Table 7.1. Testing Forms of Reasoning CHAPTERT FORMS OF REASONING Reasoning by Example Is the example relevant? {Ave there a reasonable number of examples? Ave the examples typical? ‘00 the examples cover an appropriate time period? ‘Ave contradictory examples unimportant? \teasoning by Analogy ‘re there significant points of similarity? ‘sre the points of similarity critical to the comparison? ‘Are differences unimportant to the comparison? fm sre only literal analogies used as logical pr. causal Reasoning isthe alleged cause relevant to the effect? Is the cause capable of producing the effect? ‘Are the causes cited the sole or distinguishing causes? the causes cited necessary and sufficient? ‘re there counteracting causes? Sign Reasoning 'sthe alleged sign relevant to the conclusion? 's the relationship between the sign and subjectinherent? is the sign reasoning cumulative? 's sere no counter-factor to disrupt the relationship? Reasoning by Criteria ‘are the criteria adequately established? ‘ve the criteria the best available? Does the subject meet the criteria? soning is being, ice several po er kinds = dual form of ie kind of «4 7 to prove, Sometimes that v nukes subarz:- . ‘ve consequences, then it is clear that you need t vesn’t mea rind, though, ng, For example, you might argue that th to another dk suences because it is sit using reasoning by analogy to develop your causal ‘Sometimes the form of reasonin, your argument. If you make legal zguments by analogy and from criteria. If you ma _ sccongly disagree. USING REASONING you should use is guments, then you ai ‘You use the types of reasoning to make arguments by determininy ill provide a strong cue about the kind of re soning to use, For instance, if you want to prove that a decision wi we causal reasoning, Keep in ve within that argument you also may use other kinds of reason- ‘sion will lead to negative con: cision that led to negative determined by the field of likely to make fe arguments about legislative