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Blaire Lawson
Professor Dr. Jennifer Taylor
ENC 1102
2 April 2016
Bullying: Can It Affect You in the Future?
An Annotated Bibliography
Wolke, Dieter. Long-term effects of bullying. Volume 100, Issue 9 (2015).
In the first citation, the information focuses on what could happen if you are a
teenager who was a victim of bullying. In the article, it explains that children who were
victims of bullying have consistently been found to have numerous risk factors. They
were found to be at a higher risk for common physical problems such as colds, and
psychosomatic problems such as headaches, stomach aches and/or sleeping problems.
Those bullied are also more likely to become smokers. In the same article it also
mentions how bullying can affect you in your adult years. The article states that usually
bully/victims had a slightly higher risk for anxiety, depression, psychotic experiences,
suicide attempts and poor general health than pure victims. They were also found to
have even lower educational qualifications. It has a deep effect on their ability to keep
jobs and on their commitment in honoring their financial obligations.
The article also explains that children who are victimized by bullying, have been
found to have a greater rate of school absenteeism. Students are less likely to want to go
to school if it is the place where they are bullied or to be around the people who are doing
the bullying. It also showed that students who are chronic victims are at a very high risk
of failing to complete high school or college. As a result they are at an increased risk of

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being poor income earners and poor job performers. This article helps display the
negative effects of bullying and its outcome.
Wolke, Dieter. Impact of Bullying in Childhood on Adult Health, Wealth, Crime, and Social
Outcomes.
This article focuses on the impact of bullying on adult health and their earning
potential. It also focuses on their risk factors of becoming criminals and other social
outcomes. It explains that bullying is a huge problem for the kids and their families.
Although the article admits that bullying creates health risks and social problems in
childhood, it also indicates that their finding make it unclear if these risks extend into
adulthood.
Their research involved a large amount of children. They followed up, over time,
with the children who were victims of bullying to see how it affected them as young
adulthoods. They evaluated their health, risky or illegal behavior, wealth and their social
relationships. The results showed that bully victims had increased risk factors. They were
at an increased risk of poor health, wealth, and social-relationship outcomes in
adulthood even after they excluded other risk factors not related to childhood bullying.
The excluded factors were related to family hardship and known childhood psychiatric
disorders.
They also studied those people doing the bullying. And they found that for those
pure bullies, they were not at an increased risk of poor outcomes in adulthood. Based on
this research, being a bully victim can deeply affect how a person ends up as a young
adult. The article concludes by saying that interventions in childhood are likely to
reduce long-term health and social costs.

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Copeland, William. Childhood bullying involvement predicts low-grade systemic inflammation
into adulthood. volume 111 no. 21 (2014).
Another article that I found talks about the victims of bullying and how they
display long-term social, psychological, and health consequences. Bullies tend to display
minimal negative effects. It also explains that there are social and psychological effects of
bullying. Their evaluation is independent of other childhood negative experiences. The
effects of bullying is long lasting for those children that were victimized.
The article talks about the health problems that children can face when they are
constantly being bullied. Bullied children have adverse health issues that includes a
broad range of somatic issues, such as sleep problems, abdominal pain, appetite
suppression, headaches, and frequency of illnesses. Their study also evaluated the
perpetrators of abuse. They found that bullies appear to be healthier, both emotionally
and physically, than the peers that they bullied.
Towards the end of the article, it talks about how being bullied has adverse effects
on the bullied childs psychological and social development. There is a tendency to
downplay the long-term effects of bullying when there are unrelated family issues that
negatively effects the childs mental and physical development. The article concludes by
saying that the social status and disruptions to ones status may play a central role in
physical health functioning through effects on chronic low-grade inflammation, and these
effects may persist for decades.
Ttofi, Maria. Bullying: Short-Term and Long-Term Effects, and the Importance of Defiance
Theory in Explanation and Prevention. Volume 3, Issue 2-3 (2008).

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My fourth citation, assesses the short and long-term effects and the importance of
Defiance Theory. The article also discusses how being exposed to bullying affects the
childs physical and emotional health. Bullied children tend to display more anxiety
disorders than those children that were never bullied. Those bullied children display
evidence of more than 12 different physical and psychological symptoms. The symptoms
includes head, stomach and backaches, dizziness, bad tempers, nervous feelings,
depression, difficulties sleeping, morning tiredness, feeling left out, loneliness and
feelings of helplessness.
Toward the end of the article it talks about how children that are victimized by
bullying experience cycles of alienation and they may need help in re-establishing ties
with their school community. I found this article helpful because it goes into a lot more
detail of the negative side effects of bullying and explains the different types of
symptoms associated. The article also ties back to the information that I found in other
citations.
Copeland, William. Adult Psychiatric Outcomes of Bullying and Being Bullied by Peers
in Childhood and Adolescence. Volume 70, No. 4 (2013).
This citation researches whether bullying and/or being bullied in childhood is a
prediction of future psychiatric problems and increased rates of suicide in young adult.
Their experiment included 1420 participants who are being bullied and those doing the
bullying. They assessed children between the ages of 9 thru 16 years of age. They
evaluated each participant between 4 to 6 times. Participants were categorized as bullies
only, victims only, bullies and victims or neither.

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The Psychiatric outcomes included issues with depression, anxiety, antisocial
personality disorder, substance abuse and suicidal tendencies. The study measured the
outcome of young adulthoods between the ages of 19-21 and 24-26. The results for the
victims and bullies/victims groups displayed an elevated rate of psychiatric disorders into
adulthood. These groups were also more likely to have elevated rates of childhood
psychiatric disorders and greater affected by family hardships.
The article mentions that being bullied is associated with an increased risk of
suicidal ideations and suicidal attempts, with some evidence that those who are both
victims and victims/bullies are at a higher risk for suicide. I find this relevant because it
explores the area of suicide that can result from the negative thoughts associated with
being a bully victim.
Bond, Rebecca. Mutual long-term effects of school bullying, victimization, and justice
sensitivity in adolescent. Volume 48.
This citation indicates that there is a difference between male bullies and female
bullies. It examines the differences in the type of bulling done by males and females and
how it can affect both genders. In the article it talked about how boys bully more often
than girls, and how girls are more likely to be the victims of bullying. Females
consistently report a higher sensitivity than boys, to both observing and perpetrating the
act of bullying.
It also says that morality and a persons negative behavior has a greater effect on
girls than boys. Girls tend to experience a deeper moral concern when they witness acts
of bullying, than boys. Girls have a tendency to show a higher degree of empathy than
boys. The study concludes that the first evidence of bullying yielded that bullying and

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victimization has a significant effect on justice sensitivity that impacts the long-term
development of justice-related personality dispositions in the groups that were evaluated
that included both girls and boys. These findings support the idea that serious life events
and behavior may shape justice sensitivity, which will have important implications for the
understanding of personality disposition. The study outlined in the article, provided
evidence supporting the long-term effects of bullying and victimization on justice
sensitivity.
Takizawa, Ryu. Adult Health Outcomes of Childhood Bullying Victimization: Evidence from a
Five-Decade Longitudinal British Birth Cohort. Volume 171 Issue 7.
This articles focused on examining the midlife outcomes of childhood bullying
victimization. The study included 7,771 participants whose parents reported that their
children were exposed to bullying between the ages of 7 and 11 years old. The study
preformed follow-up assessments on the participants when they were between 23 and 50
years of age. The evaluators conducted ordinal logistic and linear regressions on the data
studied. The effects of the participants in the study included depression, anxiety disorders
and suicidal thoughts.
The study showed that participants who were bullied in childhood were at greater
risk of experiencing psychological disorders between the ages of 23 and 50 years of age.
They also discovered that childhood bully victims lacked strong social relationships,
experienced economic hardship that resulted in a poorly perceived quality of life by the
age of 50. Children who are victims of bullying continue to be at risk for poor life
outcomes in many areas of their life, almost four decades after being exposed to bullying.
It is important that interventions be made in the lives of the children in order to reduce

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the exposure to bullying and to minimize the long-term effects on those bullied.
Interventions have lasting effects on the victims well-being.
Focused interventions should help cast light on the causal bullying practices by
those doing the bullying. It is important that the practice of bullying be discouraged in an
effort to prevent children from suffering this abuse as well as preventing the problems
that continue to have disastrous effects in adolescence and well into adult life. The study
emphasizes the importance greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying this
bully culture. The impact of bullying has a persistence and pervasiveness impact in the
lives of those victimized.
Vanderbilt, Douglas. The effects of bullying. Volume 20, Issue 7 (2010).
The citation states that bully victims are at a high risk of physical and emotional
disorders later in life. Bullies also suffer poor long term effects as a result of being the
perpetrators. This article examines the bully experience from both side. The bullies are
just as likely to experience the long term negative effects. Bullies typically suffer from
low self-esteem that tends to be the trigger for their negative behavior. Both bully victims
and bullies, are at a high risk of experiencing physical and emotional disorders later in
life.
It stresses the importance of early diagnosis of psychiatric disorders that are both
related and unrelated to bullying. The victim usually is the one who suffers the most with
emotional disorders and depression into adulthood. However, both the victims and their
bullies are likely to experience the long term effects of low self-esteem. Bullies, in
particular, are at an increased risk of displaying criminal activities behavior by their mid-

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twenties and a higher increase of dropping out of school. Both bullies and victims have
issues in developing strong peer relationships.
The article concludes that the long-term consequences of being bullied as a child
includes psychological disorders such as psychosis, depression along with poor selfesteem. The most common type of psychological disorders are those associated with
anxiety. They are also much more likely to enter into abusive relationships as adults. The
study suggest that if compared identical twins, with one having been bullied and the other
not, the bullied child is at a higher risk of internalizing symptoms. The environmental
exposure to the trauma of being bullied, has powerful long lasting effects. This
information is an indication that people who are being bullied are most likely to
internalize the emotional impact and will most likely hide their feelings and thoughts
from others.
Bogart, Laura. Peer Victimization in Fifth Grade and Health in Tenth Grade. Volume 133, Issue
3 (2014).
This article also talks about the effects that bullying can have on children. They
studied the longitudinal associations of bullying with mental and physical health. They
followed the participants from elementary to high school. They compared the effects of
different types of bullying. Their study group consisted of 4297 children that were
evaluated at 3 different times in their lives. They were re-evaluated during the students
fifth, seventh, and tenth grades years. The sample group were from 3 different cities.
Overtime, those students victimized by bullying displayed the extreme mental and
physical health issues, greater symptoms of depression and lower self-worth. The article
also addresses the issues surrounding those students that experience past and present

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bullying. The study evaluated children in the following groups: children with both past
and present bullying experiences; children with present-only experiences; children with
past-only experiences and children with no experiences. Towards the end of the article, it
discussed how chronic and current bullying can most likely cause worsening health issues
in the long run. It explained how clinicians can help prevent these issues from becoming
too severe by counseling the students from the beginning, which can help strengthen the
students resilience and decrease future instances of bullying.
Gini, Gianluca. Association Between Bullying and Psychosomatic Problems: A Meta-analysis.
Volume 123, Issue 3 (2009).
In the last citation, it studied the association between bullying and psychological
problems. The article mentions that there has been an increase within the last few years of
severe and long-term consequences of bullying by a childs peers. They performed a
meta-analysis to measure the association between bullying and psychosomatic complaints
in the school-aged population. Those children impacted by bullying have the risk factors
for poor psychological well-being and social adaptation, due to the strong impact across
time.
Many studies have determined that bullies are likely to display negative and
antisocial behavior during adolescence. They are at greater risk for displaying psychiatric
disorders. The major risk factor for bullies that affect childrens health are the symptoms
referred to as psychosomatic problems. Evidence suggest psychosomatic problem
occur among children of both genders, different age groups and from different
geographical locations. Given that bullying is a widespread phenomenon in many schools
around the world, the present results suggest that bullying should be considered a

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significant international public health issue. Bullying effects all areas of the population
and must be taken more seriously.