2.

Voltage Divider
By Applying Ohms
Law;
V=IR
So;
V1 = IR1
V2 = IR2
V = V1+ V2
= I(R1+R2)
I= V/ (R1+R2)

Cont..
Voltage drop across R2,
V2=IR2
V2=(V/ R1+R2) x R2

V
I
R1 R2

R2

V
R1 R2

In general, voltage drop across any resistor, or combination of resistors, in a

series circuit is equal to the ratio of that resistance value to the total
resistance, multiplied by the source voltage.

Example4: Find the voltage drop across the

resistors.

3. Current Divider
By Applying Ohms Law;
I1= V/R1 and I2= V/R1 ----equation 1
Total current flow;
V= IReq ----------equation 2
Where

Req = (R1R2/R1+R2)

Cont..
(2) (1) :
given,

In general, the current in any branch is equal to the ratio of opposite branch
resistance to the total resistance value, multiplied by the total current in the
circuit

Example: Determine the branch currents

through individual resistors

4.Voltage and Current Measurements

Instrumentation:
Ammeter
Is an instrument designed to measure
current
It is placed in series with the circuit
element whose current is being measured
An ideal ammeter has an equivalent
resistance of 0 and functions as short
circuit in series with the element whose
current is being measured

Cont..
Voltmeter
Is an instrument designed to measure
potential different (voltage) between
two point in the circuit.
It is placed in parallel with the element
whose voltage is being measured
An ideal voltmeter has infinite equivalent
resistance and thus functions as an open
circuit in parallel with the element whose
voltage is being measured

Circuit configuration with Ammeter and Voltmeter

connection

5. Wheatstone Bridge
Wheatstone bridge is a circuit used
to precisely measure resistance
in the range from 1 to 1M with
0.01% accuracy
R1 and R2 are resistors with known values
R3 is a variable resistor (typically 1 to
1.1k)
Rx is the resistor whose value is to be
measured

6. Delta-Wye Equivalent Circuits

If the galvanometer in the
Wheatstone bridge is replaced with
equivalent resistance Rm

Delta () and Pi ()
The resistor R1,R2 and Rm (or R3,Rm
and Rx) are referred as a
interconnection. It is also is referred
as a interconnection because the
a can be shaped into a without
disturbing the electrical equivalence
of the two configurations.

-Y and Y- Conversion
Formula: