Science-Based Agriculture: A

Pillar for Modernizing the

Sector

Presentation Outline
Review of Recent Agricultural Performance
Challenges to Agricultural Growth
Science Based Agriculture: Definition and
Related Concepts
PCAARRD and its Programs
Synthesis

Philippine Agricultural Performance

Economic Magnitude and Growth (1998-2015)
During the last 18 years, the economic magnitude of
the countrys agriculture sector (including hunting,
forestry and fishing) hovered around 440 to 720 billion
pesos annually.
The average GDP of this sector was about 611 billion
pesos.
The sector grew at an average of 2.94 percent. The
highest growth was achieved in 1999 at 9.65 percent.
This was three times higher than the growth of the
economy.
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Philippine Agricultural Performance

Structural Transformation

From 1998 to 2009, the sector accounted for 13 to 14

percent of the total GDP. This steadily declined to 10 to 11
percent from 2010 to 2015.
The agricultural sector is not shrinking in absolute size as
evidenced by the average GDP (in constant prices) in the
following years:
1998 to 2001 about 500 billion pesos
2001 to 2010 about 600 billion pesos
2010 to 2015 about 700 billion pesos

This reflects the structural transformation taking place in

the Philippine economy which is a common phenomenon
among industrializing economies.
The decline in its relative size (i.e. in relation to the whole
economy) is due to the expansion in other sectors such as
4
services and industry.

Philippine Agricultural Performance

Figure 1. Gross Domestic Product and Share of AHFF to Total GDP, 1998 to 2015.
8000000

16.00

7000000

14.00
12.00
10.00

5000000

8.00
4000000
6.00
3000000
2000000
1000000

Total GDP
(in Million PhP)

Percent

Million PhP

6000000

AHFF GDP
(in Million PhP)
Growth Rate (Total GDP)
(in percent)

4.00

Growth Rate (AHFF)

(in percent)

2.00

Share of AHFF
(in percent)

0.00

-2.00

Year

Philippine Agricultural Performance

Palay Productivity

Yield in palay increased from 2.62 mt/ha in 1987 to 3.9 mt/ha in 2015
During the last 29 years, average yield is at 3.3 mt/ha . The average
growth at 1.5%.
20,000,000
18,000,000
16,000,000
14,000,000
12,000,000
10,000,000
8,000,000
6,000,000
4,000,000
2,000,000
-

4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

Volume
Area
Yield

Philippine Agricultural Performance

Corn Productivity

Yield in corn doubled from 1.2 mt/ha in 1987 to 2.9 mt/ha in 2015
During the last 29 years, average yield is at 2.0 mt/ha with annual
growth of 3.4%.
9,000,000
8,000,000

3.5
3

7,000,000
6,000,000

2.5

5,000,000

4,000,000

1.5

3,000,000

Volume
Area
Yield

2,000,000
1,000,000
-

0.5
0
7

Philippine Agricultural Performance

Other Crops Productivity

Yield of other crops increased by 2.2 mt/ha from 8.2 mt/ha in 1990 to
10.4 mt/ha in 2014
During the last 25 years, average yield is at 9.5 mt/ha with annual growth
of 1.2%.
However, some of the major agricultural crops such as sugarcane,
coconut and mango have experienced decline in yield.
80,000,000
70,000,000

12
10

60,000,000

50,000,000
40,000,000
30,000,000

Area
4

20,000,000
10,000,000
-

Volume

Yield

2
0
8

Philippine Agricultural Performance

The poor state of local infrastructure
has dampened the positive effects of
increased agricultural productivity on
agricultural commodity prices, kept
transport and post-harvest handling
costs high and inhibited agricultural
growth from further stimulating the
progress of the non-aggie sector as it did
in most NICs.
9

MAJOR CHALLENGES TO
AGRICULTURAL GROWTH

10

Specific Challenges
Cultivation frontier
o Only 58% (5.8 million ha) of the total
land area devoted to agriculture (10
million ha) is suitable for crop
production.
o Only 43% of the appropriate lands for
crop production have potential to
respond to intensive agriculture.
o 45% of the arable lands suffer from
moderate to severe erosion

11

Specific Challenges
Migration of labor
o In 2014, agriculture had a 30% (11.8/38.65 million
people) share in the total employment, according to
the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA).
o Its contribution to total employment has declined
from 37% in 2001. It experienced consistently
slower growth rate at less than 1% compared to
total employments 2.2%.

12

Specific Challenges
Climate Change
o Third among the 173 countries in the world in
terms of disaster risk index at 24.32 % (World Risk
Report 2011)
o The co-occurrence of the three events
(drought+flooding+landslide) with SAFDZ areas is
estimated to be 162,000 hectares.

o Cost of damages of destructive typhoons for the

period 1993-2012 ranged from B Php 2.07 in 2011
to B Php 36.95 in 2012.
13

Specific Challenges
New fields of science such as biotechnology,
value chain, indigenous knowledge systems, and
ICT, among others, are greatly influencing how
agricultural RDE is being conducted Innovations
are being generated thru networking, linkages
and partnerships leading to a marked change in
the knowledge structure of the aggie sector.

14

Specific Challenges
With our ever increasing population,
the amount of arable land suited to
agriculture has declined, water
availability becoming scarce, and the
extent of environmental degradation
is on the rise.

15

Specific Challenges
Other set of challenges are also
emerging from a constantly shifting
development scenarios such as trade
liberalization, IPR issues, rapid
urbanization associated with land use
conversion & changing food habits/
lifestyles.

16

Key Challenge in Phil. Agriculture

How are we going to produce
enough food to meet increasing
demand in conditions of climate
change and dwindling natural
resources?
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AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT = AREA X YIELD

18

19

Response to the Challenge

Science-Based Agriculture

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What is science-based agriculture?

Science-Based Agriculture
Respects traditional knowledge.
However, this must be validated by
science for ground-truths. Systems
and technologies must evolve and prove
their economies of scale to encourage
partners, i.e. smallholder farmers, to get
involved and to adopt.
21

Science-Based Agriculture

Traditional knowledge
maintained by experts and non-experts in
local communities; it is held, owned and
developed collectively and individually; and it
is transmitted through written, oral and nonverbal means among and within cultures,
generations, population groups, communities,
households and individuals (FAO, 2009).
22

Science-Based Agriculture
Traditional Knowledge

Traditional farming, fishing,

pastoralism/herding, foraging and
forestry are based on long-term

established knowledge and practices

that help to ensure food and agricultural
diversity, valuable landscape and
seascape features, livelihoods and food
security (FAO, 2009)
23

Science-Based Agriculture
Traditional Knowledge

World famous rice terraces of the

Ifugao in Northern Philippines
Indigenous agroforestry systems of
the Tausugs in Mindanao

Traditional fishing
24

Why the need for scientific validation?

Science-Based is Evidence Based

Involves a fairly rigorous process in
investigating evidences
Particularly important in viewing the
current controversy on GMOs (e.g.
BT corn, eggplant, etc.)
25

Science-Based Agriculture

Traditional knowledge

+
Modern Science
26

Science-Based Agriculture
Economies of scale

Economies of scale refer to the ability

of a farm to lower costs of production by

increasing production

27

Science-Based Agriculture
Economies of scale

28

How does PCAARRD promote

science-based agriculture?

29

PCAARRDs Mandates

About PCAARRD
Formulate policies, plans, projects, and strategies for science
and technology (S&T) development in the agriculture, aquatic
and natural resources(AANR) sectors
Program and allocate government and external funds
generated for S&T efforts in the AANR sectors
Monitor research and development (R&D) projects
30
Generate external funds for its R&D activities

The Four Banner Programs of PCAARRD

The PCAARRD
Industry
Strategic S&T
Programs: An
Overview

ISP: THE PLAN

Blueprint that operationalizes PCAARRDs
S&T vision for the AANR sectors
Offshoot of the Philippine Agriculture
2020
Product of various multi-sectoral
consultations

THE PLAN FRAMEWORK

Science solutions under each ISP seek to

Increase productivity
and global competitiveness

Facilitate efficient
transfer of S&T products
to its desired customers

Improve efficiency of
production, distribution
and marketing

Strengthen
S&T-based enterprises

Improved welfare of the key actors in the AANR sub-sectors

SELECTION OF INDUSTRIES

Currently, there are 32 documented commodity ISPs, 2

ISPs on Environmental Services
Criteria:
economic growth
food security
global competitiveness
poverty alleviation
environmental sustainability
Supports PNoys Social Contract with the Filipino people
and consistent with the DOSTs harmonized R&D
agenda

The PCAARRD ISPs

RICE BANANA MANGO

TROPICAL FRUITS
COCONUT ABACA SUGARCANE VEGETABLES
LEGUMES ROOTCROPS
COFFEE

SWINE
GOAT (MEAT AND DAIRY)
DUCK NATIVE CHICKEN
DAIRY BUFFALO FEED RESOURCES

BAMBOO
CACAO
RUBBER
INDUSTRIAL TREE PLANTATION

MILKFISH TILAPIA
SHRIMP
MUD CRAB
SHELLFISH (MUSSEL)
AQUAFEEDS
*
*Subsumed under Feed Resources.

SHELLFISH (ABALONE AND OYSTER)

SARDINES
SEAWEEDS
SEA CUCUMBER
BLUE SWIMMING CRAB
TUNA

ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
INLAND ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
o Biodiversity
o Climate Change
o Watershed
MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
o Coral
o Harmful Algal Bloom
o FishMUST

FEATURES OF THE PLAN

Defines target outcomes for each
industry..

FEATURES OF THE PLAN

. based on baseline and benchmark conditions

FEATURES OF THE PLAN

Focuses on gaps in the

supply/value chain where
S&T intervention will matter
most.

SAMPLE CROP SUPPLY/VALUE CHAIN

(Coffee)

FEATURES OF THE PLAN

Deliverables with timelines and potential impact

FEATURES OF THE PLAN

Network of implementers

Technologies are the heart of ISP

intervention and industry outcomes
are substantially a collective result
of these technologies.

How do we transfer the

developed technologies to
target beneficiaries?

Technology Transfer
Modalities of PCAARRD

PCAARRD Technology Transfer Modalities

Individual
Farm(er)

Community
Farms(ers)

S&T Based Farm

S&T
Community
Based Farm

STBF
STCBF
S&T Model Farm

OUTCOME(S)
Farmers &
Entrepreneurs
Increased
productivity/yield
Reduced Cost of
Production

Improved quality of
raw materials and
farm products

Agri-Based
Enterprise

IMPACT
Technological self reliance
National and globally
competitive S&T based
Agri-enterprise
Countryside development
Empowerment;
Poverty reduction;
Sustainable economic
development;

PCAARRDs banner
program bringing
science-based
information and
technologies closer to the
clients

TechnoGabayProgram

STBF
A Magsasaka
Siyentista (MS) farm
or enterprise that
showcases the
effectiveness of
S&T interventions
in improving the
productivity and
income of farmers
on FITS focus
commodity and
Products.

PCAARRDs technology
transfer modality
addressing gaps in
production through S&T
based interventions in
farmers field and
enhance competitiveness
of S&T-based agroenterprises

Latest modality
developed by DOST
& PCAARRD

S&T Model
Farm

STCBF
Expanded Increase the
STBFs competitiveness
addressing of S&T-based
the needs of agro-enterprises
farmers/ through valuefisherfolks adding services.
in a particular
community.

Showcases the
application of
full bundles of
technologies
or technology
convergence
for priority
commodities
under
PCAARRDs
ISP

DOST initiative

Technology
Innovation for
Commercialization

Provides technical
and financial
support to locallydeveloped
technology
products with
potential for
commercialization

PCAARRD Technology Transfer Modalities

Modality
Techno-Gabay
Program
a) STBF

b) STCBF

TechnoMart

STMF

Technicom

Objective
Showcase the effectiveness of S&T
interventions in increasing the
productivity and income of farmers
Promote the use of relevant sciencebased technologies to at least 30
farmers/ entrepreneurs

Upscale adoption of the recommended

technologies through the STCBF
modality
Increase the competitiveness of S&Tbased agro-enterprises through valueadding services.
Showcase the requirements and effects
of applying whole technology chain or
technology convergence for identified
priority ISP commodities.
Fast track the transfer and
commercialization of research results
through a holistic approach of packaged
assistance of pre-commercialization

Priority Sectors

Direct Beneficiaries

FITS-focused
commodities and
products based on
2006 to 2010 STA; ISP
commodities
ISP commodities

Magsasaka
Siyentista (MS)/
Farmer-Cooperator

ISP commodities

EDC and ISP

commodities

Cluster of
progressive farmers
(20-30 or more)
MS or communityled enterprise; SME

MS or STCBF
cooperator, farmer
leader, R&D project
cooperator
Technologies
Any Filipino
generated from DOST- individual/entity
funded R&D outputs

Have we been successful?

E.g. ISP
for Coconut
Crafting
of the ISPs

Selected PCAARRD Technologies and Benefits

Commodity

Technology

Peanut

NSIC Pn 2013 17 (G.D. Lasam-Pride) Consistent high-yielding (2.48-2.97 tons (t)/ha)

NSIC Pn 2013 18 (Namnama 3)
Medium-maturing (106-108 days)
High oil content and sweet
All season-varieties
First identified drought-resistant variety (NSIC Pn 17)
Moderately resistant to foliar diseases and resistant Cercospora
leaf spot and rust
Boron fertilization

Rice

Use of carrageenan plant food

supplement from seaweeds
Rice mill using impeller

Vegetables

Grafting

Milkfish

Automatic fry counter

Shrimp

Genome-based lateral flow strip

Benefits

Increase in yield up to 627-693 kg/ha for BPI Pn 9 variety, 7091,097 kg/ha for NSIC Pn 15 (Asha) variety, and 1,641-1907 kg/ha for
NSIC Pn 14 (Namnama 2) variety; Increase in income ranging from
P5,000/ha to P33,000/ha depending on the prevailing farm gate
price
Increase rice yield by 15-30%
Resistance to rice tungro virus and bacterial leaf blight
Environment-friendly
Capable of producing both milled rice and brown rice
Compact yet powerful with input capacity of 300-350kg/hr
Installed with waste control system
Resistance to diseases (fusarium wilt, bacterial wilt, verticillum
wilt)
Resistance to root-knot nematodes
Accurate and easy to use
Inexpensive and simple design
Minimum stress to fry
Detection can reduce losses by 50%

Synthesis
Science-Based Agriculture
Consultative
Identification of Problems
Formulation of Solutions

Respects and Builds on Traditional Knowledge

Validates and Provides Scientific Basis
Keeps Building On

Value-Chain Oriented
Market-Induced
From Farm to Fork

Synthesis
Science-Based Agriculture
SMART
Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic and TimeBound

Technology-Centric, but with Human Face

Focuses on technologies/innovations with the
fundamental aim of improving the well-being of all
especially those that are impoverished and
marginalized

Thank you!
Dr. Ernesto O. Brown
Officer-in-Charge
Socio-Economics Research Division
DOST-PCAARRD
Website: www.pcaarrd.dost.gov.ph
Tel. Nos.: 536-2305; 536-2383; 536-7927;
536-6980; 536-1956; 536-5907
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Fax Nos.: 536-0016 / 7922