FLOOR FINISHES

GROUP MEMBERS
AFAQ, AIMAN, ASHHAR, BUSHRA, SHAHAB,
SUNDUS, ZOHRA

FLOOR FINISHES

O A floor finish is a general term for a permanent

covering of a floor. It is expected to protect and

extend the life of the floor while providing an
attractive appearance and slip resistant surface.
INGREDIENTS
O There are five basic categories

of floor finish ingredients,

(1) Polymer emulsions,
(2) Film formers,
(3) Modifiers,
(4) Preservatives
(5) Water

TYPES
O Terrazzo Flooring
O Stone Flooring
O Timber Flooring
O Brick Flooring
O PCC Flooring
O PVC Flooring

WHATS IN A FLOOR FINISH

O As many as twenty-five ingredients. Some evaporate

while others remain after drying.

O Those that evaporate are "volatile" and those that
stay on the floor are "non-volatile" components.
O Ingredients are used to enhance floor finish
characteristics like hardness, gloss, clarity, scuff
resistance, slip resistance, water and detergent
resistance, buff ability, removability, recoat
ability, and toughness.

TERRAZO FLOORING

TERRAZO
FLOORING`

Terrazzo is a flooring material

traditionally made by exposing
marble chips on the surface of
concrete and then polishing until
smooth.
However terrazzo is now available
in tile form.
Its often used in public buildings
because its long-lasting and can be
refinished repeatedly.

COMPONENTS/INGREDIENTS
Best Use : Flooring,
walls, countertops,
backsplashes

The typical thickness

for terrazzo is
between 2 1/2" and
3"

Installation Cost :
minimum 30 to 50 INR
per square feet to a
max 200 INR.

CONCRETE + STONE,
GLASS, PLASTIC
AGGREGATES =
TERRAZO

INSTALLATION PROCESS

DEFECTS
1.

Cracks

2. Discoloration
3. Scratches
4. Sealant failure
5. Wear

WHY USE TERRAZO

FLOORING?
Extremely hard wearing
Easy to clean and maintain
Attractive in appearance
Flexible can be designed to be in
keeping with other architectural
features and colour schemes
Hygienic suitable for some areas
of food preparation and in hospitals
Cost effective will outlive most
other types of hard flooring

DECORATIVE TERRAZO FLOORING

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

1.
2.
3.
4.

1.Terrazzo is quite
slippery 2.Expensive
3.Need skills for
installation
4.Polishing needed for
maintaining the look.

Unique beauty
Elegance
Longevity
Comfortable under
feet
5. Controls noise

STONE
FLOORING

STONE FLOORING
Stone flooring is a type of flooring in which the floor is covered
with stone slabs or stone tiles
Used in public buildings because of it durability and
hardness
There are three basic types of rock from which we
carve out stone floors:
Sedimentary rock
Igneous
Metamorphic

TYPES OF STONE FLOORING

MARBLE FLOORING
Various colors depending on origin.
fine and prosperous looking floors.
Mainly used in homes for interior flooring reason
expensive flooring.
Available in different sizes
Price : 120-600 Rs per sq.ft.

SLATE FLOORING
can be used in homes for outdoor flooring
reasons.
very hard in nature.
variety of colors.
extremely durable.
slip-resistant .
Available in different sizes and shapes
Price : 15-80 Rs per sq.ft

GRANITE FLOORING
granite is composed of quartz and
feldspar mixed with particles of mica.
coarse-grained, light-colored
long life and easy to install
granite floors are being used in
areas which are used every day.
Available in different sizes
Price : 30-100 Rs per sq.ft

INSTALLATION PROCESS
1.

3.

2.

4.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Advantages

Disadvantages

Very hard in nature

Formation of cracks

Extremely durable

Regular washing and

cleaning

Variety of colours
Weight of material

TIMBER
FLOORING

INTRODUCTION
Timber flooringis any product

manufactured fromtimber that

is designed for use asflooring,
either structural or aesthetic.
common choice as a flooring

1.
2.

material due to its environmental

profile, durability, and restorability.
Used in interiors as well as exteriors.
Divided into two categories:
SOLID
ENGINEERED

SOLID/HARDWOO
D
One of easiest ways to add value to a

home.
Cost effective, durable and classy, solid
wood floors are one of the few long-lasting
home fixtures
Made of planks milled from a single piece
of timber.
Many genuinetimberfloorsare
immediately distinctive by the width of the
planking, weathered patina and distinctive
grain.
Can be self installed without calling the
professional.
Sizes:125x600x15mm,150x700x16mm

ENGINEERED
ENGINEERE
D

most common type of wood flooring used

globally.
composed of two or more layers of wood in the
form of a plank where
TOP LAYER :Aluminum oxide and is specially
treated to achieve high wear resistance.
SECOND LAYER :Real hardwood veneer.
CORE LAYER : stacked layers of plywood, HDF
(high density fiberboard) or MDF (medium
density fiberboard) lay at 90 degree angles to
each other.
This gives the flooring better structural

stability and bonded together under heat and

pressure.
More suitable in high moisture areas or in
areas of frequent temperature changes.
It does not warp or cup during climatic
changes.
Sizes:24{T}X180{W}X1830{L},24{T}X190{W
}X1200-2400{L}

LAYING

Over the finished floor,wooden planks with tongue and groove are
placed.

The tongue and groove are jotted into each othersimilarly the whole floorin

APPLICATIONS
Usually layed in interiors(bedroom,
living area, dining area, kitchen)and
bathroom excluding the wet areas.
Used in skirting.
Nowadays, Timber planks are widely
used in exteriors.

COST
Ranges from Rs 60-Rs 600
per square feet.

FINISHES
Wood Floor Finishesare very popular as

they are durable, water-resistant, and require

minimal maintenance. These are blends of
synthetic resins.
Most popular modern finishes for wood
flooring are oil-modified Urethane and waterbased polyurethane.
WATER BASED:Appear clear and will resist
turning yellow over time.
1. They have a mild odor when applied, and will
dry in
two to three hours.
2. Water-based finishes are very durable.
. OIL BASED:
1. appear amber in color.
2. They have a moderate odor when applied, and
will dry in about eight hours.
3. Produces sheen appearance of the floor.

MANUFACTURERS
O Major distributers of wooden flooring includes

China,germany,malaysia.
O The cheapest of them all is from china naming
SPAN dealing in oak and Merbau.

ADVANTAGES
EASY MAINTAINENCE:
If taken care of,it lasts for many years,despite of much traffic and use.
Easier to clean & get harder as they age, which makes them even
easier to clean.
Doesnt dust mites
DURABILITY
Solid hardwood is among the longest lasting of all flooring types. With
todays flooring finishes, these floors are also water resistant.
VARIETY:
These are also easy to match to nearly any home style and design.
There are a lot of styles, colours and species of timber flooring
available than ever before.
Hardwood timber floors will always look good both in contemporary
and traditional interior design.

DISADVANTAGE
S
MAY SCRATCH
A hardwood floor's finish is susceptible to
scratching from traffic or pet nails.
FULL BATH INSTALLATION NOT RECOMMENDED
it is sensitive to humidity and the potential for
pooling water.
Water from tubs and showers can cause hardwood
floors to buckle or warp.
LIMITED BELOW GRADE INSTALLATION
not recommended for below grade installation due
to sensitive to humidity. These floors perform
better in humidity controlled environments.

CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORING

INTRODUCTI
INTRODUCTION
ON
INTRODUCTI
ON

The mixture of cement, sand and

aggregate is called plain cement concrete
(PCC)
Plain cement concrete composition 1:2:4 (cement : sand : stone )
by volume
Types of cement concrete floors:
Non-Monolithic or bonded floor finish floor
Monolithic floor finish floor

COMPONENTS/INGREDIENTS

CEMENT

SAND

AGGREGATE

WHY USE PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE

FLOORING?

They are economical as they require

negligiblemaintenance cost
They can be finished with a pleasing
appearance.
Provide a smooth & non absorbent surface

INSTALLATION PROCESS
Preparation of sub base:filling of earth is done
10-15 cm thick coarse sand
Laying of base concrete:Usually of cement concrete
or lime concrete
Laying the topping:- Thickness is 7.5-10 cm
Area is divided into rectangular or
square sections
Finally a layer of cement concrete
is applied on the top

STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION

Freeze-Thaw Effect
Concrete is very strong in
compression but relatively weak in
tension.
It can and often does crack.
Chemical Attack
Chemical attack can occur because
concrete is alkaline and chemically
reactive.
Crazing
This is a network of very small
surface cracks usually spreading out
over large areas or the entire surface.
Scaling
thin flakes of concrete come loose
and flake or peel off the surface

DEFECTS

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

They are hard & Durable

Defect once developed cannot

be easily rectified

Provide a smooth & non

absorbent surface

Does not provide heat and

sound insulation

They are morefire resistant

It cannot be satisfactorily
repaired by patch work

They provide more sanitary

surface as they can be cleaned
& washed easily.
They are economical as they
require negligiblemaintenance
cost

BRICK FLOORING
Floor that has brick /brick tile as its covering.
The flooring is done with laying bricks down in a
bed of mortar and arranged in a pattern.
Commonly used in alluvial places, where stone is
scarce and well burnt bricks of good quality are
readily available

Warehouses

Stores

Godowns

Places where heavy articles are stored

PATTERNS IN BRICK FLOORING

O Thebrick flooring may be done with bricks laid flat, or

on edge arranged in hearing-bone pattern, or set at

right angles to the walls.
O Brick-on edge is preferred to bricks laid flat, because
the former being less liable to crack under pressure
than the latter and also having the higher depth gives a
greater thickness in the former case to resist the
moisture penetration.

CHARACTERISTICS
The low maintenance requirements of
brick flooring make it very popular in
kitchens.
Durability: Brick is one of the hardest and
most durable flooring materials available.
It requires little to no maintenance, and
an installation can last for years
The tile is set in such a way that when it
is installed it is very difficult to detect a
repeating pattern in the surface.
This picture makes it clear that brick
flooring is not confined to squares and
rectangles.

Promenade Brick Flooring Pattern on aPorch

Other
properti
es
Color
Texture
Heat
Slip
Resista
nt
Hardne
ss
Brick Kitchen Flooring With Inlaid PineBeams
Replac
SIZES
ement
Bricks are available in a range
of
Weight
thicknesses,40mm to 100mm.
For domestic use ,the 50mm -60mm
units are suitable.
Road construction -80 mm thick units.
Thin brick veneer as flooring Airports, ports and freight yard100mm thick units.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

The earth fillling is properly consolidated.

10cm thick layer of dry clean sand is evenly

laid.
10cm thick layer of LIME CONCRETE (1:4:8) or
LEAN CEMENT CONCRETE (1:8:16) is laid,
compacted and cured to form a base
concrete.
Well soaked bricks are laid in CEMENT
MORTAR (1:4) in any desired bond pattern e.g.
Herring Bond, Diagonal Bond or any other
suitable bond.
In case the pointing is not to be done , the
thickness of joints should not exceed 2mm
and the mortar in joints is struck off flush
with a trowel.
In case the pointing is to be done, the
minimum thickness of joints is kept 6mm
and the pointing may be done as specified.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

APPLICATIONS
O Primarily used for architectural

purposes. But, now used in

commercial complexes, parking area
and community centres. These
pavers are offered in various designs
and sizes.

DEFECTS
Cracks can occur as defect in brickwork, that can occur in due to:
Ground movement
Accident
Thermal movement
Brick Rot

MERITS AND DEMERITS

MERITS
O Cheaper than Cement
concrete, wooden, mosaic
flooring.
O Provides a non slippery and
fire resistant surface.
O Easily repairable.
O Tough ,durable and
sufficiently hard.
O Easy in maintenance.
O Easy to construct.

DEMERITS
Slightly Uneven when
laid.
The resulting surface
is not smooth and is
rough.
Water absorbent.
Installation requires
use of toxic
materials.

VINYL FLOORING

SOME BASIC VINYL FLOORING

1. THEROTILE

THIS IS A TYPE OF VINYL TILE.

THIS CAN BE FIXED ON ANY AREA OF YOUR
HOME.
THIS COSTS AROUND RS. 60/SQ. FT.

2. BASIC VINYL SHEET

THIS IS A PLAIN VINYL SHEET, MOSTLY USED

IN HOSPITALS AND INDUSTRIES.
ONE CAN SELECT THE BASIC COLOUR OF
SHEET AND CHOOSE SOME PRINTING IMAGES
OF ONES OWN CHOICE.
THIS COSTS AROUND RS. 30/SQ. FT.

EMBOSSED
EMBOSSED VINYL FLOORING CAN BE
USED IN THE LIVING ROOM.
UNLIKE OTHER EMBOSSED DESIGNS,
THIS IS EASY TO CLEAN AND MAINTAIN.
THIS COSTS AROUND RS. 52 RS.
120 / SQ. FT.
PRINTED
PRINTED VINYL FLOORING WILL BE
AWESOME TO LOOK. THE DESIGNS YOU
GET IN VINYL WILL NOT EVEN BE
AVAILABLE IN TILES, MARBLES AND
GRANITES.
THIS WILL COST YOU AROUND RS. 20
RS. 40/SQ. FT.

3. PVC VINYL FLOORING

CHOOSE PVC VINYL FLOORING FOR A CLASSIC

LOOK.
THIS WILL COST YOU AROUND RS. 80 RS.
100/SQ. FT.
4. ANTI SKIP
THIS FLOORING IS USED IN BATHROOMS
THOUGH IT IS CHEAP AND GOOD TO LOOK
IT IS VINYL IT TENDS TO PEEL WHEN IT IS PRONE
TO WET.
5. TRANSPORT FLOORING
ONE CAN USE TRANSPORT VINYL FLOORING IN
YOUR PARKING AREA AS IT IS MANUFACTURED
SPECIALLY FOR BARING THE WEIGHT OF THE
VEHICLE.

AVAILABILITY:
VINYL SHEETS ARE AVAILABLE IN ROLLS ,HAVING WIDTH 6 TO 12 WIDTH.
TYPICAL VINYL TILES ARE AVAILABLE IN SIZES OF 1 SQ FT.
VINYL PLANKS ARE AVAILABLE IN SIZES RANGING FROM 0.25 BY 3 OR LONGER
THEY GENERALLY HAVE THICKNESS OF 1MM, 1.3MM, 2MM AND 3MM.
PRICE RANGE VARIES FROM RS20 TO RS120 /SQ FT.
USES:
GENERALLY USED IN HOSPITALS WHERE MUCH OF CLEANLINESS IS REQUIRED.
IT IS INSTALLED IN CHILDREN ROOMS TO AVOID ACCIDENTS.
IT IS INSTALLED IN BLOOD BANKS.
IT IS ALSO INSTALLED IN HOTELS OF HOMES ,WHERE EVER DESIRED.

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

FREEDOM OF AESTHETIC EFFECTS

AVAILABLE IN A WIDE RANGE OF
COLOURS AND PATTERNS

VINYLL FLOORING WITH NON WAX

COATING HAS AN EASY TENDENCY OF
WEARING OUT .

EASE OF INSTALLATION, EASY TO

CLEAN

VINYL FLOORING CANNOT WITHSTAND

MUCH OF WATER OF CHEMICAL
CLEANSERS

EASILY RECYCLABLE
VARIABLE THICKNESS
LIGHT WEIGHT.
DURABLE
PROVIDES US WITH RANGE OF
CHOICE.

VINYL FLOORING TEND TO DIS COLOUR OR

FADE AWAY WHEN EXPOSED TO TOO
MUCH OF SUNLIGHT.
TYPICAL VINYL FLOORING CANNOT
WITHSTAND MUCH PULLING OR PUSHING
OF OBJECTS OR SHARP OBJECTS.

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION FOR VINYL FLOORS.

ROTOGRAVURE VINYL:
THE COLOR AND PATTERN ARE PRINTED ON THE SURFACE LEVEL OF THE
VINYL ONLY.
THIS IS A LOWER COST AND MORE POPULAR METHOD OF PRODUCTION THAT
LEAVES THE COLOR AND PATTERN SUSCEPTIBLE TO WEARING AWAY OVER
TIME.
INLAID VINYL:
THE COLOR AND PATTERN GO ALL THE WAY THROUGH THE VINYL.
THIS MAKES THE COLOR AND PATTERN VERY WEARRESISTANT.

INLAID VINYL

ROTOGRAVU
RE

VINYL FLOORING CONSTRUCTION

VINYL FLOORING IS CREATED IN ONE OF THE FOLLOWING WAYS:
HOMOGENOUS OR SOLID:
HOMOGENOUS (SOLID) VINYL IS UNIFORM IN STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION
THROUGHOUT, WITH NO ADDED BACKING.

INLAID:
INLAID VINYL IS MADE BY ADDING GRANULES OF VINYL TO A VINYL BACKING.
HEATING THEM WITH THE WEAR (SURFACE) LAYER.
THIS CREATES COLORS PATTERNS THAT WILL LAST EVEN IF THE SURFACE LAYER
BEGINS TO WEAR DOWN

LAYERED COMPOSITE
LAYERED COMPOSITE VINYL IS THE
MOST COMMON TYPE OF VINYL
FLOORING.
IT CONSISTS OF FOUR DISTINCT LAYERS.
THE BACKING (BOTTOM) LAYER IS
VINYL, FIBERGLASS OR FELT.
THIS LAYER IS COVERED WITH A
CORE LAYER OF LIQUID POLYVINYL
CHLORIDE (PVC) AND FILLER,
WHICH IS TOPPED WITH A
DECORATIVE LAYER
A WEAR LAYER OF PROTECTIVE,
CLEAR VINYL

VINYL FLOORING WEAR LAYERS

VINYL NOWAX:
THE LEAST DURABLE OF THE THREE, YOUR FLOOR WILL
NONETHELESS RESIST SCRAPES, SCUFFS, AND SOME STAINS.
REQUIRED MAINTENANCE INCLUDES REGULAR WASHING
A GOOD POLISHING FROM TIME TO TIME TO RESTORE SHINE.
URETHANE (PVC):
URETHANE SURFACES WILL KEEP THEIR "LIKE NEW"
APPEARANCE LONGER THAN MOST VINYL NOWAX SURFACES,
AS WELL AS RESIST STAINS, SCRAPES, SCUFFS, AND HEEL
MARKS.
IT HAS A MORE TEXTURED SURFACE, WHICH SOMETIMES
SIMULATES TILE OR STONE PATTERNS.
ENHANCED URETHANE:
THIS MOST DURABLE OF WEAR LAYERS RESISTS STAINING
FROM MANY COMMON HOUSEHOLD ELEMENTS.
SINCE GRIME AND DIRT WILL NOT STICK TO THIS TYPE OF
SURFACE.
THE ONLY MAINTENANCE NEEDED IS AN OCCASIONAL SWEEP
OR MOPPING.

INSTALLATION OF VINLY FLOORING

APPLICATION ON THE FLOOR

MAINTAINANCE
THE VINYL FLOORS SHOULD FIRST BE DUSTED
AND THEN DAMP-MOPPED.
MICROFIBER CLOTHS AND MOPS ARE ABLE TO
SOAK 7 TO 10 TIMES THEIR WEIGHT IN LIQUID AND
ARE EXCELLENT AT TRAPPING DEBRIS AND DUST
ONE SHOULD NOT "DRENCH" THE VINYL. WATER
CAN WORK ITS WAY INTO CRACKS AND SEAMS
WHEN A MOP IS TOO WET, DESTROYING THE
GLUE.
THIS CAUSES THE VINYL TO COME LOOSE
AND/OR CORNERS TO CURL UP.
OVER-USE OF CLEANING CHEMICALS ON NO-WAX
VINYL WILL CAUSE A FILM OVER THE SURFACE.
"IT GETS STICKY AND ACTUALLY ATTRACTS THE
DIRT,"