Formal Report - Feeding Management and Scheduling

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds
Nutrition for the Performance Horse
Prepared for Dr. Duke,

Professor of Business Communications
Green Pasture Feeds, Inc.

Megan Andrews, Jackie Carson, Eilie Cole, Alley Lee, and Mikaylah Mullendore
Nutrition for the Performance Horse
MEMORANDUM
To: Dr. Duke, Business Communications Professor
From: Megan Andrews, Jackie Carson, Eilie Cole, Alley Lee, and Mikaylah Mullendore
Subject: Equine Nutrition
Date: April, 20, 2016
Here is the report you asked for that entails equine feeding management practices and
nutrition. After considerable research, it has been found that different types of horses
require various feeding and management techniques. These differences can be, but are not
always, dependent on breed, amount of work and age, in addition to other variables. If
there are any additional questions related to this project, please feel free to contact us at
your convenience and we would be glad to discuss them with you.
Contents
I.
Introduction
1-2
II.
Feeding Management
2-8
III.
Grasses
9-15
IV.
Feeds and Grains
15-19
V.
Supplements
19-22 a. Nutritional
Supplements
19-20
b.
c.
VI.
Vitamins and Minerals

Preventative Measures
d. Performance Enhancement
20-21
21-22
22
Different Types of Horses Needs

Scoring
22-29 a. Body Condition

23-27
c.
b. Easy Keepers
Hard Keepers
Conclusion
VIII. Recommendations
27-28
28-29 VII.
29-30
30
Illustrations
Table:
1: Feeding Schedule at William Woods University
2: Dry Matter Nutrient Content of Common Forages
12
3: Criteria to Select High-Quality Forage
13
4: Feed Weight
16
1: Nutrition Requirements
2: Feed Pyramid for Equine
10
3: Measure for Horse Weight
24
1: Thoroughbred
25
2: Clydesdale
26
3: Dutch Warmblood
27
Figure:
Image:
Executive Summary
The purpose of the report is to describe types of feeding techniques for horses, with
variances according to performance level, age, breed and activity.
Throughout the research done, it was discovered that different types of horses require
unique diets and management schedules. This varies in relation to the amount the horse is
fed, whether it needs forage or higher energy feed and supplements to meet its daily
needs.
With the research completed, it is recommended that one approaches each horse with its
own individual diet plan. Consultation with a veterinarian is crucial to ensure that the
horse is receiving the proper portions. Based on all the various expert opinions found,
horses need a daily routine so a strict feeding schedule should be implemented. If feed
needs to increase, it needs to be done in increments so the horse does not endure health
issues. Feeding on a schedule and providing hay to eat throughout the day will also
prevent vices such as cribbing or weaving.
vi
I. Introduction
As all horse owners know from experience, the management of a horse and
keeping it healthy sometimes costs more than purchasing one. If a horse is
difficult to manage and has a hard time putting on weight, the expenses of grain,
hay, grass and other crucial nutrients will add up quite quickly (Geor, 2002). On
the other hand, horses who put on weight easily need to be monitored so that they
do not become obese, as this can be just as detrimental to their health (Ralston,
2004). If a horses energy level changes, weight loss is noticeable, or their coat
becomes dull, they may be receiving insufficient nutrients in their diet (Ralston,
2012). Adjustments need to be made to ensure their health and well-being.
Maintaining a consistent schedule for feeding will help horses attitude and
behavior remain as pleasant as possible (Duberstein & Johnson, 2009). While
feeding, considerations must be made. Managers need to provide sustenance
based on weight of the feed instead of volume, due to the differing nutritional
aspects of various types of feed (Duberstein & Johnson, 2009). Roughage is a
major component of the equine diet, as horses are grazing animals. Both quality
and quantity of roughage are important for the health and overall well-being of
the horse. Forage is a vital part of the equine diet. This includes grass, hay and
legumes. Most horses require large amounts of fresh, nutrient-rich grass to sustain
themselves, while others can get away with some hay and a larger amount of
grain, despite the health concerns.

Knowing how to balance your horses diet is key. All horses need the same
essential nutrients when it comes to feed and grain. Horses need energy to fuel
bodily functions, protein to build and repair body tissues and to produce enzymes,
hormones, vitamins and minerals (Ralston, 2012). Feed and grains are packed
with carbohydrates, providing fuel for intense activity. Limiting how much grain a
horse consumes is important. Heavy loads of carbohydrates in the digestive tract
can trigger laminitis, colic and other health threats. Due to these concerns, it is
imperative that balance and consistency are the highest priority when it comes to
feeding horses (Ralston, 2012).
While horses in general have very particular diets, different types of horses
will require various amounts of feed and some depend on additional supplements
for their sustenance. The amount needed by each horse is different depending on
factors such as the horses weight, age, and work level (Haydt, n.d.). It can change
at any point in time as well, so continuous evaluation of a horses health and
weight will be necessary. Consultation with a veterinarian can help a new horse
owner discern how much feed to give their horse.
II. Feeding Management

Horses today have comparatively small stomach(s) which is a result of
them evolving into grazers (Duberstein & Johnson, 2009). As a result of their
grazing eating habits, they need to be fed more frequently to help them digest
properly. Other benefits of feeding various times a day are that it improves their
disposition, appearance, and feed utilization and also helps to prevent stall vices
8

such as cribbing and weaving (Duberstein & Johnson, 2009). When asked about
a feeding schedule, Jean Kraus of William Woods University explained the
schedule the university utilized, which is outlined in the following table.
Table 1 Feeding Schedule at William Woods University
Table Created by Green Pasture Feeds
In the information following, the feed that a horse requires is roughage

(hay, or beet pulp), grains (grouping together pelleted feeds and other typical
grains such as oats and corn), and supplements; medications are also given at this
time.
Roughage is one of the most important categories for equine feeding.
Whenever feeding a horse roughage, it should be fed at least 1%- preferably
1.5%-2%- of it body weight in roughage (on a dry matter basis) (Duberstein &
Johnson, 2009). In application, this means that if a 1,000 pound horse was being
fed roughage, it would require at least 10 pounds per day with 15-20 pounds
being preferred.
Grass hay is a common roughage. If the horse has an allergy to this hay,
beet pulp is a roughage substitute that does not have the problems associated with
other hays (Loving, 2006) .The reason that roughage is one of the most important
aspects of feeding is that horses are adapted to eating forages (grasses and hays)
9

due to a microbe-containing, hindgut adaption called the cecum and feeding too
little roughage can lead to severe health conditions such as colic and ulcers
(Duberstein & Johnson, 2009). If enough roughage is not fed on a normal basis,
the stomach will sit empty for a certain period of time, and this can cause the
acids to sit for a prolonged period without being drawn into the roughage to
neutralize the acids in the stomach; this is what would cause these ill effects.
Roughage quality should also be taken into account as good quality roughage and
feed are vital to the horse. Respiratory, digestive, and nervous problems even
death- may result from feeding dusty, moldy, contaminated, or spoiled feeds
(Duberstein & Johnson, 2009). A way to help insure the quality of what you are
feeding is to store feeds in a dry environment, and avoid rain and humidity as
much as possible (Duberstein & Johnson, 2009).
There is one more measure that can be taken to help minimize the risk of
respiratory problems; this measure would be not feeding finely-ground grains.
These finely-ground grains may seem appealing because coarse grinding,
cracking, rolling and crushing, processes break down the seed coat, making most
grains more digestible and increasing their palatability and feeding value by 5%10% (Duberstein & Johnson, 2009), but they are risky because of the problems
they can create.
There are rules when feeding as well. One such rule is that a manager
should feed based on feed weight, not volume (Duberstein & Johnson, 2009).
Volume is not always an accurate measure of what is fed. For example, pellets
10

tend to be denser and have a greater weight per volume than sweet food. Flakes of
hay also differ in weight and volume (Duberstein & Johnson, 2009). Knowing
the approximate weight of what you are feeding a horse can also have benefits for
their nutrition. One reason for this is that since nutrient requirements for horses
are typically given based on weight, knowing how much your horse eats will be
helpful for any calculations you may want to perform (Duberstein & Johnson,
2009). Knowing the weight of feed can also help you make appropriate
adjustments in quantity when increasing the amount fed as well as when
switching to a new product (Duberstein & Johnson, 2009). A good practice for
knowing how much a horse is being fed would be to have a scale in the feed room
so it could be weighed before distributing the feed. This would help a manager to
keep consistency with feeding the horses as well as giving them knowledge of
exactly how much is being fed for nutrition purposes.
Another area that needs extreme care in the feeding program is when there
is an alter to a horses feeding program. For example, when changing types of
feed, begin by replacing a small amount of the previous feed with the new feed.
Over the course of several days to two weeks, gradually replace more of the old
feces with new feed until your horse is completely switched to the new feed
(Duberstein & Johnson, 2009). This slow change would be giving your horses
GI tract microbes, which help digest certain feeds, a chance to gradually adapt to
changes will help prevent digestive disturbances such as colic (Duberstein &
Johnson, 2009). By allowing this very gradual change, the horse would be
protected from digestive shock and upset (Duberstein & Johnson, 2009).
11

Another consideration for feeding would be the amount of grain to feed for
each meal. A manager should limit meals of grain feeds to less than .05% of
body weight each feeding (Duberstein & Johnson, 2009). For example, if a 1,200
pound horse required more than 6 pounds of grain, such as 10 pounds, the grain
should be split up over multiple meals. An easy way to do this would be to have
two meals of 5 pounds of grain. A horses feedstuffs should be based upon
energy content, protein, fat, and fiber that meet its requirements for these
nutrient, and essential vitamins and minerals (Duberstein & Johnson, 2009).
These requirements will need to be met to maintain the horses weight and will
depend on metabolism, age and activity level (Duberstein & Johnson, 2009).
The following chart shows the nutrient requirements of a 1,200 pound horse with
a moderate workload (Cech, 2012).
12

Figure 1 Nutrition Requirements
Fi
gure created by Green Pasture Feeds
Horse managers should also try to prevent a horse from bolting their food
(consuming it rapidly). If a horse bolts its food, this could lead to choking and
metabolic disorders (Duberstein & Johnson, 2009). To help prevent these
problems from happening, a horse manager should be spreading feed out over a
large area, or placing large, smooth rocks in the feed tub (Duberstein & Johnson,
2009). The rocks should be about the size of a hand so the horse does not
accidentally swallow them; these rocks would make the horse sift the feed out of
the spaces between the rocks and slow down the rate of ingestion (Loving, 2006).
13

Feeding too much grain would also be rather dangerous for the horse, and
intake should be limited when a horse is idle. Whenever a working horse has a
period of rest, a manager should withhold one-half of the grain ration and
increase hay as some horses are prone to metabolic disorders that cause their
muscles to tie up (Duberstein & Johnson, 2009). Tying up can be a very serious
condition that can erode muscle tissue and cause kidney problems for the horse
(Loving, 2006), and this simple measure can help to make sure this condition does
not happen.
One other aspect that is essential for a horse is to make sure they have
clean water every day. A normal, healthy horse will consume approximately 5-15
gallons of water per day depending on temperature, humidity and activity level
(Duberstein & Johnson, 2009). It is especially important to monitor the water
intake on cold days. Many horses may not be inclined to drink enough water
during cold weather, particularly if the water provided is icy (Duberstein &
Johnson, 2009). Some ways to encourage a horse to drink water on cold days are
by top dressing its feed with a small amount (e.g. 1-2 oz) of salt or providing
water warmed to ambient temperature at least twice daily (Duberstein &
Johnson, 2009). Making sure that a horse has adequate hydration is important
because of the negative effects that could happen otherwise. A horse that does not
intake adequate amounts of water is more susceptible to impactions and other
forms of colic (Duberstein & Johnson, 2009).
14
III. Grasses
According to a blog post on anderson-hay.com, in an ideal setting, any
horse, performance oriented or not, should be fed a forage based diet. There are
pros and cons to both forage and grain based diets, but the job description, age,
and metabolism level play a big part in the kind of diet that best suits them.
Horses are herbivores so grass and hay should be the main source of nutrition,
even with todays progressive use of grains and supplements. Depending on when
the hay is harvested depends on the amount of energy it contains. If it is cut at an
early stage of maturity, it will contain a higher percentage of energy-dense
concentrates. The later the hay is cut, the lower the percentage. Recreation and
low-level performance horses need less energy rich hays because they dont
require as much energy for their job (Anderson, 2012). According to Eric Haydt
in the article Feeding: Performance Horse Feed Considerations, a lot of horse
owners focus on the quality and amount of grain they are feeding when they
should really be focusing on the hay and pasture quality that their horses are
consuming (Haydt, 2016). On the following page, a visual representation is given
of what horses should be predominantly consuming according to
myhorseuniversity.com.
15

Figure 2 - Feed Pyramid for Equine
(Cash, 2012)
http://www.myhorseuniversity.com/resources/eTips/September2011/Didyouknow
In an article titled Stored Forages for Horses on ADM Animal Nutritions

website, a quality pasture is the most ideal form of forage for horses. Having
continuous forage in front of them is the best strategy to supplement their
continuously working digestive tract. Not only does pasture grazing provide them
with the nutrients they need, but they also get exercise and socialization, which
will therefore benefit their health (ADM Animal Nutrition, 2016). According to
Ray Geor in the article Pasture Grass: The Healthy Choice, horses spend 70% of
their time in a pasture grazing and that horses grazing patterns are inversely
proportional. This means that the more availability and better quality grass they
are consuming, the less time is spent grazing and the lower the availability of
forage the more time is spent searching for palatable forage. When considering
the amount of grass any horse should consume, the article reveals that horses
should eat about 1% of their body weight in hay or pasture grasses and legumes
daily. For example, if a horse weighs 1,000 pounds, they should be consuming 10
pounds of forage. Mature horses, or horses at work may be fed both hay and
16

grain. This changes the percentages to about 2-2.5% of their body weight in feed
each day (Goer, 2003).
In the same article from ADM Animal Health, the most common hays fed
to performance horses include alfalfa, bermuda, timothy and orchard. Legumes,
including alfalfa and clover, are typically the most nutrient rich forage on the
market for horses. They are stock full of higher concentrations of protein, energy,
calcium, and vitamin A. Legumes quality depends greatly on when it is cut and
harvested compared to grass hays. Although if it is not harvested at the optimum
time, grass hays can be superior. Alfalfa is one of horses favorite hays because it
is very palatable. Most commonly, performance horses are routinely fed alfalfa,
whether it be pure or diluted with another grass. Alfalfa and hay cubes can also be
fed as treats or part of a daily routine. Mature horses doing light to moderate work
can benefit most from mixed forage such as T&A (timothy and alfalfa). Nutrients
such as calcium, carotene and protein are strongest in alfalfa when it is cut at the
mid-bloom stage, thus being the most valuable legumes. Coastal Bermuda grass is
another commonly fed hay to performance horses and horses under less workload.
Bermuda is also quite high in energy, protein, and fiber making it an ideal grass
hay. Timothy is a lower nutrient rich hay when calcium and protein are
considered. As mentioned before, timothy is commonly blended with alfalfa in
order to make up for the lack of concentrates. Orchard grass hay is another lower
nutrient rich grass that is adequate enough for non-working horses. Like timothy,
orchard is commonly mixed with a higher protein hay such as alfalfa or clover
(ADM Animal Nutrition, 2016). ADM Animal Nutrition provided a table
17

highlighting the numerical nutrient content of different forages that can be seen
below.
Table 2 - Dry Matter Nutrient Content of Common Forages
(Stored Forages for Horses, n.d)

http://www.admani.com/horse/Equine Library/HorseStoredForagesforhorses.htm
Although forage is the ideal diet for horses, there are risks involved. Due to
horses fragile digestive system, consuming weeds and toxins can be detrimental
to their health and can sometimes lead to death. The most common plant toxins
include fiddleneck, and yellow starthistle (ADM Animal Nutrition, 2016).
According to ASPCA.org, Fiddleneck is a plant that horses with a lack of
nutritious pasture may gravitate to. It can also be harvested with and spotted in
hay matter as well. The toxic components can cause liver cirrhosis and display
symptoms such as weight loss, weakness, sleepiness, yawning, incoordination,
yellowish discoloration to mucous membranes (icterus), and neurologic problems.
Symptoms increase rapidly and there is no known treatment for this contaminant
(ASPCA, 2016). Yellow starthistle is an invasive plant species that is toxic to
horses after a large consumption. Horses develop an appetite for this weed and
18

can eat it in fields and hay products. Initial symptoms can go undetected such as
paralysis of the mouth, but can advance to muscle and nerve damage resulting in
failure to eat. Blister beetles are a very common venom to horses as well that can
be found in legumes and other hays. Dead or alive, cantharidin, the toxic fluids
inside the beetles, can cause serious problems for horses. Small amounts can
cause a horse to colic and 10 to 300 beetles can produce enough toxins to kill the
horse. They are very common in alfalfa fields and once infected, they are very
hard to avoid (ADM Animal Nutrition, 2016). Below is a checklist for purchasing
quality hay, found in the article Stored Forages for Horses in ADM Animal
Nutrition.
Table 3 - Criteria to Select High-Quality Hay for Horses
(Stored Forages for Horses, n.d)

http://www.admani.com/horse/Equine Library/Horse Stored Forages for horses.htm
The acclaimed brand Farnam Company posted an article entitled

Prevention is Best When it Comes to Sand Colic written by Cynthia McFarland
stating that sand colic is more common than one might believe. Horses grazing on
bare pasture or fed hay on the ground can develop geophobia, which is the
acquired taste of soil. Small amount of sand in the digestive tract is normal, but
19

when it starts to build up in the colon and cecum, it can bring a deadly outcome.
Veterinarians will typically diagnose this issue using x-rays, ultrasounds, and
auditing the digestion sounds. A fecal sand float may also be performed where a
sample of manure is dispensed in a clear glove or bag and soaked in water to
reveal sand sinking to the bottom. This is an early test to discover the severity of
the problem (McFarland, 2016). According to the article, the best way to prevent
this issue is to avoid feeding hay on sandy ground, making sure horses have
plenty of grass pasture to feed on, and keeping clean, fresh water in front of them
at all times. This will all help reduce the buildup of sand. If a horse already has
built up in their gut, psyllium-based products can be used one week a month to
clear out existing sand by promoting intestinal regularity and moving the sand out
with the manure. If it is too late for prevention, surgery may be required
(McFarland, 2016).
As stated in the article Ration Balancing Made Easy by Karen Briggs, it is
very simple to tell if a horse is getting his daily nutrition requirements fulfilled. A
shiny coat, good appetite and weight maintenance, pleasant attitude, and
appropriate energy level will indicate an adequate diet (Briggs, 1999). Horses eat
according to what tastes good to them and, other than salt and water, they dont
develop cravings for the nutrients they require. Those daily requirements include
40 distinct nutrients that appear in most common equine diets. Before an
appropriate guess of the amount of hay to grain that should be fed, a few
questions have to be considered. 1) What stage of life is your horse in? 2) What is
your horses workload and job description? 3) Is your horse in the condition youd
20

like him to be in? and 4) What feeds are available to you? Once these questions
are answered an accurate body weight must be taken. From there it is simple to
determine how much hay to grain your horse should be consuming. As stated
before, a horse should consume 1.5% to 3% of their body weight daily and of that,
50% should be forage. It is crucial that horses main source of food comes from
forage, but the rest can be made up through grains and supplements (Briggs,
1999).
IV. Feeds and Grains

Horses should be provided the grain meal at the same time as feeding
forages. Hay and grain should be fed from a feeder instead of on the ground to
decrease feed losses and contamination by urine and feces. Feeding grain on the
ground also increases the horses consumption of dirt, which may accumulate in
the large intestine and eventually cause sand colic or intestinal impactions (Wood,
2014). The concentrate portion of the ration contains grains that are higher in
energy and lower in fiber than roughages. Many grains are fed to horses. The
most common are oats, barley, and corn. Wheat and milo are other grains fed to
horses (Griffin, 2013).
In the horse industry, it is common practice to feed grain by volume (for
example, one coffee can of oats, one scoop of pellets) rather than by weight. For
every feedstuff, the weight per volume differs, and each provides a different
concentration of nutrients. The feed amount should be weighed in the container
being fed to ensure that the horse is receiving an accurate feed amount (Wood,
2014). The table on the following page displays the weight of different types of
21

feed measured into a quart-sized coffee can, which is commonly used to serve
grain to horses.
Table 4 Feed Weight
Food
Whole Barley
Dried Beet Pulp
Whole Corn, Dent
Oats
Whole Wheat
Weight of 1 quart coffee can (lbs)

1.5
0.6
1.7
1.0
1.9
(Wood, 2014)
http://articles.extension.org/pages/10294/grain-feeding-for-horses
Oats are the most popular and safest grain to feed to horses. What makes
oats a safe feed is the fiber content, which is about 13 percent. Since oats have
about a 13 percent fiber content, it means oats have more bulk per nutrient
content, and horses have to eat more to satisfy their nutrient requirements (Griffin,
2013). The heavier the oats, the more nutrient contained per unit of weight. Oats
should be bought according to the least cost per unit of energy, provided they are
clean and stored properly. Clean oats are very important. Oats should be cleaned
to remove dirt, weeds, other seeds, and broken kernels. Dust in oats indicates that
the oats are old and may be of lesser quality. A musty smell indicates that the oats
have been stored with too much moisture and will spoil. Oats can be fed whole or
processed. Processing oats includes crimping, rolling, or crushing the kernel.
Whole oats are easily eaten and digested by the horse (Penn State College of
Agricultural Sciences, 2016).
Barley is very similar to oats as a feed except for some ways it is used.
Barley is lower in fiber than oats and is classified as a "heavy" feed. Barley is
more energy dense and weighs more per unit of volume (48 pounds per bushel, or
22

22 kg) than oats (Griffin, 2013). The barley kernel is harder than the oat kernel, so
it is usually rolled before feeding. If the barley kernel is crushed or ground, it is
too heavy and can cause colic unless mixed with a bulkier feed such as wheat
bran, so its important to know what you are dealing with.
Corn, also known as Maize is one of the most energy-dense feeds and
contains a high content of carbohydrate. Corn has a high energy content per unit
of weight and a high weight per unit volume. A given volume of corn contains
approximately three times the amount of energy as an equal volume of oats. Corn
quality is judged by the moisture content and percentage of well-formed kernels.
The corn kernels should be plump, firm, and separated. There should be no insect
or mold damage. Moisture content should be less than 14 percent. The kernel is
high in starch and readily fermentable; making it to where it can be flammable
(Equine Nutrition Nerd, 2015).
According to the Equine Nutrition Nerd, corn can be fed to horse is many
different forms, including:
On the cob: This form can be used as a management tool for horses
that eat their grain too fast. However, older horses or horses with
bad teeth have difficulty eating whole corn.
Shelled whole corn: Some whole-corn kernels will pass through
the digestive tract without being digested. Therefore, it is advisable
to process the kernels in some way to increase digestion.
Cracked corn: Cracking the corn kernel may be preferred because
it allows digestive juices to enter the corn and increase digestibility.
23

Steamed rolled corn: Steamrolling further processes the corn
kernel, creating more surface area for digestive juices and
increasing digestibility.
Ground or crushed corn: This type of processing makes the corn
kernel too small. If the corn passes through the small intestines too
rapidly, it can lead to fermentation in the hindgut. This may lead to
colic if the horse is being fed a high-concentrate diet. Whole-ear
ground corn can be fed to horses because the cob is high in fiber
and low in energy.
Wheat is fed to horses more in the Southwest and Northwest than any
other parts of the country, wheat bran being the most popular. Wheat bran is the
hard outer coating of the kernel. A form of feeding wheat bran is called mash.
Mash is most likely used to add bulk to a diet, or increase the horse's phosphorus
intake (Griffin, 2013).
There are other kinds of feed/grains that are used, but not on a normal
everyday basis as with the previously mentioned grains. One example is called
Milo, otherwise known as Grain Sorghum. Milo is a very high-energy feed that
is mostly seen being used in the Southwestern part of the United States. There is
also beet pulp, which is relatively high in energy and calcium but low in protein,
phosphorus, and B vitamins. Beet pulp is included in many high-performance
diets to help ensure adequate fiber intake while meeting energy needs (Griffin,
2013).
V. Supplements
24

Supplements have become very popular in use in the horse industry. A
supplement can be defined as any substance that is added to horses natural diet
and forage, according to an article by Heather Smith Thomas on thehorse.com.
Today, it is often seen in form of vitamins, minerals, proteins, and other sources of
energy. Supplements today are most often used to enhance a horses specific
performance as high stress athletes are depleted from some of their needed
resources (Thomas, 2007).
Nutritional Supplements:
According to the article 4 Things you (probably) Didnt Know About Beet
Pulp, some horses have a hard time maintaining a healthy weight and muscle and
need a weight builder supplement. There are several products available to add
extra protein, carbohydrates, and fat to help build weight. Beet Pulp is perhaps
one of the most commonly used weight building supplements. Beet pulp is a
byproduct of the sugar beet therefor making it high in sugar and starch. Fiber
plays a critical role in the horses diet and unlike humans, it is a major source of
energy (Equus Magazine, 2015). Beet pulp provides a nutritional advantage to
other supplements because it is packed full of fiber for the horse. SmartPak offers
a premade weight builder supplement made of 40% fat and Omega 3 fatty acids.
This product is mainly for its convenience of being pre measured as there are
plenty of other weight supplements with this percentage of fat (SmartPak, n.d).
Rice bran is another popular supplement under this category. Bran is a rich source
of fat with close to 25% fat (Kentucky Equine Research Staff, 1999). Rice Bran
25

can be dressed on feed in order to achieve an all-around finish to your horse's
body condition score.
With so many horses suffering from colic and Gastro-intestinal issues,
many horse owners choose to use probiotics as a safe choice to promote healthy
digestion. Probiotics is a supplement used to increase GI tract function by
replacing and increasing the horse's natural microbiota and gut flora. The return
of healthy bacteria helps increase digestion rate and lower the risk of impaction in
the horses small and large intestines (Larson, 2013).
Vitamins and minerals:
According to the article Feeding Salt to Horses, many horses require
additional vitamins and minerals. The typical grain fed to horses does not include
salts and basic minerals. Luckily, the horse synthesizes many vitamins through its
own metabolism such as vitamin B and C. In order to meet a horses daily sodium
requirements, they must consume 1-2 ounces of salt a day and in hotter climates
about 4-6 ounces a day. Salt and mineral blocks can be purchased for horses to
lick on to meet their daily salt and mineral requirements (Roy, 2010). This
percentage of the horses diet can be observed in Figure 1, Nutrition
Requirements, in the feeding management section of the report. Karen Briggs
writes, during the summer some horses may need electrolytes to encourage their
water intake. Macro minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chloride,
potassium, magnesium, and sulfur are usually included in electrolytes (Briggs,
2001). One of the most widely used vitamin supplement would be Biotin. Biotin
is used to help the horse synthesize keratin that is needed for healthy hair and
26

hoof growth. Vitamin A and Biotin can be used to create a soft shiny coat and
strong sturdy hooves making it desirable for many horse owners (Briggs, 2001).
Preventative Measures:
While some supplements are used to provide nutrients that horses do not
receive otherwise, other supplements are utilized to prevent injuries or strengthen
bones and ligaments to prevent unnecessary concussion to the horses joints.
Protecting your horses bones and joints is a necessity for optimum performance.
Glycosaminoglycan has been shown to increase cartilage repair in the
performance horse. Silicon can be added to increase bone density and strength
greatly reducing the risk for injury (Thomas, 2007). Glucosamine, a complex
sugar molecule and a crucial part of joint fluid, is given to enhance joint health
(Thomas, 2007).
Anti-inflammatory drugs are often used in performance horses to prevent
swelling. The most common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are
Phenylbutazone (Bute), typically used to reduce joint inflammation or lameness,
and Banamine which is usually given orally to reduce inflammation in the
digestive system (OBrien, 2015).
NSAIDs are not the only preventative drugs utilized with horses. Other
conditions must be prevented as well, such as ulcers and common diseases.
Performance horses and horses subject to repeated stress are often at risk of
gastrointestinal ulcers. There are several different brand options on the shelf but
all contain omeprazol. Omeprazol works by blocking acid production which
27

creates a decrease of inflammation in the horse's digestive system (How
ulcerguard works, 2016). Most ulcer treatments are giving in liquid form poured
on top of feed.
Performance Enhancement:
Vegetable oil is used to increase a horses stamina. The saturated fats and
alcohols help give extra calories for extra energy (Roy, 2012). Dymethylglycine
(DMG) has been shown to reduce lactic acid levels after training in horses. Due
to this effect, DMG is often supplemented to performance horses in their feed in
order to increase recovery time after strenuous training (Jones, 1987). Red Cell is
a supplement often given to high training performance horses as an energy
enhancer. Red Cell contains an iron rich formula and contains minerals,
antioxidants, and vitamin B12 so act as a blood booster and increase the energy
level in the performance horse (Kane, 2014).
VI. Different Types of Horses Needs

When taking on the challenge of being a horse owner, there are countless
things to consider. Buying a horse is typically the least of ones potential expenses
and therefore, it is important to look into the horses characteristics even further.
There is a vast variety of types of horses even within the same breed; this variety
is related to how easily they keep or put on weight. Some horses put on weight
quite easily, and these horses are referred to as easy keepers, while others are
very difficult to upkeep, and therefore are called hard keepers or hard/tough
keepers (Ralston, 2004).
28

A horse that is a hard keeper tends to have trouble putting on weight and
may drop weight dramatically when seasons change or work is increased. These
horses are usually the ones that need more grain, forage and supplements. While
one may think that an easy keeper is more desirable, these horses come with their
own fair share of struggles as well. A horse owner must ensure that their easy
keeper is not getting too much food; these horses also must have limited turnout,
as grass puts on weight quickly as well. For other horses, turnout is the only way
they will be able to keep on weight. Therefore, it is vital to individualize each
horses diet to ensure they are the healthiest and happiest horse possible (Briggs,
2012).
Body Condition Scoring:
When discerning whether or not a horse is underweight or overweight, it is
first important to know how to correctly measure the healthy weight of a horse.
Horses weight can be measured using a weight tape, although this will be a very
rough estimate (Cumming, n.d.). A more accurate measurement of their weight
can be done with a simple formula. It is the measurement in centimeters around
their heart-girth area multiplied by itself, then multiplied by the length of the
horses body from the point of his shoulder to the point of his rump; after figuring
that number, you divide it by 11,877. That gives you the horses weight in
kilograms. To convert it to pounds, you simply multiply the number by 2.205.
Clearly, this method still does not completely give you an accurate number, but it
is much more accurate than simply using a weight tape (thehorse.com, 2010). In
29

the following image, the measurements needed to accurately calculate a horses
weight can be seen.
Figure 3: Measurements for Horse Weight
(SmartPak Equine)
https://www.smartpakequine.com/content/horse-weight-calculator
Now that it is understood how to find out how much a horse weighs, it
must then be considered what a healthy weight is for a horse. This number will
obviously depend on their height, breed, and type of work required. This is where
Body Condition Scoring comes in. The Henneke Body Condition Scoring is the
standard measurement, ranked from a 1-9 scale, with 1 being emaciated and 9
being obese (Henneke, 1983). Ideal weight depends on the horses conformation
(Habitat for Horses, 2016). It is also dependent on level of performance required.
Performance horses with very athletic lifestyles will be required to be more fit,
trim but with adequate muscling. Trail or recreational horses can have more fat on
their body and less muscle, because their jobs are not nearly as strenuous or
demanding on their bodies (Wright, 1998).
30

Typically different breeds will also have varying weights dependent on
their body types. Thoroughbreds and Arabians have lighter body types due to their
high level of activity. These horses are referred to as hot-blooded horses because
of their high energy and more alert demeanor. Thoroughbreds especially tend to
have more pronounced ribs and withers, due to the fact that they do not put on
weight around those areas as easily as other horses. Seen in the image to the left
Thoroughbred
taken by Ellen
Pons for the
Virginia
Thoroughbred
Association,
the finer and
(Ponse, 2014)
http://www.theracingbiz.com/2014/02/17/virginia-thoroughbred-associationaims-best-stallion-season-auction/
lighter features
of the
Thoroughbred breed are displayed, while still having appropriate muscling and
condition for its strenuous job, which is racing (Hahn, 2014).
Breeds that tend to be heavier include ponies and draft horses. They tend to
have lower levels of energy and put on weight easier. Draft horses are referred to
as cold-blooded horses due to their calm, stoic nature (Kentucky Equine Research
Staff, 2014). Draft breeds usually do not require as much sustenance as they have
little trouble keeping weight on. While there are exceptions, it is accurate in most
cases. Although draft horses may not require as much nourishment, they do still
31

need to receive the right types of sustenance so they can remain healthy (Triple
Crown Nutrition, 2014).
As seen in the image on the left (taken by Nicole DAngelo for Budweiser),
Clydesdale
draft breeds
tend to have a
heavier body
type. Planning
out a diet is just
as important for
(DAngelo, 2013)
http://www.budweiser.com/en/clydesdales/blog/budweiser-clydesdalespotlight-jackson.html
draft horses or
ponies with
fewer dietary needs as it is for those who have a very complicated diet.
Horses that tend to require a medium amount of food are horse such as
Quarter Horses, warmbloods and sporthorses. There is much variation within
these breeds, due to different activity levels. A Quarter Horse who sits out in a
pasture and does not get exercised often will need less food than a high-level
show Quarter Horse. Warmbloods and sporthorses are those that are typically
used for jumping or dressage; as these activities require higher levels of energy
and athleticism, dressage and jumping horses may need additional supplements or
grain to keep them in prime condition (Marcella, 2010).
Amount of feed necessary will greatly depend on the level of a horses
activity, even within each type of riding and within each breed and type. A horse
jumping two-foot will not need the same diet as a horse regularly jumping five-
32

foot or above. In the same way, a beginner dressage horse will not need as much
as a horse showing dressage at the international level (Marcella, 2010). The photo
on the right, courtesy of
Dutch Warmblood
horseworldonline.net,
displays great condition
for a warmblood.
Due to the high
variance between types
of horses, it is crucial for
horse owners to consult
(2015)
http://www.horseworldonline.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=1722
their vet when they are looking into buying a horse or if they notice their horse is
dropping or gaining an abnormal amount of weight. Getting a second opinion can
really make a difference. Now that it is understood how to measure a horses
weight and know what the healthy weight is for various breeds and types, horse
owners must also fully grasp the signs of whether their horse is an easy or hard
keeper.
Easy Keepers:
Experts agree that caring for an easy keeper can be just as challenging as
caring for a hard keeper. For these easy keepers, limiting their access to grass and
other rich forage is vital, in addition to limiting their grain intake (Ralston, 2004).
There are various ways to do this, while still allowing the horse to have a relaxed
and freedom-filled lifestyle. For example, instead of feeding the easy keeper lots
of grain, they can be fed hay throughout the day to encourage a healthy amount of
33

feed, but one that will not easily put on a lot of weight (Ralston, 2004). Limiting
access to pastures and lush grass will also help keep off the extra weight. Wearing
a grazing muzzle is quite effective, or turnout can occur on a dry lot, with lots of
room to run and play but little to no grass to munch on (Thomas, 2014).
Some horses enjoy eating their food way too quickly, a process which
equestrians typically call bolting its food (Blocksdorf, n.d.). The issue with
bolting feed is that horses may choke on it, and as they are unable to regurgitate,
this can become a fatal condition. Horses that bolt their grain are more likely to
colic. Horses that eat too quickly often times drop some of their grain and
therefore are not getting all the nutrients out of their feed. To encourage horses to
slow down, sometimes putting large rocks in the feed bin will help them eat
slower, or other people sometimes wet the grain so that it is harder to get large
bites of it all at once (Blocksdorf, n.d.). Feeding hay before grain is also another
way to trick a horse into thinking he is not as hungry, and therefore he may
choose to eat more slowly. Lastly, it is very important to keep tabs on your horses
weight. If they begin to put on more weight, it is important to adjust their diet
immediately so that other health issues do not occur (Thomas, 2014).
Hard Keepers:
Horses that have trouble keeping or putting on weight have this struggle
for various reasons. Some breeds are more likely to have difficulties with this,
such as Thoroughbreds and Arabians, as they are more energetic breeds and are
more likely to burn more calories every day. Habits such as weaving, stall
walking, pacing, cribbing, and nervousness all contribute to weight loss or lack of
34

weight gain (Geor, 2002). A horse that is consistently a 3 on the BCS despite
being fed lots of food may need more groceries than a horse that is typically a 6-8
with little feed (Habitat for Horses, 2016). Maintaining a horses weight is very
important, especially if it is a performance horse. Having a skinny horse reflects
poorly on the owner, trainer and manager, so ensuring healthy weight and
conditioning is vital in the show ring (Geor, 2002).
VII. Conclusion
Horses are a type of animal that require much care when it comes to their
nutrition and management. As their digestive systems are very sensitive, it is
important that a strict feeding schedule is followed and when changes need to be
made, they are made gradually over time. This applies not only to increases in
grain, but also increases in forage and grass, as these can be rich forms of
nutrition and if a horse is given too much fresh grass at once, their body will not
be able to process it properly (Kentucky Equine Research Staff, 2011).
Taking ones time while planning out a horses dietary needs is of the utmost
importance, because the horses long-term health and well-being will be directly
affected whether it be in a positive or negative way. Ensuring performance horses
are healthy will make a big difference in their athleticism and longevity of their
show careers (Barakat, 2004).
As far as types of grain go, it will depend on each individual horses
needs. Some horses will need greater amounts of grain, while some can go
35

without grain altogether and only receive hay and other types of forage. Ensuring
that each unique horse gets its proper ration with necessary supplements will help
keep them all healthy and performing to the best of their ability (Barakat, 2004).
VIII. Recommendations
Below is a series of suggestions that can be applied to a horses daily diet in order
to fulfill their nutritional and managerial needs.
Horses weight should be closely monitored on a regular basis, so that any
subtle changes are caught before the issue becomes too serious.
Horses should be fed multiple times per day to keep their digestive system
continuously working throughout the day. This will also help to make sure
that the horses do not encounter health issues such as colic.
Multiple feedings will help to keep the horses entertained and hinder the
development of stable vices such as weaving, stall walking, and cribbing.
Energy intake should be equal to the amount of energy a specific horse
exerts to perform or complete a required task. The reason for this is so that
there is not an excess of energy, but the horse is able to comfortably
complete its job.
Whenever switching to a new feed, do so over the period of at least two
weeks or up to a month. The more gradually their feed is switched, the
more time the horses digestive system has to adjust to the new feed. This
will help prevent digestive disturbances in the horse.
Adding electrolytes or salt to a horses diet can induce thirst. This prevents
dehydration due to sweating profusely during periods of hard work.
Ensuring horses are hydrated will help them perform to their fullest
potential.
Veterinarians and professional horsemen are valuable resources to have
when it comes to owning or managing horses. Consultation with
veterinarians and horsemen should be considered before the purchase of
any equine. This will ensure that the potential owner will be well-informed
and prepared to care properly for their potential horse.
36
References

1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
11.
13.
15.
17.
19.
21.
23.
Alfalfa Provides High Energy for Forage-Only Performance Horse Diet. (2012,
November 19). Retrieved April 21, 2016, from http://www.andersonhay.com/blog/bid/29020/Alfalf-Provides-High-Energy-for-Forage-OnlyPerformance-Horse-Diet
2.
Barakat, C. (2004, December). 5 Ways to Help Your Horse Live Longer.
Retrieved April 26, 2016, from
http://equusmagazine.com/article/livelonger_052207-8303
4.
Blocksdorf, K. (n.d.). Is Your Horse a Greedy Eater - Slow Down Your Bolter.
Retrieved April 26, 2016, from http://horses.about.com/od/feedingyourhorse/f
l/Preventing-Bolting-Slowing-a-Horse-That-Eats-Too-Fast.htm
6.
Briggs, K. (2001, October 4). Amazing Minerals. Retrieved April 26, 2016, from
http://www.thehorse.com/articles/10427/amazing-minerals
8.
Briggs, K. (2012, February 24). Managing the "Hard Keeper" Retrieved April 26,
2016, from http://equimed.com/health-centers/nutrition/articles/managing-thehard-keeper
10.
Briggs, K. (1999, July 1). Ration Balancing Made Easy. Retrieved April 21, 2016,
from http://www.thehorse.com/articles/10321/ration-balancing-made-easy
12.
Budweiser Clydesdale Blog Staff. (2013, August 19). Budweiser Clydesdale
Spotlight: Jackson. Retrieved April 26, 2016, from http://www.budweiser.com/en/
clydesdales/blog/budweiser-clydesdale-spotlight-jackson.html
14.
Cash, D., Griffin, A., Nadeau, J., & Skelly, C. (2012). My Horse University.
Retrieved April 21, 2016, from http://www.myhorseuniversity.com/resour
ces/eTips/September2011/Didyouknow
16.
Cech, P. (2012). Horse Feed and Dietary Supply Calculator. Retrieved April 07,
2016, from http:horsemath.com/horse-feed-calculator
18.
Cumming, B. (2009, September). Estimating a horse's condition and weight.
Retrieved April 25, 2016, from http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/
0008/299402/Estimating-a-horses-condition-and-weight.pdf
20.
DAngelo, N. (Photographer). (2013, August 13). Jackson [digital image].
Retrieved from http://www.budweiser.com/en/clydesdales/blog/budweiserclydesdale-spotlight-jackson.html
22.
Duberstein, K.J., Dr., & Johnson, E. L., Dr. (2009, September, September 11).
Basic Nutritional Guidelines for Equine Management (B 1356). Retrieved April
06, 2016, from http://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.cfm?number=B1356
24.
38

25.
27.
29.
31.
33.
35.
37.
39.
41.
43.
45.
Fiddleneck. (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2016, from http://www.aspca.org/petcare/animal-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/fiddleneck

26.
Geor, R., PhD. (2003, May 1). Pasture Grass: The Healthy Choice. Retrieved
April 21, 2016, from http://www.thehorse.com/articles/13696/pasture-grass-thehealthy-choice
28.
Geor, R., PhD. (2002, September 01). Putting Weight on Hard Keepers. Retrieved
April 26, 2016, from http://www.thehorse.com/articles/13314/putting-weight-onhard-keepers
30.
Griffin, A. (2013, July 1). Grains for Horses and Their Characteristics
eXtension. Retrieved April 25, 2016, from
http://articles.extension.org/pages/10246/grains-for-horses-and-theircharacteristics
32.
Habitat for Horses. (2016). The Henneke Body Condition Scoring System Habitat For Horses. Retrieved April 26, 2016, from
http://www.habitatforhorses.org/the-henneke-body-condition-scoring-system/
34.
Haydt, E. (n.d.). Performance Horse Feed | Triple Crown Performance Horse
Feed-Which Works Best. Retrieved April 21, 2016, from
http://www.triplecrownfeed.
com/articles/performancehorsefeed-feeding-performance-horse-feed/
36.
Henneke, D., G. Potter, J. Kreider, and B. Yates. 1983. Relationship between
condition score, physical measurements and body fat percentage in mares. Equine
Veterinary Journal, 15:371-372
38.
How Ulcerguard works. (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2016, from http://www.
ulcergard.com/prevent-with-ulcergard/how-ulcergard-works/Pages/default
.aspx
40.
J., R. (2012, October 15). The Feed Room. Retrieved April 21, 2016, from
http://www.horsefeedblog.com/2012/10/adding-oil-to-a-horses-diet/
42.
Jones, W., DVM. (1987, March). GROWING INTEREST IN DMG. Retrieved
April 26, 2016, from http://www.vitaflex.com/res_growd
mga.php
44.
K. (2011, September 16). Make Horse Feed Changes Gradually. Retrieved April
25, 2016, from http://www.equinews.com/article.make-horse-feed-changesgradually
46.
39

47.
49.
51.
53.
55.
57.
59.
61.
63.
65.
67.
69.
Kane, E. (2013, January 1). Veterinary Myth-busting: Blood Boosters in

Performance Horses. Retrieved April 26, 2016, from http://veterinary
news.dvm360.com/veterinary-myth-busting-blood-boosters-performance-horses
48.
Kentucky Equine Research Staff. (2014, June 17). Hot Blood, Warm Blood, Cold
Blood in Horses. Retrieved April 26, 2016, from http://www.equinews.com/art
icle/hot-blood-warm-blood-cold-blood-horses
50.
Kentucky Equine Research Staff. (1999, December 24). Stabilized Rice BranJust
the Facts, Please. Retrieved April 26, 2016, from
http://www.equinews.com/article/
stabilized-rice-branjust-the-facts-please
52.
Kraus, J. (2016, April 08). Equine Feeding Schedule at William Woods University
[Personal Interview].
54.
Larson, E. (2013, April 16). Study Evaluates Effects of Probiotics for Horses.
Retrieved April 26, 2016, from http://www.thehorse.com/articles/31697
/study-evaluates-effects-of-probiotics-for-horses
56.
Loving, N. (2006). All Horse Systems Go. North Pomfret, VT: Traflgar Square
Publishing.
58.
Marcella, K., VMD. (2010, November 01). Sport horse nutrition: Winning is in
the details. Retrieved April 26, 2016, from
http://veterinarynews.dvm360.com/sport-horse-nutrition-winning-details
60.
O'Brien, A., DVM. (2015, February 27). NSAIDs for Horses. Retrieved April 26,
2016, from http://www.horsechannel.com/horse-health/nsaids-for-horses.aspx
62.
PennState Extension. (2016). Feeding Horses (Equine). Retrieved April 10, 2016,
from http://extension.psu.edu/animals/equine/nutrition/feeding-horses
64.
Pons, E. (Photographer). (2014, February 17). Freedom Child [digital image].
Retrieved from http://www.theracingbiz.com/2014/02/17/virginia-thoroughbredassociation-aims-best-stallion-season-auction/
66.
Ralston, S. L., VMD. (2012, October). Feed Your Horse a Balanced Diet.
Retrieved April 25, 2016, from http://practicalhorsemanmag.com/article/feedyour-hor
Se-a-balanced-diet
68.
Ralston, S. L., VMD. (2004). Maintenance of the "Easy Keeper" Horse. Retrieved
April 26, 2016, from http://esc.rutgers.edu/fact_sheet/maintenance-of-the-easykeeper-horse/
70.
40

71.
73.
75.
77.
79.
81.
83.
85.
87.
89.
91.
Stored Forages for Horses. (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2016, from
http://www.admani.
com/horse/Equine Library/Horse Stored Forages for horses.htm
72.
The Equine Nutrition Nerd. (2014, May 12). DRY MATTER in Equine Nutrition.
Retrieved April 6, 2016, from https://equinenutritionnerd.com/category/abcs-ofequine-nutrition/
74.
Thomas, H. S. (2007, August 1). Feed Supplements for Horses. Retrieved April
26, 2016, from http://www.thehorse.com/articles/19468/feed-supplements-forhorses
76.
Thomas, H. S. (2014, October 20). 5 Tips for Feeding Easy Keepers. Retrieved
April 26, 2016, from http://www.thehorse.com/articles/34702/5-tips-for-feedingeasy-keepers
78.
Triple Crown Nutrition. (2014, July 11). Feeding Your Draft Horse: Nutritional
Feed Requirements. Retrieved April 26, 2016, from
http://www.triplecrownfeed.com/
horsefeedblog/horse-care-blog/feeding-your-draft-horse-nutritional-feedrequirements/
80.
Vandergrift, B., Dr. (2016). Commercial Horse Grain Mixes versus Plain Grains.
Retrieved April 12, 2016, from https://www.triplecrownfeed.com/articles/
commercial-horse-grain-mixes-versus-plain-horse-grain/
82.
Weight Builder. (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2016, from
https://www.smartpakequine.com/ps/weight-builder-816?utm_source=cpc
84.
Wood/ University of Kentucky, C. (2014, October 28). Grain Feeding for HorseseXtension. Retrieved April 15, 2015, from http://articles.extension.org/pages
/10294/grain-feeding-for-horses
86.
Wright, B., Dr. (1998, December). Body Condition Scoring of Horses. Retrieved
April 26, 2016, from http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/horses/facts
/98-101.htm
88.
4 Things you (probably) didn't know about beet pulp. (2015, February). Retrieved
April 26, 2016, from http://equusmagazine.com/article/4-didnt-beet-pulp-26851
90.
(2015). An Example of a Dutch Warmblood [digital image]. Retrieved from
http://www.horseworldonline.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=1722
41

Formal Report - Feeding Management and Scheduling

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Descrizione originale:

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Formal Report - Feeding Management and Scheduling

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Nutrition for the Performance Horse

Prepared for Dr. Duke,

Green Pasture Feeds, Inc.

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Nutrition for the Performance Horse

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Feeds and Grains

Vitamins and Minerals

Different Types of Horses Needs

22-29 a. Body Condition

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

2: Dry Matter Nutrient Content of Common Forages

3: Criteria to Select High-Quality Forage

2: Feed Pyramid for Equine

3: Measure for Horse Weight

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

II. Feeding Management

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Table Created by Green Pasture Feeds

In the information following, the feed that a horse requires is roughage

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

In an article titled Stored Forages for Horses on ADM Animal Nutritions

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

(Stored Forages for Horses, n.d)

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

(Stored Forages for Horses, n.d)

The acclaimed brand Farnam Company posted an article entitled

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

IV. Feeds and Grains

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Weight of 1 quart coffee can (lbs)

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

VI. Different Types of Horses Needs

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Business Research Paper | Green Pasture Feeds

Fiddleneck. (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2016, from http://www.aspca.org/petcare/animal-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/fiddleneck