0.

Active Filters:
. Active filters are essentially an improvement on passive filters. The thing wi
th passive filters is that gain drops considerably which is called insertion los
s in technical terms.
. So you add an op-amp in conjunction with your passive filter networks to help
with the gain. The gain is controlled using the feedback network.
. This addition also leads to high input impedance and low output impedance.
. There is also zero insertion loss.
1. Active Low Pass Filters:
. Made out of a bypass circuit and an op-amp.
. The cut-off frequency is determined by 1/2piRC as most active low pass filters
are equal valued.
. The higher the order of your circuit, the greater - steeper - is the roll off
rate.
1.1 Salen Key Low Pass Filter:
. A two-pole filter i.e. it has two bypass circuits.
. Cut-off frequency = 1/2pisqrt.(RARBCACB) when the filter is not equal valued.
. The capacitor along the feedback loop determines the shape of the edge of the
roll-off. The higher the value, the more well-defined/straight it becomes.
2. Active High Pass Filters:
. Made out of a coupling circuit and an op-amp.
. The cut-off frequency is determined by 1/2piRC as most active high pass filter
s are equal valued.
. The higher the order of your circuit, the greater - steeper - is the roll off
rate.
2.1 Salen Key High Pass Filter:
. A two-pole filter i.e. it has two coupling circuits.
. Cut-off frequency = 1/2pisqrt.(RARBCACB) when the filter is not equal valued.
3. Cascading:
. Cascading allows you to increase the order of your filter.
. Cascading two 2-pole filters will make a 4th order filter.
4. Multiple Feedback Bandpass Filters:
. A0 or Amax = R2/2R1.
. A0 or Amax < 2Q^2
. BW = fc2 - fc1 does not work for these filters.
. Use Q = f0/BW and Q = pi*f0*CR2 to figure out BW.
5. State Variable Filters:
a. Bandpass:
. Two inverting low pass filters (integrators) invert the input into a summing a
mplifier. This input is fed back into the summing amplifier. For the pass band o
f the two low pass filters, the summing amplifier output is constantly 0. As the
roll off sets in, the low pass filters allow increasinly smaller values through
. This leads to the summing amplifier output to increase accordingly.
. Once f0 is achieved, the rest of the roll off now serves as the low pass porti
on of the overall response.
. f0 and cut-off frequency are determined by the two integrators.
. f0 = fc in this case.
. Q = 1/3 * (R5/R6 + 1).
. Butterworth response = 20 dB per decade roll off rate.
. Chebyshev response = > 20 dB per decade roll off rate.