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WHAT IS FIRST AID ?

Immediate

assistance
or
treatment given to someone
injured or suddenly taken ill
before
the
arrival
of
ambulance, doctor or other
appropriately qualified person.
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AIM OF FIRST AID

To preserve life
To limit worsening of the condition
To promote recovery

BEING A FIRST AIDER

Protecting the casualty
Responsibilities as a

first

aider
Giving care with confidence

PROTECTING THE CASUALTY

To avoid cross infection when giving first aid,

if possible;
Avoid direct contact with the body fluid
Wash your hand
Wear protective glove

If gloves are unavailable, life saving treatment

must still be given

RESPONSIBILITIES AS A FIRST
AIDER
To assess a situation quickly and safely and

summon appropriate help

To protect casualties and others at the scene

from danger

To identify, as far as possible, the injury or

nature of illness affecting a casualty

To give each casualty early and appropriate

treatment,
treating
conditions first

the

most

serious
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To arrange for the casualtys removal to the

hospital, into the care of a doctor or his or her

home

To remain with the casualty until appropriate

care is available

To report your observations to those taking

over care of the casualty and to give further

assistance if required

To prevent cross infection between yourself

and the casualty as much as possible

GIVING CARE WITH

Early casualty need to feel secure
CONFIDENCE

and in safe hands you can act

confidence by:
Being in control, both yourself and
the problem
Acting calmly and logically
Being gentle, but firm with your
hands and speaking to the casualty
kindly but purposely
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FIRST AID at EMERGENCY

4 Main steps of emergency

action
Assess
Make safe
Give emergency aid
Get help
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ASSES THE SITUATION

Approach must be brisk, but calm

and controlled
Priorities are to identify any risk to

yourself to the casualty and to any

bystanders
To assess the resources available

and the kind of help you may need

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MAKE THE AREA SAFE

Put your own safety first
Dont attempt to do too much, be

aware of your limitations

Remove the danger from the

casualty if possible

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GIVE EMERGENCY AID

Make initial assessment of the

casualty
Established whether casualty ;
Is conscious
Has an open airway
Is breathing
Has a pulse

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13

GET HELP
Other people can be asked to

make ;
Make area safe
Telephone for assistance
Fetch first aid equipment
Control traffic and onlookers
Control bleeding or support limb
Maintain the casualtys privacy
Transport the casualty to a safe place
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FIRST AID BOX

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FIRST AID BOX

Basic Materials For First Aid Kit (For hazard

areas)

Easily identifiable watertight box

20 adhesive dressing (plasters) in assorted

sizes]
6 medium sterile dressings
2 large sterile dressings
2 extra large sterile dressings
2 sterile eye pads
6 triangular bandages
6 safety pins
Disposable gloves

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USEFUL ADDITION
2 crepe roller bandages
Scissors
Tweezers
Cotton wool
Non-alcoholic wound cleansing wipes
Adhesive tape
Notepad, pencil and tags
Plastic face shield
For outdoor activities; blanket, survival, bag,

torch and whistle

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18

Definition
An injury that occurs without

harm being intended

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TYPES
Motor vehicle injuries
Home injuries
Work injuries
Sport injuries

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Motor vehicle injuries

Factor contributes
Prevention steps
Motorcycle and

mopeds
Bicycles
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Home injuries
Falls

Fires
Poisoning
Suffocation and choking
Heimlich

maneuver

Firearms
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Work injuries
Cause factor
Prevention steps
RSIs (repetitive strain injuries)
Carpal tunnel syndrome - common problem affecting the
hand and wrist. Symptoms begin when the median nerve
gets squeezed inside the carpal tunnel of the wrist, a
medical condition known as nerve entrapmen.

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Sport injuries
Simple fracture

Fracture

Comminuted

Open/compound
Close

Greenstick

Dislocation
Soft tissue injuries
Contusion/ bruises
Sprains
Strains

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Fracture
Definition : break
Symptoms :
Out-of-place or misshapen limb or joint
Swelling, bruising or bleeding
Intense pain
Numbness and tingling
Limited mobility or inability to move a limb

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Simple fracture :
A clean break / crack in the bone
only bone damage with little or no soft tissue
damage
broken bone ends do not penetrate the skin

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Comminuted fracture :
Produces multiple bone fragments.
Greenstick fracture :
incomplete fracture in which
only one side of the bone has
been broken
A split in a young immature
bone is common in children.

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Open / compound fracture :

fragments of the bone will
penetrate through the internal
soft tissue.
break through the skin from the inside.
Closed fracture :
Skin around a broken bone is intact
Bruising and swelling around the
fracture site

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Dislocation
joint injuries that force the ends of your bones

out of position.

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Soft tissue injuries

Damage of the soft tissue of the body

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