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8 166 -151 2012 2

2011/5/16

2012/5/15
The Effect of Different Ability Distribution on Item
Parameters and Test Information Function

:
.

Zaid Bani Ata and Nedal Al Shraifin, Faculty of Education,


Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.

BILOG-MG 3

)Abstract: This study aimed at verifying the effect of the ability (


distribution on item parameters and Test Information Function (TIF).
To achieve the aim of the study, four ability distributions' were
generated according to three parameter logistic model using
WINGEN program on 60 dichotomous items. The responses of the
examinees were analyzed by BILOG MG 3 programs for each ability
distributions according to the three parameter logistic model. The
results of the repeated measurement ANOVA revealed that there were
statistical significant differences between difficulty means and
discrimination means of the scaled items from ability distribution. In
spite of the variance of item parameters, the results revealed that the
correlation between the scaled items with different ability were
statistically significant as indicators of item parameters stability
among different distributions of ability. The results also revealed that
the Test Information Function varied with the variance of the ability
distribution, but they all gave the highest values of the items function
within the range of ability (0.5-0.63), where the measurements
standard errors were the least . (Keywords: Simulation, Ability
Distribution, Three- Parameter Logistic Model, Item Parameter, Test
Information Function (TIF)).

WINGEN 60 .
.
)(0.05





.

-0.5
0.63 ) . :

(.

: ) Item



) (Unidimensionality

) (Warm, 1978


:

) Hambleton,
(Swaminathan & Rogers, 1991
.
) Local
(Independence


) & Croker & Algina, 1986; Hambleton
.(Swaminthan, 1985

(Response Theory


) Mislevy
.(& Bock, 1990

) (

)(Item Characteristic Curve

) (Monotonically Increasing

).(Hambleton, 1994
_________________________
* .
.

151



)Sample-
(Free
) .(Hambleton, 1994) (Item-Free

) (Lord, 1980
) .(Invariance
:
) & Rup
.(Zumbo, 2006




.
) (Cypress, 1973


)600 300 150 75
(1200 35 :


90 .

) (


.






) (Dichotomous Models
) .(Polytomous Models

) ;De Gruijter & Van Der Kamp, 2005
.(Embreston & Rise, 2000


).(Hambleton & Sawminthan, 1985

) (Seong, 1990






.

) (Stocking, 1990



.


)
2004 Hambleton & Cook,1980; Hambleton & Jones,
(1994
.

) (Stone, 1992

) (Maximum Likelihood Estimaation

.


.



) .(2005




:

) & Sass, Schmitt


(Walker, 2004


) (
) (1000 500 .

152

) (2008


71
1000
.


) (





.



.


) (Invariance
) (Lord, 1980



. )(Miller & Linn, 1988



1985 6799 .
.









.



.

) (Fan, 1998

.





.
) (2000


1061
.




.




.



.






) Kelkar, Wightman

(& Lueech, 2000




.

.
153


.
-:

:
) (inflexion
.

.1 ) (

)
(

:
.
:

.

.2 )
( )
(

.3
)
(


WINGEN
)(Han & Hambleton, 2007


.


: ) Normal
(Distribution )Uniform (Distribution
) (Beta Distribution
.
:












.


.

: 60

) (Drasgow, 1982


.
:


:

) :
(.

Log normal ~ (0 ,
) 0.25
0.286 1.024

) & Hambleton
(Swaminthan, 1985
0 2.


) Normal~ (0 , 1
1.024 0.053
.

:
.
:
) (1+ci/2 i
ci .

154

0.061 0.191 .
) (1
.

Beta ~(8 ,

) 32
) (

:1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

ai

bi

ci

ai

bi

ci

1.027
0.819
1.288
0.701
0.739
1.080
0.826
0.796
1.172
0.645
1.176
0.817
1.276
0.946
1.045
0.641
0.941
0.869
2.064
0.798
0.895
1.500
0.974
1.354
1.218
0.674
1.390
0.952
1.103
1.384

0.061
0.461
-0.851
01.16
-0.064
0.943
0.689
-0.461
1.120
-0.575
0.656
-2.815
0.188
-0.414
1.055
-1.398
-0.542
-0.214
0.235
-0.439
0.007
-0.669
-0.850
-0.982
0.949
2.288
-0.917
-0.925
0.127
1.430

0.252
0.139
0.188
0.224
0.281
0.175
0.139
0.259
0.138
0.192
0.118
0.170
0.153
0.238
0.199
0.212
0.397
0.188
0.116
0.147
0.164
0.206
0.178
0.180
0.115
0.237
0.258
0.392
0.177
0.206

31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

1.397
1.097
0.726
1.248
0.906
1.275
1.008
0.891
1.533
1.053
1.038
1.514
0.924
0.868
1.207
1.018
0.955
1.375
1.135
1.451
1.096
0.698
1.442
0.522
1.013
0.720
0.849
0.765
0.794
1.114

1.066
1.173
-0.003
0.746
-0.828
-0.067
0.456
0.414
0.651
-1.625
0.405
0.665
-1.024
-1.394
0.849
-0.420
-0.689
-0.609
2.009
-0.654
0.266
1.484
0.180
1.477
-0.583
-2.322
0.026
-0.542
0.775
2.039

0.253
0.140
0.144
0.201
0.150
0.139
0.085
0.121
0.154
0.131
0.155
0.271
0.117
0.181
0.181
0.195
0.146
0.193
0.220
0.153
0.271
0.174
0.217
0.189
0.215
0.137
0.280
0.169
0.256
0.162

1.20 -0.60
0.67 - 0.263 .

: 10000

:

) (3 10000 Beta ~ (3 ,

) 2
1.19 0.61
0.66 0.29
.

) (1 10000 Normal

) ~ (0 , 1
1.01 0.0005
0.07 - 0.02 .

) (4 5000
5000

) (2 10000 Beta ~ (2 ,
) 3

155

10000

1.34 0.006
-0.86 -0.01 .

60 1000
) (Drasgow, 1982

) (Lord, 1980 50
1000 .
SPSS, BILOG-MG 3, NOHARM

-:


.

- )(Kolmogorove-Smirnov
-
) ( = 0.01

.

:
, :


)(Principle Component Analysis
) .(Varimax
) (2 .



1000

:2


12.122


1.96

20.203

3.273

12.863

1.988

24.446

3.313

16.063

2.150

26.771

3.584

17.148

2.127

28.580

3.546


6.172
6.472
7.472
8.060

) (Miller, 1991 RMSR



) (Tanaka Index
. ) (3 RSMR
.

) (2
20

2

).(Hatti, 1984 ; Reckase, 1997

:3 RMSR

NOHARM
Residual
Analysis

Residual Matrix
) .Root Mean Square of Residuals (RMSR
156

RMSR

0.006

0.982

0.008

0.978

0.003

0.995

0.006

0.991

.4 ) 1000(

40
) ( = 0.01 0.0006

).(356 219

) (3


.



) & Emberston & Reise, 2000; Hambleton
.(Swaminthan, 1985



56 52 40 57

1000 ) (8

.

:

BILOG-MG 3

:

.1 ) 1000(

56 2
) .( = 0.01
.(0.0041) 2

) (353 705
).( = 0.01


-:

.2 ) 1000(


).(453


) Least Significant Differences (LSD
.

.3 ) 1000(

52
) ( = 0.01
0.0054
).(994 414 63


) (

BILOG-MG 3 . )(4
.

157

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57

:4 ) (

-0.147
0.421
-0.738
0.950
-0.180
0.897
0.549
-0.470
1.080
-0.839
0.618
-2.795
0.195
-0.368
0.976
-1.138
-0.152
-0.084
0.284
-0.289
0.106
-0.671
-0.860
-0.853
0.914
2.590
-0.841
-1.345
0.161
1.367
1.029
1.076
0.005
0.676
-0.698
-0.066
0.540
0.474
0.650
0.528
0.574
-0.937
-1.272
0.858
-0.240
-0.554
-0.587
1.669
-0.511
0.263
0.162
1.348
-0.416
0.055
-0.599
0.853
2.060

1.584
1.195
2.426
1.289
1.287
2.112
1.501
1.551
2.661
0.907
1.967
1.472
2.274
1.518
1.902
1.100
2.197
1.907
3.690
1.519
1.700
2.617
1.637
3.168
2.562
1.192
2.385
1.388
2.44
2.489
2.833
2.033
1.258
2.503
1.661
2.725
1.917
1.713
2.767
2.141
2.538
1.694
1.476
2.586
1.919
1.495
2.300
1.651
3.071
2.290
2.398
1.137
1.851
1.522
1.387
1.425
1.555

0.504
0.797
-0.309
1.399
0.269
1.298
1.198
0.092
1.425
0.127
1.164
-1.696
0.635
0.203
1.429
-0.785
-0.278
0.431
0.646
0.271
0.456
-0.121
-0.170
-0.247
1.309
2.375
-0.389
-0.675
0.426
1.670
1.319
1.409
0.465
1.202
-0.065
0.326
0.805
0.799
1.060
0.716
0.906
-0.304
-0.533
1.179
0.105
-0.116
0.094
2.133
-0.043
0.615
0.624
1.620
0.056
0.320
-0.044
0.982
2.148

1.799
1.613
2.070
1.235
1.449
2.311
2.150
1.531
2.284
1.404
2.843
1.762
2.480
1.750
2.009
1.253
1.531
2.347
4.221
1.717
1.639
2.971
1.979
2.720
2.768
1.562
2.456
1.504
1.883
3.292
2.309
2.584
1.588
2.606
1.745
2.116
2.046
1.885
3.902
1.950
3.055
2.133
2.216
2.444
1.696
1.861
2.823
3.338
2.932
2.277
3.088
1.694
2.189
1.533
1.500
1.509
2.172

0.225
0.107
0.162
0.193
0.220
0.200
0.205
0.230
0.121
0.232
0.165
0.191
0.171
0.231
0.200
0.191
0.212
0.254
0.112
0.156
0.163
0.170
0.195
0.201
0.145
0.259
0.187
0.273
0.112
0.204
0.222
0.148
0.143
0.208
0.186
0.107
0.099
0.126
0.172
0.147
0.247
0.193
0.227
0.170
0.195
0.150
0.224
0.243
0.151
0.230
0.223
0.226
0.248
0.199
0.139
0.216
0.155

-0.504
-0.255
-1.378
0.332
-0.834
0.157
0.118
-1.124
0.413
-1.215
-0.059
-2.995
-0.427
-0.897
0.198
-1.964
-1.200
-0.734
-0.507
-0.924
-0.643
-1.188
-1.138
-1.498
0.254
1.397
-1.322
-1.545
-0.427
0.563
0.193
0.273
-0.613
-0.014
-1.380
-0.632
-0.158
-0.165
-0.056
-0.303
-0.087
-1.126
-1.839
0.085
-0.869
-1.093
-0.976
1.120
-1.124
-0.425
-0.453
0.657
-1.126
-0.665
-0.839
0.098
1.203

2.072
1.577
2.384
1.252
1.426
2.036
1.784
1.680
2.563
1.102
2.624
1.832
2.838
1.718
2.028
1.289
1.876
1.981
4.435
1.721
1.608
3.065
1.929
2.303
2.480
1.126
2.908
2.163
2.123
2.471
2.562
2.218
1.605
2.568
1.766
2.788
2.293
1.862
3.309
1.795
3.230
2.378
1.781
2.448
2.274
2.023
3.112
1.820
3.398
2.173
2.988
1.319
2.016
1.568
1.762
1.827
2.051

0.263
0.102
0.233
0.203
0.215
0.123
0.172
0.216
0.165
0.184
0.140
0.197
0.155
0.273
0.192
0.234
0.202
0.209
0.071
0.144
0.151
0.203
0.205
0.209
0.132
0.212
0.211
0.218
0.180
0.193
0.232
0.117
0.154
0.213
0.870
0.111
0.103
0.199
0.160
0.195
0.244
0.304
0.175
0.217
0.304
0.190
0.245
0.206
0.179
0.268
0.214
0.220
0.171
0.192
0.319
0.263
0.166

-0.077
0.259
-0.589
0.874
0.058
0.661
0.480
-0.492
0.724
-0.323
0.281
-1.912
0.136
-0.467
0.679
-1.019
-0.626
-0.297
0.101
-0.270
0.039
-0.529
-0.630
-0.762
0.616
1.748
-0.648
-0.871
-0.036
1.040
0.769
0.873
0.021
0.434
-0.566
-0.077
0.403
0.443
0.345
0.313
0.338
-0.743
-1.008
0.505
-0.421
-0.523
-0.428
1.470
-0.557
0.018
-0.002
1.033
-0.406
-0.092
-0.491
0.527
1.459

2.259
1.911
2.994
1.623
2.295
2.574
2.057
1.768
2.744
1.668
2.616
2.230
2.737
1.962
2.805
1.461
2.039
1.783
5.039
1.669
2.248
3.271
2.322
3.416
2.399
1.630
3.579
1.848
2.348
2.516
3.263
2.421
1.808
2.733
2.379
2.883
2.814
2.452
3.491
2.564
3.974
1.905
2.050
2.983
2.168
2.476
2.811
2.731
3.114
1.888
3.049
1.416
2.214
1.943
1.669
1.828
2.441

0.268
0.167
0.205
0.226
0.329
0.166
0.155
0.219
0.142
0.270
0.091
0.199
0.155
0.170
0.220
0.233
0.333
0.176
0.117
0.145
0.198
0.201
0.186
0.136
0.121
0.263
0.264
0.319
0.136
0.217
0.238
0.174
0.147
0.176
0.208
0.144
0.150
0.179
0.150
0.170
0.289
0.156
0.177
0.158
0.169
0.149
0.222
0.228
0.119
0.196
0.178
0.210
0.270
0.307
0.148
0.273
0.151

0.111

1.952

0.209

0.548

2.171

0.187

-0.520

2.164

0.196

0.031

2.444

0.196

0.926

0.596

0.063

0.791

0.643

0.043

0.815

0.634

0.051

0.695

0.675

0.057

0.131
0.109
0.237
0.179
0.262
0.185
0.140
0.268
0.147
0.208
0.121
0.218
0.164
0.268
0.212
0.303
0.444
0.227
0.124
0.212
0.214
0.205
0.228
0.238
0.109
0.244
0.256
0.208
0.213
0.217
0.254
0.132
0.139
0.200
0.177
0.147
0.135
0.193
0.139
0.226
0.228
0.199
0.162
0.199
0.303
0.211
0.204
0.205
0.187
0.310
0.178
0.209
0.320
0.311
0.185
0.304
0.162

158

) (4

2.795
2.590
1.912 .1.748
) (1
.


.

) (2.444



) .(2.164 2.171
) (4
) (1.952

.

) (1

) (Stocking, 1990


) (Stone, 1992

3
2

-1

-2
-3
0 2 4 6 8 10 1214 1618 2022 24 2628 3032 34 3638 4042 4446 48 5052 5456 58


) : (1

)(4



.

) one way

(ANOVA for repeated measures ) (5



.

159

: 5

56

144.161

2.574

32.884

10.961

168

3.165

0.019

227

180.210

56

79.293

1.446

6.931

2.130

168

11.907

0.071

227

98.130

56

0.141

0.007

0.014

0.005

168

0.236

0.001

227
* = 0.01

0.664

581.838

32.597

3.210

*0.0000

*0.0000

*0.02400

:6

0.111

*0.437

*0.631

0.080

0.548

*1.068

*0.517

- 0.520

0.031

1.952

2.171

2.164


* = 0.01

*0.551
*0.219

*0.212

*0.492

0.007

*0.273
*0.280

2.444

1.068

Ceiling effect
.Floor effect

0.080
.

) (5
) ( = 0.01


.

)Least Significant (LSD
.Differences ) (6 .


) (6





) (6
) ( = 0.01




160

0.492

.



.

) (2
1 .



) (Miller & Linn, 1988

1.00




0.90

0.80

0.70

0.50

0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

.50

.00

-.50

-3.00 -2.50 -2.00 -1.50 -1.00

)(

) : (2 1 .

) (2 1





1- 1
.


.



) (7

161

)(p

0.60

:7


* 0.981


* 0.984


* 0.983

* 0.988

* 0.988
* 0.986

* 0.772

* 0.867

* 0.841

* 0.834

* 0.793
* 0.862

* 0.492

* 0.518

*620.

* 0.527

* 0.650

* 0.360


* = 0.01

) (7


0.981 .0.988
.

0.772 0.867
.

0.360.0.650





) (Standard error of estimate

.


)Test Information Function (TIF



.
) (Reeve, 2004

) (7


)(Miller & Linn, 1988
) (Kelkar, Wightman & Liuech, 2000
) (2000 ) (2008



).(Hambleton & Swaminthan, 1985

1
I
I
i 1





).(Hambleton, 1994



BILOGMG-
MG 3
).(3

162

48.00

normal
right
left
bimodal
sem_normal
sem_right
sem_left
sem_bimodal

44.00
40.00
36.00
32.00

24.00
20.00

)(If

28.00

16.00
12.00
8.00
4.00
0.00
1.00 1.63 2.25 2.88 3.50

.38

-.25

-4.00 -3.38 -2.75 -2.13 -1.50 -.88

)(

) :(3

) (3






.





.
0.5- 0.63



) Baker,
.(2001






& (Hambleton
) Swaminthan, 1985

.




).(8

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