsttesttubepresentedistheexperimentaltesttube.Nextisthe
controlledtesttubeonDay0.Inthecontrolledtesttube20dropsofwaterand20dropsof
pepsinsincludingthepieceofeggwhite.Theexperimentaltesttubehas20dropsofwaterand
10dropsofHCL.Plus20dropsofpepsinwiththeeggwhite.(picturestakenbyMadisonA)

Figure5:Firstpicturedpresentedistheexperimentaltesttubeafterday1.Theeggwas
nolongerpresent.Picturetwoisthecontrolledtesttubeafterdayonewiththeeggstillvisible.
(picturestakenbyMadisonA)

Control

Experimental

Day0

Nophysicalchange

Nophysicalchange

Day1

Eggisstillpresent

Theegghasbeenbroken
down

Day2

Nochange

Nochange

Figure6:ThepepsinandHCLintheexperimentaltesttubebrokedowntheegg.
Meanwhile,thecontrolledeggstayedpresentafterday1.

Figure7:Thecatstomachincluding:Fundus,Rugae,Body,PyloricSphincter.(picture
takenbySteve)

Figure8.Thecatesophagusfeaturingmuscosamodificationsandtheloweresophageal
sphincter.

PartIII.
Question:WhataretheeffectsofGIhormonesonratsdigestivesystem?
Hypothesis:GIhormoneswillcausethedigestivesystemtoslowdown.

Experimen
talData

Control

Dropsof
fluidfrom
salivary
duct

10

10

10

70

12

pHofthe
stomach

1.9

1.8

Dropsof
fluidfrom

77

30

9.5

pancreatic
duct
pHoffluid 7
froma
main
pancreatic
duct

7.2

10

7.6

7.2

Dropsof
fluidfrom
common
bileduct

64

2.3

2.4

2.4

Motilityof 3
no.of
contraction
s/min

3.6

15

3.4

1.0

Motilityof 15
small
intestines,
no.of
contraction
s/min

17

18

30

17

13

Blood/gluc
oselevel
mg/dl

101

100

104

102

60

12

12

50

12

100

Strengthof 10
contraction
,mmhg

Figure9.Theexperimentaldatafromthevirtualrat.

Experimental 1
Data

Dropsof
fluidfrom
salivaryduct

pHof

stomach

Dropsof
fluidfrom
pancreatic
duct

pHoffluid
frommain
pancreatic
duct

Dropsof
fluidfrom
commonbile
duct

Motilityof
stomach

Motilityof
small
intestine

Blood
glucoselevel

Strengthof
contraction

Figure10.Comparingtheeffectsofthefiveunknownsonthedifferentfunctionsofthe
virtualrates.

Unknown1

CCK

Unknown2

Secretin

Unknown3

Ach

Unknown4

Gastrin

Unknown5

Gip

Figure11.The5unknownhormonesplacedintherats.

Thestomachthatholdsfoodwhereitisimixedwithenzymesthatbreakdownfood.The
cellliningwhichincludesmucosa,submucosa,andserosathatsecreteastrongacidsthisreleases
tothesmallintestines.Thesmallintestinecarriesoutmostofthedigestiveprocessabsorbingall
ofthenutrientsyougetfromfoodsintoyourbloodstream.Thewallsofthesmallintestinemake
digestivejuices,orenzymes,thatworktogetherwiththeliverandpancreastodothis
.
Thereare
threemainsegmentsofthesmallintestine.Theduodenumisresponsibleforthebreakingdown
process,withthejejunumandileummainlyresponsiblefornutrientsintothebloodstream.The
largeintestineismadeupofthececum,theascendingcolon,thetransversecolon,the
descendingcolon,andthesigmoidcolon,whichconnectstotherectum.Thelargeintestineis
muchbroaderthanthesmallintestineandtakesastraightpaththroughthestomach.Itsjobisto
absorbnutrientsfromthematerialthathasnotbeendigestedasfoodandgetsridofanywaste
productsleftover.Bythetimefood,reachesyourlargeintestinemostdigestionandabsorption
hasalreadytakenplace.Unknown1CCKturningfatsintoproteinsthisstimulatestheIcellsand
duodenumreleasesCCK.CCKtravelsthroughthebloodtothegallbladderandpancreas.The
gallbladderreleasesbileandenzymes.Forexample,thesecondhormonesecretintravelsthrough
thebloodtothepancreasandneutralizethegastricjuicesandunharmedthesmallintestines.The
pHmustremainneutralfortheenzymes.Theunknown4gastrinisreleasedfromGcellsinto
bloodstreamandtravelsthroughtoparietalcellstoreleaseHCL.Theunknown5GIPisreleased
intoportalcirculationtoliverinresponsetofatsandcarbohydratesmovestotheparietalcellsto
thestomachandthisstopsthereleaseofHCL.


Figure12.The7functionshelpingthelargeintestineinthedigestivesystem.(picture
takenbyKayleigh)

Inconclusion,duringthetastelabtheparticipantswereunabletoidentifythefoodwith
thereeyesclosedandnosepluggedup.Evenwith5secondswiththerenosesunpluggedthe
participantwasonlyabletoidentifyoneofthefivefoods.Forexample,ifthesmellisbada
personisunwillingtotryafood.Inothercases,ifthearomaissatisfyingthepersonwhich
causessalivatoforminthemouth.Next,theamylasebrokethestarchdowntoadisaccharide
over24hourperiod.Thestarchcontinuedtobreakdownover48hours.Thenthepepsin
combinedwiththeHCLtobreakdowntheeggwhiteovera24hourperiodintheexperimental
testtube.Thiscausedchemicaldigestionbreakingdownnutrientsintosmallerpieces.The
effectsofgastrintowastheincreaseinmotilityofthestomachandsmallintestines.When
secretinisreleasedfromScellsthechangeinpHoccurs.ThethirdhormoneCCKremainsthe
sameduringthereleaseofbileandpancreaticdigestiveenzymes.GIPisreleasedinsulinis
producedbycellsandportalcirculationtoliverinresponsetofats.