APPLICATIONS OF

OPERATIONAL
AMPLIFIERS
ECE-210

ANALOG CKT’s & LINEAR IC

SUBMITTED TO- SUBMITTEDBY-

NARENDRA GARG ABHISHEK CHAUDHARY
10809431
E6802A27
 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS Semiconductor Corporation. In 1968
Fairchild developed one of the most
The term Operational Amplifier or op
famous and regularly used op amp µA741.
amp in short, was coined by John
Since, it was developed it has undergone a
R.Ragazzini in 1947. It denoted a special
lot of changes but still is one the most
type of amplifier that could perform a
frequently used op amp. Some of other
variety of functions like amplification,
types of amplifiers are µA324, µA082,
addition, subtraction, differentiation and
µA339, etc.
integration if the external components
were properly selected. It can perform
these mathematical operations due to the
combination of high gain and negative
feedback.

History:

The Operational amplifiers have

Fig.1
undergone a lot of development since it
Fig.2
was first made. When it was first made,
vacuum tubes were used. The problem was Figure 1. shows the first type of op amp
that it was too bulky, expensive and used µA741. Figure 2. shows the new type of
large amounts of power. The first op amp µA741 that we use today.
miniaturization of op amp was made
Ideal Operation Amplifier:
through bipolar junction transistor (BJT).
A major break through occurred with the An Ideal Op Amp has a gain that is equal
development of Integrated Circuit(IC) op to 1. It is achieved as a→∞ and the
amp. They are made by fabricating following conditions are achieved.
elements in monolithic form of silicon
1. rd = ∞.
chip having a size of a pinhead. The first
of such a device was developed by Robert 2. ro = 0.
J. Widlar in 1960s at Fairchild
3. iP = iN = 0.
It is also known as Voltage follower if the Fig.4 shows the circuit for non-inverting
amplifier.
external input resistance Ri = ∞ and output
resistance Ro = 0. It is used to act as a
resistance transformer since looking into
the input we see an open circuit and into Fig.4

the output we see the short circuit, due to Inverting Amplifier:

which we get V0 = VI.
The inverting amplifier has the
voltage connected to the negative terminal
Non- Inverting Amplifier:
input through the resistance Rin . By
applying Kirchhoff’s Voltage law. We get,
In the non inverting amplifier the voltage
source is connected to the positive
terminal.

VP = Vin
The negative sign indicates that the output
The output resistance R2 is will have 180o of phase shift. Hence such a
type of amplifier is called inverting
connected in series with input resistance
amplifier. It is shown in fig.5.
R1 and the input voltage of the negative
terminal is a fraction of out voltage Vout .
Fig.5
VN = (R1 / R1 + R2) Vout

By definition of amplifiers,

Vout = a VD = a(VP - VN) = a (Vin

-(R1 / R1 + R2) Vout

thus,
Uses of operational amplifiers:
Gain= A= (Vout / Vin) = (1+ R2/ R1). As
a→∞, Operational Amplifiers are used in
radios and music system to enhance the
volume without increase in the
consumption of power. In cars the
Since the gain A obtained is
positive that mean the output and input are movement of the wiper blades is controlled
in phase and thus such a type of amplifier by the op-amps. In computers op-amps are
is called non-inverting amplifier.
used in sound control and to increase the
flow of memory in order to make it run These pictures show the various
faster. In airplanes and jets the op-amps application of operational amplifiers used
are used to attain high speeds by in our daily life.
consuming less of power.

APPLICATIONS OF OP-AMPS

NEGATIVE CLIPPER:

The above figures show the circuit

diagram & waveforms for a clipper circuit.
Here the diode is reversed compared to
+ve clipper. The negative half cycle of the
input gets clipped partially or fully
depending on the magnitude of the Vref
CLAMPERS USING OP-AMP:

A clamper is a circuit used to shift dc level

of the input signal. It adds a desired dc
level to the ac input voltage. If the added
dc level is positive, it is called as a +ve
clamper. Otherwise negative clamping if
the added dc level is negative . The
above figures show the circuit diagram &
waveforms for a clamper circuit. The
When Vin is +ve, the OPAMP output will
potentiometer ‘p’ is used to vary the
be negative. The diode will be reverse
reference voltage applied to the non-
biased and the capacitor can’t discharge, as
inverting terminal of the OPAMP.The
there is no discharge path for it. Output
waveforms to be clamped is applied to the
becomes
inverting terminal & the dc reference
voltage is applied to the non-inverting V0’’=Vm +Vin
terminal of the OPAMP.As both the inputs
Total output is ,
are non-zero; the circuit can be analyzed
using superposition theorem. V0 = V0’+V0’’=Vref + Vm +Vin

With only +Vref given to the non-inverting
terminal (assuming Vin =0), the OPAMP
output is positive, the diode ‘D’ is forward
biased and the output is,
V0 ‘=Vref
In this expression Vref +Vm is the fixed dc
level added to the input signal.
Note: In the above circuit, a battery Vref
can also be used instead of the pot. For
negative clamping, the is to be reverse
biased.

ABSOLUTE VALUE OUTPUT

CIRCUIT:

This circuit is used for wave shaping of the

input signals. Output of this circuit will be
always positive, irrespective of the polarity
of the input signal.

SAMPLE & HOLD CIRCUIT USING
OPAMP:
The sample & hold circuit is used to
hold the sampled value of the input
signal for a specified period of time.
Thus S/H operation has two different
processes: sampling the input signal
and holding the latest sample value.
BASIC SAMPLE & HOLD CIRCUIT:
The above figure shows the minimum
circuitry required for a sample & hold
circuit. The circuit operation in either of
the modes (sampling & holding)
depending on the position of the switch.
Sampling mode:
In this mode, the switch is in the closed
position and the capacitor charges to the
instantaneous input voltage.
Hold mode:
In this mode, the switch is in the open
position. The capacitor is now disconnected
from the input. As there is no path for the
capacitor to discharge, it will hold the voltage
on it just before opening the switch. The
capacitor will hold this voltage till the next
sampling instant.
ACTIVE FILTERS USING OPAMP:
Filters are frequency selective circuits.They
are required to pass a specific band of
frequencies and attenuate frequencies outside
the band. Filters using an active device like
OPAMP are called active filters.Other way to
design filters is using passive components like
resistor, capacitor and inductor.

CONCLUSION:
Limitations of real amplifier:
Real op-amps differ from the ideal model in
various respects.
IC op-amps as implemented in practice are
moderately complex integrated circuits; see
the internal circuitry for the relatively simple
741 op-amp.
DC imperfections
Real operational amplifiers suffer from several
non-ideal effects:
Finite gain
Open-loop gain is infinite in the ideal
operational amplifier but finite in real
operational amplifiers. Typical devices
exhibit open-loop DC gain ranging
from 100,000 to over 1 million. So long
as the loop gain (i.e., the product of
open-loop and feedback gains) is very
large, the circuit gain will be
determined entirely by the amount of
negative feedback (i.e., it will be
independent of open-loop gain). In
cases where closed-loop gain must be
very high, the feedback gain will be
very low, and the low feedback gain
causes low loop gain; in these cases,
the operational amplifier will cease to
behave ideally.
Merits of op-amps over other
amplifiers.
The idea of fully-differential op-amps
is not new. The first commercial op-
amp, the K2-W,
utilized two dual section tubes (4
active circuit elements) to implement
an op-amp with
differential inputs and outputs. It
required a ±300 Vdc power supply,
dissipating 4.5 W of power,
had a corner frequency of 1 Hz, and
a gain bandwidth product of 1
MHz(1).
In an era of discrete tube or
transistor op-amp modules, any
potential advantage to be gained
from fully-differential circuitry was
masked by primitive op-amp module
performance. Fullydifferential
output op-amps were abandoned in
favor of single ended op-amps. Fully-
differential
op-amps were all but forgotten, even
when IC technology was developed.
The main reason
appears to be the simplicity of using
single ended op-amps. The number
of passive components
required to support a fully-
differential circuit is approximately
double that of a single-ended
circuit. The thinking may have been
“Why double the number of passive
components whe.An op-amp with
differential outputs,however, has far
more uses than one application.

REFRENCES:

Books Reffered:

1.EDC,by J.B Gupta

2.Analog CKT’s,by J.B Gupta

Websites:

1.Encyclopeadia.com