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2011/5/16
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The Effect of Different Ability Distribution on Item
Parameters and Test Information Function
:
.
BILOG-MG 3
WINGEN 60 .
.
)(0.05
.
-0.5
0.63 ) . :
(.
: ) Item
) (Unidimensionality
) (Warm, 1978
:
) Hambleton,
(Swaminathan & Rogers, 1991
.
) Local
(Independence
) & Croker & Algina, 1986; Hambleton
.(Swaminthan, 1985
(Response Theory
) Mislevy
.(& Bock, 1990
) (
)(Item Characteristic Curve
) (Monotonically Increasing
).(Hambleton, 1994
_________________________
* .
.
151
)Sample-
(Free
) .(Hambleton, 1994) (Item-Free
) (Lord, 1980
) .(Invariance
:
) & Rup
.(Zumbo, 2006
.
) (Cypress, 1973
)600 300 150 75
(1200 35 :
90 .
) (
.
) (Dichotomous Models
) .(Polytomous Models
) ;De Gruijter & Van Der Kamp, 2005
.(Embreston & Rise, 2000
).(Hambleton & Sawminthan, 1985
) (Seong, 1990
.
) (Stocking, 1990
.
)
2004 Hambleton & Cook,1980; Hambleton & Jones,
(1994
.
) (Stone, 1992
) (Maximum Likelihood Estimaation
.
.
) .(2005
:
) (2008
71
1000
.
) (
.
.
) (Invariance
) (Lord, 1980
. )(Miller & Linn, 1988
1985 6799 .
.
.
.
) (Fan, 1998
.
.
) (2000
1061
.
.
.
.
) Kelkar, Wightman
.
-:
:
) (inflexion
.
.1 ) (
)
(
:
.
:
.
.2 )
( )
(
.3
)
(
WINGEN
)(Han & Hambleton, 2007
.
: ) Normal
(Distribution )Uniform (Distribution
) (Beta Distribution
.
:
.
.
: 60
) (Drasgow, 1982
.
:
:
) :
(.
Log normal ~ (0 ,
) 0.25
0.286 1.024
) & Hambleton
(Swaminthan, 1985
0 2.
) Normal~ (0 , 1
1.024 0.053
.
:
.
:
) (1+ci/2 i
ci .
154
0.061 0.191 .
) (1
.
Beta ~(8 ,
) 32
) (
:1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
ai
bi
ci
ai
bi
ci
1.027
0.819
1.288
0.701
0.739
1.080
0.826
0.796
1.172
0.645
1.176
0.817
1.276
0.946
1.045
0.641
0.941
0.869
2.064
0.798
0.895
1.500
0.974
1.354
1.218
0.674
1.390
0.952
1.103
1.384
0.061
0.461
-0.851
01.16
-0.064
0.943
0.689
-0.461
1.120
-0.575
0.656
-2.815
0.188
-0.414
1.055
-1.398
-0.542
-0.214
0.235
-0.439
0.007
-0.669
-0.850
-0.982
0.949
2.288
-0.917
-0.925
0.127
1.430
0.252
0.139
0.188
0.224
0.281
0.175
0.139
0.259
0.138
0.192
0.118
0.170
0.153
0.238
0.199
0.212
0.397
0.188
0.116
0.147
0.164
0.206
0.178
0.180
0.115
0.237
0.258
0.392
0.177
0.206
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
1.397
1.097
0.726
1.248
0.906
1.275
1.008
0.891
1.533
1.053
1.038
1.514
0.924
0.868
1.207
1.018
0.955
1.375
1.135
1.451
1.096
0.698
1.442
0.522
1.013
0.720
0.849
0.765
0.794
1.114
1.066
1.173
-0.003
0.746
-0.828
-0.067
0.456
0.414
0.651
-1.625
0.405
0.665
-1.024
-1.394
0.849
-0.420
-0.689
-0.609
2.009
-0.654
0.266
1.484
0.180
1.477
-0.583
-2.322
0.026
-0.542
0.775
2.039
0.253
0.140
0.144
0.201
0.150
0.139
0.085
0.121
0.154
0.131
0.155
0.271
0.117
0.181
0.181
0.195
0.146
0.193
0.220
0.153
0.271
0.174
0.217
0.189
0.215
0.137
0.280
0.169
0.256
0.162
1.20 -0.60
0.67 - 0.263 .
: 10000
:
) (3 10000 Beta ~ (3 ,
) 2
1.19 0.61
0.66 0.29
.
) (1 10000 Normal
) ~ (0 , 1
1.01 0.0005
0.07 - 0.02 .
) (4 5000
5000
) (2 10000 Beta ~ (2 ,
) 3
155
10000
1.34 0.006
-0.86 -0.01 .
60 1000
) (Drasgow, 1982
) (Lord, 1980 50
1000 .
SPSS, BILOG-MG 3, NOHARM
-:
.
- )(Kolmogorove-Smirnov
-
) ( = 0.01
.
:
, :
)(Principle Component Analysis
) .(Varimax
) (2 .
1000
:2
12.122
1.96
20.203
3.273
12.863
1.988
24.446
3.313
16.063
2.150
26.771
3.584
17.148
2.127
28.580
3.546
6.172
6.472
7.472
8.060
) (2
20
2
).(Hatti, 1984 ; Reckase, 1997
:3 RMSR
NOHARM
Residual
Analysis
Residual Matrix
) .Root Mean Square of Residuals (RMSR
156
RMSR
0.006
0.982
0.008
0.978
0.003
0.995
0.006
0.991
.4 ) 1000(
40
) ( = 0.01 0.0006
).(356 219
) (3
.
) & Emberston & Reise, 2000; Hambleton
.(Swaminthan, 1985
56 52 40 57
1000 ) (8
.
:
BILOG-MG 3
:
.1 ) 1000(
56 2
) .( = 0.01
.(0.0041) 2
) (353 705
).( = 0.01
-:
.2 ) 1000(
).(453
) Least Significant Differences (LSD
.
.3 ) 1000(
52
) ( = 0.01
0.0054
).(994 414 63
) (
BILOG-MG 3 . )(4
.
157
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
:4 ) (
-0.147
0.421
-0.738
0.950
-0.180
0.897
0.549
-0.470
1.080
-0.839
0.618
-2.795
0.195
-0.368
0.976
-1.138
-0.152
-0.084
0.284
-0.289
0.106
-0.671
-0.860
-0.853
0.914
2.590
-0.841
-1.345
0.161
1.367
1.029
1.076
0.005
0.676
-0.698
-0.066
0.540
0.474
0.650
0.528
0.574
-0.937
-1.272
0.858
-0.240
-0.554
-0.587
1.669
-0.511
0.263
0.162
1.348
-0.416
0.055
-0.599
0.853
2.060
1.584
1.195
2.426
1.289
1.287
2.112
1.501
1.551
2.661
0.907
1.967
1.472
2.274
1.518
1.902
1.100
2.197
1.907
3.690
1.519
1.700
2.617
1.637
3.168
2.562
1.192
2.385
1.388
2.44
2.489
2.833
2.033
1.258
2.503
1.661
2.725
1.917
1.713
2.767
2.141
2.538
1.694
1.476
2.586
1.919
1.495
2.300
1.651
3.071
2.290
2.398
1.137
1.851
1.522
1.387
1.425
1.555
0.504
0.797
-0.309
1.399
0.269
1.298
1.198
0.092
1.425
0.127
1.164
-1.696
0.635
0.203
1.429
-0.785
-0.278
0.431
0.646
0.271
0.456
-0.121
-0.170
-0.247
1.309
2.375
-0.389
-0.675
0.426
1.670
1.319
1.409
0.465
1.202
-0.065
0.326
0.805
0.799
1.060
0.716
0.906
-0.304
-0.533
1.179
0.105
-0.116
0.094
2.133
-0.043
0.615
0.624
1.620
0.056
0.320
-0.044
0.982
2.148
1.799
1.613
2.070
1.235
1.449
2.311
2.150
1.531
2.284
1.404
2.843
1.762
2.480
1.750
2.009
1.253
1.531
2.347
4.221
1.717
1.639
2.971
1.979
2.720
2.768
1.562
2.456
1.504
1.883
3.292
2.309
2.584
1.588
2.606
1.745
2.116
2.046
1.885
3.902
1.950
3.055
2.133
2.216
2.444
1.696
1.861
2.823
3.338
2.932
2.277
3.088
1.694
2.189
1.533
1.500
1.509
2.172
0.225
0.107
0.162
0.193
0.220
0.200
0.205
0.230
0.121
0.232
0.165
0.191
0.171
0.231
0.200
0.191
0.212
0.254
0.112
0.156
0.163
0.170
0.195
0.201
0.145
0.259
0.187
0.273
0.112
0.204
0.222
0.148
0.143
0.208
0.186
0.107
0.099
0.126
0.172
0.147
0.247
0.193
0.227
0.170
0.195
0.150
0.224
0.243
0.151
0.230
0.223
0.226
0.248
0.199
0.139
0.216
0.155
-0.504
-0.255
-1.378
0.332
-0.834
0.157
0.118
-1.124
0.413
-1.215
-0.059
-2.995
-0.427
-0.897
0.198
-1.964
-1.200
-0.734
-0.507
-0.924
-0.643
-1.188
-1.138
-1.498
0.254
1.397
-1.322
-1.545
-0.427
0.563
0.193
0.273
-0.613
-0.014
-1.380
-0.632
-0.158
-0.165
-0.056
-0.303
-0.087
-1.126
-1.839
0.085
-0.869
-1.093
-0.976
1.120
-1.124
-0.425
-0.453
0.657
-1.126
-0.665
-0.839
0.098
1.203
2.072
1.577
2.384
1.252
1.426
2.036
1.784
1.680
2.563
1.102
2.624
1.832
2.838
1.718
2.028
1.289
1.876
1.981
4.435
1.721
1.608
3.065
1.929
2.303
2.480
1.126
2.908
2.163
2.123
2.471
2.562
2.218
1.605
2.568
1.766
2.788
2.293
1.862
3.309
1.795
3.230
2.378
1.781
2.448
2.274
2.023
3.112
1.820
3.398
2.173
2.988
1.319
2.016
1.568
1.762
1.827
2.051
0.263
0.102
0.233
0.203
0.215
0.123
0.172
0.216
0.165
0.184
0.140
0.197
0.155
0.273
0.192
0.234
0.202
0.209
0.071
0.144
0.151
0.203
0.205
0.209
0.132
0.212
0.211
0.218
0.180
0.193
0.232
0.117
0.154
0.213
0.870
0.111
0.103
0.199
0.160
0.195
0.244
0.304
0.175
0.217
0.304
0.190
0.245
0.206
0.179
0.268
0.214
0.220
0.171
0.192
0.319
0.263
0.166
-0.077
0.259
-0.589
0.874
0.058
0.661
0.480
-0.492
0.724
-0.323
0.281
-1.912
0.136
-0.467
0.679
-1.019
-0.626
-0.297
0.101
-0.270
0.039
-0.529
-0.630
-0.762
0.616
1.748
-0.648
-0.871
-0.036
1.040
0.769
0.873
0.021
0.434
-0.566
-0.077
0.403
0.443
0.345
0.313
0.338
-0.743
-1.008
0.505
-0.421
-0.523
-0.428
1.470
-0.557
0.018
-0.002
1.033
-0.406
-0.092
-0.491
0.527
1.459
2.259
1.911
2.994
1.623
2.295
2.574
2.057
1.768
2.744
1.668
2.616
2.230
2.737
1.962
2.805
1.461
2.039
1.783
5.039
1.669
2.248
3.271
2.322
3.416
2.399
1.630
3.579
1.848
2.348
2.516
3.263
2.421
1.808
2.733
2.379
2.883
2.814
2.452
3.491
2.564
3.974
1.905
2.050
2.983
2.168
2.476
2.811
2.731
3.114
1.888
3.049
1.416
2.214
1.943
1.669
1.828
2.441
0.268
0.167
0.205
0.226
0.329
0.166
0.155
0.219
0.142
0.270
0.091
0.199
0.155
0.170
0.220
0.233
0.333
0.176
0.117
0.145
0.198
0.201
0.186
0.136
0.121
0.263
0.264
0.319
0.136
0.217
0.238
0.174
0.147
0.176
0.208
0.144
0.150
0.179
0.150
0.170
0.289
0.156
0.177
0.158
0.169
0.149
0.222
0.228
0.119
0.196
0.178
0.210
0.270
0.307
0.148
0.273
0.151
0.111
1.952
0.209
0.548
2.171
0.187
-0.520
2.164
0.196
0.031
2.444
0.196
0.926
0.596
0.063
0.791
0.643
0.043
0.815
0.634
0.051
0.695
0.675
0.057
0.131
0.109
0.237
0.179
0.262
0.185
0.140
0.268
0.147
0.208
0.121
0.218
0.164
0.268
0.212
0.303
0.444
0.227
0.124
0.212
0.214
0.205
0.228
0.238
0.109
0.244
0.256
0.208
0.213
0.217
0.254
0.132
0.139
0.200
0.177
0.147
0.135
0.193
0.139
0.226
0.228
0.199
0.162
0.199
0.303
0.211
0.204
0.205
0.187
0.310
0.178
0.209
0.320
0.311
0.185
0.304
0.162
158
) (4
2.795
2.590
1.912 .1.748
) (1
.
.
) (2.444
) .(2.164 2.171
) (4
) (1.952
.
) (1
) (Stocking, 1990
) (Stone, 1992
3
2
-1
-2
-3
0 2 4 6 8 10 1214 1618 2022 24 2628 3032 34 3638 4042 4446 48 5052 5456 58
) : (1
)(4
.
) one way
159
: 5
56
144.161
2.574
32.884
10.961
168
3.165
0.019
227
180.210
56
79.293
1.446
6.931
2.130
168
11.907
0.071
227
98.130
56
0.141
0.007
0.014
0.005
168
0.236
0.001
227
* = 0.01
0.664
581.838
32.597
3.210
*0.0000
*0.0000
*0.02400
:6
0.111
*0.437
*0.631
0.080
0.548
*1.068
*0.517
- 0.520
0.031
1.952
2.171
2.164
* = 0.01
*0.551
*0.219
*0.212
*0.492
0.007
*0.273
*0.280
2.444
1.068
Ceiling effect
.Floor effect
0.080
.
) (5
) ( = 0.01
.
)Least Significant (LSD
.Differences ) (6 .
) (6
) (6
) ( = 0.01
160
0.492
.
.
) (2
1 .
) (Miller & Linn, 1988
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
.50
.00
-.50
)(
) : (2 1 .
) (2 1
1- 1
.
.
) (7
161
)(p
0.60
:7
* 0.981
* 0.984
* 0.983
* 0.988
* 0.988
* 0.986
* 0.772
* 0.867
* 0.841
* 0.834
* 0.793
* 0.862
* 0.492
* 0.518
*620.
* 0.527
* 0.650
* 0.360
* = 0.01
) (7
0.981 .0.988
.
0.772 0.867
.
0.360.0.650
) (Standard error of estimate
.
)Test Information Function (TIF
.
) (Reeve, 2004
) (7
)(Miller & Linn, 1988
) (Kelkar, Wightman & Liuech, 2000
) (2000 ) (2008
).(Hambleton & Swaminthan, 1985
1
I
I
i 1
).(Hambleton, 1994
BILOGMG-
MG 3
).(3
162
48.00
normal
right
left
bimodal
sem_normal
sem_right
sem_left
sem_bimodal
44.00
40.00
36.00
32.00
24.00
20.00
)(If
28.00
16.00
12.00
8.00
4.00
0.00
1.00 1.63 2.25 2.88 3.50
.38
-.25
)(
) :(3
) (3
.
.
0.5- 0.63
) Baker,
.(2001
& (Hambleton
) Swaminthan, 1985
.
).(8
) (3
1-
1.50
0.13- .1.13
163
:8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
0.483
0.289
0.933
0.295
0.250
0.781
0.430
0.359
1.334
0.138
0.766
0.357
0.943
0.344
0.602
0.169
0.497
0.588
2.679
0.384
0.480
1.156
0.433
1.589
1.329
0.223
0.870
0.323
0.839
0.526
0.529
0.785
0.263
0.344
0.909
0.781
0.189
0.377
0.316
1.472
0.538
1.108
0.491
0.687
0.272
0.390
0.846
3.590
0.546
0.491
1.594
0.673
1.259
1.450
0.371
1.053
0.335
0.713
0.647
0.510
0.909
0.266
0.337
0.818
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166