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Traduccin de Pedro Karczmarczyk (UNLP-CONICET, Argentina). Agradezco la ayuda brindada


por Silvia Hernndez para zanjar no pocas dificultades en la traduccin del texto, como as tambin ayuda
prestada por Agustn Palmieri y Ricardo Comasco para la localizacin de las citas y la traduccin de los
trminos tcnicos de Lacan. Naturalmente, la responsabilidad por los errores que persisten es
exclusivamente ma.
2
La presente conferencia fue pronunciada el 17 de enero de 2007 como la onceava leccin de
Pierre Macherey en su curso Ideologa: la palabra, la idea, la cosa llevado a cabo en el marco del grupo
de estudios Savoirs, Textes, Langage animado por el propio Macherey. La versin original puede
consultarse en: http://stl.recherche.univlille3.fr/seminaires/philosophie/macherey/macherey20062007/macherey17012007.html ; el curso completo
como as tambin otros cursos y actividades del grupo, puede verse en el blog La philosophie au sens
large: http://philolarge.hypotheses.org/category/seminaire

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3

Hay traduccin castellana Hacia el anlisis automtico del discurso, Madrid, Gredos, 1978, trad.
de Manuel Alvar Ezquerra. Esta obra incluye tambin el largo artculo Actualizaciones y perspectiva a
propsito del anlisis del discurso escrito por Pcheux en colaboracin con Catherine Fuchs y publicado
originalmente en Langages, n 37, 1975.
4
Lamentablemente no hay traduccin castellana de esta obra, con excepcin a un fragmento
publicado en Zizek, S. (ed.) Ideologa: un mapa de la cuestin, Buenos Aires, Fondo de cultura econmica,
2005 pp. 157-168, con el ttulo El mecanismo del reconocimiento ideolgico, trad. de Mariana Podetti; el
fragmento corresponde extractos de las pp. 127-142 de la edicin original. Hemos consultado, al traducir
los fragmentos de esta obra, la excelente traduccin al portugus realizada por Eni Pulcinelli Orlandi,
Loureno Chacon Jurado Filho, Manoel Luiz Gonalves Cora y Silvana Mabel Serrani, aparecida como
Semntica e discurso Uma crtica afirmao do bvio, Campinas, Unicamp, 2010.

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5

Estos textos de Pcheux Herbert han recibido dos versiones en espaol. Una versin de Marta
Carliski y Noelia Bastard, para los artculos de 1966 y 1968 respectivamente, apareci en Vern, Eliseo

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(ed.) El proceso ideolgico, Buenos Aires, Tiempo contemporneo, 1971. La otra versin apareci en
Herbert, Th. y Miller J. A. Ciencias sociales: ideologa y conocimiento, Buenos Aires, Siglo XXI, 1974
trad. de Oscar Landi y Hugo Acevedo. Las traducciones de las citas de estos artculos son nuestras, aunque
en nota al pie damos las referencias a las traducciones castellanas.

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Ver p. 202, ed. Tiempo contemporneo; p. 49, ed. siglo XXI.


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Ver p. 206, ed. Tiempo contemporneo; p. 53-4, ed. Siglo XXI.

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Ver p. 209, ed. Tiempo contemporneo; p. p. 57-58, ed. Siglo XXI.

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13

Ver p. 226, ed. Tiempo contemporneo; p. 80, ed. Siglo XXI.


Ver p. 228, ed. Tiempo contemporneo; p. 83, ed. Siglo XXI.

15

Ver p. 230, ed. Tiempo contemporneo; p. 84-5, ed. Siglo XXI.


Ver p. 231, ed. Tiempo contemporneo; p. 86 ed. Siglo XXI.

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Ver p. 235, ed. Tiempo contemporneo; p. 91, ed. Siglo XXI.

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17

La presente conferencia fue pronunciada el 24 de enero de 2007 como la doceava leccin de


Pierre Macherey en el marco de su curso Ideologa: la palabra, la idea, la cosa. La versin original puede
consultarse en: http://stl.recherche.univlille3.fr/seminaires/philosophie/macherey/macherey20062007/macherey24012007.html; el curso completo
puede verse en: http://philolarge.hypotheses.org/category/seminaire

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18

Hay traduccin castellana Michel Foucault La arqueologa del saber, Mxico, siglo XXI, 1995,
trad. de Aurelio Garzn del Camino.
19
Trad. cast. p. 46.
20
Trad. cast. p. 44.

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21

22

El texto est disponible en: /web/revues/home/prescript/article/lgge_0458726x_1971_num_6_24_2608

N. del T. Citamos segn la traduccin catellana: Jacques Lacan Seminario 20. Aun, Buenos Aires,
Paids, 1981, p. 167-68.

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23

N. del T.: Dejaremos esta expresin sin traducir por las dificultades que acarrea. El neologismo
parltre condensa parler (hablar, en infinitivo en francs), o parle (verbo conjugado), y hasta tal vez
parleur (hablador), y tre (ser, como sustantivo o como verbo en infinitivo). Incluso se ha sugerido que
adems de esta contiene otra posibilidad: Este neologismo creado por Jacques Lacan est formado por la
raz del verbo parler y tre, en su doble funcin potencial de sustantivo y verbo: es una lograda
condensacin. Sin embargo, este condensado puede funcionar, en el nivel fonemtico, como par ltre,
recuperando todo el valor de la preposicin de acusativo: per (a travs de). Por lo tanto, si opera por
sobreimpresin, deberamos leer: ser por (a travs de) el lenguaje Nicols Rosa La operacin llamada
lengua, Punto de vista, 1980, ao 3, n 9, p. 25n. Aproximaciones a su traduccin podran ser ser
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24

Althusser, Positions, d. Sociales, 1976, p. 109, cit dans Les vrits de La Palice, p. 133.
Citamos segn la traduccin castellana: Ideologa y aparatos ideolgicos de estado. Freud y Lacan,
Buenos Aires, Nueva visin, p. 51.

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