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CRAIG
Table of Contents
Functions of Casing
Types of Casing Strings
Classification of Casing
Mechanical Properties of Casing
Casing Design Criteria
Corrosion Design Considerations
Functions of Casing
Isolate porous formations with different
fluid-pressure regimes and also allow
isolated communication with selectively
perforated formation(s) of interest.
Isolate troublesome zones (highpressured zones, weak and fractured
formations, unconsolidated formations,
and sloughing shales) and to allow
drilling to the total depth.
Prevent the hole from caving in
Cassion pipe
Conductor pipe
Surface casing
Intermediate casing
Production casing
Liners
formations.
Ensures the stability of the ground surface upon
which the rig is seated.
Serves as a flow conduit for the drilling mud to the
surface
Liners
They are casings that do not reach the surface.
They are mounted on liner hangers to the
previous casing string.
Usually, they are set to seal off troublesome
sections of the well or through the producing
zones for economic reasons (i.e. to save costs).
Drilling liner
Production liner
Tie-back liner
Scab liner
Scab tie-back liner
Classification of Casing
GOR conditions.
diameter.
Length (range)
Connections
Weight
Grade
API recommended
dimensions for drift
mandrels
8-5/8
ID 1/8
9-5/8 13-3/8
12
ID 5/32
16
12
ID 3/16
Length (range)
Range
Length (ft)
16 25
22
25 34
31
> 34
42
Connections
API
Round Thread
Connector
API
Buttress Thread
Connector
API
Extreme-Line
Connector
Weight
Nominal weight
Based on theoretical weight per foot for a 20-ft
(10.68 ( OD t ) t ) + ( 0.0722 OD )
2
Plain-end weight
The weight of the joint of casing without the
1
Lc + 2 J
=
Wtc
W pe 20
20
24
Weight of coupling
+
20
Weight removed in threading two pipe ends
20
Lc = length of coupling (in.)
J = distance between the end of the pipe and center
Grade
The steel grade of the casing relates to the
tensile strength of the steel from which the
casing is made.
The steel grade is expressed as a code
number which consists of a letter and a
number.
Tension
Fa = y As
=
As
d
(
4
2
o
di2 )
=
Fa
y ( d o2 di2 )
0.74d o up
y
For pullout
force,
=
+
Faj 0.95 Ajp Let
0.5
0.14
0.14
L
d
L
d
+
+
joint strength:
et
o
et
o
0.59
4
2
=
Fb 63d oWn
Wn = nominal weight, lb/ft
= dogleg severity, degrees (o)/100 ft
Other tensional forces include:
Shock load (the vibrational load when running
casing and the slips are suddenly set at the
surface)
Drag force (frictional force between the casing
and the borehole walls)
Burst pressure
2 y t
do
Collapse pressure
Ranges
of do/t
when
axial
stress is
zero
Grade
Yield
strength
collapse
Plastic
collapse
Transition
collapse
Elastic
collapse
H-40
16.40
27.01
42.64
F1
F2
2.950 0.0465
J-, K-55
14.81
25.01
37.21
C-75
13.60
22.91
32.05
L-, N-80
13.38
22.47
31.02
C-90
13.01
21.69
29.18
P-110
12.44
20.41
26.22
F3
F4
F5
754 2.063 0.0325
=
Pcr y 1 F2 F3
do
=
Pcr y 4 F5
do
Pcr =
46.95 106
d o d o
1
t t
Combined stresses
z
y ,eff + Pi
1 0.75
=
y
y
z
0.5
y ,eff
1 0.75
=
z
0.5
y Pi
competent formations
Casing program compatibility with existing
wellhead systems
Casing program compatibility with planned
completion program
Multiple producing intervals
Casing availability
Economy
Design factors
API design factors are essentially safety
factors that allow us to design safe, reliable
casing strings.
Each operator may have his own set of design
factors, based on his experience and the
condition of the pipe.
DFT = 1.8
DFC = 1.125
DFB = 1.1
Example
Required
Design factor
Design
Tension:
100,000 lbf
1.8
180,000 lbf
Collapse:
10,000 psi
1.125
11,250 psi
Burst:
10,000 psi
1.1
11,000 psi
Tension Design
Assume there is no buoyancy effect.
Design is based on the weight of the entire
casing string.
Collapse Design
Assume that the casing is empty on the inside,
Burst Design
Assume no backup fluid on the outside of the
casing.
Design is based on maximum pressure on the
inside of the casing.
The pressure is to design for is the estimated
formation pressure at TD for production casing, or
estimated formation pressure at the next casing
depth.
wellbore.
Collapse: Hydrostatic pressure increases with depth.
Tension: Tensile stress due to weight of string is highest
at the top
Burst requirements
Casing must withstand the maximum anticipated
Collapse requirements
We start at the bottom of the string and work
Oxygen (O2)
Oxygen dissolved in water drastically increases its
corrosivity potential.
It can cause severe corrosion at very low
concentrations of less than 1.0 ppm.
The solubility of oxygen in water is a function of
pressure, temperature and chloride content.
Oxygen is less soluble in salt water than in fresh
water.
Oxygen usually causes pitting in steels.
risk.
Partial pressure > 30 psi: indicates high corrosion risk.
Temperature
Like most chemical reactions, corrosion rates
Pressure
The primary effect of pressure is its effect on
dissolved gases.
More gas goes into solution as the pressure is
increased, this may in turn increase the corrosivity
of the solution.
Velocity of Fluids
Stagnant or low velocity fluids usually give low
axial load
100, 000
z =
=
= 24,820 psi
As
2
2
5.5
5.012
(
)
4
y ,eff
1 0.75
= y
z
0.5
72
24,820
24,820
55, 000
55, 000
73
Burst requirement
PB
PB = 6,600 psi
The whole casing string must be
capable of withstanding this internal
pressure without failing in burst.
Depth
=
PB 6,000 1.1
Pressure
Collapse requirement
For collapse design, we start at the bottom of the
PC = 5,850 psi
Further up the hole the collapse
requirement are less severe.
Depth
Pressure
First Iteration
At what depth do we see this pressure
(4,231 psig) in a column of 12.5 #/gal
mud?
Pc =0.05212.5h1
Pc
4,231
h1 =
=
= 6,509 ft
0.05212.5 0.05212.5
Weight,
=
W1 53.5 #/ ft 1, 491 ft
5,877 5, 000
Pc1 =4, 680
( 4, 680 4, 600 ) =4, 666 psi
4, 666
=
Pc1 = 4,148 psi
1.125
4,148
=
h 2 = 6,382 ft
0.052 12.5
86
87
Second Iteration
Now consider running the 47 #/ft pipe to the
new depth of 6,382 ft.
W2 = 86,563 lbf
weight 86,563 lbf
=
2 =
=
6,378 psi
2
end area 13.572 in
Interpolation again:
1
Pc1 =
P1
( P1 P2 )
2 1
6,378 5, 000
Pc2 =4, 680
( 4, 680 4, 600 ) =4, 658 psi
4, 658
=
Pc2 = 4,140 psi
1.125
4,140
=
h 3 = 6,369 psi
0.052 12.5
Third Iteration
h 3 = 6,369 ft
W3= (8, 000 6,369) 53.5= 87, 259 lbf
87, 259
=
3 = 6, 429 psi
13.572
Interpolation again:
1
Pc1 =
P1
( P1 P2 )
2 1
6, 429 5, 000
Pc3 =4, 680
( 4, 680 4, 600 ) =4, 658 psi
4, 658
=
Pc3 = 4,140 psi
1.125
Pc3 Pc2
8,000 ft.
Tension requirement
The weight on the top joint of casing would
be:
required is:
Surface
N-80
47.0 #/ft
N-80
53.5 #/ft
6,369 ft
1,631 ft
8,000 ft