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Dr Kevin Li
Kevin.li@uwa.edu.au
Mass Transfer (MT) across phase interface: twosee McCABE et al. p547; BENTEZ p165
resistance model
distance
Gas film
Bulk gas
Liquid film
yA,G
Bulk liquid
xA,i
xA,L
yA,i
=
N A k y ( y A, g y A,i=
) N A k x ( x A,i x A,L )
1 ky
Resistances to diffusion of A:
(i) in the gas phase film
1 kx
(ii) in the liquid phase film
Mass-transfer coefficients:
=
N A k y ( y yi )
Flux
(mole/m2/s)
Coefficient
Driving force
(concentration
difference)
=
N A k y ( y yi )
=
N A k x ( xi x )
=
NA Ky ( y y
=
N A Kx ( x x)
*
1
1 m'
=
+
K y k y kx
Dr Kevin Li
Kevin.li@uwa.edu.au
Consultation hours
15:00-17:00Thursdays
2.49A in Civil & Mech Eng building
Tray columns -
Column internals
Packing material, plus
Liquid inlet systems
Liquid & vapour distributors
Liquid collecting devices
Packing supports
Good info at manufacturer
www.sulzechemtech.com
GREEN, D. W. & PERRY, R. H. (eds.) (2008).
Perry's chemical engineers' handbook, New
York: McGraw-Hill.
10
Structured packings
www.sulzerchemtech.com
MellapakTM
www.sulzerchemtech.com
Grids
Tray columns
V-grid www.sulzerchem.com
Sieve tray
www.sulzerchem.com
Column internals
process design
Process design or process tech support to operation
needs to consider:
Type of contacting device
Number equilibrium stages
Height of packing required
Pressure drop
Fouling
Corrosion and other materials issues
16
rA
k y a ( y yi )
rA
k x a ( xi x )
rA
K ya ( y y
rA
K xa ( x x )
Coefficient
yi is mole fraction (of component A) in gas at the gasliquid interface , y is bulk vapour composition
18
y2
x+dx
y+dy
y
dz
x
Assume:
dilute gas change in molar flow V is neglected
V, y1
x1
Vdy
= K y a ( y y ) Adz
*
19
Then, substitute Zt
into above equation
Let
V
dy
Zt =
*
K y aA 1 y y
20
V
dy
Zt =
*
K y aA 1 y y
Height of transfer unit
HOy
Units of length.
21
Gas film:
Liquid film:
Overall gas:
Overall liquid:
Ny =
dy
y yi
V/A
Hy =
k ya
L/ A
Hx =
kxa
dx
Nx =
xi x
H Oy
V/A
=
K ya
dy
*
y y
H Ox
V/A
=
K xa
N Oy =
N Ox
dx
= *
x x
23
ENSC3019
24
25
V
dy
Evaluating the
Zt =
*
N Oy =
y2
dy
=
N Oy =
*
y
y
)
y1 (
y y ) (y y )
(
(y y ) = y y
(
)
ln
(y y )
*
lm
lm
y2 y1
*
y
y
(
)
26
27
Y2
Ls, X2
1) Equilibrium expression
Ye=2X
2) Top of column conditions
Y2 = 0.03 x 0.01 = 0.0003
X2 = 0 Y2e = 0
absorber
Vs, Y1
X1
Y1 = 0.03
X1 = 0.013 Y1e=0.026
Driving force = Y1-Y1e = 0.004
29
Y
=
(
e ) lm
0.004
ln
0.0003
0.0037
= = 0.00143
2.59
Vs (Y1 Y2 )=
S KG aP (Y Ye )lm SZ
Where S is the cross section area
(which is also termed as A)
KG a P = KY a = 0.04 kmol/s m3
Then:
Z = 7.8 m
31
Which is another
expression of HOy
Z
N
=
= 20.7
OG
H OG
NOG = 21
Which is another expression of32
NOy
N OG
dY
=
Y Y
Y1 e
NOG = 21.1
Z = 7.91 m
33
34
Looking forward:
Plate columns vs. Packed columns
Coulson and Richardson Vol 6. suggest the following
advantages/disadvantages for Plate vs Packed:
Plate columns can be designed to handle wider range of
liquid and gas flow rates
Packed columns not suitable for very low liquid rates
The efficiency and performance of a plate column can
be more accurately predicted
35
Looking forward:
Plate columns vs. Packed columns
Plate columns can be designed with more assurance some doubt that good liquid distribution can be
maintained in a packed column.
It is easier to provided cooling or heating in a plate
column coils directly on plates.
Easier to make provisions for withdrawal side streams in
plate columns.
Fouling by solids can easily install manholes on plates
small columns however may be easier to replace
packing when fouled.
36
Looking forward:
Review:
Plate columns vs. Packed columns
Coulson and Richardson Vol 6. suggest the following
advantages/disadvantages for Plate vs Packed:
Plate columns can be designed to handle wider range of
liquid and gas flow rates
Packed columns not suitable for very low liquid rates
The efficiency and performance of a plate column can
be more accurately predicted
39
L n+1
x n+1
Ln
xn
n -1
Vn
yn
V n-1
y n-1
L n-1
x n-1
Ideal stage
stage-by-stage
determination
N actual =
N ideal
40
H packed
= N ideal HETP
=4
7 stages
3.5 m
0
xB
0
xD
1
41
42
Plastic Tripak
(Jaeger Products Co.)
Metal Tripak
(Jaeger Products Co.)
Section of expanded
metal packing
45
Liquid distributors/redistributors
Liquid distributor distribute liquid evenly over column
(feed and reflux from condenser)
Redistributors - collect liquid that has migrated to the
walls and redistribute it evenly over packing or even out
any other maldistribution
46
Not presented
6.4 DETERMINATION OF
COLUMN DIAMETER
REFERENCE FOR
ASSIGNMENT 1
48
dry
log Gy
Loading point
Flooding point
G mass flow per unit area (Gy-gas, Gx-liquid)
Centre for Energy - energy for today and tomorrow
Liquid inlet
Gas inlet
www.see.ed.ac.uk
Gx
L
Gy
Flooding line
Normally
* Moderate to high pressure
distillation =
0.4 to 0.75 in water / ft
packing
= 32 to 63 mm water / m
packing
Gy :
Mass flow of
gas per
unit area
Gy = u v
* Vacuum Distillation =
0.1 to 0.2 in water / ft packing
= 8 to 16 mm water / m
packing
2
0.2
In a flooding line,
u becomes umax
0.5
determine u
select packing
ENSC3019/CHPR8503
Topic 3 Solid-fluid separations
Recommended reading:
H. Pierson & B. Perlmutter, Settle Down (Part 1). The Chemical Engineer (TCE), 2010, June pp48-50.
H. Pierson & B. Perlmutter, The solution is clear (Part 2). TCE, 2010, July/August pp53-55.
Chapters 28 & 29 of McCabe et al., Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 7th Edn. McGraw Hill 2005
Sections 18 & 21 of Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 8th Edn. McGraw-Hill
Dr Kevin Li
Kevin.li@uwa.edu.au
56
58
59
Gravity classifiers
Separate particles of the same density but different
particle sizes.
Feed
61
Size
Shape
Density
62
Cube
Volume = l
Area = 6l
Sphere
4 d
Volume =
3 2
d
Area = 4
63 2
s =
6 dp
S p Vp
1 for a sphere
1 for cube as dp=l
Material
Spheres, cubes,
short cylinders
(L=dp)
1.0
Ottawa sand
0.95
Coal dust
0.73
Crushed glass
0.65
Mica flakes
0.28
Raschig rings
(L=dp)
Berl saddle
(L=dp)
0.330.58
0.3
66
Description of populations of
particles
Differential VS cumulative
distribution
2 basic principles of
separation
To separate liquid from solids, or solids from
liquids there are only 2 mechanisms available:
(1) Use a screen or porous medium that retains
one component and allows others to pass
(2) Use differences in sedimentation rates as
particles (or drops) move through a gas or
liquid
69
Separation by
Settling / sedimentation
Gravity
Centrifugal force
Heavy media
Flotation
Magnetic force
Screens
Screen / filter
Gravity
Filters
Pressure
Vacuum
Expression
Crossflow eg. membranes
70
(2) Clarification
(3) Thickening
72
73
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
C
D
C
D
D
74
Rate of separation
Clear
liquid
interface
height
Flocculation
particles < few microns dp settle slowly
Agglomerate particles faster separation
Videos
Flocculation for waste water treatment
How flocculation works?
https://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=5uuQ77vAV_U
76
Equipment - thickeners
http://www.filtration-and-separation.com/
77
(5)
Stokes Law
The relationship between velocity and drag
force:
(6)
In class tutorial 1
Compute the terminal settling velocity in air of a spherical particle with
2, in standard air.
Gravity Settler
A gravity settler is simply
Physical Model
Easy mathematical analysis and typical model for devices
escaped
L
captured
captured
t = L / Vavg
Vertical settling distance =
tVt = VtL / Vavg
So all the particles with vertically settling distance smaller than H will
settle on the floor.
The fraction of particles that will be captured, is
Fractional collection efficiency =
= VtL / (VavgH) (8)
To compute the efficiency-particle diameter relationship, we replace
the terminal settling velocity in eq (8) with the gravitysettling
relations described by Stocks law, finding
Block flow/plug flow
(9)
or,
In class tutorial 2
Compute the efficiency-diameter relation for a gravity settler that has
H =2m, L = 10m, and Vavg = 1 m/s for both the plug and mixed flow
models, assume Stocks Density of the particle is 2000 kgm-3, air
density 1.2 kgm-3, viscosity 1.8 x 10-5 kgm-1s-1. law.
A: We can get the result using only one computation and then using
ratios. For a 1 micron particle in plug flow:
Mixed flow
Calculation results
Particle diameter,
1
10
30
50
57.45
80
100
120
plug flow
0.000303
0.03
0.27
0.76
1.00
1.94
3.03
4.36
mixed flow
0.000303
0.03
0.24
0.53
0.63
0.86
0.95
0.99
57.45
Dust gas in
Centrifugal force
If a body moves in a circular
Example
A particle is travelling in a gas stream with velocity of
18 m/s and radius of 0.3 m. What is the ratio of
centrifugal force to the gravity force acting on it?
A: (18 x 18/0.3)/9.8 = 110.2
Structure of cyclones
Similar to gravity settlers, in
tangentially
Model details
During the outer spiral of the gas, the particles are driven
In class tutorial 3
Compute the efficiency-diameter relation for a cyclone separator that
has Wi = 0.15 m, Vc = 18 m/s, and N =5, for both block and mixed flow
assumptions, assuming Stocks law.
Particle diameter,
1
10
30
50
57.45
80
100
120
plug flow
mixed flow
diytrade.com
babcock.com/products
Cut diameter
Measure of the size of the particles caught and the size
passed for a particular particle collector.
Cut diameter is the diameter of a particel for which the
efficiency curve has the value of 0.5, i.e. 50%
Substitute = 0.5 into Stocks law plug flow model,
finding:
plug flow (18)