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slip rings is removed and decreases considerably

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine

Apupalo Naranjo William, E. P. N. Student.
Abstract The advances in inverter drive technology and
permanent magnet materials have enabled the application of
permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) to several
fields. The PMSM is rapidly spreading its application with its
advantage of high efficiency which is highly needed in many
applications in recent years. Although the PMSM is a type of
synchronous machine, many of the conventional test methods [1]
for synchronous machines are not applicable to PMSM, because
the permanent magnetic field cannot be changed easily.
Therefore, some new parameter measurement methods are
proposed, and in some cases, different methods are used to
measure the same characteristics. Therefore, it is useful to review
the measurement methods proposed and to demonstrate the
differences between them. In this paper, the parameter
measurement methods that have been proposed are reviewed and
analyzed, and further possibilities are also demonstrated. .
Index Terms Machine control, permanent magnet
synchronous motor, parameters, design rotor, applications.

I.

INTRODUCTION

HE development of high- quality

permanent magnet materials has made this
be placed on the market. In the recent
years it has increased the application in different
technical areas as machinery, automotive,
aerospace and robotic technology. Permanent magnet
synchronous machines have been applied to servo drives for a
long time already, and nowadays, there are quite large
permanent magnet synchronous machines also in industrial
use. In wind mill generators, the development has currently
been in the direction of permanent magnet machines. One of
the areas of interest is the design of controllers for these motor
drives. In many applications the physical controls have to be
designed and tuned for best performance. If the simulation of
the motor and drive can be implemented in real-time, it
becomes possible to interface the physical manufacturer-built
controller (not its model) and protection equipment to the
simulation using appropriate digital-analog and analog-digital
converters [1].
Synchronous machines have a three-phase stator
winding and a winding rotor excited by direct
current. Additionally there may be windings
absorbers in the rotor. Fed at a constant
frequency, synchronous machine only works at
constant speed, called synchronous speed which,
it depends on the frequency of feeding and the
number of poles of the machine.
The excitation winding may be replaced by
permanent magnets. In this type machines,
instead of using a winding current in the rotor.
They use permanent magnets that create the
magnetic field excitation. This thus, the need for

the volume of the machine. In addition, the use of

magnets Permanent entails the elimination of
losses in the copper rotor, pot increasing both the
efficiency of the machine. In these machines are
achieved high accelerations due to the high ratio
torque / inertia presented.
II. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE PM MACHINE
A. Magnet Materials
The properties of the permanent magnet material will affect
directly the performance of the motor and proper knowledge is
required for the selection of the materials and for
understanding PM motors. The earliest manufactured magnet
materials were hardened steel. Magnets made from steel were
easily magnetized. However, they could hold very low energy
and it was easy to demagnetize. In recent years other magnet
materials such as Aluminum Nickel and Cobalt alloys
(ALNICO), Strontium Ferrite or Barium Ferrite (Ferrite),
Samarium Cobalt (First generation rare earth magnet) (SmCo)
and Neodymium Iron-Boron (Second generation rare earth
magnet) (NdFeB) have been developed and used for making
permanent magnets. The rare earth magnets are categorized
into two classes: Samarium Cobalt (SmCo) magnets and
Neodymium Iron Boride (NdFeB) magnets. SmCo magnets
have higher flux density levels but they are very expensive.
NdFeB magnets are the most common rare earth magnets used
in motors these days [2].
B. The Parameters of PMSM
For the design of the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
(PMSM), we construct the permanent magnet rotor based on
the stator frame of a three-phase induction motor without
changing the geometry of stator and the winding. The
specification and geometry are shown in table.

Table1. Specification and Geometry of the motor.

C. Rotor Design
When a rotor is placed in the opening of a stator, supported by
bearings, and the appropriate alternating currents are supplied
to the windings, the rotor will turn like an AC motor. See the
structure of such a motor in Figure.

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thermoduric and becomes dry with the temperature.

Finally the samarium cobalt magnets have been fixed on
the rotor and prepare to assemble with the stator [3].
III. PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
Fig1. Typical of the rotor

Two shapes of permanent magnet are studied in this paper:

Tile shape of permanent magnet Permanent magnet

have the tile shape is shown in the Figure . First step
we had considered this shape which is the high
efficient EMF value but finally we could not use it,
owing to the size that manufactory build is not
corresponding shape, so we must decide the other one
it is square shape.

Modern permanent magnet synchronous generator

technology offers high efficiency power conversion from
mechanical into electrical power. Moreover, it allows for
special machine design with very low speed e.g. in gearless
wind and hydro application and at very high speed for microgas turbines, which is of interest for several regenerative or
co-generative power conversion technologies. A survey of
already realized prototypes or in use PM generator systems is
presented for that purpose.
Wind mill power plants. - Wind turbines need due to low
operational speed of the turbine itself (typically 10 ...
20/min at rated power of 1.5 ... 5 MW) a low speed gearless
generator, or a geared generator solution at elevated speed,
typically 1000/min to 1500/min. Especially for future offshore applications the geared doubly fed slip ring induction
generators will need maintenance due to brush service and
due to gear maintenance. Both can be evaded, if directly
coupled generators are used. This needs a [4]

Fig2. Tile-shape permanent magnet motor.

Square shape of permanent magnet Square-shape

is the new method that we have considered. Even if
the values that we received were not good as same as
the tile shape, but it is nearly the old one. Figure
shows square shape of permanent magnet on the
rotor.

Fig3. Square-shape permanent magnet rotor.

Fig 4. The dimension of the rotor using Auto CAD software.

When we glue the permanent magnet we must bring it

into the furnace in order to adhere the magnet with the
iron core rotor. To glue the magnet is very difficult
because of the magnetizing between the magnet bar and
when the amount of the magnet bars are increasing the
effect to glue is more difficult too. The glue is

Big rotor diameter for the big wind turbine torque

and
A high pole count to get suitable frequency at low
speed.
IV. PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) is an AC

synchronous motor whose field excitation is provided by
permanent magnets, but has a sinusoidal Back EMF
waveform.

The PMSM is a close relative of the brushless DC

(BLDC) motor

Both motors have a permanent magnet rotor and

windings on the stator. However, the PMSM motor is
constructed such that the back EMF waveforms of the
windings are sinusoidal.

The principle difference in controlling these two

motors is the kind of drive signals that are supplied to the
motor from the inverter

A BLDC motor is controlled with trapezoidal

waveforms, while a PMSM motor is controlled using
sinusoid waveforms to match the back EMF waveform of
each motors windings.
The permanent magnet motor drives have the following
advantages:
1.

The rare earth and neodymium boron PM machine

has a lower inertia when compared with an IM
because of the absence of a rotor cage; this makes for
a faster response for a given electric torque. In other

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2.

3.
4.

5.

6.

words, the torque to inertia ratio of these PM

machines is higher.
The PM machine has a higher efficiency than an
induction machine. This is primarily because there
are negligible rotor losses in permanent magnet
machines; the rotor losses in the IM, however, can be
considerable, depending on the operating slip. This
discussion is applicable to constant flux operation.
The IM requires a source of magnetizing current for
excitation. The PM machine already has the
excitation in the form of the rotor magnet.
The need for magnetizing current and the fact that the
IM has a lower efficiency necessitates a larger rated
rectifier and inverter for the IM than for a PM
machine of the same output capacity.
The PM machine is smaller in size than an induction
motor of the same capacity. Hence, it is advantageous
to use PM machines, especially where space is a
serious limitation. In addition, the permanent magnet
machine weight less. In other words, the power
density of permanent magnet machines is higher.
The rotor losses in a PM machine are negligible
compared with those in the induction motor. A
problem that has been encountered in the machine
tools industry is the transferal of these rotor losses in
the form of heat to the machine tools and work
pieces, thus affecting the machining operation. This
problem is avoided in permanent magnet machines

V. PMSM CONFIGURATIONS AND MACHINE

PARAMETERS

The characteristics of a permanent magnet machine are highly

dependent on the rotor structure. The rotor can be
implemented in various ways. When employing the modern
permanent magnet materials, the rotor can be constructed even
completely without iron. In that case, the rotor frame is
constructed for instance of aluminum, onto which the shaped
permanent magnets are glued so that the sinusoidal flux
density distribution is achieved in the air gap of the machine.
An ironless rotor structure wastes permanent magnet material,
since the magnetic circuit closes through air in the rotor side.
Therefore, a thin steel rim, to which the magnets are attached,
is employed (Fig. 5) The rim can be either a laminated
structure, in which case the eddy current losses of the rotor
remain very low, or a thin steel tube; however, in this case,
there is a danger that the rotor warms up excessively due to
the effect of the time harmonics of the stator. The inductances
of a surface-magnet machine are very low, and therefore, a
high switching frequency is required of a voltage source
inverter in order for the currents of the machine to behave
beautifully. The configuration is applied for instance to servo
motors, of which a minimum inertia is required. The direct and
quadrature inductance of the machine are in this case
approximately equal, and the machine is thus a non-salient
pole construction.

Figure 5. A low-inductance rotor configuration of a permanent magnet

synchronous machine. The left-hand depiction illustrates a non-salient pole
structure. In the right-hand structure, the steel rim is made as thin as possible
on the d-axes to reduce the inertia of the machine. The flux diagram of the daxis shows that there is a suitable path for the flux in this construction. The
machine is magnetically slightly asymmetric, since there is a higher reluctance
on the quadrature axis than there is on the direct axis.

The adjustment of the machine inductances at a desired level

can, if necessary, be implemented by iron parts; it is possible
to mount pole shoes on the magnets, and thus to achieve the
sinusoidal air gap flux density. When employing pole shoes,
the magnets are well protected against both electric and
magnetic stresses. In the assembly phase in particular, the pole
shoes are very useful, as they protect the magnets from
mechanical damages. The described configuration can be used
in particular to implement multi-pole, slow-speed machines. A
possible solid rotor configuration with pole shoes is illustrated
in Figure 5. The solid pole shoes function also as a damper
winding. When using pole shoes, it is advisable to shape them
to produce a sinusoidal flux density distribution in the air gap.
Thus, a smooth and quiet operation is achieved. The relative
permeability of the present hard permanent magnet materials
deviates slightly from one, and therefore, the characteristics of
the material correspond quite closely to those of air. Hence the
direct air gap of the machine becomes large. Due to the large
air gap, the effect of the direct axis armature reaction remains
low, and the harmonics resulting from the small number slots
per pole and per phase in the stator do not cause a significant
torque ripple; this is a fact that brings certain special
characteristics to the machine.

Figure 6. Cross-section of a solid pole shoe machine. In the construction, the

stator back is excessively thick for a synchronous machine. The thickness
required by the magnetic flux in the rotor is indicated by a dashed line; the
rest of the rotor can be lightened for instance to reduce the weight of the
construction.

In solid pole machines, the magnetizing inductance remains

relatively low, and therefore raising the rotation speed of the
machine above the field weakening point requires a lot of

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current. An expensive permanent magnet material is used
efficiently by the solid rotor. The magnetic flux flows almost
completely through the air gap, and the magnetic leakage flux
is very small. When using pole shoes, the permanent magnets
are protected against demagnetization. Most of the
demagnetizing forces do not travel through the magnets at all,
but they are conducted elsewhere by the pole shoes. When
employing pole shoes, the magnets can be rectangular, since
the pole shoe can be shaped into the desired form. The rotors
of permanent magnet machines can be constructed of electric
sheet similarly as the rotors of asynchronous motors. There are
various alternatives for a laminated rotor that bring the desired
characteristics for the machine. Again, a stator of a permanent
magnet machine equipped with a plate rotor is similar to the
stator of an induction motor. The permanent magnets can be
glued on the rotor surface similarly as in the case of a solid
rotor. However, the magnets can also be embedded partly or
completely into the rotor. When employing embedded
magnets, the magnets can be mounted to the rotor in different
positions. Alternatives for plate rotor structures are illustrated
in Figure 6.

Fig 7. Laminated rotor configurations of PM machines with embedded

magnets.

In the machines of the types illustrated in Figures 9.3 a-c, the

physical air gap is approximately constant. The voltage
induced to the stator of such a machine may include plenty of
harmonics. Harmonics may thus occur in the torque causing
vibration and noise. If an even torque is required of the
machine, either the stator of rotor mmf has to be sinusoidal;
otherwise the harmonics occurring at the same wave length in
the air gap generate torque components of their own, and thus
cause torque ripple. In order to be a competitive alternative
especially among slow-speed drives, an even torque is
required of the synchronous machine; the structures of Figures
9.3d and e aim at this target. In these constructions, the rotor
plates are shaped to have poles that resemble the poles of a
salient-pole machine; with these poles, a sinusoidal flux

density is achieved in the air gap. Also these structures include

reluctance differences that may produce especially a torque
harmonic that occurs at a frequency that is six-fold the supply
frequency. This can be avoided by skewing either in the stator
or in the rotor. Machines with plate rotors have different
characteristics depending on the rotor structure. The machines
of illustrations and c in Figure are hybrid machines, which
operate to some extent as synchronous reluctance machines
without magnets. In these machines, some of the torque is
produced by the different inductances in the direct and
quadrature directions. The torque resulting from this
inductance difference is known as the reluctance torque. By
adding magnets to hybrid machines, the characteristics of the
machines can be improved considerably when compared with
Electrical Drives Juha Pyrhnen, LUT, Department of
Electrical Engineering 9.6 the respective characteristics of a
reluctance machine. The start-up characteristics, efficiency
and power factor of the machine in particular are notably
better than in the reluctance machine.
The construction applying rectangular magnets, illustrated in
Figure, requires flux barriers in the vicinity of the axis to
prevent the flux from flowing through the axis. The
configuration is mechanically quite challenging; furthermore,
the structure provides a good path for the armature reaction,
which is not always desirable. In the construction of Figure
9.3b, the magnets are embedded to the rotor surface. This
construction provides a reluctance difference between the
direct and quadrature axes. Due to the reluctance difference,
the maximum torque produced by the machine is reached at a
pole angle that is well above 90 degrees. The maximum torque
is often reached by PM machines at a pole angle above 90
degrees, since the inductance in the q-direction is often
slightly higher than in the d-direction. The structures of Figs.
9.3d and we have been developed to achieve a smooth and
quiet operation at a low rotation speed. Since a PM machine
can be constructed directly to operate at a low speed and to
have a good efficiency and power factor, a mechanical gear
can be omitted. Although the basic frequency of the machine
can be set at a desired level by an inverter supply, it is still
advisable to select the number of pole pairs to be relatively
high. This is supported by the fact that the relative proportion
of the thickness of the stator yoke is now reduced, which in
turn enables the largest rotor diameter in a machine with a
defined outer diameter. The number of slots per pole and per
phase q can be one or even below that. Thus the stator mmf
includes plenty of harmonics. Since the harmonics of the
stator mmf are large, the rotor mmf has to be made sinusoidal
in order to ensure that the machine runs steadily. The
constructions of Figs- and we may, however, involve torque
ripples due to reluctance differences, which can yet be
eliminated by a proper design. In machines with plate rotors,
there occurs magnetic flux leakage, which can be reduced for
instance by the leakage flux guides presented in Fig. 9.3a. The
material of the flux guide can be air or some other poorly
conducting material. Also the poles of Figures 9.3 d and e are
designed to guide the flux into sinusoidal form, and
simultaneously to reduce the magnetic leakage. The utilization
factor of the magnets remains lower with embedded magnets
than for instance with a salient pole machine, in which the flux

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generated by the magnet flows almost completely through the
air gap. A plate rotor structure can be used to increase the air
gap flux density by using two magnets per pole (cf. Fig. 9.3d),
in which case the area increases in proportion to the pole area.
Simultaneously, however, the volume of the magnetic material
increases resulting in a higher price of the machine. From the
point of view of the manufacturers of small machines, plate
rotors are often more interesting than solid rotors. The rotor
plates can be manufactured on the same production line as the
plates of asynchronous motors; this way, also the sheets that
would otherwise be left over in the cutting process of the
stator plates are now exploited, and thus the production costs
can be reduced. Attaching the magnets to the rotor means
naturally an additional phase in the production process. The
constructions of Figs. 9.3 d and e aim at combining the
advantages of a salient pole machine and the easy production
of a plate rotor. Laminated rotor structures, which are clearly
shaped to include pole shoes (cf. the types c and e in Fig. 9.3)
can easily be equipped with damper windings that fit well into
the pole shoes. The design enables the production of direct-online versions of the machines.
The per unit values of the PM machines deviate essentially
from the pu values of traditional induction machines and
synchronous machines in industrial use. While the pu value of
the magnetizing inductance is typically above three for the
induction machines, and it varies between one and two for the
synchronous machines, the magnetizing inductance is only
one tenth of these values for servo motors with surfacemounted magnets. The stator flux leakage is close to 0.1 for all
of these machine types. The synchronous inductance of a
servo motor with surface magnets is typically ca. ls = 0.3.
Correspondingly, in multi-pole machines with embedded
magnets, the synchronous inductance is typically of the scale
lsd = 0.40.6 and lsq = 0.60.9. In PM machines with a large
number of poles, the proportion of the stator flux leakage can
increase excessively, and be up to a half of the total
synchronous inductance. The load angle equation of a
synchronous machine is an important subject of analysis also
in the case of a PM machine. By applying phase pu values, the
load equation can be written as

Correspondingly, we may write for the torque

due to practical reasons, the pu value of EPM has to be close

to one. As the supply voltage is also one, the pu value of the
synchronous inductance has to be selected at a value that is
considerably below the value one. If the machine is a nonsalient pole one, and ePM = us = 1, the synchronous
inductance has to be ld = 0.625 at maximum, in order to
achieve the commonly required 160 % pull-out torque. Thus,
in order to achieve a good pull-out torque for PM machines,
the synchronous inductances have to be relatively low. When
using surface mounted magnets, this precondition is met quite
easily. In machines with embedded magnets, the pu values
approach one, and therefore the pu value of EPM cannot be
increased considerably above one. Recently, fractional slot
pole winding machines have entered the market as a novel PM
machine configuration. In these machines, the number of slots
per pole and per phase varies between 0.250.5. The machines
are intended in particular as slow-speed direct drive machines
producing maximum torque of a defined volume. By this
method, it is possible to achieve the shortest end windings and
the stator back, and thus the maximum rotor diameter and
length relative to the outer dimensions of the machine can be
reached. Figure 9.4 presents fractional slot wound PM
synchronous machines.

Figure 9.4 Permanent magnet synchronous machines with single- and doublelayer fractional slot windings Qs = 6, p = 2, q = 0.5.

The best fractional slot wound machines produce a completely

sinusoidal terminal voltage, and therefore an even torque can
be achieved by a sinusoidal current supply. The control of this
kind of a machine does not differ in principle from the control
of any ordinary rotating-field PM machine.

VI. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT AND VECTOR DIAGRAM OF A

PMSM

If the machine is a non-salient pole one, the pull-out torque

depends on the inverse of the synchronous inductance, and
therefore, when aiming at a high torque production ability, the
inductance should be low. This requirement is emphasized in
PM machines, since the interior emf EPM of the machine
cannot be altered similarly as the corresponding interior EF of
synchronous machines by adjusting the field current. Often,

Similarly as separately excited synchronous machines, the PM

synchronous machines are usually treated in a dq reference
frame fixed to the rotor, Figure 5. The equivalent circuit of the
machine is almost the same as for a separately excited
synchronous machine.

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create the flux linkage PM of the permanent magnets in the

stator winding.

Figure 9.5 Equivalent circuits of a PMSM in the d- and q-directions. The

permanent magnet can be depicted by a current source iPM in the rotor
circuit; in the magnetizing inductance, this current source produces the
permanent magnets share of the air gap flux linkage PM = iPMLmd.

Figure 9.6 Vector diagram of a PMSM. Stator reference frame (xy) and rotor
reference frame (dq). At its nominal operating point, the machine operates as a
motor us = 1, is = 1, s 12, lsd = lsq = 0.5. Load angle s 26.5. Power
factor coss 0.98

If also the damper windings are included in the model, the

voltage equations of a PM machine differ from a separately
excited synchronous machine only by the fact that the
equation for the field winding is lacking.
Thus, the voltage equations of the PM machine are given in
the rotor reference frame in the familiar form:

It is quite common that there is no damping in the permanent

magnet synchronous machines, in which case the flux linkages
are simply written as

The flux linkage components in the equations are determined

by the equations

The flux linkage PM of the permanent magnet can be

considered to be generated by the field current

now the definitions for the flux linkages do not deviate from
the definitions of a separately excited synchronous machine.
However, it is worth noticing that due to the saturation of the
magnetizing inductance Lmd, iPM is not constant. The vector
diagram of the PMSM is a modification of the vector diagram
of a synchronous machine, Figure 5. Permanent magnets

There are also several other factors that cause damping in a

machine: such a factor are for instance solid pole shoes. The
resistivity of the magnets themselves is so high that their effect
on the damping can be neglected. If the rotor frame is solid, it
has a slight damping effect. A laminated rotor frame provides
so few paths for the eddy currents that there seems in practice
to be no damping either. All the other factors causing
damping, the damper winding itself excluded, are difficult to
estimate by any other means than measuring. For instance the
short-circuit test at a rated current reveals in principle, what
kind of a torque the damper winding produces. The presence
of permanent magnets hampers all asynchronous
measurements considerably. The torque equation according to
the cross-field principle is basically the same as for separately
excited synchronous machines. It can be written for a PMSM
for instance in the form

Torque is produced by the four terms determined according to

the cross-field principle. The first term is the most important
one, and it is in many PM machines the only term that depends
on the flux linkage of permanent magnets and on the stator
current perpendicular to the flux linkage. The second term
resulting from the inductance difference is significant in
machines in which the difference between the d-axis and qaxis inductances is large. The terms depending on the damper
currents are significant only in transients and in machines in
which damper currents can occur. The torque equation is used

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as a starting point for the development of various control

principles of PM machines [5].

VII. SOME COMMON MISTAKES IN PMSM

Permanent magnet synchronous motors are increasing applied
in several areas such as traction, automobiles, robotics and
aerospace technology. The power density of permanent
magnet synchronous motor is higher than one of induction
motor with the same ratings due to the no stator power
dedicated to the magnetic field production. Nowadays,
permanent magnet synchronous motor is designed not only to
be more powerful but also with lower mass and lower moment
of inertia. We cant use typical model d-q. This model is
uncoupled, linear and has constant parameter, applied to
salient pole synchronous machines. It may be inadequate for
accurate modeling characteristics prediction of permanent
magnet synchronous motor of interior type. It leads below to
important errors when we evaluate machine performance or
calculate the control circuits. The behavior of permanent
magnet synchronous motor of the interior type can be rather
different than expected using the conventional two axis theory.
It is necessary to establish new models for this case. We must
take into account the magnetic flux redistribution along the
rotor iron placed between the magnets and the airgap. We must
into account the required accurate of the results also the
reliability of testing procedures for determination of the
machine parameters, when we develop permanent magnet
synchronous motor model. The conventional methods of
testing for determination of synchronous machine parameters
cannot be applied in the case of permanent magnet machine.
And this is why we use test procedures, which are differing
from the classical methods applicable to wound field
synchronous machines.
VIII. APPLICATIONS
The PMSM are primarily used in low power
applications such as servo for machine tools
(lathes, milling machines, systems positioning,
etc.), actuators generally small generators
electricity, laser cutting machines and robotics.
However also used in high power applications,
such as wind turbine systems or propulsion of
ships that carry permanent magnet synchronous
machines the order of 1 MW.
In summary, these machines are suitable for
applications where required:
High flux density in the air gap.
High torque / inertia for high acceleration.
Power / weight ratio Alta.
Soft electromagnetic torque, or low ripple in the
torque, even at low speed, to obtain a high
precision in operations positioning.
Control torque at zero speed.
High efficiency and power factor.
Compact design.

APPLICATION OF PMSMS TO DRIVING RAILWAY

VEHICLES
Use as a Direct Drive Traction Motor. To make traction
motors smaller, gear units are normally employed. In a railway
vehicle, the torque given by traction motors is transmitted to
the wheel axle to drive the vehicle. There are a number of
problems in the gear unit, however, such as transmission loss,
emission of noise, and difficulty in maintenance work.
Adoption of the direct drive system will solve these problems,
but will make traction motors larger, increase the unsprang
mass, and subject traction motors to larger shock. For these
reasons, it was tough in the past to adopt the direct drive
system for trucks whose size and weight are limited. Since
PMSMs are more compact and lightweight than induction
motors, we felt the feasibility of a direct drive system to use
PMSMs and developed a traction motor of the direct drive
type. See Table 1 for its features. A field test proved that noise
was reduced 14 dB when prototype traction motors of the
direct drive type were installed on narrow-gauge commuter
EMUs. For its simple structure, the direct drive type traction
motor may also be introduced for gauge-changeable EMUs
and low-floor streetcars. The motor of this type should be
developed further.
Use as a Totally-Enclosed Traction Motor. A ventilation
cooling system is normally employed for compact and highoutput traction motors for railway vehicles. However, the dust
contained in the cooling air soils the inside of the traction
motor, which requires regular disassembling and cleaning. The
traction motors for narrow-gauge vehicles emit high noise at
high-speed rotation, since a ventilating fan is connected
directly to the rotor, say, self-ventilation cooling. If the
traction motor is totally enclosed, little dust rushes into the
inside. This will eliminate the necessity of disassembling and
cleaning, and cut noise to make them quieter. However, the
cooling performance of totally-enclosed motors is inferior to
that of ventilation-cooling-type motors. To ensure the same
performance for a totally-enclosed motor that has the same
physical dimensions as those of a conventional motor,
therefore, it is required that a new cooling system be
introduced to reduce heat generation down to the allowable
limit To suppress temperature rises, we adopted a highefficiency and low heat generation PMSM. In the case of a
totally-enclosed motor, the whole motor structure is subject to
temperature rises. This requires prevention of excessive rises
in temperature at bearings. We tested a prototype PMSM
equipped with a newly developed bearing cooling system and
checked the effects of cooling and low noise emission. The
test proved that it was possible to manufacture totallyenclosed traction motors with the same output as that of
conventional self-cooling motors with equivalent physical
dimensions, reduce their noise 10 dB even at high-speed
rotation, and attain high-efficiency and compactness of the
structure.

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analysis steps that have been

described in this chapter can be
performed analytically.

IX. CONCLUSIONS
-

PMSM are found in the low and high power as varied

as marine propulsion systems, robots, machine tools,
etc. The PMSMs are attractive because of their
efficiency and performance.
The PMSM exhibit several advantages when
compared with induction motors, the rotary actuator
more popular. These advantages are: high power
density, low weight, lower losses and a small rotor
for the same power output when compared with the
rotor of an induction motor.
These attributes result of its construction, in which
the magnetic field is provided by permanent
magnets mounted on the rotor surface. Thus, the
armature can provide a higher density of field similar
to those found in machines induction gaps, producing
a higher torque to a smaller volume and lower
current.

Based on the synchronous motors behavior of

performing at a constant speed and frequency, this
motor model should then be chosen if ones
application requires maintaining a constant speed on
their motor.

This choice was made mainly due to practical

reasons. However, other topologies or interesting
possibilities and should be examined as well, namely
outer rotor, axial ux, and transversal ux machines.
This chapter concentrates furthermore on rotors with
surface magnets. In this case most design and

REFERENCES

[2]

[3]
[4]
[5]

[1]T. L. Maguire and A. M. Gole, Permanent

Magnet Synchronous Machine Model for Real- Time Simulation, p. 6.
Enrique L. Carrillo Arroyo, MODELING AND SIMULATION OF
PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR DRIVE
SYSTEM, UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO MAYAGEZ
CAMPUS, 2006.
MISS SISUDA CHAITHONGSUK, Design and Construction of a
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor, 2006.
A. Binder and T. Scheneider, Permanent magnet synchronous
generators for regenerative energy conversion.
J. Pyrhnen, PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
(PMSM), Electr. Drives.

William Apupalo Naranjo. Was born in

Ambato on 23 September 1993. His first
studies in primary Juan Montalvo " in the
city center , 6 years later entrance to study
a technical career in the " Guayaquil "
Institute of Ambato , where he specialized
in the career of "Electro mechanics
Automotive " , its main achievement is to
have participated in contests representing the school as is
music and painting. Soon after in 2012, admission to study at
the National Polytechnic School," where today is, and is
specializing in career and Control Electronics. He studies,
researches and analyzes to achieve the greatest possible
acquire knowledge. In the future he thinks of working in an
important enterprise, so as to promote technological
development in the country.