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Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Site Supervision
Construction Site
Supervision
The
Importance of Supervision
Construction Site
Supervision
Construction Standards and Codes
Standard Specifications
Quality Control In The Ethiopian
Codes
Site
Procedures Manual
Construction Site
Supervision
Measurement
, Payment and
Variation Order Procedures
Construction Site
Supervision
Planning
Stage
Site Investigation
Building Permits
Drawings
Architectural
Structural
Sanitary
Electrical
Specifications
Bills Of Quantities
Construction Site
Supervision
Temporary
Cement
Sand
Stone
Aggregate
Water
Reinforcement
Others
Construction Site
Supervision
Earth
Layout
Safety Measures
Excavation Techniques
Foundation
Work
Spread Footing
Piles
Floating Foundation
Special Foundation Types
Construction Site
Supervision
Form
Works
Concrete and Reinforcement Works
Material Types
Mixing Proportion
Mixing Quality
Water/Cement Ratio
Placing
Vibration
Curing
Reinforcement,
Construction Site
Supervision
Construction Site
Supervision
Supervise-to
work
The
construction supervisor is
the person who plans, directs,
and coordinates onsite activities
that result in turning drawings
and specifications into reality
Construction Site
Supervision
The
Construction Site
Supervision
The
becomes a critical
aspect of a work in order to
ensure that the works to be
accomplished are done as
intended, conforming to the
technical document
requirements. The inspector is
therefore endowed with the
responsibility of ensuring that the
contractor complies with the
technical requirements of the
is necessary in order
to ensure that structures are
constructed according to designs,
plans and code requirements as
well as accepted practices.
It is a process of ensuring
compliance with technical
requirements, government
regulations and accepted levels
of workmanship
may be designed
correctly, but if the actual
construction is carried out with
faulty supervision, the intention
of the design works may not be
accomplished, resulting in
unsafe, and/or unacceptable
structures
The Construction
Environment
Is
complex
Has many risks
Requires varying skills
And is demanding
Because
The Construction
Environment
The
The Construction
Environment
The
Construction Environment is
influenced by
Contractor attitude
Contractor abilities
Trade atmosphere
Filed team ability
Completeness of plans
Field conditions
The Construction
Environment
Contractor
attitude: a
particularly antagonistic
contractor may cause problems
in the exercise of the inspection
process
Contractor abilities: the lack
of competence of the contractor
may be a cause for a more
intensive inspection work
The Construction
Environment
Trade
The Construction
Environment
Completeness of plans:
incomplete plans will be a cause
for delays and misunderstandings
between the inspection team and
the contractor.
Filed conditions: the
conditions on filed in which the
work is being carried out will
affect the general work
atmosphere
The Contract
a
Agreement
enforceable at law
Which contains certain elements .
ELEMENTS OF CONTRACTS
Mutual
Construction Contracts
Construction
Contracts therefore
have certain elements .
Ex: they include
An agreement ..meeting of minds
Terms and Conditions
Allocation of Risks between
Employer
Contractor
It
contract is an agreement
between owner and contractor under
DBB, it may include a description of the
various services and functions the
designer may provide during construction.
The designer may also have a major role in
preparing many of the contract documents
and compiling documents for use by
bidders and the parties.
The
Content of construction
Contracts
Description
of works
Price of works
Construction start and completion times
When and how advance and progress
payments are to be made
How to compensate for changes in
construction schedule or contract amount,
for design changes, contract suspension or
termination
Sharing and evaluation of loss in respect of
force majeure events including acts of God
Content of construction
Contracts
Changes
Content of construction
Contracts
Interest,
Content of construction
Contracts
Therefore
in construction
contracts the above elements are
systematically organized into
the
General Agreement
General conditions
Supplementary conditions
Technical Section
Specifications
Drawings
BOQ
Content of construction
Contracts
Standard
The
agreement
The
general conditions
Particular Conditions
The Construction
Documents
There
standard forms,
agreements,
general conditions, and
other documents.
Standard Construction
Documents
Example
Standard Construction
Documents
Technical
Specifications
ASTM
ACI
CSI
SABS
IS
BS
ETHIOPIAN STNADARDS
Standard Construction
Documents
BOQ
Re-measurement form
Schedule of rates
Lump Sum
BOT
BOOT
Turn Key
Cost Plus
Labor Contracts
Segregated Contracts
Subcontracting
Own Force Contracts
General conditions
Particular conditions
Red Book
Green Book
White Book
Yellow Book
Red Book: Is
Yellow Book:
Silver Book:
Engineer)
and Supervision)
42
Book:
of Contract Book
General Conditions
Guidance for the Preparation of the
Particular Conditions
Forms of Tender and Contract Agreement
Dispute Adjudication Agreement
Turner and Townsend
Book: Conditions of Contract for Plant and DesignBuild For electrical and mechanical plant, and for building
works, designed by the Contractor
First Edition 1999
Contents
of Contract Book
General Conditions
Guidance for the Preparation of the
Particular Conditions
of Contract Book
General Conditions
Guidance for the Preparation of the
Particular Conditions
Forms of Tender and Contract Agreement
Dispute Adjudication Agreement
The
of Contract Book
Agreement
General Conditions
Rules for Adjudication
Notes for Guidance
The Short Form of Contract is recommended for
engineering and building work of relatively small
capital value. The Guidance Notes for the Green
Book recommended that generally it should not
be used on projects with a contact value greater
than US$500,000.
Contents
of Contract Book
General Conditions
Guidance for the Preparation of the Particular Conditions
Forms of Tender and Contract Agreement
Dispute Adjudication Agreement
As
Contract ;Conditions of
Contract for Design, Build and
Operate Projects
First Edition 2008
Contents
of Contract Book
General Conditions
Particular Conditions
Sample Forms
Contract documents
stipulate the role of
The Engineer (Supervisor)
The client
The contractor
Therefore
Instructions for
Variations
51.2
Measurement Quantities
55.1
Work to be
Measured
56.1
Work to be
Measured
Should
Assignment 1
The
According to FIDIC
According to PPA
Compare and Contrast at least three
articles
In
Observation
Developing
Technical competence
It
Interpersonal skills
It
Negotiating
Negotiating
Problem Solving
Problem solving involves a combination of
problem definition and decision-making.
Problem definition requires distinguishing
between causes and symptoms.
Problems may be internal (a key employee
is reassigned to another project) or external
(a permit required to begin work is delayed).
Problem Solving
Decision-making
Analytical skills
In
Contents
Contents
The Inspector .
The
Detailed
Knowledge
Integrity
Ability
Good judgment
Good attitude
patience
Class Exercise
You
Standards Codes
and Specifications
This
is particularly important in
understanding the specific
requirements of a project as described
in the construction specifications
Specifications
Specifications
are
Purpose of Specifications
The
Role Of Specifications
The
Role Of Specifications
An
Purpose of
Specifications
The
Purpose of
Specifications
Purpose of Specifications
Specifications
The
Specifications
Purpose of
Specifications
Specifications
should describe
Reference Standards
Reference
standards specify
standards such as ASTM, ES, BSI,
etc.
The various manufacturers must
meet these standards.
Example: Portland Cement: Conform
to ASTM C150, Type I or Type II, low
alkali. Maximum total alkali shall not
exceed 0.6 percent.
Workmanship
specifications
Workmanship specifications;
describing the desired results that need
to be achieved in the works which
include;
The desired results in relation to the
quality of workmanship and finish,
giving due consideration to practical
limitations in tolerance, clearances and
the like.
Construction methods or procedures
necessary for the accomplishment of
particular targets.
Workmanship
specificationscntd
Any limitations or restrictions to be
placed on the contractors methods in
the interest of coordination of the work.
Any precautions necessary for the
protection of the work or adjacent
property.
The methods of inspection and tests to
which the work is to be subjected with
particulars as to mill and shop
inspections as well as field inspections.
Performance
specifications
Performance
Unenforceable specification
clauses.
To
Unenforceable specification
clauses.
In
Quality Control In
Construction
Quality Definition.
The
Quality Definition
It
Quality Inspection:
An
inspection is a specific
examination, testing, and formal
evaluation exercise and overall
appraisal of a process, product,
or service to ascertain if it
conforms
to
established
requirements.
It
involves
measurements, tests, and gauges
applied to certain characteristics
in regard to an object or an
activity.
Inspections
Inspections
Visual
Liquid dyed penetrant
Magnetic particle
Radiography
Ultrasonic
Eddy current
Acoustic emission
Thermography
Quality Control
quality Control is a collective term for
activities and techniques, within the
process, that are intended to create
specific quality
characteristics. Such
activities include continually monitoring
process,
identifying
and
eliminating
problem causes, use of statistical process
control to reduce the variability and to
increase the efficiency of the process.
Quality
control
certifies
that
the
organizations quality objectives are
being met
Kerzner (2001) (p. 1099)
Quality Control
involves
Quality Assurance
Quality assurance is the third era
in the quality management
system.
quality assurance as all the
planned and systematic
activities implemented within
the quality system that can be
demonstrated to provide
confidence a product or service
will fulfill requirements for
Quality Engineering
quality engineering technology
the body of technical knowledge
for formulating policy and for
analyzing and planning product
quality in order to implement
and support that quality system
which will yield full customer
satisfaction at minimum cost
(p. 234). Feigenbaum (1991)
Quality Management
The
Total:
Organization wide
Quality: Customer satisfaction
Management: Systems of
managing
Statistical
Quality Standards
A
Quality Standards
Chung (1999) defines standards as a
reference base that is required to judge
the adequacy of a quality system. He
further states that a quality system has
to cover all the activities leading to the
finished product. Depending on the
scope of operation of the organization,
these activities include planning, design,
development, purchasing, production,
inspection, storage, delivery, and aftersales service (p. 14).
Quality Standards
Standards produced by these
organizations/institutes
are
recognized
worldwide.
These
standards are referred in the
contract
documents
by
the
designers to specify products or
systems or services to be used in
a project. They are also used to
specify the installation method to
be followed or the fabrication
works to be performed during the
Quality Standards
Apart
ISO
ISO
is a network of national
standards institutes of 157
countries (as of September
2007),
formed on the basis of one
member per country, with a
Central Secretariat in Geneva,
Switzerland, that coordinates the
system.
ISO-9000
ISO
= International
standardization
Organization
The ISO 9000 series of standards
has been adopted as a national
quality system standard by most
developed countries.
ISO-9000 first edition in 1987
Reviewed in 1994
Latest version 2000
ISO
ISO
ISO
The
ISO-9000
ISO
ISO-9000
quality
ISO-9000
Forms
Documentation..
Documentation
requirements
Documented
quality policy
statements of a
Quality objectives
Quality manual
Documented procedures required by
ISO
Documents needed by the
organization to ensure the effective
planning, operation and control of its
processes
Records required by ISO
ISO-9000
ISO-9000
includes
Quality in
Construction
Construction Project
a temporary Endeavour
Undertaken to create a unique
product
Temporary:
having a definite
beginning and end
Unique:
Construction Project
Involve
Owners
Design professionals
Constructors
Construction Projects
types of construction projects:
Process
Type Projects
Non-process
Type Projects
Power plants
Manufacturing plants
Support facilities
Miscellaneous (R&D) projects
Civil construction projects
Commercial/A&E projects
Construction Projects
Civil Construction Projects.
Residential construction
Building construction (institutional
and commercial)
Industrial construction
Heavy engineering construction
Quality in Construction
Construction
work..
Quality in Construction.
Quality ..
..the fulfillment of project responsibilities in the delivery of
products and services in a manner that meets or exceeds
the stated requirements and expectations of the owner,
design professional, and constructor.
Responsibilities refer to the tasks that a participant is
expected to perform to accomplish the project activities
as specified by contractual agreement and applicable laws
and licensing requirements, codes, prevailing industry
standards, and regulatory guidelines. Requirements are
what a team member expects or needs to receive during
and after his or her participation in a project. (p. xv)
Quality in the Constructed Project (2000) by the American
Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Quality in Construction.
Construction project quality is the fulfillment
of the owners needs per
defined scope of works
within a budget and
specified schedule
to satisfy the owners/users requirements.
The phenomenon of these three components
can
be
EBCS
to EBCS 2 Concrete
quality control comprises of
Quality Control: Comprises a
combination of actions and decisions
taken in compliance with specifications
and checks to ensure that these are
satisfied.
Quality control consists of two distinct,
but interconnected parts, namely
production control and compliance
control.
Control: Comprises a
combination of actions and decisions
taken during production to check the
operation and to obtain a reasonable
assurance that the specifications will be
satisfied.
Compliance Control: Comprises a
combination of actions and decisions, in
accordance with compliance rules adopted
in advance, to check the compliance of
the product with the specifications.
Checklist Preparation
Read
Inspection of Materials
Inspection of materials on site shall be made at
delivery to check compliance with the
specifications and the requirements of this Code.
Inspection Prior to Concreting
This inspection shall be made to check:
the rigidity of the scaffolding and shuttering
the leak-tightness of joints between formwork elements
conformity of the dimensions of the formwork with the
drawings
the cleanliness of the formwork
the surface condition of the reinforcement
the position and size of reinforcement
the rigidity of the reinforcement securing systems, and the
quality of the joints between bars.
Procedures
A site book shall be kept and for large structures, it
shall contain the following information:
dates on which concreting and stripping of
formwork has taken place
acceptance of materials and components
results of tests and measurements
concrete mix used (type and origin of cement and
aggregates)
inspection and measurement reports of the
positioning of reinforcement
important instructions received
(g) description of any incidents.
Read
Semester Projects
General
Guidelines
Semester Projects
Quality
Semester Projects
Quality
Construction Site
Administration
Construction Site
Administration
Actual
The
The
The
The
preparation phase
startup phase
implementation phase
close out phase
Your Project
Know your Contract
Compile project drawings,
specifications and contracts
Set up site office
Obtain necessary equipment.
startup phase
Obtain bonds.
Project kick off meeting
Set up an Inspection Procedure
Develop a Site procedures manual
Develop inspection and follow-up forms
Agree
on exchanging information
on test/ inspection times
Agree on formats to be used
project records
work progress
Follow-up work quality
Keep records of inspections
Keep track of variations
day.
Observe all contractor tests.
is safe.
Participate in field
management meetings.
Provide negotiation assistance
on contractor claims.
Review and recommend
contractor value engineering
proposals.
Inspection
Procedures
of detailed inspection
procedures.
Site Procedures manual.Forms
Outline
of acceptance/rejection
procedures.
Preparation of a chart showing all
tests required,
Establishment of detailed
inspection procedures
.
Establishment of detailed
inspection procedures
Identification
of who must
physically prepare samples for
testing, the contractor or the
inspector; and whether the
contractor will provide a laborer
to assist the inspector in
obtaining samples and
transporting samples for testing.
Establishment of detailed
inspection procedures
Establishment
Mandatory
scheduling must be
provided to assure not only time to
make samples and tests, but also time
to make corrections needed before
work may be allowed to continue.
Construction Records
Establishment
of Project
Records
drawings/Shop drawing
submittals
Reports.
Samples.
Operating tests
Deviation requests
Daily Construction
Reports
Project
Daily Construction
Reports
Day
of the week.
Weather conditions (wind, humidity,
temperature, sun, clouds, etc.).
Average field force, both
supervisory and nonsupervisory.
Name of each contractor or
subcontractor on the job that day.
Number of manual workers (journeymen
and apprentices) at the site.
Number of non-manual workers
(superintendents and foremen) at the site.
Daily Construction
Reports
List
Daily Construction
Reports
Log
Quality Level is
described in the Specs.
To insure that
Quality assurance is required
This is best carried out by checking
compliance with specifications..
Quality Assurance
Is
ensured by..
visual inspection,
tests,
certifications,
Manufacturers installation instructions
experience qualifications
Factory inspections
Samples and mockup
Certified laboratory reports,
Certificate of compliance or conformance
And guarantees.
Testing
Testing
the contractor,
the architect/engineer,
the owner, or
commercial testing laboratories.
The
In
Experience Qualification
An
Factory Inspection
Occasionally,
stone
Precast concrete panels with
exposed aggregate
Concrete finishes
Special wood finishes and
cabinetry standards
Under
Glass
Paint
Aluminum windows
Wood
Warranties; Guarantees
The
The
Express
Warranties; Guarantees
Where
Change Orders
(Variations)
A
Change Orders
(Variations)
Change
Orders
A change order is a formal
document that alters some
condition of the contract
documents. The change order
may alter the contract price,
schedule of payments,
completion date, or the plans and
specifications.
Change Orders
(Variations)
The
Change Orders
(Variations)
Each
Change Orders
(Variations)
During
Change Orders
(Variations)
The
discussion include:
Percentages for overhead and profit to be applied
to change orders; what costs will or will not be included
in the change order price.
Length of time that a change order proposal price
is to be considered as firm.
Determination of the individual representative of
the owner who is authorized to approve change orders.
Procedures to be followed in the submittal of
change order proposals.
Change order forms to be used (i.e., AIA,).
Time extensions required, if anyrequests made
by contractors due to changes in the plans or
specifications.
(Associated General Contractors )
of formats
Read the following specification
and develop an inspection format
Reporting Works
As Built Drawings