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PARKW
'A
SAMURAI
RD^mb mafia
piONA I^ACDONALD
JOHN TAMES
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QAVID ^NTRAM
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SAMURAI
CASTLE
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Series Editor
David Salariya
Book
Jenny
Editor
Millington
AN EGYPTIAN PYRAMID
Author:
Fiona Macdonald studied history at Cambridge University
and at the Gniversity of East Anglia, where she is a part-time
tutor. She has written many books for children on historical
topics, including
A Roman
Fort and
16th-Century Mosque
in this series.
TRAIL
Steedman
ISBN 0-87226-371-1
ISBN 0-87226-264-2 (pb)
He
A FRONTIER FORT
ON THE OREGON
Scott
Illustrators:
years.
Jacqueline Morley
ISBN 0-87226-346-0
ISBN 0-87226-255-3 (pb)
lives in
Fiona Macdonald
ISBN 0-87226-361-4
children.
A GREEK TEMPLE
A MEDIEVAL CASTLE
Fiona Macdonald
ISBN 0-87226-340-1
ISBN 0-87226-258-8 (pb)
A MEDIEVAL CATHEDRAL
David Antram pp.6-7, pp. 8-9, pp. 16-17, pp. 18-19, pp. 22-23,
pp. 24-25,
pp. 32-33, pp. 34-35, pp. 42-43; John James pp. 10-11, pp. 12-13, pp.
14-15, pp. 20-21, pp. 26-27, pp. 28-29, pp. 30-31, pp. 36-37,
pp. 38-39
pp. 40-41.
Gomm
Gniversity.
ISBN 0-87226-276-6
She
lived in
Japan
now
lives
and works
in
where she
London.
The
Salariya
Book Co
Ltd.
A ROMAN FORT
Fiona Macdonald
ISBN 0-87226-370-3
MCMXCV
Published by
A ROMAN
Fifth
New
York,
A RENAISSANCE TOWN
Jacqueline Morley
Consultant:
Helena
Fione Macdonald
ISBN 0-87226-350-9
VILLA
Jacqueline Morley
Avenue
NY 10010
ISBN 0-87226-360-6
o
A SAMURAI CASTLE
All rights reserved.
Fiona Macdonald
ISBN 0-87226-381-9
SHAKESPEARE'S THEATER
Jacqueline Morley
American
cm.
p.
1st
ISBN 0-87226-309-6
ed.
(Inside story)
Richard Humble
ISBN 0-87226-372-X
Includes index.
Summary: Traces
ISBN 0-87226-381-9
1
.
3.
Samurai.
Antram, David, 1958-
(1.
I.
Fiona Macdonald
ISBN 0-87226-310-X
SamuraiJuvenile
literature.
IV.
II.
111.
Series.
DS827.S3M33
952n.2dc20
1995
95-2181
CIPAC
Third printing 1998
Printed in
Ltd.
Title.
JNSIDE STORY
SAMURAI
C A STLE
piONA ]y[ACDONALD
QAVID y^NTRAM
JOHN JAMES
IJJ
PETER BEDRICK BOOKS
NEW YORK
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Contents
iNTRODUCTIOrn
Introduction
If you were a time-traveler, visiting Japan
400 years ago, you would be amazed by the
magnificent castles you would see. These
and
many
castles were
find the
many
others -
in this
book.
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In
1592, samurai
200,000
warriors led
Japanese
lived in
this?
Samurai were
rich,
Samurai had
of rank
badge
samurai
women wore
was
Even
dagger tucked
Korea's
aid.
to
weapons -
the samurai
soldiers to
into
6 THE
Yoritomo won
most of Japan.
Recognizing his power, the
Japanese emperor
made him 'Sei-i Tai
Shogun' (Great General
Subduing the Barbarians).
fighting,
control of
Officially,
leader of
Yoritomo was
all
the
41^
JAPAIN
HOKKAIDO
N
AFRICA
Hirosaki castle
it
could be
difficult to travel
one region
especially
SEA OF
JAPAN
from
to another,
in
winter,
the
PACIFIC
Bitchu-
own
Matsuyama
warlord. In theory,
OCEAN
^'
'
castle
independence as
well.
BTBEil
imI'
In
1600, Tokugawa
Matsuyama
castle
rival
many
others to outlying
lands (shown
in
red).
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Japanese Society
Although samurai were the most powerful
group in Japan, they were not the most
high-ranking. The emperor was at the top of
society, refined, remote and god-like, and
believed to be descended from the sun. The
shogun, who ruled for the emperor, came
next in rank. Originally, shoguns had been
chosen for their skill as war-leaders. But
after 1603, all shoguns came from one ruling
dynasty, founded by Shogun Tokugawa
leyasu, who lived from 1542 to 1616. By
defeating any samurai who dared oppose
him, he brought peace to Japan after years
of civil war. Samurai had the next highest
status, but they were not all equal.
Japanese
society:
monk.
traders. (6)
craftsmen.
(7)
Farmer.
Town
Country
(8)
in
Low-ranking soldiers
a samurai's private
army
(called ashigaru).
(9) High-ranking
V^^
cleaners, maids.
(B) Scribes, clerks and
officials,
families,
some
holding
From 794,
and
the
emperor
city of
Edo (present-day
Tokyo).
Top samurai,
owned
came
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1601/1620
Choosing the
Site
in
Shown above
the dates
when they
were built;
Maruoka.
(2) Matsumoto.
(3) Inuyama.
(4) Hikone. (5) Himeji.
(6)
Matsue.
(7)
Marugame.
(8)
Gwajima.
He
artificial barriers
On
keep
banks of
earth were heaped up,
deep moats were dug,
and strong outer walls
were constructed.
Foundations were laid,
on which gatehouses
and tall watchtowers
could be built, where
samurai soldiers could
keep guard.
(called a 'tenshu')
of a castle could be
built, its
had
outer defenses
to be planned. This
of well-
trained professional
architects. In
mountainous areas, or
on steep river banks,
loose rocks and slippery
slopes formed natural
lowland castle
high, steep
sites,
1606
Outer wall
loo'J
Larger,
more
Tenshu (keep)
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packed
tightly together,
'Burdock
made
was
piling'
of large, carefully-
shaped blocks
together over a
of earth.
filled
fitted
mound
Cracks were
with pebbles.
built
to
be carried
many
to
areas, paths
and intricately-carved
doors, window frames and rafters.
Stonemasons and carpenters were very well
trained, and were proud of their traditional
skills. Boys were apprenticed to a master
craftsman at 13, and spent many years
Many
(commissioner or
overseer).
trained
in
He was
traditiona
skills.
them, and to
on to future
^p^
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Castle Design
The period 1570-1690 is often called the
'Golden Age' of Japanese castle building.
What made these castles so special? Partly,
their size. Unlike traditional Japanese
buildings, they were several stories high. For
example, Matsumoto castle (completed
1596) had floors on six levels in its keep.
'Golden Age' castles were also admired for
their innovative layout. They were planned
as clusters of towers, and included features gateways, courtyards, reception hails borrowed from all kinds of traditional
buildings, from temples to townbouses.
The resulting castles were very beautiful,
with carved and painted woodwork and
gables,
won
it
Its
graceful, curving
name
the
here
is
Himeji
The
(9)
keep.
of the
castle.
(1) Moat.
Outer walls.
(3) Outer yard.
for
(2)
workshops,
rest
for soldiers.
(7)
Watchtower.
daimyo's
administrative
rooms
staff;
m\
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Elegant Interiors
Japanese houses did not have
one roonn fronn
the
inner
space was
Instead,
another.
paper
screens,
partitioned by wood and
which could be moved as required to create
Traditionally.
luxury goods.
areas for
living,
The space
much
the
sleeping or eating.
inside a castle
same way.
was arranged in
and
Originally, strength
or fine design.
furnished
rank. Screens separated areas where
shows pine
It
against a shimmering
golden background.
high
buy
trees
The
ceiling
above
is
fronn thick
guarded. At Himeji
castle, there were 10 wells.
beams
Rich
of
to
homes would
made
out of moveable
wood
for
Well-defended doors
were essential. This door
from Himeji Castle had
locks, bolts,
and
iron
armor-plating outside.
prize
made
made
of rice-husks
The
thicker the
ayers of tightly-woven
reeds.
or knelt)
tables
built low.
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building
in
16th-
The
castle
was
a center of estate
administration, so
managers and
clerks were
Peasant farmer.
Weaver. (3) Basket
maker. (4) Blacksmith.
(1)
(2)
(5)
Leatherworker.
Swordsmith.
manager.
(9) Estate
(10) Builder.
(11) Architect.
(12) Screen-painter.
(13)
Widowed
grandmother.
(14) Samurai's
(15) Maid. (16)
heir.
wife.
Son and
(17) Daughter.
Women
belonging to the
samurai's family lived in
private quarters, as far
The higher
more important
shelter 'his'
public gaze.
it
was
women
to
from
18)
Groom.
(19) Stabiehand.
(20) Saddle-maker.
(21
(22)
Arrow-maker.
Army
cook.
(24)
Army
officer.
(25) Doctor.
(26) Household servant
(27) Bodyguard.
There were
servants
in
many
other
the castle,
in
good
repair.
behave respectfully
(28) Lower-rank
samurai. (29) Priest.
(30) High-rank samurai.
(31) Administrator.
(32) Scribe. (33) Visiting
shogun.
became
a stronghold; everyone
sheltered inside
its
walls.
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families.
to
*Vi
Castles
and Towns
r'^M
Many
Samurai
training
encouraged warriors
to
But soon,
entertainment quarters grew up, where offduty samurai and all the other town-dwellers
could enjoy eating and drinking, relaxing in a
warm bath-house, listening to music or
going to the theater.
Japanese people
mostly
and
rice,
ate
vegetables
fish. All
round the
seaweed and
shellfish.
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Entertaining Visitors
For top-ranking samurai, entertaining
was an important political duty, as
well as (sometimes) a pleasure. A daimyo
had great power within his own estates - he
could make his own laws, raise his own
taxes and even invent his own weights and
measures. But if he wanted to survive, he
also needed to make allies from outside, to
help him defend his lands when they were
attacked by enemy samurai in times of civil
war. Alliances might be made by treaties,
through arranged marriages, and by
visitors
Daimyo
To
friends,
you go
to a quiet
and
tell
moments
of tranquil
thought. This
traditional
Or you might
of friendship. But
invite
Zen
some
made
Buddhist-inspired tea
samurai thought it
people forget their
ceremony.
warrior ideals.
Well-educated, wealthy
and
fine writing
Special occasions,
like a
by a shogun to a
samurai castle, involved
visit
in
and
backgammon
Tea-houses
of skill
strategy, like
precise, elaborate
was
(right), built
Games
a sign of samurai
rank.
or 'go'
encourage a
tranquil,
thoughtful feeling
people taking
among
part.
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Women's
Traditionally, a
woman
Lives
of the samurai class
she was
was her duty to serve three
masters: her father, her husband and her
was brought up
inferior to men.
to believe that
It
them
how
suitable
to
their rank -
safety - to samurai
fighting skills.
Writing materials:
(A) Brush.
B) Ink-
Women
at
many
servants worked
tasks around
games,
like flying
Old
could offer
but most had
kites.
little
Housemaid - shown
The work
wives:
soldiers
of samurai
commanding
when their
(5)
Some
samurai
novelists;
women became
some won
poets and
camp
Women
In
the towns,
women
worked as companions
(geisha) and as
entertainers. Samurai
men visited them off-
their
and
work.
storytellers.
Below:
The main
much
Mew
of their time at
Festival,
Weaver
wander
Chrysanthemum
about the
streets. Holy days (when
they might visit a shrine)
or seasonal festivals
provided a welcome
break from routine.
freely
were
Peach
festivals
Year's Day,
Iris
Festival,
Festival
and
Festival
Japanese people
measured time using the
Chinese calendar, which
was based on 12 yearsigns, each named after
an animal.
Horse
Snake
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1
Becoming a samurai
began at birth. You had
As
to
a future
member
of
to co-
old,
you went
to school.
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Hand-to-hand combat
was
a very important
skill.
Students were
sword-masters.
Jomyo
dared to
handed.
8 feet
and
slashing),
stabbing
long, and used
bows were carried by ashigaru. The
samurai's chosen weapon was a sword.
for
beautifully decorated.
wore
suits of plate
armor,
made
riveted together,
sometimes combined
with chainmail and tough
wood. Flexible
nape-guards, made of
metal strips, protected
the neck. Metal face
masks - painted red, for
anger - might be added.
But they were hot,
uncomfortable and made
28
difficult to see.
made
For a helmet, up to 32
curved metal panels
were riveted together
and topped with a crest
it
of rigid
les.
of painted
life.
of
"^^^>
Samurai Swords
for hanging
sword from belt
Mount
Banner with
daimyo crest
wooden
edge downwards)
crest
Nape
guard
Tsuba (guard)
Cuirass
Hand
armor
Armored
'skirt'
Samurai swords
cuirass - a breastplate
collected as
arms and
legs
were
covered by specially-
shins.
(above). Warriors
many
after a battle.
as
Below:
Bow and
arrows
Lance
Lance
Lance
Arquebus
Arquebus
SAMURAI LIFE 29
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women were
mean
that samurai
untrustworthy. Rather, he
was
'-^~^:^
to.
am
in
mat
neatly away.
9 am On lookout duty.
With other low-rank
samurai, he patrols the
top of the castle walls.
7:30
am
Has breakfast
and
rice and pickled 3
vegetables.
pm
3 pm Leaves castle
go and visit local
craftsman,
who
mending some
armor.
30 SAMURAI LIFE
to
is
of his
5 pm How he is clean
and purified, he can visit
the Buddhist temple
nearby to pray.
pm
Dinner-break,
soup and
rocky pool
filled
in
rice.
1 1 pm It's time to go
home. His wife greets
him and tells him what
she and the children
have done all day.
by
12 midnight Bedtime.
But befoie sleep, time to
sit
quietly
How
and meditate.
he has
performed his tasks as a
10
pm
Guard-duty over,
have a drink
wine with samurai
calls in to
of rice
friends in town.
most samurai
battles
were
he. .endous.
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well
women.
But
in
1576, samurai
Oda Nobunaga
He burned ancient
Decorative techniques
To make
fine spray:
To apply gold
leaf:
little
(3)
flakes.
Hold charged
leaf.
They
will
Above:
Patterned
silk
kimono,
17th century.
Sliding doors (right) with
a colored ink
drawing
of a crane (a bird,
symbol
of long
life)
and
Kano
Eitoku, 1566.
will
charged with
become
static
electricity.
(2)
in hair.
(4)
painting.
Tap
gold flakes
and
handle;
will
drop
off
stick to painting.
<^Metal crest
Iron
Iron face
helmet
mask
Neck guard
Metal plates
Animal-hair
whiskers
Shoulder
guard
kosode
or
yr^MAbove:
A decorated lacquer
box. Left: A samurai
made
saddle
of leather
and wood.
Elaborate armor
made
in
(right),
1859, at the
It
is
constructed
of gold-lacquered iron
Metal plates
silk
made
of
fur.
Fur boots.
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'A
MURA
F E
33
At the Theater
leyasu invited a
appear true
to
life
room
Covered
)as5ageway
Woman
man.
man.
betrayed by
in
Angry
who
costume
to
show
all
have
Daiymo.
(B) Shogun. (C) Towndweller. (D) Low-ranking
career: (A)
samurai. (E)
Army
commander.
(F) Master
Moh
The
orchestra behind.
The audience
sat in
an
open-air
stand.
first
performed
often
in
at shrines,
front of sacred
So the screen at
Noh
stage was painted with
trees.
was meant
to
'I
Noh
Some
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by
bamboo
blinds,
where
The
SAMURAI LIFE 35
We
On
Samurai
fighting skills:
slept
(A) Archer.
farmhouses, ordinary
soldiers in barns or
under bushes). When the
battle site was reached,
they pitched tents inside
rifleman). (C)
a circle of 'tobari'
(G) Footsoldier.
(B) Arquebusier (a
(E)
Army commander.
(F)
Bodyguard.
(camp-curtains) - proud
banners displaying the
daimyo's
crest.
/^
Dressing
(1) Put
(2)
(3)
foi battle:
on
loincloth.
around waist.
36 AT WAR
on chain-mail
sleeves. (7)
guard.
Add
chest-
Hold
silk cord.
in
place with
helmet. Arrange
shoulder-guards and
face mask.
and
doctors.
wounds
in
ease pain.
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i.,.j
defeated soldiers to
be killed - even like this
- than to survive.
for
On
Patrol
Even
in
some
dangerous
might rely on knowledge
learned from books on warfare. For example,
the oldest and best book, The Art of War',
written by Chinese general Sun Tzu between
450 and 421 BC, advised: 'Birds rising in
could
in
hostile lands. In
situations, they
flight
ahead
waiting to
is
ambush
enemy
is
you.'
weapons
and
(for
'instant' rice,
On
setting
could be reconstituted by
adding hot water - boiled in a metal helmet.
It might be flavored with dried tuna, which
was light and easy to carry, but soldiers also
tried to catch traditional 'stamina foods':
out.
rabbit
patrol
and wild
it
In
wartime, everything
needed by a samurai
army had to be light and
easy to carry. As well as
food, weapons and
armor, soldiers also
carried a portable
deer.
^1
J2
were
T'-shaped wooden
pole. But after around
1500, each flag was
laced down one side as
well. This stopped them
flapping, and made the
distance.
Each
daimyo's
soldiers
crest.
If
became
scattered on the
of a
sometimes
of flag-
right in the
was
fixed to
left
him
army commanders.
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The
each
made
a conspicuous
architects
Watchtower
castles
The
ideal
number was
enough
to attack defenders
wood and
plaster keep.
could shoot an arrow 1/4
mile; an arquebus could kill at almost
1/2 mile.
skilled
bowman
Water-filled
a useful
moats were
way
of
enemies
trying to sail
In
castle,
Kameyama
which he was
besieging.
As the
flood
the keep
40 AT WAR
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The End
OF THE Samurai
After 1603, the
Tokugawa shoguns
ruled
imperial system
250
years.
policy of westernization,
traditions
and samurai
- and to people
were
in
not.
useless than
To many Japanese
left
Nagasaki, with
its
port.
century map.
1868).
Samurai Rokuennon
Tsunenaga (right)led a
Japanese trading voyage
to America and Europe
in
failed.
Commodore Matthew
Perry, commander of the
fleet of
American 'black
reached Japan
in
1853.
The western-style
building in Tokyo.
built in 1872 for a
Mitsui
It
was
company founded by
Image or reality? Rich
costume and warlike
make-up (right) for an
samurai-turnedmerchant.
Continuing tradition.
Kabuki
a samurai in the
As
skilled warriors.
well as providing
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in
man\
Yamato - The
Yamato is said
First
Otomo Yakamochi
Otomo Yakamochi
Samurai
(he died
his
many
remembered as being
receive the
title
the
first
warrior to
of shogun.
A contemporary
chronicle reported
in
Shogun
- The First
is
religious beliefs.
transforming the
way
the country
was
run.
many samurai
Tomoe Gozen
Warrior Lady Tomoe Gozen was
the wife of a
women
played a very
role.
many
throne.
sons.
Oda Nobunaga
Nobunaga (1534-82) came from a lowranking samurai family, but was so skilful as
an army commander that he soon became
rich and famous. He fought many battles,
but he also sought power through diplomacy
and marriage
alliances.
He encouraged
was
started deliberately.
skill
he succeeded. He
defeated the last of his rivals in 1590. He
also tried to take all weapons away from
peasants and farmers, in case they rebelled.
He built a magnificent castle at Osaka, and
and bravery
never
made
many
He was
Japan.
After his death, Hideyoshi was betrayed
by his friend the samurai Tokugawa leyasu,
who had promised to act as guardian for
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Glossary
Arquebus, early form of shotgun.
gunpowder
It
used
Disordered
piling,
way
of building walls
women
entertainers
game
for
men.
modern game
for
'Othello'.
Hemp,
woven
Husk,
coarse cloth.
other grains.
Innovative,
(see below).
papery covering of
outer,
full
of
new
rice
and
ideas.
Intellectual,
ideas.
in
charge
training
exercise.
Burdock
piling,
large boulders.
way
Burdock
is
round leaves.
Gentleness'.)
Kabuki,
samurai
lively,
art.
(The 'Way of
art.
in
charge of
Conspicuous, clearly
and respected.
visible.
art.
(The 'Way of
the Sword.)
front
Daimyo,
lord. Title
given to top-ranking,
and great
46 GLOSSARY
estates.
who owned
like a spear.
spirits.
Superhuman,
human
powers.
and
for sitting
sleeping.
a
castle.
gardens.
an army camp.
Prefabricated, ready made,
can be assembled
in
sections that
Tranquil, peaceful
later.
ceremony, often
and undisturbed.
Zoned, divided
each
GLOSSARY 47
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Index
Page numbers
in
bold refer to
doors 17
koku 36, 47
illustrations.
archer 26
Greatest 44
architects 18,
40
armies 6. 36
arms and armor 27, 28-29,
28-29, 33, 33
army cook 18
army officer 18
arquebus 28, 29, 40, 46
Kameyama
samurai warriors
40
castle
karate 43, 46
kendo 43, 46
kimono 32, 33, 46
schools for 26
training of
45
6,
women 24
shogun
8,
44,
47
I
Soga Revolution 44
soldier's equipment 38
45
court of 9, 9
entertainers
6, 7, 8, 8,
Shotoku, Prince 44
siege, of a castle 40-4
Edo period 42
emperors
ashigaru 8, 28, 39
17,42.42
servants 18, 18
kosode 33
Kusunoki Masahige 45
Kyoto 9
Edo9
26-27
Korea, invasion of
6, 7, 19,
37,47
42
lances 28, 47
Lanqi Daolong 26
laws 22
sword-fighting 27
swords 29, 29
swordsmith 18, 28
backgammon 23
bath-house 20, 46
battles
36
40
fishermen 20, 20
food 20
fire,
36
blacksmith 18
bows and arrows 28
Buddhist monastery 44
Buddhists 8, 9, 38, 46
Buddhist temple 31, 32
bugyo (overseer)
burdock
12, 18,
46
threat of
Fujiwara
martial arts
furniture 16
46
castle 40-41,
40-41
design 12-13
doors 32
interiors 16-17, 16-17
keep (tenshu) 11,11
siege of 40-41
sites
10
walls 12-13,
12-13
Chinese 6
cuirass 29,
29
44,
45
Mitsui building 43,
moat 40, 40
monks, Buddhist
43
8, 9,
45
ceremony 22
tea-house 23, 23
temples, Buddhist 32
tenshu (castle keep)
guns 27, 28
Nagasaki 42, 42
Migo castle 16
trade
helmet 28, 28
nuns, Buddhist
O, P
Gtagawa Toyokuni 35
gold
leaf,
applying 32,
32
women
47
8, 9,
44
a,
in'25
42
Hosokawa Jako 23
warlord
I,
peasants
Perry,
inuoumono (dog-hunt)
46
26,
7,
6, 9,
18
7, 10,
43, 43
poetry 23, 25
women 24-25
writing materials
Buddhist
12-13
36-37
wells 17
Commodore Matthew
priests,
Japan
8,
Y,
24
society of 8-9
Yamato, Prince 44
Yoritomo 10
judo 43, 46
rice 6, 9, 20,
38
Zen Buddhism 26, 47
48 INDEX
10, 11.
11, 47
theater 34-35
(of castle
houses 20
calendar 25, 25
corner stones 13
craftworkers 12, 42
crests 29, 39
Takeda Shingen 30
games 23
building) 14
carpenter's tools 12
Taira family 45
24
masks, INoh 34
Matsue castle 14
Meiji emperors 42
Minamoto Yoritomo
women 44
go 23, 46
Golden Age
marriage 24
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