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Acknowledgements
There were many contributions made in the development of this advisory document. In particular NSW Health
would like to acknowledge the Swimming Pool Industry Group, and the organisations below who provided
direction and guidance.
Aquatic and Recreation Institute
Collingridge and Associates
Fulham Engineering Services Pty Ltd
Pallintest Australia
ProMinent Fluid Controls Pty Ltd
Stevenson and Associates Pty Ltd
Siemens Water Technologies
Trisleys Hydraulic Services
Bellingen Shire Council
Leichhardt Municipal Council
Ryde City Council
Shoalhaven City Council
Warringah Council
Poolwerx
Tim Batt Water Solutions Pty Ltd
Swimming is an
important recreational
activity. Learning to
swim prevents
drowning. Swimming
promotes good
physical, mental and
cardiovascular health.
In properly managed
pools the benefits of
swimming far
outweigh any risk.
(WHO 2006)
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 1
Contents
Acknowledgments........................................... 4
3.4.2 Timeliness.......................................................17
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
3.4.3 Interpretation..................................................17
Chemical criteria................................................ 5
Chemical testing................................................ 5
Microbiological criteria....................................... 5
Fact sheets......................................................... 5
Pool occupiers information sheet........................ 5
Chapter 1:
Introduction...................................................... 6
1.1 Overview............................................................ 6
1.2 Purpose.............................................................. 6
1.3 Scope and application........................................ 6
1.4 Disease risk from swimming pools...................... 7
1.5 Legislation.......................................................... 7
1.6 Australian Pesticides and Veterinary
Medicines Authority (APVMA)............................ 8
1.7 NSW Health website.......................................... 8
Chapter 4:
Disinfection..................................................... 19
4.1 Overview...........................................................19
4.2 Disinfectant properties......................................19
4.3 Disinfection concepts........................................19
4.4 Characteristics of various disinfectants............. 20
4.4.1 Chlorine-based disinfectants that produce
hypochlorous acid.......................................... 20
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
disinfection power......................................... 21
Chapter 2:
Microbial health risks and transmission......... 9
(iv)
2.1 Overview............................................................ 9
2.2 Micro-organisms................................................ 9
(v)
Reducing chloramines.................................... 23
(vi)
chlorine.......................................................... 22
chloramines.................................................... 22
Electrolytic generation of
hypochlorous acid.......................................... 24
(ii)
(iii)
3.1 Overview...........................................................15
3.2 Indicator micro-organisms.................................15
3.3 Microbiological criteria......................................15
3.3.1 Heterotrophic plate count (HPC)..................... 16
Chapter 3:
Microbiological criteria and sampling.......... 15
(i)
(iv)
(v)
PAGE 2 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
Chapter 5:
Disinfection chemical criteria, other
chemicals, sampling and monitoring............ 28
5.1 Overview.......................................................... 28
5.2 Chemical criteria.............................................. 28
5.2.1 Dosing........................................................... 28
6.4.5 Temperature....................................................41
backwash wastewater.................................... 43
(i)
(ii)
pH buffer)................................................... 30
(i)
(i)
(ii)
(ii) Borewater...................................................... 44
(iii)
(iii)
(i)
(ii)
6.7.1 Education....................................................... 45
(iii)
6.7.2 Superchlorination........................................... 45
(iv)
Ozone (O3)..................................................... 31
(v)
(i)
Chlorine dioxide............................................. 45
(vi)
(ii)
Potassium monopersulphate.......................... 45
(Cyanuric Acid)............................................... 32
(vii) Algaecides..................................................... 32
6.7.5 Ozone............................................................ 46
(viii) Flocculants..................................................... 32
6.7.7 Zeolite............................................................ 46
6.7.8 Ventilation indoor........................................ 46
Chapter 7:
Design, construction and amenities............. 48
7.1 Overview and introduction............................... 48
7.2 Circulation and filtration................................... 48
7.2.1 Surface water removal.................................... 48
Chapter 6:
Managing water quality................................. 37
6.1 Overview.......................................................... 37
6.2 Chlorine demand............................................. 37
6.3 Chemical dosing control equipment................. 37
(amperometric)............................................... 39
6.3.4 Automatic controllers..................................... 40
6.3.5 pH probes...................................................... 40
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 3
Chapter 11:
Legislation...................................................... 67
11.1 Overview.......................................................... 67
11.2 The Public Health Act 2010.............................. 67
11.3 The Public Health Regulation 2012................... 67
11.4 Schedule 1 of the Regulation............................ 68
11.5 Enforcement of the Act and Regulation............ 68
7.5.14 Kiosk.............................................................. 56
Appendix A:
Breakpoint chlorination
(see section 4.4.1)........................................... 69
Chapter 8:
Cryptosporidium risk management.............. 57
7.5.12 Shade............................................................. 56
7.5.13 Glass.............................................................. 56
8.1 Overview.......................................................... 57
8.2 Epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis..................... 57
8.3 Control measures and strategies....................... 57
8.4 Swimmer hygiene practices.............................. 58
8.4.1 Personal hygiene............................................ 58
8.4.2 Awareness of infants who are not
toilet trained.................................................. 58
8.5 Education......................................................... 59
8.6 Operational control and management.............. 60
8.6.1 Barriers used in pool operations..................... 60
(i) Filters............................................................. 61
Appendix B:
Sample log sheet........................................... 73
Appendix C:
Components to consider in recycling
swimming pool backwash water................... 75
Appendix D:
Components to consider
in water harvesting......................................... 77
(ii) Disinfection.................................................... 61
8.6.2 Water sampling for Cryptosporidium............... 61
Chapter 9:
Pool designer and operator
competencies................................................. 62
9.1 Overview.......................................................... 62
9.2 Pool designers.................................................. 62
9.3 Operator competencies.................................... 62
9.4 Formal operator qualifications.......................... 62
9.5 Pool safety qualifications.................................. 62
Appendix E:
Descriptive risk assessment and
management of pools and spas.................... 79
Glossary / Abbreviations............................... 81
References..................................................... 84
Bibliography................................................... 87
Chapter 10:
Health risk management planning................ 63
10.1 Overview.......................................................... 63
10.2 Public health risk.............................................. 63
10.2.1 Risk identification........................................... 63
10.2.2 Risk assessment / characterisation.................. 63
PAGE 4 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
D. Fact sheets
Chemical criteria
Chemical testing
http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/environment/publicpools/
Pages/default.aspx
A. Chemical criteria
is provided at:
be found at:
http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/phact/Documents/is4-
http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/environment/publicpools/
public-pools.pdf
Documents/public-health-reg-2012-schedule_1.pdf
After these essential sections, it is recommended that
NSW Health only recommends the use of chlorine or
of additional interest.
B. Chemical testing
The minimum mandatory requirements for chemical
testing are also specified in Schedule 1 mentioned above.
The frequency of pool testing as best practice is outlined
in section 5.6 of Chapter 5. Sampling location is
discussed in section 5.7, testing equipment in section 5.8
and record keeping in section 5.10.
C. Microbiological criteria
The Microbiological criteria are specified in Box 3.1 of
Chapter 3. It is important for pool operators to read all
of Chapter 3.
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 5
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
1.1
Overview
1.2
Purpose
pool matters.
Regulation 2012.
1.3
PAGE 6 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/environment/publicpools/
Documents/public-health-reg-2012-schedule_1.pdf
All public swimming pools and spa pools must be equipped
It is an offence not to comply with the prescribed
1.5
Legislation
1.4
1 March 2013)
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 7
1.6
http://www.apvma.gov.au/.
http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/environment/publicpools/
Documents/public-health-reg-2012-schedule_1.pdf
1.7
http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/
PAGE 8 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
CHAPTER 2
2.1
Overview
2.2
Micro-organisms
2.2.1
Viral pathogens
over 50 types of
adenoviruses3;
of transmission.7
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 9
2.2.2
Bacterial pathogens
needed to prevent and control the growth of this microorganism. It is difficult to maintain adequate disinfection
transmission.
PAGE 10 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
pools17
Chapter 8.
2.2.3
Protozoan pathogens
Chapter 7.3).
supplies20.
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 11
2.2.4
Fungal pathogens
Infection
Source
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Folliculitis (spas)
Swimmers ear (pools)
Mycobacterium spp.
Staphylococcus aureus
Leptospira spp.
Aseptic meningitis; Haemorrhagic jaundice Pool water contaminated with urine from infected animals
Pharyngo-conjunctivitis
(swimming pool conjunctivitis)
Molluscipoxvirus
Molluscum contagiosum
Papillomavirus
Plantar wart
Bather shedding on pool and spa decks and floors in showers and
changing rooms
Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) Pools, spas and natural spa water and pipes and other components
Acanthamoeba spp.
Plasmodium spp.
Malaria
Non-faecally-derived fungi
Trichophyton spp.
Epidermophyton floccosum
Pharyngo-conjunctivitis
Norovirus
Gastroenteritis
Hepatitis A virus
Hepatitis A (gastroenteritis)
Faecal accidents
Enterovirus (echovirus)
Gastroenteritis
Shigellosis (gastroenteritis)
Faecal accidents
E. coli
Gastroenteritis
Faecal accidents
Faecally-derived protozoa
Giardia
Giardiasis (gastroenteritis)
Faecal accidents
Cryptosporidium
Cryptosporidiosis (gastroenteritis)
Faecal accidents
2.3
2.5
Conclusions
n
n
2.4
Transmission of micro-organisms
in swimming pools
Whale spitting;
fitted pants;
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 13
PAGE 14 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
CHAPTER 3
3.1
Overview
3.2
Indicator micro-organisms
Microbiological criteria
3.3
Criterion
characteristics:
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
mL = millilitre
numbers.
n
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 15
3.3.1
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
3.3.3
3.4
Microbiological sampling
concerning sampling:
Sampling technique
3.4.1
PAGE 16 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
Interpretation
3.4.3
3.4.4
the jar near its base. The lid should not be inverted but
microbiological criteria.
Chemical criteria
Database
3.4.5
3.4.2
Timeliness
does not alter their condition from that existing at the time
Heterotrophic
plate count (HPC)
< 100 cfu/ mL
E. coli
< 1 cfu/100 mL
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
< 1 cfu/100 mL
Category 1
Spas; hydrotherapy pools; pools used by swim schools; pools
used by incontinent people; infant wading pools; highest risk
pools (see section 3.5)
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Category 2
Swimming pools > 26C (except Category 1 pools); wave, river
and low depth (< 1 m) leisure pools; higher risk pools (see
section 3.5)
Bi-monthly
Bi-monthly
Bi-monthly
Category 3
Swimming pools < 26C (except Category 1 and 2 pools); diving
pools; low and infrequent bathing load pools
Quarterly
Quarterly
3.5
or bacteriological failures)
High turbidity
Presence of algae
destroy biofilms.
Biofilms detected
PAGE 18 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
CHAPTER 4
Disinfection
4.1
Overview
included in Chapter 5.
4.2
Disinfectant properties
4.3
Disinfection concepts
of disinfection.
decreases as it disinfects.
n
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 19
4.4
Characteristics of various
disinfectants
4.4.1
Sodium
hypochlorite
Calcium
hypochlorite
Lithium
hypochlorite
Chlorine gas
Trichloro
isocyanurate
Dichloro
isocyanurate
% Available Chlorine
10-12
65-78
35
100
90
50-63
% Active Strength
10-12
65-78
29
100
>99
>99
pH in 1% solution
13
8.5-11
10.8
2.8-3.5
6.5-6.8
pH effect in water
Raises
Raises
Raises
Lowers
Lowers
Neutral
Physical appearance
Liquid
Granular
Tablet
Briquette
Granular
Yellow green
gas
Granular
Tablet
Granular
PAGE 20 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
H+
HOCl
Hypochlorous
OCl-
D Hydrogen ion
+ Hypochlorite
acid
ion
(Strong
(Weak
disinfectant)
disinfectant)
disinfection power.
determined by pH:
hydrogen ion
(H+)
and the
OCl-
pH
6.0
7.0
75
7.2
63
7.5
49
7.6
39
7.8
28
splits from the HOCl and drives the equation to the right
8.0
to also form
OCl-.
97
disinfection power.
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 21
formation reactions:
HOCl
Hypochlorous
+ NH3
NH2Cl
Ammonia
+ H2O
Monochloramine
Water
acid
Formation of dichloramine from monochloramine
HOCl
Hypochlorous
Combined Chlorine
Combined chlorine is also called chloramines and is a
+ H2O
NHCl2
Monochloramine
Dichloramine
Water
acid
Formation of trichloramine from dichloramine
HOCl
+ NH2Cl
Hypochlorous
+ NHCl2
Dichloramine
NHCl3
+ H2O
Trichloramine
Water
acid
PAGE 22 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
discouraged.
100
90
80
70
60
50
10
20
30
40
chloramine-reducing techniques.
UV light is transmitted.
Unfortunately, the addition of cyanuric acid also reduces
cyanuric acid
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 23
of hypochlorous acid:
4.4.2
Bromine-based disinfectants
PAGE 24 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
HOBR
D H+
Hypobromous
+ OBr
Hypobromite
Hydrogen Ion
Ion
acid
bromine concentration.
bromine determined by pH
pH
Hypobromite ion
(OBr-)
6.0
100
7.0
98
7.2
96
7.5
94
7.6
91
7.8
87
13
8.0
83
17
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 25
disinfection.
swimming pools.
The ideal use of ClO2 appears to be in the periodic
(v) Breakpoint bromination and super-bromination
polysaccharide matrix.
4.5
4.4.3
Chlorine dioxide
domestic pools.
Chlorine
Isocyanurated chlorine in
outdoor pools temporary use
Chlorine/bromine systems
Hydrogen peroxide
Magnetism
Iodine
Products containing
polyhexanide *
PAGE 26 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
4.6
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 27
CHAPTER 5
Overview
Chapter 8).
5.2
Chemical criteria
Dosing
5.2.3 Bromine
PAGE 28 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
Situation
Concentration
Outdoor Pool
Indoor Pool
Spa Pool
ORP automation
Min 720 mV
Any pool
Total Chlorine
(DPD No 1 + No 3)
Any pool
pH
Any pool
Total Alkalinity
Any pool
80 to 200 mg/L
Cyanuric Acid
Max 50 mg/L
Any pool
Zero
Ozone
(2)
(1) Free Available Chlorine concentration should be increased when high bather loads are anticipated to ensure that concentrations are
never less than the minimum. Super-chlorination should only be carried out when the pool is closed.
(2) Residual excess ozone is to be quenched in an activated carbon filter bed before the circulated water is returned to the pool. The
contact time between the pool water and the ozone should be at least 2 minutes at an ozone concentration of 1 mg/L where injected
before filtration, and at least 0.8 mg/L where injected after filtration. Where ozone is generated at the rate of less than 2mg/hour
quenching should not be required where the ozone is introduced into the circulation system by a venturi and completely dissolved in the
pool water.
(3) Some oxidants may interfere with reagents used to measure combined chlorine. Interference must be demonstrated by the pool
operator to allow exemption from the combined chlorine maximum.
(4) Where Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) measuring equipment or automatic dosing equipment is installed, the ORP should be
set to the equivalence of the minimum free chlorine concentration and shall be not less than 720mV.
Situation
Concentration
Outdoor Pool
Indoor Pool
Spa Pool
Bromine
Any Pool
pH
Any pool
7.0 to 8.0
Max 15 mg/L
Total Alkalinity
Any pool
80 to 200 mg/L
Di-methylhydantoin
Any pool
(1)
Bromine
(DPD No 1)
Cyanuric Acid
Any pool
None no benefit
ORP (3)
Any pool
700 mV
(1) Bromine concentration should be increased when high bather loads are anticipated to ensure that values are never less than the
minimum. Super-chlorination should only be carried out when the pool is closed.
(2) Ozone quenching is not required in the Ozone / Bromide system. In other systems residual excess ozone is to be quenched in an
activated carbon filter bed before the circulated water is returned to the pool. The contact time between the pool water and the ozone
should be at least 2 minutes at an ozone concentration of 1 mg/L where injected before filtration, and at least 0.8 mg/L where injected
after filtration. Where ozone is generated at the rate of less than 2mg/hour quenching should not be required where the ozone is
introduced into the circulation system by a venturi and completely dissolved in the pool water.
(3) Where Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) measuring equipment or automatic dosing equipment is installed, the ORP should be
set to the equivalence of the minimum bromine (DPD #1) concentration and shall be not less than 700mV.
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 29
5.2.4 Alternate
disinfection systems
5.3
5.2.5 Oxidation-reduction
potential
5.3.1
Section 6.3).
5.2.6 Pool
operating periods
pool blankets.
Large swimming pool plants may need to be operated
6.0
6.5
7.0
10
0.5 kg
0.36 kg
0.24 kg
0.16 kg
20
1.0 kg
0.72 kg
0.48 kg
0.3 kg
30
1.5 kg
1.08 kg
0.72 kg
0.48 kg
50
2.4 kg
1.8 kg
1.2 kg
0.8 kg
100
7.0 kg
3.6 kg
2.4 kg
1.6 kg
Note: When using sodium carbonate (soda ash) to increase pH to 7.5, halve the quantity i.e. 2 kg sodium bicarbonate (dry alkali or pH buffer) = 1 kg sodium
carbonate (soda ash)
PAGE 30 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
8.0
8.5
9.0
10
0.05 kg
0.11 kg
0.18 kg
0.26 kg
20
0.1 kg
0.22 kg
0.36 kg
0.52 kg
30
0.15 kg
0.33 kg
0.54 kg
0.78 kg
50
0.25 kg
0.55 kg
0.9 kg
1.3 kg
100
0.5 kg
1.1 kg
1.8 kg
2.6 kg
5.3.2
protective equipment.
respectively.
Other chemicals
information.
(vii) Algaecides
properly recycled.
(viii) Flocculants
PAGE 32 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
5.4
listed in Table 5.5 together with the DPBs that could form.
Very few DBPs are caused through the addition of water
from the water mains. DBPs are more likely to arise from
entering a pool.
by-products
Disinfectant
Chlorine/hypochlorite
Trihalomethanes
Haloacetic acids
Haloacetonitriles
Haloketones
Chloralhydrate (trichloroacetaldelhyde)
Chloropicrin (trichloronitrimethane)
Cyanogens chloride
Chlorate
Chloramines
Ozone/bromine
Bromate
Aldehydes
Ketones
Ketoacids
Carboxylic acids
Bromoform
Brominated acetic acids
Chlorine dioxide
Chlorite
Chlorate
Bromine/hypochlorite
Bromo-chlorodimethylhydantoin
Chlorine/bromine with
copper Silver
By-product
Based on WHO 2006 and the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines 2004
5.6
5.5
Disinfection by-products
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 33
n Prior to opening* and thence every two hours (or every one hour when bather
n pH
n Prior to opening* and thence every four hours when there is a bather load.
n pH
n Once during the day to confirm automatic readings* (provided that there is
in-line automated testing and recording which is checked and logged hourly)
Other Tests:
n Total alkalinity
n
n
n
n
n Daily *
n Weekly if using liquid chlorine disinfection or carbon dioxide (CO2) pH control*
n
n
n
n
Weekly
Weekly*
Weekly*
Weekly
n Monthly
n Monthly
High risk pools include spa pools, hydrotherapy pools, baby and infant learn to swim pools, infant wading pools, water features in pools,
pools used by incontinent people, or a pool with three or more of the following risk factors:
n pH greater than 7.6 in a chlorinated pool
n Consistently poor disinfection (previous chemical or bacteriological criteria failures).
n High turbidity
n Poor pool circulation and/or filtration
n High bather loads
n Presence of algae
n Regular use by birds e.g., ducks
n Easy access of foreign material e.g., litter
n Biofilms detected
n Poor quality make-up water (high in chloramines)
PAGE 34 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
5.7
Sampling location
5.8
kits are the most reliable test kits, and should be used in
preference to colorimetric kits. Males with red/green
Chlorine/bromine
Photometric method based on DPD reagents capable of measuring to 0.1 mg/L units within
the recommended disinfectant range
Photometric method based on DPD reagents
Photometric method based on potassium iodide under acidic conditions and capable of
measuring in 10 mg/L increments within the range of 0-100 mg/L; Any electronic meter
pH meter
Photometric method
Photometric method
Photometric based method within 0-200 mg/L range
Water clarity should be maintained so that lane markings or other features on the pool
bottom at its greatest depth are clearly visible when viewed from the side of the pool
Photometric method
Photometric method or laboratory analysis
Photometric method or laboratory analysis
Laboratory (test kits test do not necessarily differentiate between bromide and chloride)
Photometric method or laboratory analysis
Photometric method or laboratory analysis
Any test apparatus capable of measuring to 0.5 nephelometric turbidity units
Laboratory analysis; Turbidity meter
Photometric method or laboratory analysis
Laboratory analysis
TDS meter, laboratory analysis or sensor (measured as conductivity)
Photometric method or laboratory analysis
An electronic ORP meter
Ozone
Hydrogen peroxide
pH
Total alkalinity
Cyanuric acid
Clarity
Copper
Chlorite
Bromate
Bromide
Dimethylhydantoin (DMH)
Sulphate
Turbidity
Silver
Total trihalomethanes
Total dissolved solids (TDS)
Phosphate
Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP)
1. All equipment needs to be checked and calibrated in accordance with the manufacturers specifications and maintenance manuals.
2. B leaching of DPD reagents occurs when free chlorine concentration is high and will give a false low reading. The manufacturers manual should be followed and a
dilution prior to testing should be performed if free chlorine is suspected of being higher than 5 mg/L.
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 35
Table 5.8: Other chemical and physical criteria for swimming pools and spa pools
Parameter
Maximum criteria
38C. A sign should be erected near high temperature pools warning of the dangers
of heat stress from bathing for too long. High temperature pools should not be used
for laps and aerobic exercise due to potential health risk from heat stress
As a general rule, TDS should not be permitted to rise to more than 1500 mg/L
above the source water and should not be permitted to exceed3000 mg/L
Turbidity
Dimethylhydantoin
200 mg/L
Copper
2 mg/L
Silver
0.1 mg/L
Total trihalomethanes
0.25 mg/L
0.3 mg/L
0.7 mg/L
0.02 mg/L
discarded. Table 5.7 lists the water quality parameter and the
best type of kit or methodology appropriate for that test.
5.9
(# = essential)
5.10 Record
keeping
n dose settings
n mechanical maintenance items
n # oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) (if applicable)
n chemical usage and stocks on hand
n backwashing
n water balance
PAGE 36 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
CHAPTER 6
6.1
Overview
potassium monopersulphate.
problems.
6.3
6.2
Chlorine demand
Chemical dosing
control equipment
dosing:
n Sunlight/shade
n Indoor/outdoor
n Aeration/ventilation
6.3.1
n Rain
n
Continuous metered
disinfectant dosing system
and micro-organisms.
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 37
the pool circulation system and not directly into the pool.
disinfection by-products.
Reductants cause the millivolt value to decrease and
A pump which delivers liquid chlorine at a particular rate
generation.
as a function of ORP
6.3.2
Oxidation-reduction potential
ORP (mV)
750
720
690
660
630
600
1 2
30
50
100
(OCl-)
(OCl-)
6.3.3
potentiostatic three electrode amperometric (or triIt is often difficult to obtain a satisfactory ORP reading in
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 39
pH
Total alkalinity
Calcium hardness
Temperature
Automatic controllers
6.4.2
pH
pool is. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7.0 being
probes
Total alkalinity
6.4
Water balancing
6.4.1
Overview
Calcium hardness
bather discomfort.
form within pipes and can cause mud balls within filters.
PAGE 40 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
Minimum
60 ppm
Low
Total
Alkalinity
pH Bounce
Etching of pool/spa surface
Staining of surface walls
Heater failure
Temperature
pH
High
Total
Alkalinity
0
3
8
12
16
19
24
29
34
41
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
pool surfaces.
6.4.6
200 ppm
pH Lock
Cloudy water
Rough pool/spa surfaces
Clogged filters
Clogged heater elements
Reduced circulation
Temperature C
6.4.5
Maximum
Factor
5
25
50
75
100
150
200
300
400
800
0.7
1.4
1.7
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.3
2.5
2.6
2.9
25
50
75
100
150
200
300
400
800
Factor
0.3
1.0
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.9
2.1
2.2
2.5
the calcium factor (CF) are obtained from using the Tables
below and extrapolating factors as required.
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 41
6.5
determined:
33 C.
of swimming pool
water.37
6.5.1
http://www.lenntech.com/ro/index/ryznar.htm
chemistry parameters:
bushland areas.
ideal target.
PAGE 42 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
n Storage
Costs of reuse
Environmental grants
is recommended.
6.5.2
Backwash water
Backwash water may be heavily contaminated with
pathogenic micro-organisms and harmful chemicals.
6.6
6.6.1
8.5, Education.
6.6.2
guide.40
(Phase 1). 40
negligible.
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 43
A high TDS may indicate a high salinity and salty taste that
is caused by a high concentration of sodium ions. A high
effect overall.
minor effect.
6.6.3
Water sources
chlorination.
41
tanks.42
(ii) Borewater
PAGE 44 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
6.7
Shock dosing
Education
water quality.
Superchlorination
6.7.4
nitrogen ratios.
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 45
some circumstances.
6.7.6
expensive to replace.
Zeolite
6.7.7
6.7.5
Ozone
Ventilation indoor
6.7.8
volatile, that is, they readily move from the water to the
PAGE 46 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 47
CHAPTER 7
7.1
7.2
systems are more suited to low bather load and low risk
WHO (2006).2
7.2.1
working order
n
n
channels or skimmers.
submerged body
PAGE 48 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
Pool circulation
At least 75-80% of the pool water should be
taken from the surface of the pool and the
remainder from the bottom. Bottom suction
should be achieved using multiple suctions
of a velocity of not more than 0.25 m/s
(metres per second) and a minimum
separation distance of 0.8 m. Deep-end
suction outlets are considered essential and
should be designed to prevent entrapment.
Bather load
7.2.2
to water depth
Water depth
< 1.0 m
1.0 1.5 m
> 1.5 m
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 49
7.2.3
metres per hour (m3/h), to and from the pool through all
Pool turnover is the time taken for the entire pool water
and back to the pool (WHO, 2006). This does not mean
that all of the water will leave the pool and be
re-circulated. Rather it is a measurement of the equivalent
pool volume, as some of the pool water will not actually
be recirculated. Turnover time is expressed in the number
of hours to complete one turnover. The type, size and
particularly the depth of the pool determine pool
turnover time. Shallow wading pools and spas require a
shorter turnover time as they are subject to more bather
pollution per volume of water (bather load). Diving pools
Spa pools
20 minutes maximum
turnover rates:
speed
standards of clarity
Circulation rate
(m3/h)
7.2.4
Water distribution
zonal and non-zonal
Improving filtration.
7.3
Filtration systems
(m3)
divided by the
to the pool, it will mix with and dilute the remaining dirty
No. of turnovers
67.0
86.0
95.0
98.0
99.3
99.7
99.9
10
99.99
7.2.6
7.2.7
Dye Testing
Entrapment prevention
bathing load. The more rapid the turnover rate the less
Turnover
(hours)
Filterable suspended
solids removed (%)
(Original 100%)
48
19
155
24
58
12
16
Days to reach
equilibrium
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 51
only suitable for small, low bather load pools. Some pool
pools.
7.3.2
m3/h:
have a large
7.3.3
High rate 31 to 50
m3/h:
maintenance.
PAGE 52 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
Filter type
Ultrafine
Up to 80
Medium granular
m2
Up to 20 m2
m3/m2/h
1.5 m3/m2/h
Up to 10
m3/m2/h
25-30
Element
m2
3-5
5 m3/m2/h
37-42 m3/m2/hr
Not applicable
Cleaning
3 weekly (typically)
Weekly (typically)
Filter aid
None
Micro-flocculants are
recommended
None
Cleaning implications
Particulate collection
Surface
Depth
Surface
Particle removal
1-2 m
10 m; 7m with flocc
5 m
Use
All pools
All pools
Spas small
Recommended maximum
filtration rate
5 m3/h/m2
30 m3/h/m2
1.5 m3/h/m2
7.4
Maintenance of swimming
pools and spa pools
7.5
7.5.1
http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/environment/
legionellacontrol/Pages/default.aspx
Showers
7.5.3
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 53
Table 7.6: Minimum maintenance requirements of swimming pools and spa pools
Plant
Maintenance
Balance tank
Balance tanks need to be cleaned annually to remove any debris, mud and organic matter. Balance tanks, which do
not drain to waste, need to be pumped out.
Foot valve
Supply (filtered)
water inlets
Pool supply water inlets and surrounding tiles should be checked after each shut down for damage and compliance
with the specifications. It is important to check the diameter of the supply return inlet because obstructions will
reduce flow rates (increase turnover times). Reduced flow rate could lead to poor water quality.
Return (soiled)
water outlets
Outlet screens should be cleaned daily. Gutters, wet deck outlets and skimmer boxes should be inspected weekly.
Similar to supply fittings (inlets), any obstruction will increase turnover times and may lead to poor water quality.
More particularly, blocked screens will starve the filter plant and pumps of water.
Cleaning filters:
backwashing
The filter should be backwashed on a regular basis or when indicated by loss of head gauges (if fitted) or a reduction
in the rate of flow measured by a flow meter. Waiting for an observable flow reduction will be too late. Pool filters
should be backwashed weekly regardless of head loss because the entrapped oxidised body fats and sun screens are
not detained but only restricted from travelling through the filter bed. They may build up with little evidence of head
loss but will ultimately penetrate the filter bed. Preferably, backwashing should continue until the water runs clear (or
only slightly cloudy). In a closed system (where the backwash effluent is not visible) a reduction in the head loss after
each backwash should indicate adequate cleaning of the filter(s). If the pressure level is increasing after each
backwash, a longer backwash time may be required. Head loss should always reduce after backwashing. A filter
which does not show reduction should be investigated.
Cleaning filters:
sand inspection and
maintenance
Inspect condition of filter yearly. If the sand is unclean (indicated by the presence of mud, grease or alum balls) it is
usually recommended to replace the dirty sand layer with clean sand. Sand may need to be visually inspected every 5
years depending on filter performance.
Cleaning filters:
ultrafine filters (UFF)
UFF media should be replaced when backwashing is undertaken. The media should be re-generated weekly. If the
pool is implicated in a Cryptosporidium outbreak the filter should be backwashed immediately.
In line filters or
strainers
The main hair and lint strainer should be checked daily and cleaned when required.
Pool suctions
Suction cleaning
The frequency of suction cleaning to remove large contaminants depends upon the bather loads and usage
conditions of the pool. A plan of management should be developed accordingly. Under normal operating conditions,
suction cleaning may be required two or three times a week or once per week when the pool is not heavily loaded.
Large items such as rubber bands, hair clips and leaves should be removed with a net. It is recommended that larger
pools use an automatic pool cleaner each night.
Automatic control
probes
The pH and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) probes need to be calibrated and serviced to remove any scale that
has developed. They should be inspected, cleaned and calibrated at minimum six monthly intervals. Electrical
inspection should be conducted yearly by a licensed electrician.
Main circulation
pumps and motors
The main circulation pumps and pump motors should be serviced annually and checked regularly. All maintenance
should be in accordance with the manufacturers specification. Ideally multiple spare pumps should be available in
case of a failure.
Chlorine pump/
chlorinator
The chemical dosing system including any pumps (chlorinator) should be serviced annually and chlorine pumps with
an oil reservoir checked weekly. Upgrading to a larger capacity output system to cope with superchlorination needs
due to Cryptosporidium contamination should be considered.
Cleaning
Daily cleaning of any dirty water marks (biofilm) around the water line is recommended to prevent the harbourage of
any pathogenic micro-organisms. Regular superchlorination or oxidation is recommended to remove any biofilms
within pipes, fittings and filters.
Electrical
Electrical inspection should be performed annually by a licensed electrician experienced with swimming pools.
Legionnaires Disease.
http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/environment/
legionellacontrol/Pages/default.aspx
Hand basins
7.5.4
contamination.
PAGE 54 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
7.5.5
Water temperature
7.5.9
heat and keep the body cool. The heart pumps faster and
heart rate increases. If there is insufficient blood to the
7.5.6
7.5.10 Towel
Storage of hazardous
and dangerous chemicals
7.5.11 First
aid
and Safety Act 2011 and Work Health and Safety Regulation
authority requirements.
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 55
7.5.12 Shade
PAGE 56 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
CHAPTER 8
8.1
Overview
8.2
Epidemiology of
cryptosporidiosis
disinfection.
and food.
of their small size and the lengthy time taken during the
8.3
Control measures
and strategies
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 57
management areas:
n
Education
Sampling.
8.4
Personal hygiene
8.4.1
Personal hygiene
8.4.2
Awareness of infants
who are not toilet trained
possible)
n
n
all times
To enable us to have the highest level of sanitisation in our pool, all parents / guardians must sign this declaration
before your childs lesson.
HAS YOUR CHILD BEEN SICK WITHIN THE LAST 7 CONSECUTIVE DAYS WITH VOMITING, DIARRHOEA OR
CONJUNCTIVITIS? If yes, do not have a lesson today and we will give you a catch-up lesson when your child has not
been sick for 7 consecutive days.
Date
Child name
PAGE 58 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
Yes No
Signature
frequently
8.5
Education
http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/pubs/2007/Clean_
Pools.html
http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/pubs/2007/Healthy_
Swimming.html
http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/environment/
publicpools/Documents/cryptosporidium-notificationresponse-plan.pdf
website at:
http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/environment/publicpools/
http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/environment/
Pages/default.aspx
publicpools/Documents/faecal-incident-loose-stoolresponse-plan.pdf
ide
gu
to
step
healthy
SWIMMING
s to
Website:
http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/public-health/ehb/
general/pools/publicpools.html
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 59
8.6
http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/environment/
Operational control
and management
publicpools/Documents/faecal-incident-loose-stooln
response-plan.pdf
http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/environment/public
pools/Documents/vomit-incident-response-plan.pdf
be considered:
http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/environment/
publicpools/Documents/hard-surface-incidentresponse-plan.pdf
operational procedures
n
according to Chapter 3.
of their children
n
New pools
Consideration should be given to designing
amenities so that all patrons have no choice
but to walk through toilet and shower areas
before gaining access to the pool. To encourage
showering, warm showers with soap should
be provided with temperature control devices
to prevent scalding.
NOTE
Bacteriological testing does not include testing for
Cryptosporidium; however, the presence of E. coli is an
indicator of possible faecal contamination. Note that
Cryptosporidium has been detected in the absence of
bacterial indicators (see section 8.6.2)
8.6.1 Barriers
Filtration
Disinfection
PAGE 60 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
(i) Filters
pool water and some pool water will not be filtered because
Cryptosporidium oocysts.
(ii) Disinfection
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 61
CHAPTER 9
9.1
Overview
9.4
9.5
9.2
Pool designers
9.3
Operator competencies
PAGE 62 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
CHAPTER 10
10.2.1 Risk
10.1 Overview
identification
10.2 Public
Identified risk
health risk
1.
Contamination source
Identified risk
Identified risk
Identified risk
Identified risk
2. Transmission pathway
Identified risk
Identified risk
3. Susceptible host
Identified risk
Identified risk
10.2.2 Risk
assessment / characterisation
PRIORITY
Low
Medium
High
Impact
MEDIUM
HIGH
HIGH
High
LOW
MEDIUM
HIGH
Medium
LOW
LOW
MEDIUM
Low
Increasing priority
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 63
10.2.4 Implementation
for toddlers who are not toilet trained are held twice a
for those who become ill, and devastating for the pool
business for a few weeks when the community learns of
the outbreak attributable to the pool. Therefore this risk
can be assessed as:
n
Likelihood Medium
Impact High
Priority High
10.3
Risk
assessment
Management
strategies
Date
implemented
(Table 10.3).
management framework
Identified risk
Risk assessment
1. Contamination source
1.1 People
Identified risk
Likelihood
Impact
Priority =
Identified risk
Likelihood
Impact
Priority =
2. Transmission pathway
Identified risks
3. Susceptible host
Identified risks
controlling organisation.
n
management strategies.
PAGE 64 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
Risk assessment
Management strategies
Likelihood Medium
Impact Medium
Priority = Medium
Likelihood Low
Impact Medium
Priority = Low
n Ensure all patrons pass through turnstiles and sufficient staff are
Likelihood High
Impact Medium
Likelihood
Impact
Priority =
1. Contamination source
1.1 Patrons
change rooms
Likelihood
Impact
Priority =
Likelihood
Impact
Priority =
i) Windblown debris
LIP
LIP
iii) Litter
LIP
LIP
2. Transmission pathway
i) Filtration
LIP
ii) Circulation
LIP
iii) Disinfection
LIP
LIP
v) Water temperature
LIP
LIP
LIP
LIP
LIP
LIP
LIP
i) Age profile
LIP
LIP
LIP
iv) Behaviour
LIP
v) Comfort vs disinfection
(mucous membrane attack)
LIP
LIP
3. Susceptible host
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 65
10.4 Other
plans
Maintenance schedules
10.5 Descriptive
PAGE 66 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
CHAPTER 11
Legislation
11.1 Overview
http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/environment/publicpools/
Pages/default.aspx
11.2 The
Public Health
Act 2010 (the Act)
the premises.
11.3 The
Public Health
Regulation 2012
employees, or
(c) a pool provided at a hotel, motel or guest house or at
holiday units, or similar facility, for the use of guests,
or
premises.
(c) has facilities for injecting jets of water or air into the
water.
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 67
11.5 Enforcement
of the Act
and Regulation
Warning letters
Improvement Notices
Prosecution
11.4 Schedule
1 of the Regulation
PAGE 68 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
APPENDIX A
1.
Combined chlorine
and chloramines
offensive.
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 69
2.
Continual breakpoint
chlorination theory
chlorine measurements.
PAGE 70 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
still increasing and both the Concentration of ammonianitrogen and Measured Chlorine Residual decrease
3.
ZONE
2
ZONE
3
Total
Chlorine
Applied
N CONC.
Measured
Chlorine
Residual
Hump
Breakpoint
(Point A)
Irreducible
Chlorine Residual
5
Cl2 to NH3N Ratio (WI)
ZONE
1
{
7.6
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 71
Eliminates chloramines
Controls biofilms
Aids filtration
Aids clarification.
PAGE 72 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
Time
testing
conducted
Temp
o
C
Total
chlorine
mg/L
DPD tablets
Nos.1+3 (T)
Total-Free
(T) - (F)
Combined
chlorine
mg/L
Break point
0.0 mg/L at
the first test of
the day
ORP mV or
Free chlorine
mg/L
DPD tablets
No.1(F)
<Insert POR
range for this
pool>
pH
pH range
7.0-7.8
Calcium
hardness
Calcium
hardness
mg/L
Incidents / Corrective actions taken
Maintenance undertaken
Review by manager Data and corrective action to be reviewed by facility manager daily
Maintenance area
Daily Maintenance Log Detail what was undertaken and at what time of the day.
LSI = pH + TF + CF + AF - 12.1
where:
TF
=
Temperature
factor
CF = Calcium Hardness factor
AF = Alkalinity Factor
Name of
tester
Date _______________
Signature of
tester
Name of Manager
Signature of manager
Time of
maintenance
Date
Signature
Total
alkalinity
Total
alkalinity
range
80-200 mg/L
Using the water balance chart on reverse, calculate the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI). The ideal LSI is 0.2 and the range is 0.5 to 0.5.
Water Balance
Daily
average
6 am
9 am
12pm
3 pm
6pm
9pm
Time
testing
due
(see Chapter 5, section 5.10) This sheet should be modified to suit the type of pool
APPENDIX B
(See Chapter 5, section 5.10.) This sheet should be modified to suit the type of pool.
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 73
Temperature Factor
Calcium (hardness)
Calcium hardness
factor
Total alkalinity
Alkalinity factor
0.0
0.3
0.7
0.1
25
1.0
25
1.4
0.2
50
1.3
50
1.7
12
0.3
75
1.5
75
1.9
16
0.4
100
1.6
100
2.0
19
0.5
150
1.8
150
2.2
24
0.6
200
1.9
200
2.3
29
0.7
300
2.1
300
2.5
34
0.8
400
2.2
400
2.6
40
0.9
800
2.5
800
2.9
53
1.0
1000
2.6
1000
3.0
This log sheet is available electronically from the Departments web site:
www.health.nsw.gov.au
Change the Health Prescribed Operating Requirements (POR) levels so they are appropriate for the type of pool.
This depends on if the pool is indoor or outdoor, the temperature and the type of disinfection used.
See the Public Health Regulation 2012, Schedule 1
If used for a bromine disinfected pool the breakpoint is really important and DPD1 measures bromine.
If used for an ozone pool, insert a space to record when a check is done and the results.
If an automatic controller is used, and the results are input, then there needs to be a place to enter a manual
reading to compare with the automatic reading.
PAGE 74 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
APPENDIX C
Activity
Element 1:
Commitment to responsible use and
management of recycled water quality
Components:
requirements
n Engaging stakeholder
Element 2:
Assessment of the recycled water
system
Components:
n Identify intended uses and source
of recycled water
Component:
n Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling: Managing Health and Environmental Risk (Phase
1), 200640
Develop a recycled water policy
Source of water
Treatment
n Reverse osmosis
n Ultrafine filtration (UFF) and/or granular activated carbon (GAC) may be recommended
Intended uses
n Recreational swimming
n Hydrotherapy (possibly immunocompromised clients)
n Learn to swim (infants not toilet trained)
Exposure routes
n Ingestion (100 mL) more for infants
n Dermal: disinfection by-product (DBP) trihalomethanes (THM)
n Inhalation: DBP THM
Assessment of water quality data
n Turbidity, pH
n Microbial quality
n Chemical quality (DBP-THMs)
n Water quality indicators: total dissolved solids (TDS) /conductivity
n
n
n
n
Element 3:
Preventive measures for recycled water
management
Components:
n Preventive measures and multiple
barriers
n Critical control points
Preventive measures
Control of bather hygiene, showers prior to pool entry
Treatment: best available technology (RO, UFF, GAC, ultraviolet [UV])
Validation of treatment system
Pipework purple with reuse caution and signage (may be needed)
Documentation of responsibilities, operational procedures
Backflow and cross connection prevention
Controls monitoring, shutdown upon failure
Communication
n Recycled water should be tested prior to reuse, otherwise alternative clean water source
should be used
n Failures should be communicated and reported
n Education program for operational staff
n Validation prior to commissioning to ensure that recycled water complies with the standards
for drinking water
n On-line monitoring of pool water for TDS, free chlorine and/or oxidation-reduction potential
(ORP)
n Determine critical control points
assessment
Element 4:
Operational procedures and process
control
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
Documented procedures
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 75
Framework element
Element 5:
Verification of recycled water quality
and environmental sustainability
Activity
Water quality monitoring (turbidity, TDS, DBP, microbial)
Receiving water monitoring swimming pool water
Documentation and reliability
Annual reporting of water quality monitoring results to Public Health Unit (PHU)
Short-term evaluation of results
Corrective action
n
n
n
n
n
Element 6:
Management of incidents and
emergencies
Element 7:
Operator, contractor and end user
awareness and training
Element 8:
Community involvement and
awareness
Element 9:
Validation, research and development
n Validation of processes
n Design of equipment
n Investigative studies and research monitoring
Element 10:
Documentation and reporting
Element 11:
Evaluation and audit
Element 12:
Review and continual improvement
PAGE 76 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
APPENDIX D
(See Chapter 6, Section 6.6.) (Developed for use with Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling: Managing Health and
Environmental Risk (Phase 1), 2006) 40
Framework element
Activity
Element 1:
Commitment to responsible use and
management of rainwater to top-up
swimming pools
Components:
Rainwater use policy
Regulatory and formal requirements
Engaging stakeholders
Element 2:
Assessment of the water system
Components:
Identify intended uses
Component:
Hazard identification and risk
assessment
Element 3:
Preventive measures for recycled water
management
Components:
Preventive measures and multiple
barriers
Critical control points
Element 4:
Operational procedures and process
control
Source of water
n Rainwater tank
Treatment
n First flush system
n UFF filtration or other pre-treatment
n Disinfection: ultraviolet (UV)
n Introduced into the pool plant and not directly into the pool
Intended uses
n Recreational swimming
Exposure routes
n Ingestion (100 mL) more for infants
n Dermal: disinfection by-product (DBP) trihalomethanes (THM)
n Inhalation: DBP - THM
Assessment of water quality data
n Microbial quality
n Chemical quality (heavy metals)
pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity
Water Quality Indicators
n Turbidity (NTU), TDS
n Oils and grease
n Salts (coastal locations)
n Heavy metals (lead, copper)
n Microbiological indicators
Rainwater to be validated prior to use
n Microbial hazards
n Chemical hazards
n Hazards from failures
Documented procedures
n Operational monitoring
n Develop a contingency plan for contamination events
n Corrective advice
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 77
Framework element
Activity
Element 5:
Verification of rainwater quality
n
n
n
n
n
n
Element 6:
Management of incidents and
emergencies
n Communication
n Incident and emergency response protocol
Element 7:
Equipment capability and maintenance
Element 8:
Community involvement and
awareness
Element 9:
Validation, research and development
n Validation of processes
n Design of equipment
n Investigative studies and research monitoring
Element 11:
Evaluation and audit
Element 12:
Review and continual improvement
PAGE 78 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
APPENDIX E
Risk management
Inadequate disinfection
High risk: non-automated
chlorination, high pH, high
turbidity, high organic load, high
combined chlorine, high cyanuric
acid
Education
Ongoing education of pool operators
Pool policy to recommend showering
Regulation
Disinfection safeguards (compliance checks/closure of pools when they present a serious public
health risk)
Frequently testing of pools and verification by analysis of Heterotrophic Plate Count, Thermotolerant
coliforms (or Escherichia coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Training and certification of pool operators (nationally standardised)
Infectious accident
High risk: toddlers pools,
hydrotherapy pools and where
loose faecal accidents occur
Education
To inform the community about the risks of faecal accidents and the ways to avoid contaminating a pool
People with a diarrhoeal illness or for a two week period following a diarrhoea illness should not use
a swimming pool or a spa pool
Bowel incontinent adults should avoid using a swimming pool or spa pool
Babies and children that are not toilet trained should wear waterproof pants
Recommend showering with soap prior to bathing
Parents should encourage children to use a toilet regularly
Regulation
Decontamination safeguards to reduce risks by ensuring a prompt response to a potentially
infectious incident.
Pool closures may be warranted where a pool presents a serious public health risk
Spa pools and other small pools should be emptied and cleaned following an infectious accident
Separate filtration system for toddlers pools and hydrotherapy pools.
Pool supervisors need to be trained and certified to ensure that they know how to deal with a faecal
accident
Education
To inform the community about the risks associated with high bather loads / bather shedding
Regulation
Restrict bather numbers, especially in spa pools
Ensure adequate filtration and backwashing to remove pollutants
Frequent draining and cleaning of spa pools (dependent on water restrictions)
Ensure adequate disinfection and that cyanuric acid is not too high
Education
Recommend showering before entering a pool
Inform the community about the risk of pollution from bathers and the environment
Regulation
Prevent the entry of polluted material into a pool
Ensure the provision of easy access toilets and showers (with soap)
Adequate filtration and disinfection
Dilution of pool water with fresh water
Microbiological failure
High risk: stagnant, turbid pools
Poor disinfection
Poor pool filtration
Education
Pool operators
Regulation
Ensure that new pools are designed appropriately
Ensure disinfection levels are adequate
Ensure efficient pool turnover and filtration
Recommend that pool operators are trained in pool maintenance
Closure of pool until problem is rectified
Ingestion of water
High risk: head emersion, wave
pools, water slides
Education
Educate parents and young children that pool water may contain pathogens and that it should not
be swallowed
Length of exposure
High risk: spas with P. aeruginosa;
heat stress
Education
Risk associated with length of exposure
Regulation
To ensure that the presence of P. aeruginosa is regularly monitored
To prevent high temperatures.
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 79
Hazards
Illnesses that may be transmitted in swimming pools and spa pools from pathogenic micro-organisms
e.g. bacteria, viruses, and protozoa
Risk factors/issues
Risk management
Education
To inform the community about the risk to others and self from entering a pool with an open
wound.
Regulation
To prevent people with open wounds or infections from entering a public pool
Turbidity
High risk: poor pool filtration
Education
To ensure that pool operators properly maintain their pool(s)
Regulation
Compliance checks and appropriate upgrading of pool filtration equipment if required
Education
Inform the community about the outbreak, symptoms of the illness, treatment, and if necessary
precautions to prevent further spread
Regulation
Close the pool and require appropriate safeguards to prevent further infection e.g. shock dosing /
flocculation and coagulation
Pool malfunction
Regulation
On pool commissioning or pool upgrade appropriate microbiological and dye testing should be
undertaken to confirm microbiological safe conditions and adequate pool circulation (and absence of
dead spots)
Education
Publication/distribution of compliance studies/results
Regulation
Development of an Environmental Health Management System to better monitor and control
compliance problems
PAGE 80 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
Glossary / Abbreviations
Term
Definition
Acidic
Alkaline (basic)
Alkalinity
Amperometric
APHA
APVMA
AS/NZS
Active chlorine
Backwash
Bather load
BCDMH
Biofilm
A complex of micro-organisms held in a slime layer of polysaccharides often covering the inner surface of
pipes
Breakpoint chlorination
The process of maintaining sufficient free available chlorine in the pool water to chemically convert
chloramines and ammonia-nitrogen compounds to inert nitrogen gas. Theoretically where total chlorine
equals free available chlorine and combined chlorine is zero
CFU
Colony forming units: a unit expressing the number of counted bacterial colonies grown on a plate
Chloramines
Chlorine
Chlorine gas is Cl2 which when dissolved in water forms hypochlorous acid and the hypochlorite ion
Chlorination
Clarity
Clearness or lack of cloudiness in water; indicated by the distance through the water at which an object can
be seen
Coagulation
The process of particles clumping together to form a mass with the aid of a flocculent material
Coliforms
Colorimetric
A chemical determination method involving a colour change in the substrate detectable by the eye
Combined chlorine
Chlorine that has combined with ammonia, ammonium compounds or organic matter. Chloramines are a
major component of combined chlorine
Cryptosporidiosis
Ct
A measure of the concentration (C) of disinfectant multiplied by its contact time (t) to produce a measured
inactivation rate of a particular micro-organism
Disinfectant
Disinfection
Also called sanitising. A process intended to inactivate, kill or remove the vegetative cells of pathogenic
(disease causing) micro-organisms, by direct exposure to chemical or physical agents. Disinfection does not
necessarily inactivate spores and other resistant structures such as oocysts
DBP
Disinfection by-product
DPD method
The N,N-diethyl-p-phyenylene diamine method of measuring free available chlorine and total chlorine
concentrations or equivalent bromine concentrations in swimming pool or spa pool water
Epidemiology
The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations,
and the application of the study to the control of health problems
Faecal-oral route of
transmission
Filter
A device or material for removing suspended particles from swimming pool or spa pool water fitted to the
circulation system
Free bromine
Also known as free available bromine. The sum of hypobromus acid and hypobromite ion. When measured
using the DPD tablet No. 1 method monobromamine is included in the measurement
Free chlorine
Also known as free available chlorineor free residual chlorine. The sum of the concentrations of
hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ion. Measured by using DPD tablet No. 1
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 81
Term
Definition
FC
Faecal coliforms are facultatively-anaerobic, rod-shaped, gram negative, non-sporulating, bacteria. They are
capable of growth in the presence of bile salts or similar surface agents, oxidase negative, and produce acid
and gas from lactose within 48 hours at 44 0.5C. The faecal coliform assay should only be used to assess
the presence of faecal matter in situations where faecal coliforms of non-faecal origin are not commonly
encountered
FS
Faecal streptococci present in human and animal intestines, but also in the stomach. Many species of
strepotcoccus are pathogenic. They cause diseases such as bacterial pneumonia, ear infection and bacterial
meningitis.
Hour
Halogen
Chemicals in the halogen group of the periodic table, including fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine
Hazard
The capacity of an agent to produce a particular type of adverse health or environmental effect; or a set of
circumstances that could lead to harm
Hazard identification
The identification, from animal and human studies, in vitro studies and structure-activity relationships, of
adverse health effects associated with exposure to an agent
Host
A person or other living animal or plant that harbours or nourishes another organism (parasite)
HPC
The heterotrophic plate count, formerly known as the standard plate count, is a procedure for estimating
the number of live heterotrophic (an organism that cannot synthesise its own food and is dependent on
complex organic substances for nutrition) bacteria in water
The process of estimating the potential impact of a chemical, biological, physical or social agent on a
specified human population system under a specific set of conditions and for a certain timeframe
The process of evaluating alternative actions, selecting options and implementing them in response to
health risk assessments. The decision making will incorporate scientific, technological, social, economic and
political information. The process requires value judgements, e.g. on the tolerability and reasonableness of
costs
Indicator
Make-up-water
mg
mg/L
micron
micro-organism
mL
Oocyst
Operator / occupier
That person who has control and management of the swimming pool and/or spa pool.
ORP
Outbreak
Two or more cases of a communicable (infectious) disease related in the same place and time and with a
common exposure; cluster has a similar meaning but usually refers to smaller numbers
Pa
Parasite
An organism that uses the body of another organism to support its growth and reproduction
Pathogen
pH
A scale (ranging from 0 to 14) which measures the inverse logarithmic concentration of the H+ ion in water
that indicates the acid or alkali condition of the water. pH 7 is neutral
Photometric
A chemical determination method involving a colour change intensity in the substrate detectable a beam of
light set at a particular wavelength
Pool turnover
Pool inlet
Pool outlet
The point where pool water flows from the pool to the circulation and treatment systems
PWTAG
Recycle
Recycle means to use some material or matter again after suitable treatment
Reuse
Risk
The probability that, in a certain time frame, an adverse outcome will occur in a person etc that is exposed
to a particular dose or concentration of a hazardous agent, i.e. it depends on both the level of toxicity of the
agent and the level of exposure
Shock dose
The addition of pool chemicals to pool or spa water to achieve concentrations of at least 10 mg/L of chlorine
for the destruction of combined chlorine, micro-organisms, and other impurities
Skimmer gutter
A drainage system provided to collect surface water flow from the swimming pool or spa pool and return it
to the treatment plant or to waste
PAGE 82 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
Term
Definition
Skimmer weir
A device provided to ensure that swimming pool or spa pool water is drawn from the surface for return to
the treatment plant or to waste
Spa pool
A pool or other water-retaining structure designed for human use (but not for swimming):
(a)that is capable of holding more than 680 L water; and
(b)that incorporates, or is connected to, equipment that is capable of heating water contained in it to
above 26oC and injecting air bubbles or water into it under pressure so as to cause general turbulence
in the water
Superchlorination
The addition of sufficient chlorine to a swimming pool or spa pool to raise the level of free available chlorine
to greater than ten times the combined chlorine concentration (usually about 8-10 mg/L) for the destruction
of chloramines
Total alkalinity
Sometimes called reserve alkalinity. A measure of the total amount of alkaline compounds in a water body,
usually expressed as mg/L calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
Total chlorine
The sum of combined chlorine and free available chlorine. Measured by adding DPD tablet No. 3 after a DPD
tablet No. 1 to a sample of pool water
Thermotolerant Coliforms
Bacteria that originate from the gut of warm blooded animals and are used as an indicator of faecal
contamination. Similar to faecal coliforms
TDS
Total dissolved solids. A measure of the total amount of dissolved elements and compounds in water
expressed as mg/L
TPC
Turbidity
Turnover rate
The period of time required to achieve complete exchange the equivalent of one complete volume of pool
water through the filter
WHO
Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 83
References
1.
2.
4.
Sons, 1997.
1997;21(23):353-4.
5.
6.
Epidemiol 1982;116(5):834-9.
7.
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Dermatol 1999;40(2):89-92.
9.
PAGE 84 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document
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79(7):889-90
Dis J 1988;7(2):91-4.
Med 1998;55:258-63.
1990;12:490-513.
1991;13:S399-S402.
http://www.nphp.gov.au/enhealth/council/pubs/pdf/
1994;5:12-20.
http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelines/publications/
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