Br

azi
ngvsWel
di
ng
Thedi
f
f
er
encesbet
weenbr
azi
ngandwel
di
ng
Devul
apal
l
i
Kapi
lSi
ddhant
Depar
t
mentofMechani
cal
Engi
neer
i
ng
Sr
eeni
dhiI
nst
i
t
ut
eofSci
ence&Technol
ogy
Hyder
abad,
I
ndi
a
kapi
l
dsi
ddu@out
l
ook.
com
Abst
r
act
Br
azi
ngandwel
di
ngar
et
womosti
mpor
t
ant
andcommonmet
alj
oi
ni
ngpr
ocessesavai
l
abl
e.I
nbr
azi
ng,
t
wo ormor
e mat
er
i
al
s ar
ej
oi
ned by t
he use ofa t
hi
r
d,
di
ssi
mi
l
armat
er
i
al
,such as br
aze al
l
oy orsi
l
versol
der
.
Wher
easi
nwel
di
ng,t
womet
al
sar
emel
t
edt
oget
her
.I
nt
hi
s
r
epor
tt
hemaj
ordi
f
f
er
encesbet
weenbr
azi
ngandwel
di
ng
ar
eanal
yzed.
Keywor
dsbr
azi
ng;wel
di
ng;met
alj
oi
ni
ng pr
ocesses;
anal
ysi
s;

I
.

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Wel
di
ng
i
sa
f
abr
i
cat
i
on
or

scul
pt
ur
al

pr
ocess
t
hatj
oi
ns
mat
er
i
al
s,
usual
l
y
met
al
s
or

t
her
mopl
ast
i
cs,
by
causi
ng
f
usi
on, whi
ch i
s di
st
i
nct f
r
om l
ower
t
emper
at
ur
e
met
al
j
oi
ni
ng
t
echni
ques
such
as
br
azi
ng
and
sol
der
i
ng,whi
ch do not

mel
t

t
he base
met
al
.I
n addi
t
i
ont
o mel
t
i
ng t
hebasemet
al
,af
i
l
l
er
mat
er
i
ali
sof
t
enaddedt
ot
hej
oi
ntt
of
or
m apoolof
mol
t
enmat
er
i
al(
t
he
wel
dpool
)t
hatcool
st
of
or
m a
j
oi
ntt
hatcanbeasst
r
ong,orevenst
r
onger
,t
hant
he
base mat
er
i
al
.

Pr
essur
e
may al
so be used i
n
conj
unct
i
onwi
t
h
heat
,orbyi
t
sel
f
,t
opr
oduceawel
d.
Al
t
hough l
ess common,t
her
e ar
e al
so sol
i
d st
at
e
wel
di
ngpr
ocessessuchasf
r
i
ct
i
onwel
di
ngorshi
el
ded
act
i
ve gas wel
di
ng i
n whi
ch met
aldoes notmel
t
.
Br
azi
ng
i
sa
met
al
j
oi
ni
ngpr
ocessi
nwhi
cht
woormor
e
met
ali
t
emsar
ej
oi
nedt
oget
herbymel
t
i
ngandf
l
owi
ng
a
met
ali
nt
ot
hej
oi
nt
,t
hef
i
l
l
ermet
alhavi
ngal
ower
mel
t
i
ngpoi
ntt
hant
headj
oi
ni
ngmet
al
.Br
azi
ngdi
f
f
er
s
f
r
om
wel
di
ng
i
nt
hati
tdoesnoti
nvol
vemel
t
i
ngt
hewor
k
pi
ecesandf
r
om
sol
der
i
ng
i
nusi
nghi
ghert
emper
at
ur
es
f
orasi
mi
l
arpr
ocess,whi
l
eal
sor
equi
r
i
ngmuchmor
e
cl
osel
yf
i
t
t
edpar
t
st
hanwhensol
der
i
ng.Thef
i
l
l
ermet
al
f
l
ows i
nt
o t
he gap bet
ween cl
osef
i
t
t
i
ng par
t
s
by
capi
l
l
ar
yact
i
on.Thef
i
l
l
ermet
ali
sbr
oughtsl
i
ght
l
y
abovei
t
smel
t
i
ng(
l
i
qui
dus)t
emper
at
ur
ewhi
l
epr
ot
ect
ed
byasui
t
abl
eat
mospher
e,usual
l
ya
f
l
ux.I
tt
henf
l
ows
overt
hebasemet
al(
knownaswet
t
i
ng)andi
st
hen
[
1]
cool
edt
oj
oi
nt
hewor
kpi
ecest
oget
her
.
I
ti
ssi
mi
l
ar
t
o
sol
der
i
ng,exceptf
ort
heuseofhi
ghert
emper
at
ur
es.
Amaj
oradvant
ageofbr
azi
ngi
st
heabi
l
i
t
yt
oj
oi
nt
he
sameordi
f
f
er
entmet
al
swi
t
hconsi
der
abl
est
r
engt
h.

I
I
.

WORKI
NGPRI
NCI
PLES

A. Wel
di
ng
Wel
di
ng j
oi
ns met
al
s by mel
t
i
ng and
f
usi
ng
t
hem
t
oget
her
,usual
l
ywi
t
ht
headdi
t
i
onofawel
di
ngf
i
l
l
er
met
al
.Thej
oi
nt
spr
oducedar
est
r
ong,
usual
l
yasst
r
ong
ast
hemet
al
sj
oi
nedorevenst
r
onger
.I
nor
dert
of
use
t
hemet
al
s,
aconcent
r
at
edheati
sappl
i
eddi
r
ect
l
yt
ot
he
j
oi
ntar
ea.Thi
sheati
shi
ght
emper
at
ur
e.I
tmustbei
n
or
dert
o mel
tt
he "
base"met
al
s(
t
he met
al
s bei
ng
j
oi
ned)

and t
he f
i
l
l
er met
al
s as wel
l
.

So wel
di
ng
t
emper
at
ur
es st
ar
tatt
he mel
t
i
ng poi
ntoft
he base
met
al
s.

Because wel
di
ng heat i
s i
nt
ense, i
t i
s
i
mpr
act
i
calt
o appl
yi
tuni
f
or
ml
yovera br
oad ar
ea.
Wel
di
ngheati
st
ypi
cal
l
yl
ocal
i
zed,

pi
npoi
nt
ed
heat
.Thi
s
hasi
t
sadvant
ages.Forexampl
e,
i
fyouwantt
oj
oi
nt
wo
smal
lst
r
i
psofmet
alatasi
ngl
epoi
nt
,an el
ect
r
i
cal
r
esi
st
ancewel
di
ngset
upi
sver
ypr
act
i
cal
.

Thi
si
saf
ast
,economi
calway t
o make st
r
ong,
per
manentj
oi
nt
s by t
he hundr
eds and t
housands.
However
,

i
f
t
he
j
oi
nt
i
s
l
i
near
,

r
at
her
t
han
pi
npoi
nt
ed,

pr
obl
emsar
i
se.Thel
ocal
i
zedheatof
wel
di
ngt
endst
obecomeadi
sadvant
age.Forexampl
e,
supposeyouwantt
obut
t
-wel
dt
wopi
ecesofmet
al
st
ar
tbybevel
i
ngt
heedgesoft
hemet
alpi
ecest
oal
l
ow
r
oom f
ort
he wel
di
ng f
i
l
l
ermet
al
.Then wel
d,f
i
r
st
heat
i
ngoneendoft
hej
oi
ntar
eat
omel
t
i
ngt
emper
at
ur
e,
t
hen sl
owl
yt
r
avel
i
ng t
he heatal
ong t
he j
oi
ntl
i
ne,
deposi
t
i
ngf
i
l
l
ermet
ali
nsynchr
oni
zat
i
onwi
t
ht
he
heat
.

Thi
si
sat
ypi
calconvent
i
onalwel
di
ngoper
at
i
on.Let
'
s
l
ookati
t
schar
act
er
i
st
i
cs.

I
tof
f
er
sonebi
gpl
us st
r
engt
h.Pr
oper
l
ymade,t
he
wel
dedj
oi
nti
satl
eastasst
r
ongast
hemet
al
sj
oi
ned.
Butt
her
ear
emi
nusest
oconsi
der
.Thej
oi
nt
smadeat
hi
gh t
emper
at
ur
es,hi
gh enough t
o mel
tbot
h base
met
al
sandf
i
l
l
ermet
al
.Hi
ght
emper
at
ur
escancause
pr
obl
ems,suchaspossi
bl
edi
st
or
t
i
onandwar
pi
ngof
t
he base met
al
s orst
r
esses ar
ound t
he wel
d ar
ea.
These danger
s ar
e mi
ni
malwhen t
he met
al
s bei
ng
j
oi
nedar
et
hi
ck.Butt
heymaybecomepr
obl
emswhen
t
hebasemet
al
sar
et
hi
nsect
i
ons.Hi
ght
emper
at
ur
es
ar
eexpensi
veaswel
lsi
nceheati
sener
gy,andener
gy
cost
smoney.Themor
eheatyouneedt
omaket
hej
oi
nt
,
t
hemor
et
hej
oi
ntwi
l
lcostt
opr
oduce.Now consi
der
t
heaut
omat
edpr
ocess.Whathappenswhenyouj
oi
n
notone assembl
y,buthundr
eds ort
housands of
assembl
i
es.

Wel
di
ng,byi
t
snat
ur
e,pr
esent
spr
obl
ems
i
naut
omat
i
on.Weknow t
hatar
esi
st
ancewel
dj
oi
nt
madeatasi
ngl
epoi
nti
sr
el
at
i
vel
yeasyt
oaut
omat
e.
Butoncet
hepoi
ntbecomesal
i
nea
l
i
near

j
oi
ntt
he
l
i
ne has t
o be
t
r
aced.

I
t
'
s possi
bl
et
o aut
omat
et
hi
s
t
r
aci
ng oper
at
i
on,movi
ng t
hej
oi
ntl
i
ne,f
orexampl
e,
past a heat
i
ng st
at
i
on and f
eedi
ng f
i
l
l
er wi
r
e
aut
omat
i
cal
l
yf
r
om bi
gspool
s.Butt
hi
si
sacompl
ex
andexact
i
ngset
up,
war
r
ant
edonl
ywhenyouhavel
ar
ge
pr
oduct
i
onr
unsofi
dent
i
calpar
t
s.Ofcour
se,wel
di
ng
t
echni
ques cont
i
nual
l
yi
mpr
ove.You can wel
d on a
pr
oduct
i
onbasi
sbyel
ect
r
onbeam,
capaci
t
ordi
schar
ge,
f
r
i
ct
i
on and ot
hermet
hods.Butt
hese sophi
st
i
cat
ed
pr
ocessesusual
l
ycal
lf
orspeci
al
i
zedandexpensi
ve
equi
pment and compl
ex,t
i
me consumi
ng set
ups.
They'
r
esel
dom pr
act
i
calf
orshor
t
erpr
oduct
i
onr
uns,
changes i
n assembl
yconf
i
gur
at
i
on or i
n shor
t
t
ypi
caldayt
o-daymet
alj
oi
ni
ngr
equi
r
ement
s.
Theadvant
agesofwel
di
ngar
e:
1.

Asnohol
ei
sr
equi
r
edf
orwel
di
ng,henceno
r
educt
i
onofar
ea.Sost
r
uct
ur
almember
sar
emor
e
ef
f
ect
i
vei
nt
aki
ngt
hel
oad.
2.
I
n wel
di
ng f
i
l
l
er pl
at
es, gusset
ed pl
at
es,
connect
i
ngangl
eset
c,
ar
enotused,
whi
chl
eadst
o
r
educedover
al
l
wei
ghtoft
hest
r
uct
ur
e.
3.
Wel
ded j
oi
nt
s ar
e mor
e economi
calas l
ess

l
aborandl
essmat
er
i
ali
sr
equi
r
ed.
Theef
f
i
ci
encyofwel
dedj
oi
nti
smor
et
hant
hat
oft
her
i
vet
edj
oi
nt
.
5.
Thewel
ded j
oi
nt
sl
ookbet
t
ert
han t
hebul
ky
r
i
vet
ed/
but
t
edj
oi
nt
s.
6.
Thespeedoff
abr
i
cat
i
oni
sf
ast
eri
ncompar
i
son
wi
t
ht
her
i
vet
edj
oi
nt
s.
7.
Compl
et
er
i
gi
dj
oi
nt
s can be pr
ovi
ded wi
t
h
wel
di
ngpr
ocess.
8.
The al
t
er
nat
i
on and addi
t
i
on t
ot
he exi
st
i
ng
st
r
uct
ur
ei
seasy.
9.
No noi
se i
s pr
oduced dur
i
ng t
he wel
di
ng
pr
ocessasi
nt
hecaseofr
i
vet
i
ng.
10. Thewel
di
ngpr
ocessr
equi
r
esl
esswor
kspace
i
ncompar
i
sont
or
i
vet
i
ng.
11. Anyspaceofj
oi
ntcanbemadewi
t
hease.
4.

Thedi
sadvant
agesofwel
di
ngar
e:
1.

Wel
ded j
oi
nt
s ar
e mor
e br
i
t
t
l
e and t
her
ef
or
e
t
hei
rf
at
i
guest
r
engt
hi
sl
esst
hant
hemember
s
j
oi
ned.
2.
Due t
o uneven heat
i
ng & cool
i
ng of t
he
member
sdur
i
ngt
hewel
di
ng,t
hemember
smay
di
st
or
tr
esul
t
i
ngi
naddi
t
i
onalst
r
esses.
3.
Ski
l
l
ed l
aborand el
ect
r
i
ci
t
y ar
er
equi
r
ed f
or
wel
di
ng.
4.
Nopr
ovi
si
onf
orexpansi
onandcont
r
act
i
oni
s
kepti
n wel
ded connect
i
on & t
her
ef
or
e,t
her
ei
s
possi
bi
l
i
t
yofr
acks.
5.
Thei
nspect
i
onofwel
di
ngwor
ki
smor
edi
f
f
i
cul
t
andcost
l
i
ert
hant
her
i
vet
i
ngwor
k.
6.
Def
ect
sl
i
kei
nt
er
nalai
rpocket
,sl
agi
ncl
usi
on
andi
ncompl
et
epenet
r
at
i
onar
edi
f
f
i
cul
tt
odet
ect
.

B. Br
azi
ng
A br
azedj
oi
nti
smadei
nacompl
et
el
ydi
f
f
er
entway
f
r
om a wel
ded j
oi
nt
.The f
i
r
stbi
g di
f
f
er
ence i
sn
t
emper
at
ur
e.Br
azi
ng
doesn'
tmel
t

t
hebasemet
al
s.

So
br
azi
ng t
emper
at
ur
es ar
ei
nvar
i
abl
yl
owert
han t
he
mel
t
i
ng poi
nt
s oft
he base met
al
s.

And,ofcour
se,
al
wayssi
gni
f
i
cant
l
yl
owert
hanwel
di
ngt
emper
at
ur
es
f
ort
hesamebasemet
al
s.

I
fbr
azi
ngdoesn'
tf
uset
he
basemet
al
s,how doesi
tj
oi
nt
hem.

I
tj
oi
nst
hem by
cr
eat
i
ngamet
al
l
ur
gi
calbondbet
weent
hef
i
l
l
ermet
al
andt
hesur
f
acesoft
het
womet
al
sbei
ngj
oi
ned.

Thepr
i
nci
pl
ebywhi
cht
hef
i
l
l
ermet
ali
sdr
awnt
hr
ough
t
he j
oi
ntt
o cr
eat
et
hi
s bond i
s
capi
l
l
ar
yact
i
on.

I
na
br
azi
ngoper
at
i
on,

you
appl
yheatbr
oadl
yt
ot
hebase
met
al
s.Thef
i
l
l
ermet
ali
st
henbr
oughti
nt
ocont
actwi
t
h
t
heheat
edpar
t
s.I
ti
smel
t
edi
nst
ant
l
ybyt
heheati
nt
he
basemet
al
sanddr
awnbycapi
l
l
ar
yact
i
oncompl
et
el
y
t
hr
ought
hej
oi
nt
.

3. Si
l
ver
Usedf
orj
oi
ni
ngal
mostal
lf
er
r
ousand
nonf
er
r
ous met
al
s.The except
i
ons f
or use
i
ncl
udeal
umi
num and ot
hermet
al
swi
t
hl
ow
mel
t
i
ngpoi
nt
s.
4. Copperandcopper
zi
ncSui
t
edf
orj
oi
ni
ngbot
h
f
er
r
ousandnonf
er
r
ousmet
al
s.Thi
scompound
i
susedi
na50/
50mi
xt
ur
ef
orbr
azi
ngcopper
.A
64% copper
/
36% zi
nccompound i
sused f
or
i
r
onandst
eel
.
5. Ni
ckel
Usedwhenext
r
emeheatandcor
r
osi
on
r
esi
st
ancei
sneeded.Appl
i
cat
i
onsi
ncl
udef
ood
and
chemi
cal pr
ocessi
ng
equi
pment
,
aut
omobi
l
es, cr
yogeni
cs, and vacuum
equi
pment
.

Acr
osssect
i
onalenl
ar
gementoft
hecl
ear
ancegapbet
weena
pi
peandabr
onzepi
pef
i
t
t
i
ng.

Thi
s,
i
nessence,
i
showabr
azedj
oi
nti
smade.
Thej
oi
ntf
or
medbybr
azi
ngi
ssuper
i
ort
ot
hatf
or
med
bysol
der
i
ng.I
ti
susedwher
emechani
calst
r
engt
hand
hi
gher pr
essur
e r
esi
st
ant j
oi
nt
s ar
e needed. The
st
r
engt
hcomesf
r
om t
heabi
l
i
t
yoft
hebr
azi
ngal
l
oysor
si
l
verbr
azet
of
l
ow i
nt
ot
hepor
ousgr
ai
nst
r
uct
ur
eof
t
hepi
peandf
i
t
t
i
ng.However
,
t
hi
sexcel
l
entbondi
sonl
y
possi
bl
ei
f
:
Thesur
f
acei
scl
ean.
Thepr
operf
l
uxandf
i
l
l
err
odar
eused.
Thecl
ear
ancegapbet
weent
heout
si
deoft
he
pi
peandt
hebor
ei
sonl
y0.
003t
o0.
004
.
Fi
l
l
ermet
alf
orbr
azi
ng i
s avai
l
abl
ei
nt
he f
ol
l
owi
ng
di
f
f
er
entshapes:wi
r
es,r
ods,sheet
s,andwasher
s.The
cl
assi
f
i
cat
i
ons,
eachwi
t
hspeci
al
uses,
i
ncl
ude:
1. Al
umi
numsi
l
i
conUsedf
orbr
azi
ngal
umi
num
andal
umi
num al
l
oys.
2. Copper
phosphor
usUsed f
orj
oi
ni
ng copper
,
copperal
l
oys,
andot
hernonf
er
r
ousmet
al
s.

Fl
ux,ani
mpor
t
antcomponenti
nt
hesol
der
i
ngpr
ocess,
i
s even mor
e necessar
yi
n br
azi
ng.I
n addi
t
i
on t
o
pr
ot
ect
i
ngt
hesur
f
acef
r
om oxi
dat
i
onandai
di
ngt
he
f
l
ow off
i
l
l
ermet
al
,br
azi
ngf
l
uxser
vest
oi
ndi
cat
et
he
t
emper
at
ur
e oft
he met
al
.Wi
t
houtf
l
ux i
twoul
d be
al
mosti
mpossi
bl
et
o know when t
he base met
al
r
eachest
hecor
r
ectt
emper
at
ur
e.Fl
uxesar
epr
oducedi
n
powder
,past
e,andl
i
qui
df
or
m.Manydi
f
f
er
entt
ypesof
f
l
uxar
ecommer
ci
al
l
yavai
l
abl
ef
orusewi
t
h var
i
ous
basemet
al
sandf
i
l
l
err
ods.Whenbr
azi
ngcopper
,i
ti
s
i
mpor
t
antt
osel
ectaf
l
uxt
hati
scompat
i
bl
ewi
t
ht
he
f
i
l
l
ermet
albei
ngused.Forsmal
lj
obs,powder
edf
l
uxi
s
of
t
en pr
ef
er
r
ed because i
twi
l
ladher
et
o a heat
ed
br
azi
ng r
od.Pr
eheatt
he r
od and st
i
ck i
ti
nt
ot
he
powder
ed f
l
ux.When t
he base met
ali
s al
umi
num,
br
azi
ngmustt
akepl
aceatal
owert
emper
at
ur
e.
Br
azed copperj
oi
nt
s ar
e made ata t
emper
at
ur
e of
1400
F(
760
C)orhi
gher
.An oxyacet
yl
enet
or
ch,as
showni
nFi
gur
ei
scommonl
yusedi
nst
eadofapr
opane
t
or
ch because oft
he hi
ghert
emper
at
ur
es r
equi
r
ed.
Cor
r
ectt
or
cht
i
psi
zeandt
heappr
opr
i
at
eoxygenand
acet
yl
ener
egul
at
orset
t
i
ngsf
orvar
i
ouspi
peandf
i
t
t
i
ng
di
amet
er
sar
el
i
st
ed i
n Fi
gur
e912.Forexampl
e,t
o

br
aze 1
2 or 3
4 pi
pe,a No. 5 t
or
ch t
i
p i
s
r
ecommended.Thi
st
i
pr
equi
r
esanoxygenpr
essur
eof
5psiandanacet
yl
enepr
essur
eof5psi
.

I
I
I
.

THEDI
FFERENCES

Whenyouwantt
omakest
r
ongandper
manentmet
al
j
oi
nt
s,your choi
ce wi
l
lgener
al
l
y nar
r
ow down t
o
wel
di
ng orbr
azi
ng.So,whi
ch met
hod i
s best
?I
t
dependsent
i
r
el
yont
heci
r
cumst
ances.Thekeyf
act
or
s
i
nmaki
ngadeci
si
onwi
l
lboi
ldownt
ot
he
si
ze
oft
he
par
t
s t
o be j
oi
ned, t
he
t
hi
ckness
of t
he met
al
sect
i
ons,

conf
i
gur
at
i
on
oft
hej
oi
nt
,

nat
ur
e
oft
hebase
met
al
s,and t
he
number

ofj
oi
nt
st
o be made.Let
'
s
consi
dereachoft
hem.

A. Si
zeofassembl
y

Thi
st
abl
eofoxyacet
yl
enet
or
cht
i
psi
zesandr
egul
at
or
set
t
i
ngsi
ssuggest
edf
orbr
azi
ngvar
i
oussi
zepi
pesand
f
i
t
t
i
ngs.Pr
essur
esar
enotst
andar
di
zedf
oroxyacet
yl
eneuni
t
s.

Fol
l
owi
ngar
et
headvant
agesofbr
azi
ng:
1. Br
azi
ng i
s used t
oj
oi
nal
ar
ge var
i
et
y of
di
ssi
mi
l
armet
al
s.
2. Pr
oper
l
ybr
azedj
oi
nt
sar
epr
essur
et
i
ght
.
3. Pi
eces havi
ng gr
eat di
f
f
er
ence i
n cr
osssect
i
onalar
eascanbebr
azed.
4. Thi
n sheet
s,pi
pesand gaugest
hatcan
tbe
j
oi
nedbywel
di
ngcanbej
oi
nedbybr
azi
ng.
5. Compl
exassembl
i
escanbef
abr
i
cat
edbyt
hi
s
met
hod.
6. A br
azed componenthas abi
l
i
t
yt
o pr
eser
ve
pr
ot
ect
i
vemet
alcoat
i
ng.
7. Br
azi
ng can be done on castand wr
ought
mat
er
i
al
s.
8. Cor
r
osi
onr
esi
st
ancej
oi
nt
scanbepr
oducedby
t
hi
smet
hod.
9. Br
azi
ngpr
eser
vesmet
al
l
ur
gi
calchar
act
er
i
st
i
cs
ofamat
er
i
albet
t
ert
hanwel
di
ng.
10.Af
t
erbr
azi
ng a componentmai
nt
ai
ns mor
e
pr
eci
si
ont
ol
er
ancest
hanwel
di
ng.
11.Br
azi
ngpr
ocessescanbeaut
omat
edf
orbul
k
pr
oduct
i
on.
12.Nonmet
al
scanbej
oi
nedt
omet
al
s.

Wel
di
ngi
susual
l
ymor
esui
t
edt
ot
hej
oi
ni
ngofl
ar
ge
assembl
i
est
hanbr
azi
ng.Becausei
nbr
azi
ngt
heheat
mustbeappl
i
edt
oabr
oadar
ea,of
t
ent
ot
heent
i
r
e
assembl
y.Andi
ft
heassembl
yi
sal
ar
geone,i
t
'
sof
t
en
har
dt
oheati
tt
ot
hef
l
owpoi
ntoft
hef
i
l
l
ermet
alast
he
heatt
endst
odi
ssi
pat
ef
ast
ert
hanyoubui
l
di
tup.You
don'
tmeett
hi
sl
i
mi
t
at
i
on i
n wel
di
ng.The i
nt
ense
l
ocal
i
zed heatofwel
di
ng,somet
i
mes a dr
awback,
becomesanadvant
agei
nj
oi
ni
ng,al
ar
geassembl
y.So
doeswel
di
ng'
sabi
l
i
t
yt
ot
r
aceaj
oi
nt
.Ther
e'
snowayt
o
est
abl
i
shexact
l
yt
hepoi
ntatwhi
chsi
zeofassembl
y
makesonemet
alj
oi
ni
ngmet
hodmor
epr
act
i
calt
han
anot
her
.Ther
e ar
et
oo many f
act
or
si
nvol
ved.For
exampl
e,
i
ft
heassembl
yi
sunabl
et
obebr
azedi
nopen
ai
r(
t
or
ch,i
nduct
i
on,et
c.
)duet
osi
ze,af
ur
naceordi
p
br
azi
ngpr
ocessmayel
i
mi
nat
et
hesi
zeconsi
der
at
i
on.
However
,you can st
i
l
luse t
hi
sr
ul
eof
t
humb as a
st
ar
t
i
ngpoi
nt
:Lar
geassembl
ywel
d,i
ft
henat
ur
eoft
he
met
al
sper
mi
t
s.Smal
lassembl
ybr
aze.Medi
umsi
zed
assembl
yexper
i
ment
.

B. Thi
cknessofbasemet
alsect
i
ons
Thi
ckness ofbase met
alsect
i
ons i
s an i
mpor
t
ant
consi
der
at
i
oni
nsel
ect
i
ngyourmet
alj
oi
ni
ngmet
hod.I
f
bot
hsect
i
onsar
er
el
at
i
vel
yt
hi
cksay.
500"(
12.
7mml
ei
t
herwel
di
ngorbr
azi
ngcanpr
oduceast
r
ongj
oi
nt
.
Buti
fyou wantt
o make a Tj
oi
nt
,bondi
ng a .
005"
(
.
127mm)t
hi
cksheetmet
alsect
i
ont
ohal
f
i
nchst
ock
f
orexampl
e,br
azi
ngi
st
hebet
t
erchoi
ce.Thei
nt
ense
heatofwel
di
ngi
sl
i
kel
yt
obur
nt
hr
ough,
oratl
eastwar
p,
t
het
hi
nsect
i
on.

Fol
l
owi
ngar
et
hedi
sadvant
agesofbr
azi
ng:
1. I
tr
equi
r
est
i
ght
l
ymat
i
ngpar
t
s.
2. I
tr
equi
r
espr
opercl
eani
ng.
3. Si
zeoft
hej
obi
sl
i
mi
t
ed.
4. Joi
nt
s ar
e not successf
ul at el
evat
ed
t
emper
at
ur
es.
5. Col
oroft
hef
i
l
l
ermet
almaynotmat
chwi
t
ht
hat
oft
hebasemet
al
.

The br
oaderheatand l
owert
emper
at
ur
e ofbr
azi
ng
al
l
owsyout
oj
oi
nt
hesect
i
onswi
t
houtwar
pageor
met
aldi
st
or
t
i
on.

C. Conf
i
gur
at
i
onofJoi
nt
I
st
hej
oi
nta"
spot
"ora"
l
i
ne"2Aspotj
oi
ntmadeatone
poi
ntcanbeaccompl
i
shedaseasi
l
ybywel
di
ngasby
br
azi
ng.Buta
l
i
near

j
oi
ntal
lot
hert
hi
ngsbei
ngequal
i
smor
eeasi
l
ybr
azedt
hanwel
ded.Br
azi
ngneedsno
manualt
r
aci
ng.Thef
i
l
l
ermet
ali
sdr
awnt
hr
ought
he
j
oi
ntar
eabycapi
l
l
ar
yact
i
on,
whi
chwor
kswi
t
hequal
easeonanyj
oi
ntconf
i
gur
at
i
on.

D. Nat
ur
eofMet
al
s
Supposeyou
r
epl
anni
ngat
wo-sect
i
onmet
alassembl
y.
Youwanthi
ghel
ect
r
i
calconduct
i
vi
t
yi
nonesect
i
on,
hi
ghst
r
engt
handcor
r
osi
onr
esi
st
ancei
nt
heot
her
.You
wantt
osecopperf
orconduct
i
ve,andst
ai
nl
essf
or
st
r
engt
h and cor
r
osi
on r
esi
st
ance. Wel
di
ng t
hi
s
assembl
ywi
l
lpr
esentpr
obl
ems.Aswe'
veseen,you
havet
omel
tbot
hmet
al
st
of
uset
hem.Butst
ai
nl
ess
mel
t
satamuchhi
ghert
emper
at
ur
et
hancopper
.The
copperwoul
dcompl
et
el
ymel
tandf
l
ow of
fbef
or
et
he
st
ai
nl
ess came anywher
e cl
ose t
o i
t
s mel
t
i
ng
t
emper
at
ur
e.Br
azi
ngt
hesedi
ssi
mi
l
armet
al
sof
f
er
sno
suchobst
acl
e.Al
lyouhavet
odoi
ssel
ectabr
azi
ng
f
i
l
l
ermet
alt
hati
smet
al
l
ur
gi
cal
l
ycompat
i
bl
ewi
t
hbot
h
basemet
al
sandhasamel
t
i
ngpoi
ntl
owert
hant
hatof
t
het
wo.Yougetast
r
ongj
oi
nt
,wi
t
hmi
ni
malal
t
er
at
i
on
oft
hepr
oper
t
i
esoft
hemet
al
s.Thepoi
ntt
or
emember
i
st
hatbr
azi
ng j
oi
nsmet
al
s
wi
t
houtmel
t
i
ng t
hem,

by
met
al
l
ur
gi
cal
l
ybondi
ngatt
hei
ri
nt
er
f
aces.Thei
nt
egr
i
t
y
andpr
oper
t
i
esofeachmet
ali
nt
hebr
azedassembl
y
ar
er
et
ai
nedwi
t
hmi
ni
malchange.I
fyoupl
ant
oj
oi
n
di
ssi
mi
l
armet
al
st
hi
nkbr
azi
ng.

E. NumberofAssembl
i
esneeded
Forasi
ngl
eassembl
y,
oraf
ewassembl
i
es,
yourchoi
ce
bet
weenwel
di
ngandbr
azi
ngwi
l
ldependl
ar
gel
yont
he
f
act
or
sdi
scussedear
l
i
er si
zeofpar
t
s,t
hi
cknessof
sect
i
ons,j
oi
nt conf
i
gur
at
i
ons,and nat
ur
e of base
met
al
s.Whet
heryoubr
azeorwel
d,you'
l
lpr
obabl
ydo
t
hej
obmanual
l
y.Butwhenyourpr
oduct
i
onneedsr
un
i
nt
ot
he hundr
eds,or t
housands (
or hundr
eds of
t
housands)
,pr
oduct
i
on t
echni
ques and costf
act
or
s
become deci
si
ve. Whi
ch met
hod i
s best
f
or

pr
oduct
i
on
met
al j
oi
ni
ng? Bot
h met
hods
can be
aut
omat
ed.Butt
hey di
f
f
er gr
eat
l
yi
nf
l
exi
bi
l
i
t
y of

aut
omat
i
on.Wel
di
ng t
ends t
o be an al
l
or
not
hi
ng
pr
oposi
t
i
on.Youwel
dmanual
l
y,oneat
at
i
me,oryou
i
nst
al
lexpensi
ve,sophi
st
i
cat
ed equi
pmentt
o handl
e
ver
yl
ar
ger
unsofi
dent
i
calassembl
i
es.Ther
e'
ssel
dom
apr
act
i
cali
nbet
ween.Br
azi
ngi
sj
ustt
heopposi
t
e.You
canbr
aze"
oneat
at
i
me"manual
l
y,ofcour
se.Butyou
caneasi
l
yi
nt
r
oducesi
mpl
epr
oduct
i
ont
echni
quest
o
speedupt
hej
oi
ni
ngofsever
alhundr
edassembl
i
es.As
anexampl
e,manyassembl
i
es,pr
ef
l
uxedandbear
i
ng
pr
epl
acedl
engt
hsoff
i
l
l
ermet
al
,
canbesi
mul
t
aneousl
y
heat
ed and br
azed i
n af
ur
nace.When you geti
nt
o
l
ar
gerr
uns,i
tmay become pr
act
i
calt
or
i
g up a
conveyorwhi
chcanr
unt
heassembl
i
espastbanksof
heat
i
ngt
or
chesandbr
azi
ngf
i
l
l
ermet
alcanbeappl
i
ed
t
ot
hej
oi
nti
napr
e-measur
edamount
.Andt
her
ear
e
endl
ess "
i
nbet
ween"possi
bi
l
i
t
i
es,a good many of
whi
chyoucanaccompl
i
shwi
t
hr
el
at
i
vel
yi
nexpensi
ve
pr
oduct
i
ondevi
ces.Thepoi
ntt
okeepi
nmi
ndi
st
hat
br
azi
ngi
sf
l
exi
bl
e.Youcanaut
omat
ei
tonast
epbyst
ep basi
s,ateach st
ep mat
chi
ng youraut
omat
i
on
i
nvest
mentt
oyourpr
oduct
i
onr
equi
r
ement
s.
I
V.

CONCLUSI
ON

Thepr
ocesschosenf
ort
hej
oi
ni
ngdependsupont
he
f
act
or
sdescr
i
bedabove.Henceat
hor
oughst
udyhast
o
bemadeont
her
equi
r
edpr
oductbef
or
echoosi
ngt
he
pr
ocess.I
fawr
ongchoi
cei
smadet
hent
her
ei
sl
ossof
t
i
me,manpowerand money.Br
azi
ng pr
ovi
des good
j
oi
ntst
r
engt
hatl
owert
emper
at
ur
esandcost
s.I
tal
so
pr
ovi
desgoodsur
f
acef
i
ni
shandmai
nt
ai
nsbasemet
al
i
nt
egr
i
t
y.Al
soi
tcanbeeasi
l
yaut
omat
ed.Oneoft
he
mai
n di
sadvant
ages i
st
he l
ackofj
oi
ntst
r
engt
h as
compar
ed t
o a wel
ded j
oi
ntdue t
ot
he sof
t
erf
i
l
l
er
met
al
sused.

Thest
r
engt
hoft
hebr
azedj
oi
nti
sl
i
kel
yt
o
bel
esst
hant
hatoft
hebasemet
al
(
s)butgr
eat
ert
han
t
hef
i
l
l
ermet
al
.Anot
herdi
sadvant
agei
st
hatbr
azed
j
oi
nt
s can be damaged under hi
gh ser
vi
ce
t
emper
at
ur
es.

Br
azed j
oi
nt
sr
equi
r
ea hi
gh degr
eeof
basemet
alcl
eanl
i
ness when done i
n an i
ndust
r
i
al
set
t
i
ng.Somebr
azi
ngappl
i
cat
i
onsr
equi
r
et
heuseof
adequat
ef
l
uxi
ngagent
st
ocont
r
olcl
eanl
i
ness.Thej
oi
nt
col
ori
sof
t
en di
f
f
er
entf
r
om t
hatoft
hebasemet
al
,
cr
eat
i
nganaest
het
i
cdi
sadvant
age.Wel
di
ngpr
ovi
des
gr
eat
erst
r
engt
hsatcompar
at
i
vel
yhi
gherr
i
gi
di
t
y.I
ti
s
adapt
abl
et
o conf
i
ned spacesand r
emot
el
ocat
i
ons.
Al
so i
ti
st
he mostver
sat
i
l
ej
oi
ni
ng pr
ocess used
ever
ywher
e.The equi
pmenti
s por
t
abl
e and can be
r
el
ocat
ed easi
l
y.Howeveri
ti
snotaspr
oduct
i
veas
br
azi
ng.Cost
sar
eal
sor
el
at
i
vel
yhi
gher
.Met
alwast
age
i
s mor
e and f
r
equentst
ops ar
er
equi
r
ed t
o change
el
ect
r
odes.Each pr
ocess has i
t
s advant
ages and
di
sadvant
ages.The r
i
ghtpr
ocess depends on t
he
appl
i
cat
i
on.

Ref
er
ences

[
1] TheGoodhear
t
Wi
l
l
coxCo.
,
I
nc.
ht
t
p:
/
/
www.
mai
nt
enancer
esour
ces.
com/
bookst
or
e/
pi
pi
ngpl
umbi
ng/
moder
npl
umbi
ng.
pdf
[
2] Wi
ki
pedi
a
ht
t
ps:
/
/
en.
wi
ki
pedi
a.
or
g/
wi
ki
/
Br
azi
ng
ht
t
ps:
/
/
en.
wi
ki
pedi
a.
or
g/
wi
ki
/
Wel
di
ng
[
3] HowSt
uf
f
Wor
ks

ht
t
p:
/
/
sci
ence.
howst
uf
f
wor
ks.
com/
br
azi
ng.
ht
m
[
4] "
TheBr
azi
ngBookOnl
i
ne.
"
ht
t
p:
/
/
www.
handyhar
mancanada.
com/
t
hebr
azi
ngbook/
bbook.
ht
m
[
5] Samar
t
hEngi
neer
i
ngWor
ks
ht
t
p:
/
/
bl
og.
samar
t
henggwor
ks.
com/
i
ndex.
php/
advant
agesdi
sadvant
agesbr
azi
ng/