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Construction

Site Supervision

Construction Site
Supervision
The

Importance of Supervision

The Construction Environment


Parties In a Construction Contract
Types of Contracts
Contract Documents
The Contractors Rights

Construction Site
Supervision
Construction Standards and Codes
Standard Specifications
Quality Control In The Ethiopian
Codes

Site

Procedures Manual

Construction Site
Supervision

Role of the Construction Supervisor


Responsibility, Liability and Limitation
Site Relations
Site Inspection Procedure
Record Keeping And Site Diary (Site
Documents)
Reporting Work

Measurement

, Payment and
Variation Order Procedures

Construction Site
Supervision

Inspection Work For Material And


Workmanship

Planning

Stage

Site Investigation
Building Permits
Drawings

Architectural
Structural
Sanitary
Electrical

Specifications
Bills Of Quantities

Construction Site
Supervision
Temporary

Works, Site Layout, Site


Establishment ,Storage of Materials
Material Quality

Cement
Sand
Stone
Aggregate
Water
Reinforcement
Others

Construction Site
Supervision
Earth

Works, Excavation And Fill

Layout
Safety Measures
Excavation Techniques
Foundation

Work

Spread Footing
Piles
Floating Foundation
Special Foundation Types

Construction Site
Supervision
Form

Works
Concrete and Reinforcement Works

Material Types
Mixing Proportion
Mixing Quality
Water/Cement Ratio
Placing
Vibration
Curing

Reinforcement,

Types, Quality Control

Construction Site
Supervision

Construction Site
Supervision
Supervise-to

direct and inspect

work

The

construction supervisor is
the person who plans, directs,
and coordinates onsite activities
that result in turning drawings
and specifications into reality

Construction Site
Supervision
The

supervisors job is highly


complex and requires extensive
knowledge and skills
Technical
Legal
Interpersonal
etc

Construction Site
Supervision
The

supervisor must be able to

Read, interpret, and execute


construction contracts
Understand the law,
Plan, schedule, and coordinate the
work of the project.
Understand construction costs and
the interaction of cost, schedule,
production, and quality,
Maintain a safe work environment

The importance of Construction


Site Supervision
Inspection

becomes a critical
aspect of a work in order to
ensure that the works to be
accomplished are done as
intended, conforming to the
technical document
requirements. The inspector is
therefore endowed with the
responsibility of ensuring that the
contractor complies with the
technical requirements of the

The importance of Construction


Site Supervision
Supervision

is necessary in order
to ensure that structures are
constructed according to designs,
plans and code requirements as
well as accepted practices.
It is a process of ensuring
compliance with technical
requirements, government
regulations and accepted levels
of workmanship

The importance of Construction


Site Supervision
Structures

may be designed
correctly, but if the actual
construction is carried out with
faulty supervision, the intention
of the design works may not be
accomplished, resulting in
unsafe, and/or unacceptable
structures

The Construction Environment


All

this is maintained within the


project environment involving
the
Client
The contractor
The Engineer/Architect
And possibly with differing project
delivery methods

The Construction
Environment
Is

complex
Has many risks
Requires varying skills
And is demanding
Because

of the varying nature of


the work flexibility is a very
crucial

The Construction
Environment
The

environment in which the


inspector will exercise his tasks
could be demanding and tax his
technical as well as interpersonal
skills.
Therefore the inspector must be
alert to the influence of various
elements in the execution of his
duties. Some of these factors
include.

The Construction
Environment
The

Construction Environment is
influenced by

Contractor attitude
Contractor abilities
Trade atmosphere
Filed team ability
Completeness of plans
Field conditions

The Construction
Environment
Contractor

attitude: a
particularly antagonistic
contractor may cause problems
in the exercise of the inspection
process
Contractor abilities: the lack
of competence of the contractor
may be a cause for a more
intensive inspection work

The Construction
Environment
Trade

atmosphere: the general


trade atmosphere will have an
impact either positively or
negatively in the exercise of the
inspection process
Filed team ability: the skills of
the staff assigned by the
contractor to carry out the work
on site will go a long way into
affecting the inspection process

The Construction
Environment
Completeness of plans:
incomplete plans will be a cause
for delays and misunderstandings
between the inspection team and
the contractor.
Filed conditions: the
conditions on filed in which the
work is being carried out will
affect the general work
atmosphere

Parties in the Construction


Contract
The

main parties in the


construction contract include
The owner
The Contractor
The Engineer/ Architect
Their relationship is defined by the
contract between them.

The Contract
a

Contract between parties is basically


an .

Agreement
enforceable at law
Which contains certain elements .

ELEMENTS OF CONTRACTS
Mutual

Agreement and Genuine


Intention
Offer and Acceptance
Capacity to Contract
Consideration in a Contract
Lawful Object of a Contract
Contract Time
The absence of any one of these elements is
sufficient to void a contract..(Abbet)

Construction Contracts
Construction

Contracts therefore
have certain elements .
Ex: they include
An agreement ..meeting of minds
Terms and Conditions
Allocation of Risks between
Employer
Contractor

Duties, Responsibilities and Obligations


Role of the Engineer/Architect
Default and remedies
(Abbet)

Construction Contracts (cont.)


The

construction contract documents


define the agreement between the
owner and the contractor.
It is a two-party agreement that does
not include the designer (For DBB
project delivery).

It

is important that the construction


contract, whatever form it may take,
states clearly the roles and
responsibilities of the parties

DEFAULTS AND REMEDIES IN


CONTRACTS
When

a contract is breached, the


party not guilty of the breach is
relieved by law from his duties arising
out of contract, and he may seek a
remedy for the breach at law.
The law provides two common
remedies:
Damages to be paid in money to the hurt
party by the party in breach of contract
Specific performance of the contract by a
court order.
In

construction contracts money


damages are much more common

QUALITY RELATED FUNCTIONS OF


CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS
The

contract documents can be considered a


procedures manual to help ensure quality.
(They set forth procedures and quality
requirements for management and
administration of the contract, such as
schedules, shop drawings, and inspections.)
Construction contract can also be used as a
planning tool for quality. Parties can look to the
various components (specification
requirements, submittals, inspections) to help
ensure that proper attention is given to quality.

ROLE OF THE DESIGNER IN THE


CONTRACT DOCUMENTS
Although

contract is an agreement
between owner and contractor under
DBB, it may include a description of the
various services and functions the
designer may provide during construction.
The designer may also have a major role in
preparing many of the contract documents
and compiling documents for use by
bidders and the parties.

The

contract documents for design-build


include design criteria, performance
specifications, or outline specifications.

Content of construction
Contracts
Description

of works
Price of works
Construction start and completion times
When and how advance and progress
payments are to be made
How to compensate for changes in
construction schedule or contract amount,
for design changes, contract suspension or
termination
Sharing and evaluation of loss in respect of
force majeure events including acts of God

Content of construction
Contracts
Changes

in contract amount or scope due


to changes in materials or services
Sharing of third party damage liability
Method of delivery of owner supplied
materials or owner-rented tools or
equipment
Times and methods of inspection of wholly
or partially completed construction and
time of delivery of completed construction
Time and method of payment upon
completion of construction

Content of construction
Contracts
Interest,

penalty and other


damages in case of delay in
performance of contractual
obligations and other liabilities
Method of dispute resolution

Content of construction
Contracts
Therefore

in construction
contracts the above elements are
systematically organized into
the

General Agreement
General conditions
Supplementary conditions
Technical Section

Specifications
Drawings
BOQ

Content of construction
Contracts
Standard

forms of construction contracts have three


main parts:
The agreement
The general conditions
The conditions of particular applications

The

agreement

is quite brief and appears to consist mostly of


statements of fact, whereas

The

general conditions

deals primarily with matters that pertain


generally to be construction work and the
persons involved.
The

Particular Conditions

Deals with particular applicable conditions

The Construction
Documents
There

are now many standard


construction documents that
support project management that
include

standard forms,
agreements,
general conditions, and
other documents.

Standard Construction
Documents
Example

Fidic Form of Contract


JCT
AIA
RIBA
NEC
PPA
BatcoDa
MoWUD

Standard Construction
Documents
Technical

Specifications

ASTM
ACI
CSI
SABS
IS
BS
ETHIOPIAN STNADARDS

Standard Construction
Documents
BOQ

Standard Principles of measurement


Etc

Construction Contract Types

Re-measurement form
Schedule of rates
Lump Sum
BOT
BOOT
Turn Key
Cost Plus
Labor Contracts
Segregated Contracts
Subcontracting
Own Force Contracts

The FIDIC form of Contract


FIDIC

General conditions
Particular conditions

Red Book
Green Book
White Book
Yellow Book

FIDIC Conditions of Contract


:

Red Book: Is

intended for Civil Engineering construction works.

Yellow Book:

more suitable for Electromechanical works, emphasis on


testing, commissioning procedures, guarantees etc

Silver Book:
Engineer)

fro Design Build Projects (Turnkey Projects) no

Green book: For works of smaller nature.


White Book: for Consultancy Services (Design

and Supervision)

42

The FIDIC Red Book


Red

Book:

Conditions of Contract for Construction For

Building and Engineering works designed by the Employer

First Edition 1999


Contents

of Contract Book

General Conditions
Guidance for the Preparation of the
Particular Conditions
Forms of Tender and Contract Agreement
Dispute Adjudication Agreement
Turner and Townsend

The FIDIC Yellow Book


Yellow

Book: Conditions of Contract for Plant and DesignBuild For electrical and mechanical plant, and for building
works, designed by the Contractor
First Edition 1999

Contents

of Contract Book

General Conditions
Guidance for the Preparation of the
Particular Conditions

Forms of Tender and Contract Agreement


Dispute Adjudication Agreement
The

Yellow Book provides conditions of contract for


construction works where the design is carried out by the
Contractor

The FIDIC Silver Book


Silver

Book :Conditions of Contract for EPC/Turnkey Projects

First Edition 1999


Contents

of Contract Book
General Conditions
Guidance for the Preparation of the

Particular Conditions
Forms of Tender and Contract Agreement
Dispute Adjudication Agreement
The

Silver Book is suitable for use on process, power and


private-infrastructure projects, where a Contractor is to
take on full responsibility for the design and execution of a
project. Risks for completion to time, cost and quality are
transferred to the Contractor and so the Silver Book is only
suitable for use with experienced Contractors familiar with
sophisticated risk management techniques

The FIDIC Green Book


Green

Book :Short Form of Contract

First Edition 1999


Contents

of Contract Book

Agreement

General Conditions
Rules for Adjudication
Notes for Guidance
The Short Form of Contract is recommended for
engineering and building work of relatively small
capital value. The Guidance Notes for the Green
Book recommended that generally it should not
be used on projects with a contact value greater
than US$500,000.

The FIDIC MDB Book


Red

Book (MDB edition) :Conditions of Contract for


Construction For Building and Engineering works
designed by the Employer
MDB Edition 2005

Contents

of Contract Book

General Conditions
Guidance for the Preparation of the Particular Conditions
Forms of Tender and Contract Agreement
Dispute Adjudication Agreement

As

part of their standard bidding documents the


Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) have for a
number of years required their borrowers or aid
recipients to adopt the FIDIC
Conditions of Contract.

The FIDIC DBO Contract


Book
DBO

Contract ;Conditions of
Contract for Design, Build and
Operate Projects
First Edition 2008

Contents

of Contract Book

General Conditions
Particular Conditions
Sample Forms

The Construction Contract and


Supervisory role
The

Contract documents
stipulate the role of
The Engineer (Supervisor)
The client
The contractor

Therefore

the task of the


supervisor is defined and limited
in these documents

The Role of the Supervisor Fidic


Art 37.1
The

Engineer, and any person


authorized by him, shall at all
reasonable times have access to
the Site and to all workshops and
places where materials or Plant
are being manufactured,
fabricated or prepared for the
Works and the Contractor shall
afford every facility for and every
assistance in obtaining the right
to such access.

The Role of the Supervisor Art


37.3
Dates

for Inspection And Testing


The Contractor shall agree with the Engineer on the time
and place for the inspection or testing of any materials or
Plant as provided in the Contract. The Engineer shall give
the Contractor not less than 24 hours notice of his
intention to carry out the inspection or to attend the tests.
If

the Engineer, or his duly authorized representative,


does not attend on the date agreed, the Contractor may,
unless otherwise instructed by the Engineer, proceed with
the tests, which shall be deemed to have been made in
the presence of the Engineer. The Contractor shall
forthwith forward to the Engineer duly certified copies of
the test readings. If the Engineer has not attended the
tests, he shall accept the said readings as accurate.

The Role of the Supervisor


Rejection
If,

at the time and place agreed in


accordance with Sub-Clause 37.3, the
materials or Plant are not ready for
inspection or testing or if, as a result of the
inspection testing referred to in this
Clause, the Engineer determines that the
materials or Plant are defective or
otherwise not in accordance with the
Contract, he may reject the materials or
Plant and shall notify the Contractor
thereof immediately.

The Role of the Supervisor


Rejection
The

notice shall state the Engineer's objections with


reasons. The Contractor shall then promptly make
good the defect or ensure that rejected materials or
Plant comply with the Contract. If the Engineer so
requests, the tests of rejected materials or Plant shall
be made or repeated under the same terms and
conditions. All costs incurred by the Employer by the
repetition of the tests shall, after due consultation
with the Employer and the Contractor, be determined
by the Engineer and shall be recoverable from the
Contractor by the Employer and may be deducted
from any monies due or to become due to the
Contractor and the Engineer shall notify the
Contractor accordingly, with a copy to the Employer.

The Role of the Supervisor


Examination

of Work before Covering up (FIDIC 38.1)


No part of the Works shall be covered up or put out of view
without the approval of the Engineer and the Contractor
shall afford full opportunity for the Engineer to examine
and measure any such part of the Works which is about to
be covered up or put out of view and to examine
foundations before any part of the Works is placed thereon.
The

Contractor shall give notice to the Engineer whenever


any such part of the Works or foundations is or are ready or
about to be ready for examination and the Engineer shall,
without unreasonable delay, unless he considers it
unnecessary and advises the Contractor accordingly,
attend for the purpose of examining and measuring such
part of the Works or of examining such foundations.

Instructions for
Variations
51.2

The Contractor shall not make


any such variation without an
instruction of the Engineer. Provided
that no instruction shall be required for
increase or decrease in the quantity of
any work where such increase or
decrease is not the result of an
instruction given under this Clause, but
is the result of the quantities exceeding
or being less than those stated in the
Bill of Quantities.

Measurement Quantities
55.1

The quantities set out in the


Bill of Quantities are the
estimated quantities for the
Works, and they are not to be
taken as the actual and correct
quantities of the Works to be
executed by the Contractor in
fulfillment of his obligations
under the Contract.

Work to be
Measured
56.1

The Engineer, shall except as otherwise


stated, ascertain and determine by
measurement the value of the Works in
accordance with the Contract and the Contractor
shall be paid that value in accordance with Clause
60. The Engineer shall, when he requires any part
of the Works to be measured, give reasonable
notice to the Contractors authorised agent, who
shall:
(a)forthwith attend or send a qualified
representative to assist the Engineer in making
such measurement, and
(b)supply all particulars required by the Engineer.

Work to be
Measured
Should

the Contractor not attend, or neglect or omit to


send such representative, then the measurement made by
the Engineer or approved by him shall be taken to be the
correct measurement of such part of the Works. For the
purpose of measuring such Permanent Works as are to be
measured by records and drawings, the Engineer shall
prepare records and drawings as the work proceeds and
the Contractor, as and when called upon to do so in writing,
shall, within 14 days, attend to examine and agree such
records and drawings with the Engineer and shall sign the
same when so agreed. If the Contractor does not attend to
examine and agree such records and drawings, they shall
be taken to be correct. If, after examination of such records
and drawings, the Contractor does not agree the same or
does not sign the same as agreed, they shall nevertheless
be taken to be correct, unless the Contractor,

The Skills of the


Supervisor
In

addition to his contractual role


the supervisor must also display
a personal Skills

The Skills of the


Supervisor
In

order to earn the respect of


the contractor it is very important
that the inspector display
excellent competence in
supervision practice. In the
course of supervision, fairness is
of paramount importance.

The Skills of the


Supervisor
As

a representative of the client, the


inspector needs to exercise
professional integrity and a high
ethical standard. This will go a long
way into maintaining the mutual
respect that is vitally necessary for a
smooth execution of a work. It is a
fact that projects which experience
delays due to difficulties between
inspector and contractor cost more.

Assignment 1

The

Contractors and the


Engineers Rights and Obligations

According to FIDIC
According to PPA
Compare and Contrast at least three
articles

The Skills of the


Supervisor
Technical
Interpersonal
Legal

The skills of inspection

In

exercising the duties of


inspection the inspector is
required to developed and be
competent in various skills that
will assist him in effectively
carrying out his duties. some of
these include

Observation
Developing

good skills of observation


is an asset in exercising the duties of
an inspector. The ability to have a
global as well as abstract form of
observation that is having a wider
view of the task to be inspected as
well as at the same time focusing on
details is critically important. Besides
it is vitally important to remember
issues /points observed as well as keep
an accurate record.

Technical competence
It

is also vitally important that the


inspector be competent in his areas
of expertise as well as be familiar
with current technology and methods
of executing construction works. In
all cases the inspector must have
technical competence well above the
people being supervised, so that he is
in a position to guide workers and
correct any faulty work

Interpersonal skills
It

is a well observed fact that the way


information is transmitted can affect the way it
is understood. In such an atmosphere, the way
the inspector transmits guidance to the
contract will contribute either to a good
understanding and reception of the information
or create barriers hampering timely
completion.
It becomes very important therefore that the
inspector develop good interpersonal
communication skills, in speaking, listening
etc. in the process of carrying out inspection
duties.

Communication skills (1)


Communicating

involves the exchange of information.


The sender is responsible for making the information
clear, unambiguous, and complete so that the receiver
can receive it correctly. The receiver is responsible for
making sure that the information is received in its
entirety and understood correctly. Communicating has
many dimensions:

Written and oral, listening and speaking.


Internal (within the project) and external (to the
customer, the media, the public, etc.).
Formal (reports, briefings, etc.) and informal (memos, ad
hoc conversations, etc.).
Vertical (up and down the organization) and horizontal
(with peers and partner organization).

Negotiating
Negotiating

involves conferring with others to come


to terms with them or reach an agreement.
Agreements may be negotiated directly or with
assistance; mediation and arbitration are two types of
assisted negotiation.
Negotiations occur around many issues, at many
times, and at many levels of the project. During the
course of a typical project, project staff is likely to
negotiate for any or all of the following:

Scope, cost, and schedule objectives.


Changes to scope, cost, or schedule.
Contract terms and conditions.
Assignments.
Resources.

Problem Solving
Problem solving involves a combination of
problem definition and decision-making.
Problem definition requires distinguishing
between causes and symptoms.
Problems may be internal (a key employee
is reassigned to another project) or external
(a permit required to begin work is delayed).

Problems may be technical (differences of opinion


about the best way to design a product),
managerial (a functional group is not producing
according to plan), or interpersonal (personality
or style clashes).

Problem Solving
Decision-making

includes analyzing the


problem to identify viable solutions,
and then making a choice from among
them. Decisions can be made or
obtained (from the customer, from the
team, or from a functional manager).
Once made, decisions must be
implemented. Decisions also have a
time element to themthe right
decision may not be the best decision
if it is made too early or too late.

Analytical skills
In

the course of carrying out his tasks the


inspector is required to make decisions that
may affect the progress of the work. At
such times analyzing the situation and
weighing alternatives to arrive at a good
decision will be vitally important.
Therefore the skills of analysis that of
looking at the bigger picture while at the
same time separately understanding
critical elements , therefore become a vital
element of good inspection.

The FIDIC Conditions of Contract

Contents

The PPA Conditions of Contract

Contents

The role of the supervisor


The

main role of the supervisor is


to follow up the execution of a
project with the appropriate
quality products
inspect
to guide
to assist
to facilitate
to control quality but not to hinder work

The Inspector .
The

inspector must have a keen eye, be


observant and able to see critically. To do
this a thorough knowledge of the procedures
for executing the particular work he is
inspecting is necessary.

Detailed

knowledge of the plans and


specifications for the particular work is also a
vitally important part of the work. He must
also be familiar with any revisions or
amendments done to the original documents,
and the reason for such changes and their
incorporation into the works.

Skills of the Supervisor


In

summary the inspector must


display

Knowledge
Integrity
Ability
Good judgment
Good attitude
patience

Specific duties of the


Inspector
Ensuring

compliance by the contractor with the plans,


specifications, and contractual provisions of the project
Monitoring project progress according to the schedule
Coordination and monitoring of reviews, approvals and
tests.
Interpreting contract drawings and specifications
Rejecting work which is not within the contractual
quality , or that which fails to meet contract
requirements
Stopping work progress when safety concern override
basic contractual commitments
Approval of shop drawings , materials and samples
Avoiding labor situations

Class Exercise
You

are assigned as a chief


supervisor to a housing
construction project in Awassa.
The contractor is a grade 1
building contractor. The contract
between the employer and the
contractor is based on the PPA
NCB model.
How would you establish your
supervision task?

The Construction Site


Relations
The

construction site is also an area


where people interact
Relationships in construction sites can
become strained. This may be caused
by pressure on meeting deadlines, or
even differing personalities. The
supervisor should therefore be tactful in
handling difficulties in such a stressful
environment. One must never allow
emotions to govern but be even
handed in addressing site issues.

The Construction Site


Relations
As

in all human activities the


construction sector involves the
interaction of people with
different predispositions. The
inspector should therefore be
aware of human personality
differences and act appropriately.
It is always an advantage to
perceive peoples moods and daily
stresses which will eventually
assist in achieving a positive

The Construction Site


Relations
The

requirements of the contract


must at all times be separated
from personal preferences or
bias. Communication lines
between the contractor and the
supervisor must also be
maintained at all times, with due
care.

The Construction Site


Relations
The

inspector should therefore

Be tactful, avoid confrontation


maintain common sense
Avoid shouting
ensure that works attain high standard right from the
beginning
Explain any ambiguous tasks and Correct it if need be
Do not delay rectification of work correct before it
progresses significantly
When required give prompt replies and be decisive
Instruct the Forman/supervisor in responsible position
only
Communicate to appropriate personnel only

Standards Codes
and Specifications

Standards Codes and


Specifications
The

Construction industry has a


number of standards and codes
that govern the process
This include
Building Codes (Ex. EBCS)
Standards (Ex. Ethiopian
Standards)
Specifications (Ex. BatCoda , Astm
etc)

Standards Codes and


Specifications
In

order to adequately carry out


supervision tasks the supervisor must
be well versed and knowledgeable in
the are of construction specifications
and standards knowledge base

This

is particularly important in
understanding the specific
requirements of a project as described
in the construction specifications

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIFICATION


There

are many design decisions which cannot


be expressed in drawn form. These must rely
on being expressed in words.
There are, also, many design decisions which
would be too tedious, or too impractical for
some other reason, to be recorded in drawings.
The specification is thus created to
complement the drawings so that together
they convey all the design decisions.
This is why a construction specification is
primarily a design document.
(NATSPEC)

Specifications
Specifications

are

written descriptions of the required


quality of the built product and its
component products.
A specification may also include the
procedures for determining that the
requirements of the specification
have been met.

Purpose of Specifications
The

specification links the drawings with the


general conditions of contract. It
complements, without duplication, the
information in the drawings or the general
conditions of contract.
Drawings are graphic descriptions which
primarily define quantity, position and
sometimes quality.
Specifications

are written descriptions which


define quality. Together they express the
designer's intentions.

Role Of Specifications
The

specification has many roles


including:
A document demonstrating
compliance with statutory
requirements.
A written record of design decisions,
materials used and set standards.
An estimating document.
A tendering document.
A legal, contractual document.

Role Of Specifications
An

on-site working document.


A dispute settlement document.
A project management tool.
A facilities management tool.
A document to be analyzed for
feedback into the office master
specification and office
procedures.

Purpose of
Specifications
The

purpose of a Civil Engineering


Specification is to tell the contractor
precisely the,
Quality and type of materials required
to be incorporated in the works
the workmanship and finish, anticipated
with consideration given to practical
limitations such as tolerance, clearances,
Extent of the work to be executed
Methods he may or may not use in order
to carry out the works

Purpose of
Specifications

Requirements and procedures to be


complied with in inspection, tests and
analysis, during manufacture and
usage by the owner both on site and off
site.
Methods for testing and acceptance of
final products
Parameters for rejection of non
conforming works etc.
Factory tests (If necessary), protection
during manufacture, transport and placing
or the like

Purpose of Specifications
Specifications

should describe the type and


quality of every product required for the
project.

The

specifications should describe the


requirements for fabrication, erection,
application, installation and finishing.

Specifications

should describe the quality of


workmanship necessary for the project.
This includes all phases of creation and
installation starting with manufacturing,

Purpose of
Specifications
Specifications

should describe

fabrication, and application, through


installation, finishing and adjustment.
Specifications should include any necessary
codes and standards applicable to the
project.
The specifications should also include
descriptions and procedures for alternate
materials, products or services if necessary.

Reference Standards
Reference

standards specify
standards such as ASTM, ES, BSI,
etc.
The various manufacturers must
meet these standards.
Example: Portland Cement: Conform
to ASTM C150, Type I or Type II, low
alkali. Maximum total alkali shall not
exceed 0.6 percent.

Reference Standard Specifications


Under

this method reference is


made to an established standard
defined by associations very
knowledgeable about a certain
part or phase of construction.
Reference standard specifications
are used for "commodity" products
in the marketplace, where brand
names are not important.

Materials and workmanship specifications:


Material

specifications: describing the


physical and/or chemical properties,
performance characteristics or in some
cases, a composition of the two of the
materials to be incorporated into the works.
These properties can be cross checked by
tests. These descriptions generally include;
physical properties, such as strength, durability,
hardness, and elasticity
Chemical composition
Electrical and thermal and acoustical properties
Appearance including color texture pattern and finishes

Workmanship
specifications

Workmanship specifications;
describing the desired results that need
to be achieved in the works which
include;
The desired results in relation to the
quality of workmanship and finish,
giving due consideration to practical
limitations in tolerance, clearances and
the like.
Construction methods or procedures
necessary for the accomplishment of
particular targets.

Workmanship
specificationscntd
Any limitations or restrictions to be
placed on the contractors methods in
the interest of coordination of the work.
Any precautions necessary for the
protection of the work or adjacent
property.
The methods of inspection and tests to
which the work is to be subjected with
particulars as to mill and shop
inspections as well as field inspections.

Performance
specifications
Performance

specifications: such types


of specification, define the performance
requirements for machinery and plant
operating equipment. This allows the
advance manufacture and procurement of
such equipment, or the purchase of
standard brands.
Some of the standards specifications are
published reference standards issued by
government and professional societies, and
industry associations for utilization in
construction work or material production.

Unenforceable specification
clauses.
To

the satisfaction of the engineer


As determined by the engineer
In accordance with the instructions of
the engineer
As directed by the engineer
In the judgment of the engineer
In the opinion of the engineer
Unless otherwise directed by the
engineer (unbiddable)
To be furnished if requested by the
engineer (unbiddable)

Unenforceable specification
clauses.
In

strict accordance with


In accordance with the best commercial
practice
In accordance with the best modern
standard practice
In accordance with the best engineering
practice
Workmanship shall be of the highest
quality
Workmanship shall be of the highest
grade
Accurate workmanship

Quality Control In
Construction

Quality Definition.
The

American Society for Quality (ASQ)


glossary defines quality as:
A subjective term for which, each person has
his or her own definition. In technical usage,
quality can have two meanings:
The characteristics of a product or service
that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or
implied needs.
A product or service free of deficiencies.

Quality Definition
It

further states that it is

Based on customers perceptions of a


products design and how well the design
matches the original specifications
The ability of a product and service to
satisfy stated or implied needs.
Achieved by conforming to established
requirements within an Organization.

Quality Inspection:
An

inspection is a specific
examination, testing, and formal
evaluation exercise and overall
appraisal of a process, product,
or service to ascertain if it
conforms
to
established
requirements.
It
involves
measurements, tests, and gauges
applied to certain characteristics
in regard to an object or an
activity.

Inspections
Inspections

are usually nondestructive.


Some of the nondestructive methods of
inspection are

Visual
Liquid dyed penetrant
Magnetic particle
Radiography
Ultrasonic
Eddy current
Acoustic emission
Thermography

Quality Control
quality Control is a collective term for
activities and techniques, within the
process, that are intended to create
specific quality
characteristics. Such
activities include continually monitoring
process,
identifying
and
eliminating
problem causes, use of statistical process
control to reduce the variability and to
increase the efficiency of the process.
Quality
control
certifies
that
the
organizations quality objectives are
being met
Kerzner (2001) (p. 1099)

Quality Control
involves

a universal sequence of steps as follows:

Choose the control subject, that is, choose what we


intend to regulate.
Establish measurement.
Establish standard of performance, product goal, and
process goals.
Measure actual performance.
Compare actual measured performance against
standards.
Take action on the difference.

Quality Control Tools


1. Cause-and-effect diagram
2. Check sheet
3. Control chart
4. Data collection
5. Flow chart
6. Histogram
7. Pareto analysis
8. Pie chart
9. Run chart
10.Scatter diagram

Quality Assurance
Quality assurance is the third era
in the quality management
system.
quality assurance as all the
planned and systematic
activities implemented within
the quality system that can be
demonstrated to provide
confidence a product or service
will fulfill requirements for

Quality Engineering
quality engineering technology
the body of technical knowledge
for formulating policy and for
analyzing and planning product
quality in order to implement
and support that quality system
which will yield full customer
satisfaction at minimum cost
(p. 234). Feigenbaum (1991)

Quality Management
The

ASQ glossary defines quality


management as

the application of quality


management system in
managing a process to
achieve maximum customer
satisfaction at the lowest
overall cost to the
organization while continuing

Total Quality Management


(TQM)
During

the past twenty years,


there has been a revolution
toward improved quality. The
improvements have occurred not
only in product quality, but also
in quality leadership and quality
project management.

Total Quality Management


After

WWII quality became a


dominant thinking the birth of
Total Quality Management,
with its three constitutive elements:

Total:

Organization wide
Quality: Customer satisfaction
Management: Systems of
managing

Statistical Quality Control


(SQC)

Statistical

Quality Control (SQC)


a set of statistical techniques that can
be used to monitor quality; includes
acceptance sampling and in-process
sampling.

Quality Standards
A

standard is simply a definition of how


something should be. (Pyzdek 1999)
Standards are documents used to define
acceptable conditions or behaviors and to
provide a base line for assuring that conditions
or behaviors meet the acceptable criteria. In
most cases standards define minimum criteria;
world class quality is, by definition, beyond the
standard level of performance. Standards can
be written or unwritten, voluntary or mandatory.
Unwritten quality standards are generally not
acceptable. (p. 2)

Quality Standards
Chung (1999) defines standards as a
reference base that is required to judge
the adequacy of a quality system. He
further states that a quality system has
to cover all the activities leading to the
finished product. Depending on the
scope of operation of the organization,
these activities include planning, design,
development, purchasing, production,
inspection, storage, delivery, and aftersales service (p. 14).

Quality Standards
Standards produced by these
organizations/institutes
are
recognized
worldwide.
These
standards are referred in the
contract
documents
by
the
designers to specify products or
systems or services to be used in
a project. They are also used to
specify the installation method to
be followed or the fabrication
works to be performed during the

Quality Standards
Apart

from these there have been many other


national and international quality system standards.
These various standards have commonalities and
historical linkage.
However, in order to facilitate international trade,
delegates from 25 countries met in London in 1946
to create a new international organization. The
objective of this organization was to facilitate
international coordination and unification of
industrial standards.
The new organization, International Organization for
Standardization, ISO, officially began operation on
February 23, 1947.

ISO
ISO

is a network of national
standards institutes of 157
countries (as of September
2007),
formed on the basis of one
member per country, with a
Central Secretariat in Geneva,
Switzerland, that coordinates the
system.

ISO-9000
ISO

= International
standardization
Organization
The ISO 9000 series of standards
has been adopted as a national
quality system standard by most
developed countries.
ISO-9000 first edition in 1987
Reviewed in 1994
Latest version 2000

ISO
ISO

is the worlds largest developer and


publisher of international standards.
It is a nongovernmental organization that
forms a bridge between the public and
private sectors.
ISO has more than 16,500 international standards.
Of all the standards produced by ISO, the ones
that are most widely known are the ISO 9000 and
ISO 14000 series.
ISO

9000 has become an international


reference for quality requirements in
business-to-business dealings

ISO
The

ISO 9000 family is primarily


concerned with quality management.
This means what the organization does
to fulfill The
customers quality requirements,
Applicable regulatory requirements,
while aiming to enhance customer
satisfaction
Achieve continual improvement of its
performance in pursuit of the
objectives

ISO-9000
ISO

9000 quality system


standards are a tested framework
for taking a systematic approach
to managing the business
process so that organizations turn
out products or services
conforming to customers
satisfaction. The typical ISO
quality management system is
structured on four levels, usually
portrayed as a pyramid.

ISO-9000 Quality management


system structure
Quality
Manual
Forms
Work
Instructions/Procedures
Quality
Policyand Records

ISO-9000
quality

policy- which sets out what


management requires its staff to do in order
to ensure quality management system.
quality manual, which details the work to
be
done
Procedures-mainly discuss the following:
What is to be done?
How is it done?
How does one know that it has been done properly (for
example, by inspecting, testing, or measuring)?
What is to be done if there are problems (for example,
failure)?

ISO-9000
Forms

and records that are


used to capture the history of
routine events and activities

Documentation..

Documentation
requirements
Documented

quality policy

statements of a

Quality objectives
Quality manual
Documented procedures required by
ISO
Documents needed by the
organization to ensure the effective
planning, operation and control of its
processes
Records required by ISO

ISO-9000 necessary steps to


implement the QMS
ISO

9000:2000 outlines the steps. These are

1. Identify the process (activities and necessary elements)


needed for quality management system.
2. Determine the sequence and interaction of these processes
and how they fit together to accomplish quality goals.
3. Determine how these processes are effectively operated
and controlled.
4. Measure, monitor, and analyze these processes and
implement action necessary to correct the process and
achieve continual requirements.
5. Ensure that all information is available to support the
operation and monitoring of the process.
6. Display the most options, thus helping make the right
management system.

ISO-9000
ISO-9000

includes

ISO 9000:2000 Terms and Definition


ISO 9001:2000 Certification
ISO 9004:2000 additional
(advanced)

Quality in
Construction

Construction Project
a temporary Endeavour
Undertaken to create a unique
product
Temporary:

having a definite
beginning and end

Unique:

different from other


products in some way

Construction Project
Involve

Owners
Design professionals
Constructors

Construction Projects
types of construction projects:
Process

Type Projects

Liquid chemical plants


Liquid/solid plants
Solid process plants
Petrochemical plants
Petroleum refineries

Non-process

Type Projects

Power plants
Manufacturing plants
Support facilities
Miscellaneous (R&D) projects
Civil construction projects
Commercial/A&E projects

Construction Projects
Civil Construction Projects.
Residential construction
Building construction (institutional
and commercial)
Industrial construction
Heavy engineering construction

Quality in Construction
Construction

work..

Unique worknot repetitive


Non conforming product difficult
to rectify
Sometimes remedial action may
not be possible

Quality in Construction.
Quality ..
..the fulfillment of project responsibilities in the delivery of
products and services in a manner that meets or exceeds
the stated requirements and expectations of the owner,
design professional, and constructor.
Responsibilities refer to the tasks that a participant is
expected to perform to accomplish the project activities
as specified by contractual agreement and applicable laws
and licensing requirements, codes, prevailing industry
standards, and regulatory guidelines. Requirements are
what a team member expects or needs to receive during
and after his or her participation in a project. (p. xv)
Quality in the Constructed Project (2000) by the American
Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

Quality in Construction.
Construction project quality is the fulfillment
of the owners needs per
defined scope of works
within a budget and
specified schedule
to satisfy the owners/users requirements.
The phenomenon of these three components
can
be

called the construction project


trilogy

Quality Control In Ethiopian


Codes

EBCS

2 lays out some general


guidelines on Quality control .
The emphasis is particularly on
concrete works

Quality Control In Ethiopian


Codes
According

to EBCS 2 Concrete
quality control comprises of
Quality Control: Comprises a
combination of actions and decisions
taken in compliance with specifications
and checks to ensure that these are
satisfied.
Quality control consists of two distinct,
but interconnected parts, namely
production control and compliance
control.

Quality Control In Ethiopian


Codes
Production

Control: Comprises a
combination of actions and decisions
taken during production to check the
operation and to obtain a reasonable
assurance that the specifications will be
satisfied.
Compliance Control: Comprises a
combination of actions and decisions, in
accordance with compliance rules adopted
in advance, to check the compliance of
the product with the specifications.

Checklist Preparation

Read

the following slides and


prepare a compact checklist

Quality Control In Ethiopian


Codes
EX.

Inspection of Materials
Inspection of materials on site shall be made at
delivery to check compliance with the
specifications and the requirements of this Code.
Inspection Prior to Concreting
This inspection shall be made to check:
the rigidity of the scaffolding and shuttering
the leak-tightness of joints between formwork elements
conformity of the dimensions of the formwork with the
drawings
the cleanliness of the formwork
the surface condition of the reinforcement
the position and size of reinforcement
the rigidity of the reinforcement securing systems, and the
quality of the joints between bars.

Quality Control In Ethiopian


Codes
Control

of Mixing, Transportation and


Placement of Concrete
The accuracy of the mix proportions shall be
checked regularly. The consistency of the fresh
concrete shall be checked periodically with the
slump test.
During concreting, checks shall be made on the
deformations of the formwork and its supporting
structure and on any leakage of water.
Control for Curing the Concrete
It must be checked that curing complies with
approved method curing depending on the
environment and on any special requirements.

Quality Control In Ethiopian


Codes
Construction

Procedures
A site book shall be kept and for large structures, it
shall contain the following information:
dates on which concreting and stripping of
formwork has taken place
acceptance of materials and components
results of tests and measurements
concrete mix used (type and origin of cement and
aggregates)
inspection and measurement reports of the
positioning of reinforcement
important instructions received
(g) description of any incidents.

Quality Control In Ethiopian


Codes
Compliance

Controls for Concrete

Compliance with specified properties of


concrete shall be judged by tests made
on proper specimens at an age of 28 days
unless there is evidence, satisfactory to
the authority having jurisdiction, that a
particular testing regime is capable of
predicting the strength at 28 days of
concrete tested at an earlier age, in which
case compliance may be based on the
results of such tests alone.

Quality Control In Ethiopian


Codes
concrete

for the specimen shall normally be


taken when the concrete is actually being
poured.
Compliance of prescribed and standard mixes
(Section 8.2) shall be based on checks made
on the mix properties (such as aggregate
gradation, cement content, mix proportions,
and workability); but, because strength tests
provide an implicit check on the quality of the
mix, they may, alternatively, be used for the
acceptance of concretes made with
prescribed and standard mixes.

Quality Control In Ethiopian


Codes
Sampling

and Testing Methods


In general, it is sufficient to make only one test
specimen from a single representative sample for
each mix of concrete. If more than one specimen
is taken, the mix shall be considered as being
represented by the mean value of the test results
obtained from the various specimens.
Each mix from which a sample is taken shall be
chosen at random from among the possible mixes.
The samples shall, where practicable, be taken at
the point of discharge from the mixer or, in the
case of ready-mix concrete, at the point of
discharge from the delivery vehicle.

Quality Control In Ethiopian


Codes
Size

of Lot and Frequency of Sampling


The lot is defined as the quantity of concrete produced
in the same essential conditions and subjected to
individual assessment.
The lots shall be defined before the commencement of
construction, by taking into account the number of
tests required for a decision (see Section 9.3.1.3) as
well as the frequency of sampling and testing to be
adopted.
The minimum rate of sampling shall be decided by the
engineer taking into account the nature of the work.
Higher rates would be appropriate at the start of the
work, to establish quickly the level of quality, or during
periods of production when quality is in doubt, or for
highly-stressed structural elements.

Quality Control In International


Codes
In

general, the following may be adopted as the


minimum requirement on size of lot and frequency
of sampling, except for the special cases given
hereunder:
No individual sampling can. represent, on the
average, more than 100 mixes or 100 m', whichever
is the smaller volume of concrete.
For each grade of concrete, at least one sample shall
be taken every week (c) For each grade of concrete,
at least two lots shall be made.
Exception: For small buildings (e.g., having a total
volume of less than 100 m' of concrete) using
concrete grade C30 or lower, Condition (3) need not
be complied with.

Quality Control In International


Codes

Read

EBCS Statistical Compliance


Criteria

Semester Projects
General

Guidelines

The semester project shall have a minimum


of at least 15 pages
Include a general background to the topic
Assess the technical background of the topic
Describe some major quality problems that
may occur
Describe the main tests required for the
work
Prepare a compact checklist highlighting
main quality control procedures

Semester Projects
Quality

control of reinforced concrete


Concerting in hot weather.quality
control
Quality control of Sand in construction
Supervision of earthworks in
construction
Supervision of Plastering work
Quality control of floor tiles installation
(ceramic, plastic and cement tiles)

Semester Projects
Quality

control procedures in the


installation of Doors and
Windows
Quality control of glazing
installation

Construction Site
Administration

Construction Site
Administration
Actual

start of supervision work


involves a number of steps.
These include

The
The
The
The

preparation phase
startup phase
implementation phase
close out phase

Supervision- the preparation


phase
Know

Your Project
Know your Contract
Compile project drawings,
specifications and contracts
Set up site office
Obtain necessary equipment.

Supervision- the start up phase


The

startup phase
Obtain bonds.
Project kick off meeting
Set up an Inspection Procedure
Develop a Site procedures manual
Develop inspection and follow-up forms

Agree

on exchanging information
on test/ inspection times
Agree on formats to be used

Supervision- the implementation


phase
Compile

project records

Keep project reports


Keep site dairy
Maintain record of meetings
Follow-up

work progress
Follow-up work quality
Keep records of inspections
Keep track of variations

Supervision- the close out phase


Prepare

and finalize project final account


Carry out testing and commissioning
Request and obtain as built record
drawings
Request and obtain operation and
maintenance manuals..(O& M Manuals)
Obtain spare parts
Release bonds.
Obtain statuary clearance
Issue letter of discharge

Construction Site Administration


Certify

and keep record of payments


Follow up the work
Resolve disputes
Develop testing and commissioning
procedures and records
Obtain and Keep project as built
Records and Operation and
maintenance manuals
Issue project Close out and contractor
discharge letters.

Duties of the Resident


Engineer/Supervisor
Coordinate

and provide general


direction of work and progress.
Review contractors CPM
schedules regularly.
Assist in resolution of
construction problems.
Evaluate contractor claims for
the design firm.
Maintain log of change orders.

Duties of the Resident


Engineer/Supervisor
Maintain

log of contractor submittals.


Develop and administer a quality control
(QC) program.
(a)Proofs of compliance
(b)Qualifications of testing services
(c) Define required tests
(d) Maintain QC reporting system
(e) Maintain QC records of all tests and test
results
(f) Establish frequency of testing
Physically

inspect all construction every

day.
Observe all contractor tests.

Duties of the Resident


Engineer/Supervisor
Maintain

daily diary and


construction records.
Maintain record drawing
data.
Respond to Requests for
Information (RFI).
Review contractor progress
payment requests.
Review contractors change
order requests for design

Duties of the Resident


Engineer/Supervisor
Assure

that construction area

is safe.
Participate in field
management meetings.
Provide negotiation assistance
on contractor claims.
Review and recommend
contractor value engineering
proposals.

Duties of the Resident


Engineer/Supervisor
Supervise

inspection forces and


field office staff.
Report field conditions that
prevent original construction.
On unit-price projects, obtain
accurate field measurements.
On all jobs, verify contractors
monthly work quantities.
Assist scheduling and ordering
required field services.

Inspection
Procedures

Establishment of detailed inspection procedures.


Establishment

of detailed inspection

procedures.
Site Procedures manual.Forms
Outline

of acceptance/rejection
procedures.
Preparation of a chart showing all
tests required,

When they are needed,


the frequency of sampling and testing,
the material being tested, and
who is obligated to perform the tests

Establishment of detailed
inspection procedures
.

Establishment of who will be


responsible

for calling the laboratory


for pickup of samples
for testing,
who will call for special inspectors
when needed, and
to whom such outside people will be
directly responsible on the project.

Establishment of detailed
inspection procedures
Identification

of who must
physically prepare samples for
testing, the contractor or the
inspector; and whether the
contractor will provide a laborer
to assist the inspector in
obtaining samples and
transporting samples for testing.

Establishment of detailed
inspection procedures
Establishment

of ground rules for


acceptable timing of work operations
after sampling and testing;

Mandatory

scheduling must be
provided to assure not only time to
make samples and tests, but also time
to make corrections needed before
work may be allowed to continue.

Construction Records
Establishment

of Project

Records

Progress of the work


Tests of materials
Diary.
Log of submittals

Construction Field Office Files


Correspondence.
Job

drawings/Shop drawing
submittals
Reports.
Samples.
Operating tests
Deviation requests

Daily Construction
Reports
Project

name and job number.


Clients name (name of project
owner).
Contractors name (general
contractor only).
Name of the Project Manager for
the design organization.
Report number and date of
report (use consecutive
numbering).

Daily Construction
Reports
Day

of the week.
Weather conditions (wind, humidity,
temperature, sun, clouds, etc.).
Average field force, both
supervisory and nonsupervisory.
Name of each contractor or
subcontractor on the job that day.
Number of manual workers (journeymen
and apprentices) at the site.
Number of non-manual workers
(superintendents and foremen) at the site.

Daily Construction
Reports
List

identity, size, and type of


all major pieces of
construction equipment at the
site each day. Indicate if idle, and
reason, if applicable.

Daily Construction
Reports
Log

all work commenced,


status of all work in progress,
and all new work started.
Identify location of the work as
well as its description, and which
contractor or subcontractor is
performing it.
Keep Progress Photographs
Sign the daily report with
your full name, title, and

Quality Control in Construction


Minimum

Quality Level is
described in the Specs.
To insure that
Quality assurance is required
This is best carried out by checking
compliance with specifications..

Quality Assurance
Is

ensured by..

visual inspection,
tests,
certifications,
Manufacturers installation instructions
experience qualifications
Factory inspections
Samples and mockup
Certified laboratory reports,
Certificate of compliance or conformance
And guarantees.

Testing
Testing

is limited to those laboratory or field tests


actually called for in the specifications, or allowed by
them. Such tests may be performed by

the contractor,
the architect/engineer,
the owner, or
commercial testing laboratories.

The

specifications determine which items are to be


tested, which tests and procedures apply, and the
required levels of performance. The specification also
determines who should perform the test. Testing is
necessary for any work that has a history of poor
performance and involves an assembly of products
furnished by more than one contractor, where the end
result is critical.

Manufacturers Installation Instructions

In

many cases, the specification requires that the


product manufacturer provide instructions for the
method of installation of products that are installed by
subcontractors who are not directly affiliated with the
product manufacturer. This provision is supposed to be
used only where rigid adherence to the manufacturers
instructions is critical, where product composition and
construction create limitations not likely to be
understood by the installer, and where installation
procedures are complex or subject to significant
variations between different manufacturers

Experience Qualification
An

experience qualification is a requirement that a firm


performing a certain type of work have an established reputation
for the successful completion of similar work elsewhere for a
specified amount of time. The use of an experience
requirement is limited to those fields of work in which the ability
to do a certain amount of work in the time normally allowed, as
well as competence in performing installations and services,
requires a considerable amount of previous experience.
Examples of such fields of work include:

Metal curtain walls


Foundation piles
Dewatering
Precast architectural concrete
Calking and sealing
Spray-on fire protection
Laboratory equipment
Mechanical and electrical equipment

Factory Inspection
Occasionally,

a construction contract calls for inspection of


production and fabrication facilities at a manufacturers plant as part
of the quality control requirements of the project. The specification
must tell the specific type of inspection to perform. This provision is
used for assuring the quality control of custom products of such
nature that onsite inspection or testing is either impossible or
impractical. This provision is used mostly for large prefabricated
products that are fabricated especially for each project, where it is
impractical to perform tests and inspection at the job site or at a
testing laboratory. Examples of such products are:

Precast concrete piles


Architectural precast concrete
Precast, pre-tensioned concrete members
Fabricated steel plate specials
Pump station manifolds
Concrete or asphalt concrete batch plant facilities
Welded steel tanks
Hydroelectric project equipment

Samples and Mockup


Natural

stone
Precast concrete panels with
exposed aggregate
Concrete finishes
Special wood finishes and
cabinetry standards

Certified Laboratory Test Reports


This

is a requirement by which the contractor is asked to provide a


certificate that indicates that a product meets specified quality
requirements for performance or physical or chemical standards
when the submitted sample is tested in accordance with certain
specified laboratory standard tests.. Requirements for this
provision normally include a statement calling for exact test
methods, minimum level of performance, and identification of the
product to be tested to be sure that it is the same as the one to be
used in construction. In addition, the tests are required to be
performed by a recognized independent testing laboratory
acceptable to the design firm or the owner. Examples of materials
that may require such certified reports are:

Concrete reinforcing steel


Structural steel
Sound control ratings of materials
Fire-spread ratings of materials
Polyvinyl chloride materials for water-stops
Masonry units

Certificate of Compliance or Conformance

Under

these provisions, the contractor is required to


provide a certificate that says that the product complies
with a specified reference standard. It is necessarily
limited to products of standard manufacture for which
quality can be clearly assured by the manufacturer,
installation is not critical, and job testing is neither
necessary nor justified. Examples of such products would
include:

Glass
Paint
Aluminum windows
Wood

Warranties; Guarantees
The

terms warranty and guarantee are often erroneously used


interchangeably in construction contracts and are often used to refer
to the maintenance and repair obligations of the contractor for a
specific period of time after the completion of construction. The
General Conditions of the contract on most projects include specific
requirements governing contractor warranties or guarantees. For the
purposes of this definition, the term warranty will be used to describe
this provision. Two types of warranties are recognized under the law:
Implied warranties
Express warranties

The

term implied warranties means that the goods must be capable of


passing in trade under the contract description and are fit for the
purpose intended.

Express

warranties are those that are specifically set forth in the


contract itself; they are in common use for many construction
contracts. Warranties are generally for packaged items such as water
heaters and compressors.

Warranties; Guarantees
Where

the industry practice is to furnish a


warranty for an item, the requirement for such a
warranty may be included in the specifications.
An express warranty is a means of achieving
good procurement results by making the
contractor responsible for its work and for
failures of its work during some part of its useful
life.
The primary disadvantage of warranties is that
they are often unenforceable. Moreover, a
warranty clause costs money in the form of
higher bid prices, and it cannot be demonstrated
that the owner recovers the cost of warranty.

Change Orders
(Variations)
A

change order is a written


agreement to modify, add to, or
otherwise alter the work from
that set forth in the contract
documents at the time of opening
bids, provided such alteration can
be considered to be within the
scope of the original project;

Change Orders
(Variations)
Change

Orders
A change order is a formal
document that alters some
condition of the contract
documents. The change order
may alter the contract price,
schedule of payments,
completion date, or the plans and
specifications.

Change Orders
(Variations)
The

following are common categories


or conditions that generally give rise to
the need for a contract change order:

Differing site conditions


Errors and omissions in plans and specs
Changes instituted by regulatory agencies
Design changes
Overruns/underruns in quantities beyond
limits
Factors affecting time of completion

Change Orders
(Variations)
Each

change order must be evaluated


individually; however, there are certain
basic principles that apply to the handling
of all types of change orders.
No work should be included beyond the
scope of the base contract, particularly on
public works contracts.
The identity of the individuals authorized
to request and approve change orders should
be established early. Such information should be
provided to the contractors superintendent or
foreman and the owners Resident Project
Representative.

Change Orders
(Variations)
During

the preconstruction conference, a meeting


should be held to establish the change order
handling procedures.
All changes in the work must be authorized
in writing prior to the execution of any change.
The scope of a change order must be clear,
and a request for a change order proposal
should contain enough information to enable the
contractor to make a realistic estimate.
The contractor should submit its proposal to
execute a change order as soon as possible after
receiving the request, and the owners approval or
rejection should follow as soon as possible.

Change Orders
(Variations)
The

proposal should be fair. It should


recognize the contractors right to
include overhead and profit percentages
in change order estimates and in time and
material change order billings. It should
also be recognized that the contractor is
entitled to compensation for legitimate
time-delay claims, processing of deduct
change orders, costs of disposing of
removed material, and all other legitimate
costs incurred in the execution of the
change

Types of Changes (Variations)


Directed

changes. A directed change is


easy to identify. The owner directs the
contractor to perform work that differs from
that specified in the contract or is an addition
to the work specified. A directed change may
also be deductive in nature; that is, it may
reduce the scope of work called for in the
contract. In the case of a directed change,
there is no question that a change occurred.
Disagreements tend to center on questions
of financial compensation and the effect of
the change on the construction schedule.

Types of Changes (Variations)


Constructive

changes. A constructive change


is an informal act authorizing or directing a
modification to the contract caused by an act or
failure to act. In contrast to the mutually recognized
need for a change, certain acts or failure to act by
the owner that increase the contractors cost and/or
time of performance may also be considered
grounds for a change order. This is termed a
constructive change and must be claimed in writing
by the contractor within the time specified in the
contract documents in order to be considered. The
owner should evaluate a change order proposal
based on such a claim and can use the same
reasoning process as with any other proposal.

Types of Constructive Changes


Defective plans and specifications
Engineers interpretation
Higher standard of performance than
specified
Improper inspection and rejection
Change in the method of
performance
Change in the construction sequence
Owner nondisclosure
Impossibility/impracticability of
performance

ELEMENTS OF A CHANGE ORDER


A

change order specifies the agreed-upon


change to the contract and should include
the following information:

Identification of change order


Description of change
Reason for change
Change in contract price
Change in unit prices (if applicable)
Change to contract time
Statement that secondary impacts are included
Approvals by owners and contractors
representatives

Change order discussion points


for

discussion include:
Percentages for overhead and profit to be applied
to change orders; what costs will or will not be included
in the change order price.
Length of time that a change order proposal price
is to be considered as firm.
Determination of the individual representative of
the owner who is authorized to approve change orders.
Procedures to be followed in the submittal of
change order proposals.
Change order forms to be used (i.e., AIA,).
Time extensions required, if anyrequests made
by contractors due to changes in the plans or
specifications.
(Associated General Contractors )

Change order discussion


points
The

detail required of contractors when


submitting change order proposalswill a
complete breakdown of all costs be required?
Brief descriptiondescriptive drawings.
Overtime necessary due to change
orders. Consideration of decreased
productivity.
When materials or equipment is to be
removed due to a change, which party owns
the removed items, and who removes them
from the site of the job?
Responsibility for record drawings brought
about due to the change orders.

Evaluation of Delays in the Work


Before it can be determined that a delay in the work
was compensable, thereby justifying the issuance
of a change order granting both additional time and
money to the contractor, the following questions
need to be answered:
Was the cause of the delay beyond the
contractors control? Did the contractor fail to
take normal precautions?
Was the contractor ready and able to work?
Did the contractor submit a detailed schedule
projecting project completion within the allotted
time? Was the schedule updated regularly? Did the
updated schedule justify a time extension?

Evaluation of Delays in the


Work
Did

this schedule contain a critical path analysis or


equivalent?
Has the contractor maintained sufficient forces in
those operations along the critical path where needed to
meet target dates?
How have causes, other than normal weather, beyond
the control and without the fault or negligence of the
contractor affected the target dates along the critical path?
Has the contractor proven unusually severe
weather with such information as climatological data,
return probability of severe storms, or flood-depth data?
Did the weather phenomenon actually delay
operations along the critical path or in secondary
operations?
Was the contractor shut down for other reasons?

Evaluation of Delays in the


Work
Has

the inspection staff provided


adequate data? If not, correct that situation
immediately. The next claim could be much
larger.
Why was the condition shown differently
by the design?
Was provision made for this situation in
the contract documents?
Did the construction contractor encounter
unstable soils, rock excavation, or subsurface
structures where no careful pre-bid site
inspection and contract documents could have
predicted their existence?

Evaluation of Delays in the


Work
Was

the construction contractor


forced to employ unusual construction
techniques and equipment to overcome
the obstacles encountered?
Can the construction contractors
performance, selection of
construction procedures, and responses
to site conditions be evaluated by the
architect/engineer (or possibly a third
party) experienced in modern
construction techniques?

Inspection Work For Material And


Workmanship
Use

of formats
Read the following specification
and develop an inspection format

Measurement , Payment and Variation


Order Procedures

Record Keeping And Site


Diary (Site Documents)

Reporting Works

Site Procedures Manual

Testing and Commisioning

As Built Drawings

Operation and maintenance


manuals

Project close out

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