Annotated Bibliography

Bell, Randy. "Reducing Food Waste Has Economic, Environmental and Social Benefits."
MSU Extension. 27 Mar. 2012. Web. 28 Mar. 2
This article talks about the economic costs the food wastage has on the economy. It also
focuses on the issue of people wasting food by disposing them. One of the main points of
this article is about landfills and edible crops. This is one of the ways to control the
wastage and is clearly mentioned in the article.

Buzby, Jean C., Hodan Farah Wells, and Jaspreet Aulakh. "Food Loss-Questions About the
amount and Causes Still Remain." USDA ERS. USDA, 1 Jan. 2014. Web. 04 Apr. 2016.
This article is very similar to the first source in my bibliography, but it comes from the
USDA, and cites many different studies and takes the article in a different direction.
Still, the general arguments are pretty similar. The article begins by defining food waste,
goes on to describe the dire state of the issue in America, identifies the sources of such
loss, and finally concludes with some solutions to the issue. This article differs in the
approach to solutions to food loss, claiming government regulation is the answer while
many other articles Ive read put the onus on the consumer to make personal changes.
This source was valuable first and foremost as an article published by the USDA, the
leading authority (in my opinion) in research to do with food loss. The information
presented is highly reliable and unbiased, allowing for personal interpretation of the
data. This source fits perfectly into my research, as it addresses the causes of food waste
instead of simply spouting facts about the current state of the issue. I relied on this source
for information of food waste on the retail side.

Cox, Jayne. "Household Food Waste: Attitudes and Behaviours." Household Food Waste:
Attitudes and Behaviours. Brook Lyndhurst, 1 Nov. 2006. Web. 04 Apr. 2016.

This article focuses solely on the consumer aspect of food waste. The article is very
Involved and comes from a reputable source. The study is well constructed and
unbiased in terms of source. This study was conducted in two phases, and most of
the information I got out of it was from phase one. Phase one included a comprehensive
list of all possibilities that occur on the consumer end to add to the issue of food waste.
I used this research study to bolster my argument concerning the problem of food waste
as it relates to the consumer. I essentially drew from the list of possible actions and used
them to construct a picture of consumer food loss.

EPA. "Turning Food Waste into Energy at the East Bay Municipal Utility District(EBMUD)."
Epa.gov. Environmental Protection Agency, 3 Feb. 2016. Web. 28 Mar. 2016.
This report by the Environmental Protection Agency provided me with the statistic of
how much of Americas landfills are comprised of wasted food. This site also highlighted
the process of how wasted food is broken down into methane. The EPA is a government
agency and its reports and finding are proven to be quite valid.

FAO. "Food Waste Harms Climate, Water, Land and Biodiversity - New FAO Report." UNEP.
United Nations Environment Program, 11 Sept. 2013. Web. 14 Apr. 2016.
This source held a vast amount of information in concise, bulleted form about the
environmental and economic damages caused by food waste. It covers not only the
dangers, but where they are located and why. The article also goes on to discuss possible
solutions to the issue. The main arguments are that food waste has horrible, annual
environmental impacts, and that the issue of food waste affects different geographic
locations in different ways. This source was useful in summarizing a lot of information I
had gained elsewhere, and distributing it in a very clear manner. This is a source put forth
by the United Nations, and cited heavily, so I believe the information to be correct and
objective. The article includes quotes from leading officials in the field, who offer quotes

to the importance of the issue. I used this source to compile many of the facts about the
economic impacts of food waste found in my paper.

"Food Waste: Causes, Effects, and Solutions." Farm Together Now The Book and Blog. 08 Nov.
2014. Web. 04 Apr. 2016.
Farm Together Now is a book that developed into a blog and online community about
a variety of problems with the agricultural industry. This particular article on the site
covers the issue of food waste and the causes and effects of our current model of
food efficiency. The main points highlight the state of food waste as it exists in the
present day, the way food waste varies between developed and developing countries,
examines possible solutions to food waste, and emphasizes the urgency of the situation.
This source, while not a prestigious study conducted by a university or government
agency, is a very well documented and cited article. Every claim put forth in this text is
backed up by linked, in-text hyperlinks that lead straight to the published study. The
article is fairly objective, although it is clear the author has a defined stance on the
importance of the issue. This source was very valuable to me in my memo as it provided
great insight into food waste in terms of societal constructions. This article discussed
the issue of food waste as arising from living in an industrial, developed nation.

GreenFacts. "Global Food Wastage Causes and Impact on Natural Resources." Green Facts,
Facts on Health and Evironment. Morris & Chapman, 4 Nov. 2014. Web. 14 Apr. 2016.
This source is a summary of an extensive report filed by the FAO about the problem of
food waste and its impact on natural resources. The topics covered include the where,
how, and what questions related to food waste. The article also covers hotspots of food
waste and their significance. The main arguments are related to the environmental impact
in terms of damage to the land and biodiversity of areas used to produce food that will go
wasted. This source was useful in gaining facts from a report that would have taken a

very long time to synthesize. Because most of the information was gained from an FAO
report, the facts are reputable and unbiased. I used this source to understand the
environmental impacts here on land, as opposed to other sources that focused primarily
on the atmospheric impact of food waste. I could use this source in the future to examine
similar information that would apply to papers to come.

Gustavsson, Jenny, Christel Cederberg, and Ulf Sonesson. "Global Food Losses and Food
Waste." Extant, Causes and Prevention. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations, 2011. Web. 28 Mar. 2016.
This article describes the losses that occur because of the food wastage. It also describes
the preventive measures to stop the food waste. One of the interesting point mentioned in
the article is about the green gas emission. It also states that since the large about of food
chain is being wasted, all the green gas production is in vain.

Hall, Kevin D., Juen Guo, Micheal Dore, and Carson C. Chow. "The Progressive Increase of
Food Waste in America and Its Environmental Impact." PLOS ONE:. Plos.org, 29 Nov.
2009. Web. 28 Mar. 2016
This study examined the amount of natural resources expended in the practice of wasting
food. The statistics for the amount of water wasted as well as the fossil fuels expended
came from this publication. PLOS.org is a highly reputable site and a valuable resource
for finding well executed scientific studies.

Hatz, Diane. "Facts." Facts. End Hunger Now, 1 Jan. 2013. Web. 28 Mar. 2016.
End Food Waste Now is a site dedicated to minimizing the effects of food waste on
the environment. The aspect of the site I chose to gain information from was the
listing of facts relating to food waste put forth by a variety of government agencies
and other truly reputable researchers. I chose to use a fact from this site highlighting
the dangers of putting food in a landfill to be broken down to a methane gas.

Hickey, Micheal E., and Gulnihal Ozbay. "Food Waste in the United States: A Contributing
Factor toward Environmental Instability." Frontiers. Frontiers in Environmental Science,
28 Nov. 2014. Web. 04 Apr. 2016.
This source focuses primarily on the issue of food waste as it relates to the environment.
Many environmental implications as well as solutions are covered in this article. The
main arguments consist of the impacts the process of food waste has on the
environment, referencing issues such as runoff, landfills, and methane produced
by food decay. The article also focuses on solutions through recycling and salvaging
food wasted by retailers and consumers alike. This source comes from a reputable
online scientific journal focusing specifically on environmental issues. This is one of
the most detailed and reputable sources in my bibliography. This source was
instrumental in expressing the agricultural aspect of food waste, as it delved into that
topic with great detail when describing the environmental issues associated with food
waste.

Payne, Kyra. "The Consequences of Food Waste." Student Pulse. Student Pulse, 1 Jan. 2014.
Web. 14 Apr. 2016.
This extremely in depth paper examines food waste from many aspects, including where,
why, and how food waste happens. The main arguments included uniquely the way food
waste has grown in the past few years, as well as explored the increase in food prices and
their relation to the economic loss of wasting food. Like the other articles, this source
included an evaluation of the problem, its consequences, and some solutions to the
problem. This source was extremely useful in going into detail the environmental
problems associated with food waste. The paper was cited heavily, and referenced a great
deal of studies that were published on very reputable publications. This source was
unbiased and included a wealth of information without any personal opinion. I used this
source a great deal to compile facts about environmental issues in food waste. I could use
this source in future papers as it includes a lot of information that doesnt just apply to
evaluative claims.