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Chemicals
NaCl (sodium chloride table salt)
Conductivity Meter
Volumetric Flasks
Tap Water
After all materials are gathered, the conductivity of the control should be measured - in this case the tap water. After
results are recorded, chemicals should be chosen to be diluted in a let amount of the control (100 - 200mL recommended). First,
fill a larger beaker and plastic squeeze bottle with tap water. Then measure the chemicals in relatively close measurements of
0.1g, 0.2g, 0.3g, 0.4g, 0.5g individually - more if detailed data is needed - on a scale within a smaller beaker. Fill the beaker with
water from the plastic squeeze bottle and stir until the chemical is visually gone with the glass stir rod. Pour the solution into the
volumetric flask. Repeat the process of pouring tap water into the beaker that was used to stir the solution and restir. Pour the
solution once again into the volumetric flask and repeat the process once more. Then either use the large beaker of tap water or
the plastic squeeze bottle to fill the volumetric flask to the set control number. Pour the solution inside the volumetric flask into a
empty, unused beaker and place the conductivity meter inside. Record the conductivity and proceed to thoroughly wash all used
glassware. Repeat the experiment for each chemical.
Once the data is collected, convert the concentration of the chemicals into mol/L and create a graph to examine and
compare trend lines between each chemical. By examining the trendline, it can be seen how each different bond can conduct
energy differently. A line with a high slope can conduct energy much better than one with a flat line or negative line. Having a
negative line shows how the chemical instead prevents the conductivity of energy.
Figure I
Figure II
Figure III
Figure IV
In figures I, II and IV, the slopes of the best fit lines are all positive, meaning the chemicals added are able to conduct
more energy than water alone. Figure III is the only exception. C12H22O11 brings the conductivity down as more is added,
meaning C12H22O11 has less conductivity than water alone. From this, it can be assumed the number of ions in an ionic solid
and polyatomic ions are able to more easily conduct energy with the bond formed. Covalent bonds, which figure III shows, are
unable to conduct the energy as well. Figure IV represents NaCl which has a ionic bond, pointing towards ionic bonds being able
to conduct energy much better the other bonds.
With closer observation of figure VI, it can be seen the best fit line is given a linear equation of:
y=6.772E5 x+ 884.85 . If the unknown solution was to be solved for using this equation, the y would be substituted
with the conductivity given: 2550. After solving the equation, the concentration of NaCl should be 0.00245887477. This can be
used with any chemical with its individual equation and an unknown concentration or conductivity.
Conclusions
Figure V
In figure V, the trend lines of all the chemicals are combined, allowing more detailed observations to be made. It can
be observed that every chemical with a bond other than a covalent bond, which is represented through C12H22O11 in the red
trend line. NaCl notably has the highest slope, which represents the ionic bonds between atoms. It can be concluded that ionic
bonds affect the conductivity and properties of a chemical in the most positive way while covalent bonds cause the most negative
change. The more ions in an ionic solid also brings an increase to conductivity flow along with the number of polyatomic ions.
It seems with the trend lines and functions of each best fit line, the solution of an unknown amount can be predicted well if the
data is meticulously detailed and finely correct.
To continue this research, the control should be changed into another chemical that can react to the added chemicals. If a new
bond is formed, how different would the properties change from these results?
Reference
[1] Berg, J. Biochemistry. 5th edition. Chemical Bonds in Biochemistry, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/nbk22567/ (accessed
2015).
[2] Harvey, J. Structure and Bonding in Chemistry. Structure and Bonding: Ionic Bonds,
http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/pt/harvey/gcse/ionic.html (accessed 2015).
[3] Carpi, A. Visionlearning.com. Vision Learning, http://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/chemistry/1/chemical-bonding/55
(accessed 2015).
[4] Clark, J. Metallic Bonding. Chemwiki,
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/theoretical_chemistry/chemical_bonding/general_principles_of_chemical_bonding/metallic_bondin
g (accessed 2015).