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MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which bone cells produce osteocalcin when stimulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and
synthesize osteoid?
a. Osteoclasts
b. Osteocytes
c. Fibrocytes
d. Osteoblasts
ANS: D
Osteoblasts are cells derived from mesenchymal stem cells and produce several substances,
including osteocalcin, transforming growth factorbeta (TGF-) (a growth inhibitor for many
cells), macrophage colonystimulating factor, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B
ligand, osteoprotegerin (OPG), and bone matrix when stimulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin
D. This statement is not true of the other options.
PTS: 1
2. What happens to the original bone during the second phase of bone remodeling?
a. The original bone is replaced.
c. The original bone is resorbed.
b. It hardens.
d. It is synthesized.
ANS: C
The distribution of these apoptotic osteocytes provides osteoclasts with information about
where to begin resorbing damaged bone. In the second phase of remodeling (resorption), the
osteoclasts form a cutting cone that gradually resorbs bone, leaving behind an elongated
cavity termed a resorption cavity. This selection is the only option that accurately describes
what happens when bone is resorbed.
PTS: 1
Osteocytes help synthesize and replace needed elements of the matrix by signaling osteoclasts
and osteoblasts to resorb and form new bone. This selection is the only option that performs
that function.
PTS: 1
4. Which bone cells are large and multinucleated and contain lysosomes filled with hydrolytic
enzymes?
a. Osteoblasts
b. Osteoclasts
c. Osteocytes
d. Fibrocytes
ANS: B
Osteoclasts are the major resorptive cells of bone. They are large multinucleated cells with a
short life span and contain lysosomes (digestive vacuoles) filled with hydrolytic enzymes.
This selection is the only option that is described in this manner.
PTS: 1
5. Which bone cell secretes hydrochloric acid to help dissolve bone minerals and collagenase,
c. Osteoclasts
d. Osteophytes
ANS: C
Only osteoclasts bind to the bone surface of cell attachment proteins called integrins. They
bring about resorption of bone by secreting hydrochloric acid and cathepsin K (a protease
enzyme) that help dissolve bone minerals and collagenase, which aids in digesting collagen,
along with the action of cytokines.
PTS: 1
6. Which glucoprotein is believed to inhibit calcium phosphate precipitation and play a part in
c. Laminin
d. Osteopontin
ANS: A
The roles of osteocalcin may be to inhibit calcium phosphate precipitation and play a part in
bone resorption by recruiting osteoclasts. This statement is not true of any other option.
PTS: 1
7. Which glucoprotein is thought to transport essential elements such as hormones, ions, and
c. Laminin
d. Bone albumin
ANS: D
Researchers believe bone albumin transports essential elements such as hormones, ions, and
other metabolites to and from the bone cells and maintain the osmotic pressure of bone fluid
(fluid surrounding mineral crystals and osteoblasts). This statement is not true of any other
option.
PTS: 1
The ultimate function of muscle is to accomplish work. Although expressed in such measures
as foot-pounds or kilogram-meters, work refers to the amount of energy liberated or the
amount of force exerted over a distance (work force distance). Muscle type is not relevant.
PTS: 1
ANS: D
The basic structural unit in compact bone is the haversian system (see Figure 43-4). This
selection is the only option that accurately identifies the basic structure of compact bone.
PTS: 1
10. Which part of an injured joint becomes insensitive to pain and regenerates slowly and
minimally?
a. Synovium
b. Articular cartilage
c. Bursa
d. Tendon
ANS: B
Articular cartilage has no blood vessels, lymph vessels, or nerves. Therefore it is insensitive to
pain and regenerates slowly and minimally after injury. These statements are not true of the
other options.
PTS: 1
11. The outer layer of the periosteum contains blood vessels and nerves that penetrate the inner
a. Volkmann canals
b. Canaliculi
ANS: A
All bones are covered with a double-layered connective tissue called the periosteum. The
outer layer of the periosteum contains blood vessels and nerves, some of which penetrate to
the inner structures of the bone only through channels called Volkmann canals (see Figure 434).
PTS: 1
Collagenous fibers (Sharpey fibers) that penetrate the bone anchor the inner layer of the
periosteum to the bone. Sharpey fibers help hold or attach tendons and ligaments, not muscle,
but to the periosteum of bones.
PTS: 1
13. After puberty, the epiphyseal plate calcifies, and the epiphysis merges with the __________.
a. Epiphyseal line
c. Metaphysis
b. Epiphyseal plate
d. Articular cartilage
ANS: C
After puberty, the epiphyseal plate calcifies and the epiphysis merges only with the
metaphysis.
PTS: 1
14. The stage of healing in the bone that involves procallus formation entails which process?
a. Formation of a hematoma that allows the development of a fibrin network
b. Production of granulation tissue by fibroblasts, capillary buds, and osteoblasts
c. Development of a primitive bone matrix termed woven bone
d. Remodeling of the periosteal and endosteal bone surfaces
ANS: B
Fibroblasts, capillary buds, and osteoblasts move into the wound to produce granulation tissue
called a procallus. None of the other options are associated with this process.
PTS: 1
A gomphosis is a special type of fibrous joint in which a conical projection fits into a
complementary socket and is held in place by a ligament. Gomphosis is the only term used to
identify the joint that holds teeth in the maxilla or mandible.
PTS: 1
17. The hyaline cartilage joints between the ribs and sternum are examples of which type of joint?
a. Synchondrosis
c. Gomphosis
b. Symphysis
d. Syndesmosis
ANS: A
A synchondrosis is the only type of joint in which hyaline cartilage, rather than fibrocartilage,
connects the two bones. The joints between the ribs and the sternum are synchondroses and
are not examples of any of the other types.
PTS: 1
18. The joint that contains a synovial membrane that lines the inner joint capsule is an example of
a. Amphiarthrosis
b. Diarthrosis
c. Synarthrosis
d. Biarthrosis
ANS: B
The joint that contains a synovial membrane that lines the inner joint capsule is a diarthrosis.
A synovial joint consists of the following parts: (1) fibrous joint capsule (articular capsule),
(2) synovial membrane that lines the inner surface of the joint capsule, (3) joint cavity
(synovial cavity or space formed by the capsule), (4) synovial fluid, which fills the joint cavity
and lubricates the joint surface, and (5) articular cartilage, which covers and pads the
articulating bony surfaces.
PTS: 1
19. What is the function of the synovial membranes type A cells within the intima?
a. To release mast cells, initiating the inflammatory process after joint injury
b. To ingest and remove bacteria and debris by phagocytosis in the joint cavity
c. To secrete hyaluronate, a binding agent that gives synovial fluid its viscous quality
d. To store fat cells and glycogen, providing adenosine triphosphate for joint activity
ANS: B
The intima contains two types of synovial cells: A and B. Type A synovial cells ingest and
remove bacteria and particles of debris by phagocytosis in the joint cavity. None of the
remaining options accurately describes the function of the synovial membranes type A cells.
PTS: 1
20. Which statement does not present accurate information concerning synovial fluid?
a. Synovial fluid contains protein polysaccharides to repair the synovial membrane
after injury.
b. It lubricates the joint surfaces.
c. Synovial fluid nourishes the pad of the articular cartilage.
d. It contains leukocytes to phagocytize joint debris and microorganisms.
ANS: A
Synovial fluid lubricates the joint surfaces, nourishes the pad of the articular cartilage that
covers the ends of the bones, and contains free-floating synovial cells and various leukocytes
that phagocytose joint debris and microorganisms. The other options provide accurate
information about synovial fluid.
PTS: 1
Collagen fibers are important components of the cartilage matrix because they anchor the
cartilage securely to underlying bone. This statement is not true of the other options.
PTS: 1
a. Cartiloregulins
b. Hyaluronate
c. Proteoglycans
d. Chondroitin
ANS: C
Only proteoglycans give articular cartilage its stiff quality and regulate the movement of
synovial fluid through the cartilage.
PTS: 1
weight.
b. Muscle is 75% water, 20% protein, and 5% organic and inorganic compounds.
c. Muscle contains 32% of all protein stores for energy and metabolism.
d. Muscles are encased in fascia.
ANS: A
Muscle constitutes 40% of an adults body weight and 50% of a childs body weight. The
other options are true statements regarding muscles.
PTS: 1
Type II fibers, also called white fast-motor fibers, are innervated by relatively large type II
alpha motor neurons with fast conduction velocities. This selection is the only correct option
provided.
PTS: 1
25. As the innervation ratio of a particular organ increases, what other property also increases?
a. Control
c. Coordination
b. Movement
d. Endurance
ANS: D
The greater the innervation ratio of a particular organ, the greater is its endurance. Lowinnervation ratios promote control and coordination, whereas high ratios promote strength and
endurance. An increase in the innervations ratio does not result in an increase in movement.
PTS: 1
stretching
ANS: C
Motor and sensory neurons secrete a proteoglycan called neuroregulin that increases
acetylcholine receptors and helps in the formation of muscle spindle fibers. This selection is
the only option that accurately describes a neuroregulin.
PTS: 1
Contraction begins as the calcium ions combine with troponin, a reaction that overcomes the
inhibitory function of the troponin-tropomyosin system. This selection is the only option that
has such a direct association with muscle contraction.
PTS: 1
29. In which type of contraction does the muscle maintain a constant tension as it moves?
a. Isotonic
c. Hypertonic
b. Isometric
d. Hypotonic
ANS: A
Only during an isotonic contraction does the muscle maintain a constant tension as it moves.
PTS: 1
30. Which term is used to identify a functional muscle contraction in which the muscle contracts
c. Eccentric
d. Concentric
ANS: B
Only during an isometric contraction (static or holding contraction) does the muscle maintain
a constant length as tension is increased. Isometric contraction occurs, for example, when the
arm or leg is pushed against an immovable object. The muscle contracts, but the limb does not
move.
PTS: 1
31. Which statement is false about aging and the musculoskeletal system?
a. Haversian system erodes, the canals nearest the marrow cavity widened, and the
concentrations of glycosaminoglycans.
d. Muscle ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis declines, although the regenerative
Aging does not typically have an effect on the haversian system as described. The remaining
options are accurate statements regarding the effects of aging.
PTS: 1
Synovial fluid lubricates the joint surfaces, nourishes the pad of the articular cartilage that
covers the ends of the bones, and contains only free-floating synovial cells and various
leukocytes that phagocytose joint debris and microorganisms. None of the remaining options
are found in synovial fluid.
PTS: 1
33. What term is used to identify an interlacing bundle of dense, white fibrous tissue that is richly
a. Procallus
b. Joint capsule
ANS: B
The joint capsule is made up of parallel, interlacing bundles of dense, white fibrous tissue. It
is richly supplied with nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. None of the other options
are associated with this structure.
PTS: 1
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
34. In adults, hematopoiesis takes place in which bone marrow cavities? (Select all that apply.)
a. Skull
b. Shoulders
c. Sternum
d. Long bones
e. Pelvis
ANS: A, B, C, E
The marrow cavities within certain bones serve as sites of blood cell formation. In adults,
blood cells exclusively originate in the marrow cavities of only the skull, vertebrae, ribs,
sternum, shoulders, and pelvis.
PTS: 1
35. Which statements are true regarding osteocytes? (Select all that apply.)
a. An osteocyte is a transformed osteoblast.
b. An osteocyte obtains nutrients from capillaries in the canaliculi.
c. The functioning of an osteocyte is well understood.
d. Osteocytes signal osteoclasts and osteoblasts to form new bone.
e. An osteocyte helps maintain levels of calcium and phosphorus in blood plasma.
ANS: A, B, D, E
An osteocyte is a transformed osteoblast. Osteocytes communicate with each other and help
concentrate nutrients in the matrix. They obtain nutrients from capillaries in the canaliculi,
which contain nutrient-rich fluids and also help synthesize and replace needed elements of the
matrix by signaling osteoclasts and osteoblasts to resorb and form new bone. Through
exchanges among these cells, hormone catalysts, minerals, and optimal levels of calcium,
phosphorus, and other minerals are maintained in blood plasma.
PTS: 1
36. Which minerals are stored in bones? (Select all that apply.)
a. Carbonate
b. Phosphate
c. Selenium
d. Magnesium
e. Calcium
ANS: A, B, D, E
Bones have a crucial role in mineral homeostasis and in storing and releasing minerals (e.g.,
calcium, phosphate, carbonate, magnesium) that are essential for the proper working of many
delicate cellular mechanisms. Selenium is not stored in the bones.
PTS: 1
37. Which factors influence the rate of protein synthesis of skeletal muscles? (Select all that
apply.)
a. Insulin
b. Cortisol
c. Parathyroid hormone
d. Growth hormone
e. Amino acid substrates
ANS: A, E
The rate of protein synthesis is related to insulin levels amino acid substrates and to overall
nutritional status.
PTS: 1
MATCHING
Match the stages of wound healing of a bone with the description of each. Stages may be used
more than once.
______ A. Callus replacement
______ B. Hematoma formation
______ C. Remodeling
______ D. Procallus formation
______ E. Callus formation
38. Fibroblasts, capillary buds, and osteoblasts move into the wound to produce granulation
39.
40.
41.
42.
tissue.
Periosteal and endosteal surfaces of the bone are formed to the size and shape of the bone
before an injury.
Osteoblasts form membranous or woven bone. Enzymes increase the phosphate content and
permit the phosphate to join with calcium to be deposited.
Fibrin and platelets form a meshwork within the initial framework for healing.
Osteoblasts continue to restore callus with lamellar bone or trabecular bone.
38. ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: Page 1520
MSC: Fibroblasts, capillary buds, and osteoblasts move into the wound to produce granulation tissue
called procallus.
39. ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: Page 1520
MSC: Remodeling occurs as the periosteal and endosteal surfaces of the bone are remodeled to the
size and shape of the bone before injury.
40. ANS: E
PTS: 1
REF: Page 1520
MSC: Callus formation occurs as osteoblasts in the procallus form membranous or woven bone
(callus). Enzymes increase the phosphate content and permit the phosphate to join with calcium to be
deposited as mineral to harden the callus.
41. ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: Page 1520
MSC: Hematoma formation occurs if vessels have been damaged, causing hemorrhage. Fibrin and
platelets within the hematoma form a meshwork that is the initial framework for healing with the help
of hematopoietic growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factorbeta (TGF-b).
42. ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: Page 1520
MSC: Callus replacement occurs as osteoblasts continue to replace the callus with lamellar bone or
trabecular bone.