(R)evolutionary Grid of Distance Education - GROUP #2

FIRST WAVE - Correspondence Education and Independent Study (1840s )

Larger Context
(economics/politics/
societal values and
pressures/government
policies/technological
advances)

Theories/Ways of
Understanding

-Pedagogy

-Provided opportunities
for those with minimal
educational experience

-Empathy

-Correspondence
courses
-Autonomous
Manufacturing
pre and post-war
-Agricultural

-Religious Teachings
-Mining
-Scientific Knowledge
-World War I

Teaching and
Learning Models &
Methodologies

Predominant
Technologies /
Media

Key Authors

-Use of Postal Mail

System to deliver course
materials

-Charles Wedemeyer

-Print books

-Joseph Dolch

-Use of railroads

-John Dewey

(role of teacher vs. role

of student)

-Industrial Revolution

-Predominantly private
correspondence schools

Institutional &
Organizational
Developments

-University of London

-The Great Depression

-World War II
-The Spread of
Communism
-Trains/Planes/
Automobiles
-Invention of Printing
Press

SECOND WAVE - Systems Approach to Education (1960s )

-Independent/Individual
Study
-Broadcasting
-Expository teaching
-Receptive learning style

-Printing materials
-Teacher-centered
-Reproductive learning
-Socratic
-Philosophical
-Didactic conversation
-Extramural teaching

-Use of shorthand
-Letter Writing
-Newspapers
-Periodicals
-Pen and paper

-Borje Holmberg

Larger Context
(economics/politics/
societal values and
pressures/government
policies/technological
advances)

Theories/Ways of
Understanding

-Transactional distance
theory

-Emergence of new
technology sends adults
back to school

-Collaborative vs.
Cooperative learning
-Andragogy

-Development of higher
education
-Technology introduced
to distance learning
- Mass production of
technological learning
materials
-GI Bill
-Introduction to lifelong
learning

Teaching and
Learning Models &
Methodologies

Predominant
Technologies /
Media

Key Authors

-Teleconferencing

-Otto Peters

-Television

-Borje Holmberg

-Radio

-Michael Moore

(role of teacher vs. role

of student)

-Women entering the

workplace

-Transition from agrarian

society to professional
skills increases value of
formal education

Institutional &
Organizational
Developments

-Constructivism

-University expansion
became global and
enhanced the delivery
distance education
-Colleges, universities
and school boards were
granted first licence for
radio broadcasting
-Manufacturing post-war
-Offering flexibility for
adult learners
-Open University, United
Kingdom
-Military
-Government

-Open large universities

expansion
-Use of tutors from
elementary to college
universities
-Presenting and
Teaching (synchronous)
-Massification of
industrialized distance
education
-Autonomous learning
-Learner-centered

-Telephone
-Computer
-Cassette videos
-Development of multimedia