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Applications Handbook
AMCA International
Publication 200
Air Systems
Publication 201
Fans and Systems
Publication 202
Troubleshooting
Publication 203
Field Performance
Measurements of
Fan Systems
Forward
Publication 200
Publication 201
Publication 202
Publication 203
Air Systems
Troubleshooting
Field Performance
Measurements of Fan
Systems
Troubleshooting is
intended to help identify
and correct problems
with the performance
and operation of the air
moving system after
installation. AMCA 201
and AMCA 203 are
companion documents.
System Pressure
Losses
System Checklist
Acceptance Tests
Fan Manufacturers
Analysis
Master Troubleshooting
Appendices
Precautions
Fan Performance
Characteristics
System Effect
System Design
Tolerances
Field Performance
Measurements of
Fan Systems reviews
the various problems
of making field
measurements and
calculating the actual
performance of the fan
and system. AMCA
201 and AMCA 202 are
companion documents.
Air Systems
Fan and System
Interaction
Limitations and
Expected Accuracies
Review Committee
These members contributed to the final review of the publications contained in this
Fan Application Manual.
Tom Berger
Rick Bursh
Patrick Chinoda
Narsaiah Dasa
TLT-Babcock, Inc.
Gerald P. Jolette
AMCA Staff
Robert L. Lanier
Tung Nguyen
Sutton G. Page
Scott Phillips
Neil H. Rutherford
Jack E. Saunders
Paul R. Saxon
AMCA International
Erling Schmidt
Novenco, Inc.
Mark Schultz
William Smiley
James L. Smith
Aerovent, Inc.
Charles R. Voss
Robert H. Zaleski
Disclaimer
This manual has been prepared by the Air Movement
and Control Association, Inc. The information
contained in this manual has been derived from many
sources and is believed to e accurate. Please note
that the recommendations contained herein do not
necessarily represent the only methods or procedures
appropriate for the situation discussed, but rather are
inteded to present consensus opinions and practices
of the air movement and control industry which may
be helpful, or of interest to those who design, test,
install, operate or maintain fan-duct systems. Thus,
AMCA disclaimes any and all warranties, expressed
or implied, regarding the accuracy of the information
contained in this maual and further disclaims any
liability for the use or misuse of this information. AMCA
does not guarantee, certify or assure the performance
of any fan-duct system designed, tested, installed,
operated or maintained on the basis of the information
provided in this manual.
Air Movement and Control Association International,
Inc. will consider and decide all written complaints
regarding its standards, certification programs, or
interpretations thereof. For information on procedures
for submitting and handling complaints, write to:
Air Movement and Control Association International
30 West University Drive
Arlington Heights, IL 60004-1893 U.S.A.
or
AMCA International, Incorporated
c/o Federation of Environmental Trade Associations
2 Waltham Court, Milley Lane, Hare Hatch
Reading, Berkshire
RG10 9TH United Kingdom
Table of Contents
Publication 200
Air Systems
1
Introduction
Properties of Air
Airflow
13
34
40
41
43
47
49
Publication 201
Fans and Systems
51
Introduction
51
51
Fan Testing
54
Fan Ratings
63
66
Air Systems
74
79
88
99
49
102
103
106
113
120
Annex E. References
Introduction
122
122
Safety Precautions
122
System Checklist
128
130
Conclusion
131
Annex A. Noise
134
136
137
139
140
141
142
Annex H Vibration
Publication 203
Field Performance Measurement of Fan Systems
145
Introduction
145
Scope
145
146
146
146
Fan Performance
146
Referenced Planes
147
147
152
156
158
Fan Speed
158
Densities
Conversion Calculations
160
Test Preparation
161
Precautions
161
165
241
242
243
244
245
246
248
250
252
Annex K Phase Current Method for Estimating the Power Output of Three
Phase Fan Motors
254
256
260
269
270
274
275
Air Systems
1. Introduction
An air system is any assembly of ducts, filters,
conditioning devices, dampers, louvers, fans, etc.,
the main purpose of which is to move air from one
place to another in a controlled fashion. Most air
systems draw air from one space and discharge it
into another.
Air systems are often required to operate
satisfactorily in a wide range of environmental
conditions. The conditions which will be encountered
must be considered in the design of the ducts, pipes,
etc., which will contain the airflow and constitute the
boundary of the system.
200
A fan is required in order to produce the pressure
differential which results in the flow of air through a
system. The fan must be carefully selected to meet
the specified airflow and pressure for proper system
operation. Different fan designs produce different
pressure-volume and fan power relationships, which
are critical to air system operation. Refer to Figure
4.2, AMCA Publication 201-90.
1.1.4 Control devices. In many air systems it is
necessary to regulate and control the flow through
the system in response to some monitoring signal,
usually temperature or pressure. It may be also
necessary to regulate the flow in the individual
branches of the system. Control devices such as
dampers function by controlling the amount of airflow.
In some cases, the output of the fan can be varied by
other methods (variable speed motor, variable inlet
vanes, variable pitch impeller, etc.)
1.1.5 Conditioning device. Most air systems are
designed to take air from the inlet and change its
condition before discharging it at the outlet. Changes
may include the temperature, humidity, pressure,
contaminant level and cleanliness, etc., of the air.
Many conditioning devices require outside energy
sources, for example, heating and cooling coils; other
components such as filters are passive devices and
have no external energy connection. All conditioning
devices increase the pressure drop across the
system and this effect must be considered in the
selection of the fan.
1.1.6 System outlet. An air system usually includes
a special component at the termination of the system
or at the end of each of the system's branches, such
as a simple screen or louver. In many cases the
distribution of the air at the outlet to the receiving
space is very important, e.g., in an occupied air
conditioned room. These systems require carefully
selected outlets and diffusing devices to achieve
desirable air motion and temperature conditions in
the conditioned space. Typical devices are ceiling
diffusers and grilles. In some cases these may
incorporate control devices such as dampers and
mixing boxes.
FAN
SYSTEM
INLET
BRANCH
DUCT
COIL
FILTER
LOUVER
DAMPER
DIFFUSER
SYSTEM
OUTLET
2 | Air Systems
SYSTEM
OUTLET
SYSTEM
OUTLET
Description
SI
(I-P)
A
Ae
Ao
ah
C
Cd
Cn
c
D
E
f
g
K
L
P
P
Ps
Psx
Pt
Ptx
Pv
p
Q
Qx
R
Re
rh
x
SEF
SR
sh
t
td
tw
V
v
Y
Z
~
Area
Area-Orifice Equivalent to System
Area-Nozzle with no loss
Absolute Humidity
Dynamic Loss Coefficient
Coefficient of Discharge
Coefficient of Nozzle Discharge
Speed of Sound
Duct Diameter and Equivalent Diameter
System Resistance Curve
Absolute Surface Roughness Height
Friction Coefficient
Gravity
Ratio of Specific Heats
System Effect Factor (System)
Length
Air Viscosity, Absolute
Pressure Differential
Pressure
Static Pressure
Static Pressure at Plane x
Total Pressure
Total Pressure at Plane x
Velocity Pressure
Atmospheric Pressure
Airflow Rate
Airflow Rate at Plane x
Gas Constant
Reynolds Number
Relative Humidity
Air Density
Air Density at Plane x
System Effect Factor (Fan)
System Resistance Factor
Specific Humidity (_/_ dry air)
Temperature
Dry-Bulb Temperature
Wet-Bulb Temperature
Average Velocity
Velocity - At any Point
Expansion Factor
Altitude
Is Proportional to
m2
(ft2)
m2
(ft2)
m2
(ft2)
kg/m3
(lb/ft3)
Dimensionless
Dimensionless
Dimensionless
m/s
(ft/s)
m
(ft)
Dimensionless
m
(ft)
Dimensionless
m/s2
(ft/s2)
Dimensionless
Dimensionless
m
(ft)
N-s/m2
(lbm/ft-s)
Pa
(in. wg)
Pa
(in. wg)
Pa
(in. wg)
Pa
(in. wg)
Pa
(in. wg)
Pa
(in. wg)
Pa
(in. wg)
Pa
(in. Hg)
m3/s
(cfm)
m3/s
(cfm)
J/kg-K
(ft-lb/lbm-R)
Dimensionless
%
(%)
kg/m3
(lbm/ft3)
kg/m3
(lbm/ft3)
Pa
(in. wg)
m-4
(ft-4)
kg/kg dry air
(lb/lb) dry air
C
(F)
C
(F)
C
(F)
m/s
(ft/min)
m/s
(ft/min)
Dimensionless
m
(ft)
Dimensionless
2.2 Subscripts
Subscript
Definition
Subscript
Definition
a
b
c
d
E
F
Element a
Element b
Element c - Combined
Discharge
Plane of System Entry
Fan
n
O
x
x,x'
1
2
Reference to Nozzle
Plane of System Outlet
Plane 0, 1, 2,...as appropriate
Between Planes x and x'
Plane of Fan Inlet
Plane of Fan Discharge
3. Properties of Air
Atmospheric air is a mixture of several gases, water
vapor, and impurities. The relative amounts of the
important constituents for dry, sea level air are given
in Table 3.1. This table may be considered
representative of air at any altitude.
Table 3.1 - Dry Air Composition, Fraction
Component
Volume
Weight
Nitrogen
0.7809
0.7552
Oxygen
0.2095
0.2315
Argon
0.0093
0.0128
Carbon Dioxide
0.0003
0.0004
Eq. 3.1-1
or
P = RT
Where:
P
V
m
R
T
= Pressure
= Volume
= mass
= Gas Constant
= Absolute Temperature
= m/V = density
Eq. 3.1-2
4. Airflow
The flow of any fluid between two points is caused by
the existence of a pressure differential between the
two points. It is the purpose of this section to explain
the parameters that may affect the flow of a gas
between two points.
Re = DV
Eq. 4.1-1A SI
Re = DV
60
DV
=
For standard air:
Re = 65970.3DV
Re = 102.3DV
Eq. 4.1-1B SI
Where:
D
V
the duct to the low velocity section near the duct wall
causes a marked resistance to the flow. This
resistance varies linearly with the length of the duct
and approximately with the square of the average
velocity in the duct. The resistance is also a function
of the Reynolds number of the flow, which is
calculated using the average velocity in the duct, the
duct diameter, and the surface roughness of the duct
wall.
The velocity profiles in a duct system for fully
developed flow will vary depending on whether the
flow is laminar or turbulent and the degree of duct
roughness. Velocity profiles of various flow conditions
are shown in Figure 4C.
The absolute velocity of the air stream will vary
substantially over the cross-sectional duct area, but
for duct systems the velocity used for determining the
velocity pressure is always the average velocity given
by:
V average = Q/A
Eq. 4.3-1
Where:
V = Velocity, m/s (ft/min)
Q = Flow rate, m3/s (cfm)
A = Area of the cross-section where the flow occurs,
m2 (ft2)
The duct velocity profiles shown in Figure 4C are
uniform along the length of the duct and symmetrical
around the center line. Where there are disturbances
in the ducts, such as turns, expansion or contraction,
etc., the velocity profile across the duct can become
very asymmetrical as shown in Figure 4D.
The flow will return to a normal velocity profile after a
disturbance if there is sufficient length of straight duct
to allow the velocity distribution to regain uniformity. A
minimum of 2 equivalent duct diameters of straight
duct is required to attain a normal velocity profile for
velocities of 12.7 m/s (2500 ft/min) or less. Add one
duct diameter for each additional 5.08 m/s (1000
ft/min). See AMCA Publication 201-90, Fans and
Systems.
Eq. 4.4-1
Where:
Pt
f
L
D
Pv
=
=
=
=
=
Air Systems | 7
LAMINAR
TURBULENT
SMOOTH Re = 107
SMOOTH Re = 105
0.5
= 0.03D ROUGH
= 0.008D ROUGH
1.0
1.5
v
V
D
Re
v
V
r
= Duct Diameter
= Duct Roughness
= Reynolds Number
= Velocity at any Point
= Average Velocity
= Radius
Figure 4C - Velocity Profiles in a Round Duct for Various
Reynolds Numbers and Duct Roughness
2.0
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.05
0.07
0.04
0.06
0.03
0.05
0.02
0.010
0.008
0.006
RO
0.03
UG
0.004
H
N
PE
DE )
Re 9a
H (2
IT Eq.
FRICTION FACTOR, f
0.04
0.002
NC
DE
RELATIVE ROUGHNESS, /D
0.015
FULLY ROUGH (EQ 18)
Eq. (29a)
0.02
0.0010
0.0008
0.0006
Eq. (27)
0.0004
SMOOTH PIPE
Eqs. (28a) and (28b)
0.015
0.0002
LAMINAR
TRANSITION
REGION
TURBULENT
0.00010
0.00005
0.010
0.009
0.008
103
104
105
106
107
0.00001
108
REYNOLDS NUMBER, Re
Air Systems | 9
LQ
Pt loss = a 4.93
D
~ Pv
1.863
Where:
a = 1.764 10-2
Eq. 4.4-2 SI
a = 4.816 10-9
Where:
a = 1.717 10-2
Eq. 4.4-3 SI
a = 3.534 10-9
Where:
a = 2.093 10-2
Eq. 4.4-4 SI
a = 3.64 10-9
Where:
Pt loss = Total pressure loss, Pa (in. wg)
Q
= Flow rate, m3/s (cfm)
D
= Duct diameter, m (ft) (or equivalent diameter
of rectangular ducts) D equivalent = (4ab/ )0.5
where a and b are the sides in m (ft)
L
= Duct length in m (ft)
10 | Air Systems
Eq. 4.4-5
Where:
Co = Dynamic loss coefficient, reference to section
o, dimensionless
Pt = Dynamic pressure loss, Pa (in. wg)
Pvo = Velocity pressure at section o, Pa (in. wg)
The coefficient relates the pressure loss in the
element to the velocity pressure at a given crosssectioned area of the element.
The pressure loss of duct system elements with
known dynamic loss coeffients can be calculated by:
Pt = Co Pvo
Eq. 4.4-6
Eq. 4.5-1
Where:
Cc = Loss coefficient of combined elements,
dimensionless
Ca = Loss coefficient of element a, dimensionless
Cb = Loss coefficient of element b, dimensionless
K = System Effect Factor, dimensionless
1. Loeffler, J. J., Simplified Equations for HVAC Duct Friction Factors, ASHRAE Journal, January, 1980
Air Systems | 11
ONE ELBOW
C1 = 1.15*
FLOW
C2 = VARIES
FLOW
RESISTANCE
ELEMENTS
L
L
L/D
1.0
2.0
4.0
10.0
C2 Loss
coefficient
for two
elbows in
series**
2.63
4.18
3.08
2.45
2 C1 Two
times the
loss
coefficient
of a single
elbow
System
Effect
(Difference)
L/D
.50
7.5
10
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.15
1.1
1.05
1.0
2.30
+0.33
14.3%
+81.7%
1.88
+33.98%
0.78
+6.5%
0.15
.50
7.5
10
1.0
1.08
1.75
1.5
1.30
1.2
1.1
1.0
12 | Air Systems
Eq. 5.1-1
Pt = Ps + Pv
Pv = 0.5V2
Pv = (V/1096)2
Eq. 5.1-2A SI
Eq. 5.1-2A I-P
Eq. 5.1-3
Eq. 5.1-2B SI
Eq. 5.1-2B I-P
Air Systems | 13
In Figure 5A, the sealed length of duct has a static pressure of 345 Pa (1.39 in. wg) above atmospheric pressure.
Since there is no airflow, velocity pressure is equal to zero. The total pressure Pt can then be calculated according
to equation 5.1-3.
Pt
SI
= Ps + Pv
= 345 + 0
= 345 Pa
Pt
I-P
= Ps + Pv
= 1.39 + 0
= 1.39 in. wg
STATIC PRESSURE
345 Pa (1.39 in. wg)
14 | Air Systems
VELOCITY PRESSURE
0 Pa (0 in. wg)
In Figure 5B, with the duct open and a fan placed at one end blowing air through the duct, we find both static
pressure and velocity pressure as illustrated by the water gauge. The total pressure is the sum of velocity pressure
and static pressure.
STATIC PRESSURE
97 Pa (0.39 in. wg)
AIRFLOW
VELOCITY PRESSURE
248 Pa (1.00 in. wg)
20.3 m/s
(4005 FPM)
In this illustration, the static pressure will be above atmospheric pressure and the total pressure is numerically
greater than either static or velocity pressure.
Air Systems | 15
In Figure 5C, a fan is placed at the end of the duct and draws air through the duct. In this case, the static pressure
is below atmospheric pressure. In both Figures 5B and 5C, the total pressure rise across the fan is 345 Pa (1.39
in. wg); therefore, the energy used in both systems is equal.
TOTAL PRESSURE
STATIC PRESSURE
-97 Pa (-0.39 in. wg)
-345 Pa (-1.39 in. wg)
VELOCITY PRESSURE
248 Pa (1.00 in. wg)
20.3 m/s
(4005 FPM)
AIRFLOW
16 | Air Systems
Pt
PS
PT. #1
PV
PRESSURE
Pa (INCHES W.G.)
Pt
PS
PV
PT. #2
Pt
PS
PV
Eq. 5.3-1
Pt
PT. #3
PS
PV
AIRFLOW
Pt
PS
PV
Air Systems | 17
Eq. 5.3-2A SI
Eq. 5.3-2A I-P
Eq. 5.3-2B SI
V2 = 4005(Ps1)0.5
POINT 2
Pv2 = 0.52V22
Pv2 = (V2/1096)22
Where:
Ps1 = Pv2
18 | Air Systems
Eq. 5.3-3A SI
Eq. 5.3-3A I-P
Eq. 5.3-3B SI
Pv2 = (V2/4005)2
m3/s
(cfm)
Q = Airflow rate,
V = Velocity, m/s (ft/min)
A = Area, m2 (ft2)
Q = Cd1096(Ps/)0.5A
Eq. 5.3-6 SI
Eq. 5.3-6 I-P
Where:
Eq. 5.3-4A SI
VENA CONTRACTA
Q = 1096(Ps1/2
)0.5A
Eq. 5.3-4B SI
Q = 4005(Ps1)0.5A2
Eq. 5.3-5 SI
5.3-5 I-P
Air Systems | 19
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
SYSTEM
RESISTANCE
P = KQ2
POINT OF
OPERATION
FAN PRESSURE
CURVE
FLOW
FLOW
Eq. 5.3-7A SI
Q = 1096(Ps/)0.5Ae
Q = 1.29(Ps
Q = 4005(Ps)0.5Ae
Eq. 5.3-7B SI
Eq. 5.3-7B I-P
Where:
Q
Ps
Ae
=
=
=
=
20 | Air Systems
Eq. 5.4-1
Eq. 5.4-2
Eq. 5.4-4
Eq. 5.4-3
Eq. 5.4-5
Simplifying:
PsF = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1
Eq. 5.4-6
Since:
Ps1 + Pv1 = Pt1
The equation can be restated as:
PsF = Ps2 - Pt1
Eq. 5.4-7
Eq. 5.4-8
Eq. 5.4-9
Eq. 5.4-10
Eq. 5.4-11
Air Systems | 21
Rearranging:
PtF = Pt loss, E,O + PtO - PtE
Eq. 5.5-2
Eq. 5.5-3
PRESSURE
PvF
SYSTEM RESISTANCE
(TOTAL PRESSURE)
PtF
PsF
SYSTEM RESISTANCE
(STATIC PRESSURE)
Eq. 5.5-4
PLANE 2
PLANE 1
E
ENTRY
RESISTANCE
ELEMENT
OUTLET
FLOW
FAN
Pt
Pv1
Pt2 = PtF
Pv
Pv2
PtE= 0
Ps2 = PsF
0
Ps1
_
Ps
ABSOLUTE
PRESSURE
RESISTANCE
ELEMENT
PLANE 1
PLANE 2
RESISTANCE
ELEMENT
ENTRY
FLOW
OUTLET
FAN
Pv2
PtF
ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE
Pv
Pt2
PvO = PtO
Ps2
+
PtE = 0
_
0
PsF
Pt
Ps
ABSOLUTE
PRESSURE
Ps1
Pvt
PLANE 1
PLANE 2
E
OUTLET
ENTRY
FLOW
FAN
Ptf = PvF
+
0
RESISTANCE
ELEMENT
PLANE 1
ENTRY
FLOW
PLANE 2
FAN
OUTLET
0
ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE
+
PtE = 0
_
Pt FAN
Pv
PtO = Pv2
Pt
Ps
Pt1
Ps
FAN
Ps1
Pv
ABSOLUTE
PRESSURE
Pv1
Air Systems | 25
PsF = Pt loss
AMCA INSTALLATION TYPE C:
Ducted Inlet, Free Outlet
Where:
PsO = Ps1 + Pv1 = 0
And:
26 | Air Systems
Eq. 5.6-3
Eq. 5.6-2
Eq. 5.6-1
Eq. 5.7-1 SI
Q = 4005(Ps)0.5Ao
SR =
CoPvo
(Q / 1.29)2
Eq. 5.7-4 SI
SR =
CoPvo
(Q / 4005)2
Eq. 5.7-5 SI
Pt loss = (Q/4005)2SR
Pt loss
Eq. 5.7-2 SI
Pt = (Q/4005)2SR
Where:
Pt
(Q / 1.29)2
Eq. 5.7-3 SI
SR =
Pt
(Q / 4005)2
(Q/1.29)2SR
(2.83/1.29)2 (34.49 + 22.99 + 17.25)
(2.195)2 (74.73)
(4.818)(74.73)
360 Pa
=
=
=
=
=
(Q/4005)2SR
(6000/4005)2 (0.3 + 0.2 + 0.15)
(1.498)2 (0.65)
(2.244)(0.65)
1.45 in. wg
I-P:
Pt loss
=
=
=
=
=
Air Systems | 27
RESISTANCE
PLANE 1
ELEMENT
PLANE 2
RESISTANCE
ELEMENT
ENTRY
FLOW
ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE
Pv
FAN
OUTLET
Pv2
PtF
Pt2
Pv0 = Pt0
Ps2
+
PtE = 0
_
Ps
PsF
Pt
ABSOLUTE
PRESSURE
Ps1
Pvt
Figure 5Q - Fan with Inlet and Discharge Resistance - Evas Outlet Added
RESISTANCE 1
RESISTANCE 2
RESISTANCE 3
RESISTANCE 1
Q1
RESISTANCE 2
SR2 = 22.99 m-4
(0.2 ft.-4)
Figure 5S - Resistance in Parallel
28 | Air Systems
Q2
Q1
Q2
C SR1 = C SR2
0.4472
= QT
0.9949
Where:
= QT (0.4495)
If:
And:
SR2
Q1
=
Q2
SR1
And:
Q1 = QT (0.4495)
S
Q1 = Q2 R2
SR1
Eq. 5.7-6
Substituting:
Q2 = QT - Q1
SR2
Q1 = QT
SR1 + SR2
Then:
And:
Eq. 5.7-7
Q2 = QT - Q1
= 0.472 m3/s - 0.212 m3/s or (1000 cfm - 449.5 cfm)
= 0.260 m3/s or (550.5 cfm)
It can further be demonstrated that the relationship of
the system resistance factors for parallel systems is:
SI:
SR2
Q1 = QT
SR1 + SR2
22.99
= QT
34.49 + 22.99
4.795
= QT
5.873 + 4.795
4.795
= QT
10.667
= QT ( 0.4495 )
I-P:
SR2
Q1 = QT
SR1 + SR2
0 .2
= QT
0.3 + 0.2
0.4472
= QT
+
(
0
.
5477
0
.
4472
)
1
1
1
1
=
+
+ ... +
SRT
SR1
SR2
SRn
ITEM DUCT,
6.096 m (20 ft.) of 0.3048 m (12 in.) diameter.
Airflow
= 0.47 m3/s
(1000 cfm)
= 10.18 Pa
(0.041 in. wg)
Pt Loss
ITEM C - DIVIDED FLOW FITTING,
0.4064 m (16 in.) diameter to two 0.3048 m (12 in.)
diameter with a main branch dynamic loss coefficient
of 0.12.
Airflow
= 0.94 m3/s
(2000 cfm)
Pv
= 32.29 Pa
(0.13 in. wg)
Pt Loss
= 0.12 32.29
(0.12 0.13)
= 3.88 Pa
(0.016 in. wg)
30 | Air Systems
ITEM DUCT,
6.096 m (20 ft.) of 0.4064 m (16 in.) diameter.
(2000 cfm)
Airflow
= 0.94 m3/s
= 8.94 Pa
(0.036 in. wg)
Pt Loss
ITEM D - DIVIDED FLOW FITTING,
0.4572 m (18 in.) to 0.4064 m (16 in.) and 0.3048 m
(12 in.) diameter, with a main branch dynamic loss
coefficient of 0.
(3000 cfm)
Airflow
= 1.416 m3/s
Pv
= 44.70 Pa
(0.18 in. wg)
Pt Loss
= 44.70 0
(0.18 0)
= 0 Pa
(0 in. wg)
NOTE: The net loss in the main branch of this fitting
is zero (0), since there is static regain to offset the loss.
ITEM DUCT,
12.192 m (40 ft.), 0.4572 m (18 in.) diameter.
(3000 cfm)
Airflow
= 1.42 m3/s
Pt Loss
= 21.36 Pa
(0.086 in. wg)
E through H -These losses may be included in the
manufacturer's rating data.
ITEM E - ENTRANCE,
from plenum 0.4572 m (18 in.) diameter, dynamic
loss coefficient of 0.5.
(3000 cfm)
Airflow
= 1.42 m3/s
Pv
= 44.70 Pa
(0.18 in. wg)
Pt Loss
= 44.70 0.5
(0.18 0.5)
= 22.35 Pa
(0.09 in. wg)
ITEM F - COIL
Airflow
= 1.416 m3/s
Pt Loss
= 74.51 Pa
(from manufacturer's data)
(3000 cfm)
(0.3 in. wg)
ITEM G - FILTER
Airflow
= 1.416 m3/s
Pt Loss
= 86.93 Pa
(from manufacturer's data)
(3000 cfm)
(0.35 in. wg)
ITEM FAN,
Bulkhead Discharge (SEF due to lack of fan
discharge ductwork).
Airflow
= 1.416 m3/s
(3000 cfm)
Fan vel. = 6.53 m/s
(1285 fpm)
SEF
= 39.74 Pa
(0.16 in. wg)
(from AMCA Publication 201)
ITEM FAN,
Fan enclosed in a cabinet; SEF due to plenum wall
being too close to fan inlet).
(3000 cfm)
Airflow
= 1.42 m3/s
Inlet vel. = 5.31 ms
(1045 fpm)
SEF
= 7.45 Pa
(0.03 in. wg)
(from AMCA Publication 201)
(3000 cfm)
(0.08 in. wg)
ITEM DUCT,
6.096 m (20 ft.) of 0.3048 m (12 in.) diameter.
= 10.18 Pa
(0.041 in. wg)
Pt Loss
ITEM B - 45 ELBOW,
0.3048 m (12 in.) diameter, dynamic loss coefficient
of 0.13.
Airflow
= 0.47 m3/s
(1000 cfm)
Pv
= 25.08 Pa
(0.101 in. wg)
Since the elbow is located one duct diameter from
the divided flow fitting there will be a System Effect
loss that will need to be included.
K factor from Figure 4H = 1.08
Pt Loss
= 25.08 0.13 1.08 (0.101 0.13 1.08)
= 3.52 Pa
(0.014 in. wg)
ITEM C - DIVIDED FLOW FITTING,
0.4064 m (16 in.) diameter to 0.3048 m (12 in.)
diameter with a branch dynamic loss coefficient of
0.46.
Airflow
= 0.94 m3/s
(2000 cfm)
Pv
= 32.29 Pa
(0.13 in. wg)
K factor from Figure 4H = 1.08
= 0.46 32.29 1.08 (0.46 0.13 1.08)
Pt Loss
= 16.04 Pa
(0.065 in. wg)
Losses for the balance of the system are the same as
those previously calculated. These total 281.1 Pa
(1.132 in. wg).
SYSTEM TOTAL PRESSURE LOSS BRANCH 2 =
336.2 Pa (1.354 in. wg).
The loss through branch 2 is equal to the loss
through branch 1, and the branches are in balance.
Similar calculations for branch 3 show that it has a
lower resistance than branches 1 and 2, and some
12.2m
6.1m
6.1m
FAN
D
1.42m3/s
0.46m DIA.
E
COIL
F
FILTER
G
LOUVER
H
0.94m3/s
0.472m3/s
0.41m DIA.
0.30m DIA.
0.30m DIA.
0.472m3/s
0.30m DIA.
0.472m3/s
DAMPER
DIFFUSER K
SI
40 ft.
20 ft.
20 ft.
FAN
D
3000 CFM
C
2000 CFM
18 DIA.
E
COIL
F
FILTER
G
LOUVER
H
16 DIA.
12 DIA.
12 DIA.
1000 CFM
12 DIA.
1000 CFM
DIFFUSER K
I-P
DAMPER
K
3
32 | Air Systems
A
1000 CFM
600
PRESSURE, Pa
DESIGN
SYSTEM
300
PT vs FLOW
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
m /sec
15 DWDI FAN
2.33 FT2 OUTLET AREA
1316 RPM
DESIGN
SYSTEM
PT vs FLOW
CFM 1000
and
Air Systems | 35
36 | Air Systems
PRESSURE
1490.16 Pa
(6.0 in. wg)
+25%
+10%
-10%
BACKWARD
INCLINED FAN
-25%
RADIAL
BLADE FAN
VANEAXIAL
FAN
3.3m/s
(7000 cfm)
VOLUME FLOWRATE
+10%
DESIGN POINT
OF OPERATION
PRESSURE
-10%
FAN CURVE
POTENTIAL SYSTEM
FLOW RANGE
3.15 m3/s
(6701 cfm)
3.39 m3/s
(7210 cfm)
3.3 m3/s
(7000 cfm)
VOLUME FLOWRATE
Figure 6B - Air Performance with Certified Ratings Tolerance
Air Systems | 37
DWDI FAN
TOTAL PRESSURE
DESIGN
SYSTEM
Pt vs FLOW
VOLUME FLOWRATE
Figure 6C - Fan and System Curves - System Changes
+10%
HIGH PRESSURE
DESIGN POINT
-10%
FAN CURVE
PRESSURE
+10%
LOW PRESSURE
DESIGN POINT
VOLUME FLOWRATE
Figure 6D - Fan and System Curves - Variable Resistance System
38 | Air Systems
-10%
PRESSURE
+10%
-10%
MAXIMUM FLOW
DESIGN POINT
VARIABLE VOLUME
SYSTEM RESISTANCE
IVC SETTING 1
IVC SETTING 2
IVC SETTING 3
IVC SETTING 4
STATIC PRESSURE
CONTROL POINT
VOLUME FLOWRATE
Air Systems | 39
Quantity
I-P to SI
SI to I-P
Length
(ft) 0.3048 = m
(m) 3.2808 = ft
Mass (weight)
(lbs) 0.4536 = kg
Time
Velocity
(ft-s) 0.3048 = ms
(ft/min) 0.00508 = ms
Acceleration
Area
(ft2) 0.09290 = m2
Density
Pressure
Viscosity:
Absolute
Kinematic
(lbm/ft-s) 1.4882 = Pa s
(ft2/s) 0.0929 = m2/s
Gas Constant
Temperature
(F - 32)/1.8 = C
(1.8 C) + 32 = F
Power
(BHP) 746 = W
(BHP) 0.746 = kW
(W)/746 = BHP
(kW)/0.746 = BHP
40 | Air Systems
t
Temperature
p
Atmospheric
Pressure
Gas
Density
Absolute
Viscosity
v
Kinematic
Viscosity
c
Speed of
Sound
kPa
kg/m3
Pas
m2/s
m/s
0
100
200
300
15.00
14.35
13.70
13.05
101.32
100.13
98.94
97.77
1.230
1.215
1.201
1.189
1.793x10-5
1.790x10-5
1.786x10-5
1.784x10-5
1.45610-5
1.47310-5
1.48710-5
1.50010-5
340.43
340.05
339.66
339.28
400
500
600
700
12.40
11.76
11.11
10.46
96.61
95.46
94.32
93.20
1.177
1.166
1.155
1.145
1.780x10-5
1.777x10-5
1.774x10-5
1.771x10-5
1.51210-5
1.52410-5
1.53610-5
1.54610-5
338.89
338.51
338.19
337.73
800
900
1000
1100
9.81
9.16
8.51
7.86
92.08
90.98
89.88
88.80
1.134
1.123
1.112
1.102
1.768x10-5
1.765x10-5
1.761x10-5
1.758x10-5
1.55910-5
1.57110-5
1.58410-5
1.59510-5
337.34
336.95
336.57
336.18
1200
1300
1400
1500
7.21
6.56
5.90
5.25
87.72
86.66
85.61
84.56
1.091
1.080
1.069
1.058
1.755x10-5
1.751x10-5
1.748x10-5
1.745x10-5
1.60910-5
1.62110-5
1.63510-5
1.64910-5
335.79
335.40
335.01
334.62
1600
1700
1800
1900
4.60
3.95
3.30
2.65
83.53
82.50
81.49
80.49
1.047
1.037
1.026
1.016
1.741x10-5
1.738x10-5
1.735x10-5
1.732x10-5
1.66310-5
1.67610-5
1.69110-5
1.70510-5
334.22
333.83
333.44
333.05
2000
2100
2200
2300
2.00
1.35
0.70
0.53
79.49
78.51
77.54
76.57
1.006
0.996
0.986
0.976
1.728x10-5
1.725x10-5
1.722x10-5
1.718x10-5
1.71810-5
1.73210-5
1.74610-5
1.76010-5
332.66
332.26
331.87
331.48
2400
2500
2600
2700
-0.60
-1.25
-1.90
-2.55
75.62
74.68
73.74
72.82
0.967
0.957
0.948
0.938
1.715x10-5
1.712x10-5
1.708x10-5
1.705x10-5
1.77410-5
1.78910-5
1.80210-5
1.81810-5
331.08
330.69
330.29
329.90
2800
2900
3000
3100
-3.20
-3.85
-4.50
-5.15
71.91
71.00
70.11
69.23
0.929
0.919
0.909
0.900
1.702x10-5
1.699x10-5
1.695x10-5
1.692x10-5
1.83210-5
1.84510-5
1.86510-5
1.88010-5
329.50
329.10
328.71
328.31
3200
3300
3400
3500
-5.80
-6.46
-7.11
-7.76
68.35
67.48
66.62
65.77
0.890
0.880
0.871
0.862
1.689x10-5
1.685x10-5
1.682x10-5
1.679x10-5
1.89810-5
1.91410-5
1.93110-5
1.94810-5
327.51
327.11
326.70
326.70
Air Systems | 41
t
Temperature
p
Atmospheric
Pressure
Air
Density
Dynamic
Viscosity
Kinematic
Viscosity
c
Speed of
Sound
ft
in. Hg
lbm/ft3
lbm/ft-s
ft2/s
ft/s
-1000
-500
62.6
60.8
31.02
30.47
.0787
.0776
1.21210-5
1.20810-5
1.53810-4
1.55610-4
1120.7
1118.8
59.0
29.92
.0765
1.20510-5
1.57610-4
1116.9
500
1000
1500
2000
57.2
55.4
53.7
51.9
29.38
28.86
28.33
27.82
.0754
.0743
.0732
.0721
1.20210-5
1.19810-5
1.19510-5
1.19210-5
1.59510-4
1.61410-4
1.63310-4
1.65310-4
1115.0
1113.1
1111.1
1109.2
2500
3000
3500
4000
50.1
48.3
46.5
44.7
27.32
26.82
26.33
25.84
.0710
.0700
.0689
.0679
1.18910-5
1.18510-5
1.18210-5
1.17910-5
1.67310-4
1.69410-4
1.71410-4
1.73510-4
1107.3
1105.3
1103.4
1101.4
4500
5000
5500
6000
43.0
41.2
39.4
37.6
25.37
24.90
24.43
23.98
.0669
.0659
.0649
.0639
1.17510-5
1.17210-5
1.16910-5
1.16510-5
1.75710-4
1.77810-4
1.80010-4
1.82310-4
1099.5
1097.5
1095.6
1093.6
6500
7000
7500
8000
35.8
34.0
32.3
30.5
23.53
23.09
22.65
22.22
.0630
.0620
.0610
.0601
1.16210-5
1.15810-5
1.15510-5
1.15210-5
1.84610-4
1.86910-4
1.89210-4
1.91610-4
1091.7
1089.7
1087.7
1085.7
8500
9000
9500
10000
28.7
26.9
25.1
23.3
21.80
21.39
20.98
20.58
.0592
.0583
.0574
.0565
1.14810-5
1.14510-5
1.14210-5
1.13810-5
1.90410-4
1.96510-4
1.99010-4
2.01510-4
1083.8
1081.8
1079.8
1077.8
42 | Air Systems
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
98.5
1.263273
1.260977
1.258667
1.256345
1.254012
1.251672
1.249325
1.246973
1.244618
1.242261
1.239902
1.237545
1.235188
1.232834
1.230483
1.228135
1.225792
1.223453
1.221119
1.218791
1.216468
1.214150
1.211838
1.209530
1.207227
1.204927
1.202631
1.200338
1.198047
1.195757
1.193466
1.191174
1.188879
1.186581
1.184277
1.181965
1.179644
1.177313
1.174968
1.172609
1.170232
100
1.282390
1.280094
1.277753
1.275377
1.272975
1.270553
1.268119
1.265679
1.263236
1.260796
1.258360
1.255931
1.253510
1.251098
1.248697
1.246304
1.243921
1.241546
1.239179
1.236817
1.234459
1.232105
1.229752
1.227399
1.225045
1.222689
1.220330
1.217968
1.215603
1.213236
1.210866
1.208497
1.206131
1.203771
1.201420
1.199084
1.196770
1.194483
1.192231
1.190025
1.187875
101.5
1.302927
1.300086
1.297353
1.294710
1.292141
1.289629
1.287163
1.284731
1.282324
1.279934
1.277553
1.275177
1.272800
1.270421
1.268037
1.265645
1.263247
1.260842
1.258431
1.256015
1.253595
1.251173
1.248752
1.246334
1.243920
1.241512
1.239113
1.236723
1.234343
1.231974
1.229616
1.227266
1.224925
1.222588
1.220251
1.217911
1.215560
1.213191
1.210795
1.208361
1.205877
103
1.324194
1.322000
1.319731
1.317400
1.315018
1.312595
1.310140
1.307661
1.305166
1.302659
1.300147
1.297634
1.295123
1.292618
1.290121
1.287634
1.285157
1.282692
1.280239
1.277798
1.275367
1.272946
1.270533
1.268128
1.265728
1.263332
1.260938
1.258544
1.256148
1.253747
1.251342
1.248928
1.246506
1.244075
1.241632
1.239178
1.236712
1.234235
1.231747
1.229250
1.226746
104.5
1.340401
1.337965
1.335505
1.333027
1.330532
1.328024
1.325506
1.322979
1.320447
1.317912
1.315376
1.312841
1.310307
1.307778
1.305254
1.302735
1.300224
1.297720
1.295225
1.292738
1.290260
1.287790
1.285328
1.282875
1.280428
1.277988
1.275553
1.273122
1.270693
1.268266
1.265837
1.263406
1.260970
1.258527
1.256073
1.253607
1.251125
1.248624
1.246101
1.243553
1.240975
Air Systems | 43
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
20.5
21.0
21.5
22.0
22.5
23.0
23.5
24.0
24.5
25.0
25.5
26.0
26.5
27.0
27.5
28.0
28.5
29.0
29.5
30.0
30.5
31.0
31.5
32.0
32.5
33.0
33.5
34.0
34.5
35.0
35.5
36.0
36.5
37.0
37.5
38.0
44 | Air Systems
98.5
1.167391
1.164887
1.162437
1.160033
1.157668
1.155335
1.153029
1.150742
1.148470
1.146207
1.143949
1.141691
1.139431
1.137164
1.134888
1.132601
1.130299
1.127983
1.125650
1.123300
1.120932
1.118548
1.116147
1.113730
1.111299
1.108856
1.106402
1.103942
1.101478
1.099014
1.096553
1.094100
1.091661
1.089240
1.086844
1.084478
1.082149
1.079865
1.077632
1.075460
100
1.185062
1.182780
1.180492
1.178197
1.175897
1.173591
1.171279
1.168962
1.166639
1.164311
1.161977
1.159639
1.157295
1.154946
1.152592
1.150234
1.147871
1.145503
1.143131
1.140754
1.138373
1.135988
1.133599
1.131206
1.128809
1.126408
1.124004
1.121596
1.119184
1.116769
1.114351
1.111930
1.109506
1.107079
1.104649
1.102216
1.099780
1.097342
1.094902
1.092459
101.5
1.203323
1.200987
1.198647
1.196304
1.193957
1.191607
1.189254
1.186898
1.184537
1.182174
1.179806
1.177435
1.175060
1.172681
1.170298
1.167912
1.165521
1.163126
1.160726
1.158323
1.155915
1.153503
1.151086
1.148664
1.146239
1.143808
1.141372
1.138932
1.136487
1.134037
1.131582
1.129122
1.126656
1.124186
1.121710
1.119229
1.116742
1.114250
1.111753
1.109249
103
1.225071
1.222584
1.220116
1.217665
1.215229
1.212804
1.210388
1.207980
1.205577
1.203177
1.200778
1.198380
1.195979
1.193576
1.191169
1.188756
1.186338
1.183912
1.181480
1.179039
1.176591
1.174134
1.171669
1.169195
1.166714
1.164226
1.161731
1.159230
1.156724
1.154213
1.151700
1.149185
1.146669
1.144155
1.141644
1.139139
1.136640
1.134151
1.131673
1.129210
104.5
1.240138
1.237641
1.235154
1.232675
1.230205
1.227740
1.225283
1.222830
1.220383
1.217939
1.215499
1.213061
1.210625
1.208190
1.205755
1.203320
1.200883
1.198445
1.196003
1.193559
1.191110
1.188656
1.186196
1.183730
1.181257
1.178775
1.176286
1.173786
1.171277
1.168756
1.166224
1.163679
1.161121
1.158549
1.155963
1.153361
1.150743
1.148108
1.145455
1.142784
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
29.0
.07839
.07822
.07806
.07789
.07772
.07756
.07739
.07723
.07706
.07690
.07674
.07657
.07641
.07625
.07609
.07592
.07576
.07560
.07544
.07528
.07512
.07496
.07479
.07464
.07447
.07431
.07415
.07399
.07383
.07367
.07352
.07336
.07320
.07304
.07288
29.5
.07974
.07957
.07940
.07924
.07907
.07890
.07873
.07856
.07840
.07823
.07806
.07790
.07773
.07757
.07740
.07724
.07707
.07691
.07674
.07658
.07642
.07625
.07609
.07593
.07576
.07560
.07544
.07528
.07512
.07495
.07479
.07463
.07447
.07430
.07414
30.0
.08111
.08093
.08075
.08058
.08041
.08024
.07807
.07990
.07973
.07956
.07939
.07922
.09705
.07889
.07872
.07855
.07838
.07822
.07805
.07788
.07772
.07755
.07739
.07722
.07706
.07689
.07673
.07656
.07640
.07623
.07607
.07590
.07574
.07557
.07541
30.5
.08245
.08228
.08210
.08193
.08175
.08158
.08141
.08123
.08106
.08089
.08072
.08055
.08038
.08021
.08004
.07986
.07970
.07953
.07936
.07919
.07902
.07885
.07868
.07852
.07835
.07818
.07801
.07784
.07768
.07751
.07734
.07718
.07701
.07684
.07668
31.0
.08380
.08363
.08345
.08327
.08310
.08292
.08274
.08257
.08239
.08222
.08205
.08187
.08170
.08153
.08135
.08118
.08101
.08084
.08066
.08049
.08032
.08015
.07998
.07981
.07964
.07947
.07930
.07913
.07896
.07879
.07862
.07845
.07828
.07811
.07794
Air Systems | 45
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
46 | Air Systems
29.0
.07272
.07256
.07240
.07224
.07208
.07192
.07176
.07160
.07144
.07128
.07112
.07096
.07080
.07064
.07048
.07032
.07015
.07000
.06983
.06967
.06950
.06934
.06917
.06901
.06885
.06868
.06852
.06835
.06818
.06801
.06785
.06768
.06751
.06734
.06717
.06700
29.5
.07398
.07382
.07366
.07350
.07333
.07317
.07301
.07285
.07268
.07252
.07236
.07220
.07203
.07187
.07171
.07155
.07138
.07122
.07105
.07089
.07072
.07056
.07039
.07022
.07005
.06989
.06972
.06955
.06938
.06921
.06904
.06887
.06870
.06853
.06835
.06818
30.0
.07525
.07508
.07492
.07475
.07459
.07442
.07426
.07410
.07393
.07377
.07360
.07343
.07327
.07310
.07294
.07277
.07261
.07244
.07227
.07211
.07194
.07177
.07160
.07143
.07126
.07109
.07092
.07075
.07058
.07041
.07024
.07006
.06989
.06972
.06954
.06937
30.5
.07651
.07634
.07618
.07601
.07584
.07568
.07551
.07534
.07517
.07501
.07484
.07467
.07451
.07434
.07417
.07400
.07383
.07366
.07349
.07333
.07316
.07299
.07281
.07264
.07247
.07230
.07213
.07195
.07178
.07161
.07143
.07126
.07108
.01091
.07073
.07055
31.0
.07770
.07760
.07744
.07727
.07710
.07693
.07676
.07659
.07642
.07625
.07603
.07591
.07574
.07557
.07540
.07523
.07506
.07489
.07472
.07454
.07437
.07420
.07403
.07385
.07368
.07351
.07333
.07316
.07298
.07280
.07263
.07245
.07227
.07209
.07191
.07174
50
0.1
20
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.7
10
63
1.2
1.4
1.6
50
1.8
2.0
80
2.5
10
100
0
3.5
12
5
5
6
200
0
10
16
9
12
14
5
31
1,000
50
0
2,000
0
5,000
80
63
40
0
AIR QUANTITY, L/s at 1.20 kg/m3 ( = 0.09 mm)
500
18
16
0
20
20
25
20
12
10
00
10,000
30
35
50
45
40
00
20,000
16
30
25
70
80
50,000
60
00
40
20
50
30
00
25
70
50
LO
CI
TY
m/
90
200,000
20
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
400,000
mm
R,
00
VE
IAM
CT
D
31
DU
ET
E
40
100
Reprinted by permission of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, Georgia, from the 1993
ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals.
Air Systems | 47
50
0.01
50
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.08
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.8
100
200
30
40
50
500
70
0
60
80
00
10
90
9
00
12
1,000
00
14
10
20
0
18 0
00
16
00
00
24
12
00
28
2,000
14
16
5,000
36
30
32
10,000
00
18
45
20,000
00
40
50,000
70
40
18
20
22
24
26
VE
LO
90
80
00
70
65 00
0
60 0
0
55 0
0
50 0
00
45
00
40
00
36
00
32
00
100,000
200,000
00
80
00
00
12
00
10
90
TY
, fp
CI
10
0
IAM
50
55
60
80
CT
D
DU
in.
R,
48 | Air Systems
ET
E
10
400,000
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.08
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.8
10
Reprinted by permission of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, Georgia, from the 1993
ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals.
4
759.97
101.32
733.47
97.79
707.46
94.32
682.43
90.98
657.90
87.71
1.22
1.12
1.03
.95
.93
.85
.79
.77
.73
.69
.65
.62
.57
.57
.56
.54
.52
.50
.49
1.12
1.04
.97
.91
.86
.80
.76
.72
.69
.65
.61
.57
.56
.55
.53
.52
.50
.48
.46
1.08
1.01
.94
.88
.83
.78
.73
.70
.67
.63
.59
.55
.54
.53
.51
.50
.48
.49
.48
1.04
.97
.90
.85
.80
.75
.70
.67
.64
.61
.57
.53
.52
.51
.49
.48
.46
.45
.43
1.00
.94
.87
.81
.77
.72
.68
.65
.62
.59
.55
.51
.50
.49
.47
.46
.44
.43
.41
Altitude, m
1500
1800
2100
2400
2700
Barometer, mm Hg
kPa
634.34
84.57
611.3
81.50
588.98
78.52
567.17
75.62
546.30
72.83
.97
.90
.84
.78
.74
.69
.65
.62
.60
.57
.53
.49
.48
.47
.45
.44
.43
.41
.40
.93
.87
.81
.75
.71
.67
.63
.61
.58
.55
.51
.47
.46
.46
.44
.43
.41
.40
.39
.91
.84
.78
.73
.69
.65
.61
.59
.56
.53
.50
.47
.45
.46
.43
.42
.40
.39
.37
.87
.81
.75
.70
.67
.63
.59
.57
.54
.51
.49
.45
.43
.43
.41
.40
.38
.37
.36
.84
.80
.72
.68
.64
.60
.58
.58
.53
.49
.47
.43
.42
.41
.39
.38
.37
.35
.34
Air Systems | 49
4000
Barometer, in. Hg
in wg.
31.02
422.2
29.92
407.5
28.86
392.81
27.82
378.6
26.82
365.0
25.84
351.7
1.31
1.19
1.10
1.04
0.98
0.90
0.83
0.77
0.72
0.68
0.64
0.60
0.57
0.54
0.52
0.47
0.44
0.40
0.37
1.26
1.15
1.06
1.00
0.95
0.87
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.62
0.58
0.55
0.53
0.50
0.46
0.42
0.39
0.36
1.22
1.11
1.02
0.96
0.92
0.84
0.77
0.72
0.67
0.62
0.60
0.56
0.53
0.51
0.48
0.44
0.40
0.37
0.35
1.17
1.07
0.99
0.93
0.88
0.81
0.74
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.57
0.54
0.51
0.49
0.46
0.43
0.39
0.36
0.33
1.13
1.03
0.95
0.89
0.85
0.78
0.71
0.67
0.62
0.58
0.55
0.52
0.49
0.47
0.45
0.41
0.37
0.35
0.32
1.09
0.99
0.92
0.86
0.81
0.75
0.69
0.64
0.60
0.56
0.53
0.50
0.47
0.45
0.43
0.39
0.36
0.33
0.31
Altitude, ft.
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10,000
Barometer, in. Hg
in wg.
24.90
338.9
23.98
326.4
23.09
314.3
22.22
302.1
21.39
291.1
20.58
280.1
1.05
0.95
0.88
0.83
0.78
0.72
0.66
0.62
0.58
0.54
0.51
0.48
0.45
0.44
0.41
0.38
0.35
0.32
0.30
1.01
0.91
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.69
0.64
0.60
0.56
0.52
0.49
0.46
0.44
0.42
0.40
0.37
0.33
0.31
0.29
0.97
0.89
0.82
0.77
0.73
0.67
0.62
0.58
0.54
0.51
0.48
0.45
0.43
0.41
0.39
0.35
0.32
0.30
0.27
0.93
0.85
0.79
0.74
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.56
0.52
0.49
0.46
0.43
0.41
0.39
0.37
0.34
0.31
0.29
0.26
0.90
0.82
0.76
0.71
0.68
0.62
0.57
0.58
0.50
0.47
0.44
0.42
0.39
0.38
0.35
0.33
0.30
0.28
0.26
0.87
0.79
0.73
0.69
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.51
0.48
0.45
0.42
0.40
0.38
0.36
0.34
0.32
0.29
0.27
0.25
50 | Air Systems
1.1 Purpose
This part of the AMCA Fan Application Manual
includes general information about how fans are
tested in the laboratory, and how their performance
ratings are calculated and published. It also reviews
some of the more important reasons for the "loss" of
fan performance that may occur when the fan is
installed in an actual system.
Allowances, called System Effect Factors (SEF), are
also given in this part of the manual. SEF must be
taken into account by the system design engineer if a
reasonable estimate of fan/system performance is to
be determined.
201
3. Fan Testing
Fans are tested in setups that simulate installations.
The four standard installation types are as shown in
Figure 3.1.
AMCA INSTALLATION TYPE A:
Free Inlet, Free Outlet
SYMBOL
DESCRIPTION
UNITS OF MEASURE
SI
I-P
m2
ft2
Diameter, impeller
mm
in.
Diameter, Duct
ft
kw
hp
H/T
Hub-to-Tip Ratio
Dimensionless
Kp
Compressibility Coefficient
Dimensionless
Cp
Loss Coefficient
Dimensionless
Speed of Rotation
rpm
rpm
Ps
Pa
in. wg
Pt
Pa
in. wg
Pv
Pa
in. wg
pb
kPa
in. Hg
PL
Plane of Measurement
---
---
Airflow
m3/s
ft3/min
Re
SEF
Pa
in. wg
td
Dry-Bulb Temperature
tw
Wet-Bulb Temperature
Air Viscosity
Pas
lbm/fts
Velocity
m/s
fpm
watts
watts
Air Density
kg/m3
lbm/ft3
Dimensionless
DESCRIPTION
a
c
x
1
2
3
5
6
8
Atmospheric conditions
Converted Value
Plane 0, 1, 2, ...as appropriate
Fan Inlet Plane
Fan Outlet Plane
Pitot Traverse Plane
Plane 5 (nozzle inlet station in chamber)
Plane 6 (nozzle discharge station in chamber)
Plane 8 (inlet chamber measurement station)
Transition
Piece
Straightener
4. Fan Ratings
4.1 The Fan Laws
It is not practical to test a fan at every speed at which
it may be applied. Nor is it possible to simulate every
inlet density that may be encountered. Fortunately,
by use of a series of equations commonly referred to
as the Fan Laws, it is possible to predict with good
accuracy the performance of a fan at other speeds
and densities than those of the original rating test.
The performance of a complete series of
geometrically similar (homologous) fans can also be
54 | Fans and Systems
(SI)
(I-P)
sc = tc (Psc/Ptc)
These equations have their origin in the classical
theories of fluid mechanics, and the accuracy of the
results obtained is sufficient for most applications.
Better accuracy would require consideration of
Reynolds number, Mach number, kinematic viscosity,
dynamic viscosity, surface roughness, impeller blade
thickness and relative clearances, etc.
4.2 Limitations
Under certain conditions the properties of gases
change and there are, therefore, limitations to the use
of the Fan Laws. Accurate results will be obtained
when the following limitations are observed:
a. Fan Reynolds Number (Re). The term Reynolds
number is associated with the ratio of inertia to
viscous forces. When related to fans, investigations
of both axial and centrifugal fans show that
performance losses are more significant at low
Reynolds number ranges and are effectively
negligible above certain threshold Reynolds
numbers. In an effort to simplify the comparison of
the Reynolds numbers of two fans, the fan industry
PL X
BLAST AREA
PL 2
DISCHARGE DUCT
OUTLET AREA
CUTOFF
CENTRIFUGAL FAN
PL 2
PL X
AXIAL FAN
Figure 3.3 - Controlled Diffusion and Establishment of a Uniform Velocity
Profile in a Straight Length of Outlet Duct
38mm 6mm
(1.5in. 0.25 in.)
PL.5 PL.6
PL.8
PL.1
PL.2
0.5 M MIN.
0.2M
MIN.
0.5M
MIN.
0.2 M MIN.
0.3 M MIN.
t d2
AIRFLOW
FAN
VARIABLE
SUPPLY
SYSTEM
t d3
0.1 M MIN.
SETTLING
MEANS
SETTLING
MEANS
(See note 4)
Ps5
Pt8
Page 1 of 2
AMCA Drive
Arrangement
1 SWSI
ISO 13349
Drive
Arrangement
1 or
12 (Arr. 1 with
sub-base)
Description
Fan Configuration
Alternative Fan
Configuration
2 SWSI
3 SWSI
3 or
11 (Arr. 3 with
sub-base)
3 DWDI
6 or
18 (Arr. 6 with
sub-base)
4 SWSI
5 SWSI
AMCA International, Inc. | 30 W. University Dr. | Arlington Heights, IL, 60004-1893 | U.S.A
AMCA 201-02
Page 2 of 2
AMCA Drive
Arrangement
ISO 13349
Drive
Arrangement
7 SWSI
Description
Fan Configuration
Alternative Fan
Configuration
7DWDI
17
(Arr. 6 with
base for motor)
8 SWSI
9 SWSI
10 SWSI
10
AMCA International, Inc. | 30 W. University Dr. | Arlington Heights, IL, 60004-1893 | U.S.A
Page 1 of 1
AMCA Drive
Arrangement
1
ISO 13349
Drive
Arrangement
1
12 (Arr. 1 with
sub-base)
Description
Alternative Fan
Configuration
Fan Configuration
3
11 (Arr. 3 with
sub-base)
AMCA International, Inc. | 30 W. University Dr. | Arlington Heights, IL, 60004-1893 | U.S.A
(SI)
(I-P)
Ps
Pt
H
s
t
Air density (), fan size (D), and fan rotational speed
(N) are usually constant for the entire curve and must
be stated.
A typical fan performance curve is shown in Figure
4.1. Figure 4.2 illustrates examples of performance
curves for a variety of fan types.
Pt
100
Ps
70
60
50
40
H
30
20
OPERATION AT
STANDARD DENSITY
10
0
AIRFLOW, Q
EFFICIENCY, PERCENT
80
POWER, H
PRESSURE, P
90
TYPE
BACKWARDINCLINED
BACKWARDCURVED
HOUSING DESIGN
RADIAL
CENTRIFUGAL FANS
AIRFOIL
IMPELLER DESIGN
CENTRIFUGAL
AXIAL
CENTRIFUGAL
SPECIAL DESIGNS
TUBULAR
VANEAXIAL
TUBEAXIAL
AXIAL FANS
PROPELLER
FORWARDCURVED
Low efficiency.
Limited to low-pressure applications.
Usually low cost impellers have two or more blades of
single thickness attached to relatively small hub.
Primary energy transfer by velocity pressure.
PERFORMANCE CURVES
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
Pt
Ps
10
6
t
4
8
6
s
wo
4
2
0
0
EFFICIENCY
PRESSURE-POWER
10
8
6
4
2
10
8
6
4
2
EFFICIENCY
PRESSURE-POWER
10
8
6
4
2
EFFICIENCY
PRESSURE-POWER
0
10
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
EFFICIENCY
PRESSURE-POWER
10
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
EFFICIENCY
PRESSURE-POWER
0
10
10
0
10
10
8
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
EFFICIENCY
PRESSURE-POWER
0
10
10
0
10
10
8
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
EFFICIENCY
PRESSURE-POWER
0
10
10
0
10
10
8
10
8
6
4
2
2
VOLUME FLOW RATE, Q
0
0
EFFICIENCY
PRESSURE-POWER
PRESSURE-POWER
0
10
10
8
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
EFFICIENCY
PRESSURE-POWER
0
10
10
APPLICATIONS
0
10
a: These performance curves reflect general characteristics of various fans as commonly applied. They are not intended to provide complete selection criteria, since other parameters,
such as diameter and speed, are not defined.
248
1.84
IMPELLER DIAMETER:
TIP SPEED IN m/s:
Volume
m3/s
1.81
2.17
2.53
2.89
3.25
3.61
3.97
4.33
4.69
5.06
5.42
5.78
6.14
6.50
6.86
7.22
7.94
8.67
9.39
10.11
10.83
11.55
12.28
13.00
13.72
14.44
Outlet
Vel.
(m/s)
2.55
3.06
3.56
4.07
4.58
5.08
5.59
6.10
6.61
7.13
7.63
8.14
8.65
9.15
9.66
10.17
11.18
12.21
13.23
14.24
15.25
16.27
17.30
18.31
19.32
20.34
62 Pa
rpm
kW
222
236
253
272
292
314
338
361
385
409
434
458
483
508
0.14
0.17
0.22
0.27
0.34
0.42
0.51
0.62
0.74
0.88
1.03
1.21
1.41
1.63
927 mm
.0485 RPM
93 Pa
rpm
kW
270
284
300
317
337
358
379
402
426
449
473
498
522
547
571
621
0.25
0.30
0.36
0.43
0.52
0.62
0.74
0.87
1.01
1.18
1.37
1.58
1.81
2.06
2.34
2.99
OUTLET AREA:
MAXIMUM kW:
124 Pa
rpm
kW
313
327
343
360
378
398
419
441
464
488
511
535
559
585
633
682
0.39
0.45
0.53
0.63
0.73
0.86
1.00
1.16
1.33
1.53
1.75
1.99
2.25
2.54
3.20
3.98
155 Pa
rpm
kW
352
366
382
399
417
437
457
479
501
525
538
571
595
644
693
742
791
0.55
0.64
0.74
0.85
0.98
1.13
1.30
1.49
1.69
1.92
2.16
2.44
2.74
3.41
4.20
5.13
6.20
.71 SQ METERS
13.65 (RPM/1000)3
186 Pa
217 Pa
rpm
kW
rpm
kW
389
403
419
436
454
473
494
515
537
560
584
607
654
703
752
801
850
0.75
0.86
0.98
1.11
1.26
1.44
1.63
1.86
2.09
2.35
2.62
2.93
3.63
4.44
5.38
6.47
7.70
411
424
438
455
472
489
509
529
550
572
595
616
665
712
761
810
859
908
0.87
0.98
1.10
1.25
1.41
1.58
1.79
2.01
2.26
2.54
2.82
3.14
3.85
4.68
5.64
6.73
7.99
9.40
246 Pa
rpm
kW
443
458
472
489
506
524
543
564
585
606
629
675
721
769
818
867
916
965
1015
1.10
1.19
1.39
1.56
1.74
1.95
2.18
2.43
2.71
3.01
3.34
4.07
4.93
5.90
7.01
8.27
9.70
11.30
13.06
310 Pa
373 Pa
rpm
kW
rpm
kW
494
507
522
538
555
572
590
610
630
651
695
741
788
834
883
932
981
1030
1072
1129
1.52
1.68
1.86
2.06
2.28
2.53
2.78
3.07
3.39
3.74
4.52
5.40
6.41
7.57
8.87
10.32
11.95
13.77
15.78
17.98
540
554
568
584
600
617
635
654
674
715
759
805
852
898
946
995
1044
1093
1142
1.99
2.18
2.39
2.62
2.89
3.16
3.45
3.78
4.15
4.96
5.89
6.94
8.11
9.47
10.96
12.62
14.46
16.50
18.76
TYPICAL MULTISPEED RATING TABLE FOR A SINGLE WIDTH, SINGLE INLET CENTRIFUGAL FAN
IMPELLER DIAMETER:
TIP SPEED IN FPM:
Volume
CFM
3825
4590
5355
6120
6885
7650
8415
9180
9945
10710
11475
12240
13005
13770
14535
15300
16830
18360
19890
21420
22950
24480
26010
27540
29070
30600
Outlet
Vel.
(fpm)
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
3600
3800
4000
36.5 IN
9.56 RPM
OUTLET AREA:
MAXIMUM BHP:
7.65 SQ FT
18.3 (RPM/1000)3
1/4 in. wg
3/8 in. wg
1/2 in. wg
5/8 in. wg
3/4 in. wg
7/8 in. wg
rpm
bhp
rpm
bhp
rpm
bhp
rpm
bhp
rpm
rpm
222
236
253
272
292
314
338
361
385
409
434
458
483
508
0.185
0.233
0.292
0.365
0.450
0.560
0.682
0.826
0.989
1.175
1.387
1.626
1.895
2.191
270
284
300
317
337
358
379
402
425
449
473
498
522
547
571
621
0.334
0.400
0.483
0.579
0.695
0.832
0.988
1.163
1.360
1.587
1.837
2.115
2.424
2.767
3.144
4.003
313
327
343
360
378
398
419
441
464
488
511
535
559
585
633
682
0.519
0.608
0.716
0.840
0.981
1.149
1.340
1.553
1.780
2.048
2.346
2.665
3.017
3.403
4.289
5.335
352
366
383
399
417
437
457
479
501
525
538
571
595
644
693
742
791
0.743
0.856
0.992
1.144
1.314
1.514
1.741
1.993
2.269
2.570
2.901
3.275
3.672
4.577
5.632
6.885
8.308
bhp
389 1.01
403 1.15
419 1.31
436 1.49
454 1.69
473 1.93
494 2.19
515 2.49
537 2.80
560 3.15
584 3.52
607 3.93
654 4.87
703 5.96
752 7.22
801 8.67
850 10.32
bhp
1 in. wg
rpm
411 1.17
424 1.31 443
438 1.48 458
455 1.68 472
472 1.89 489
489 2.12 506
509 2.40 524
529 2.70 543
550 3.03 564
572 3.40 585
595 3.78 606
618 4.21 629
665 5.16 675
712 6.28 721
761 7.56 769
810 9.03 818
859 10.71 867
908 12.50 916
965
1015
bhp
1.48
1.60
1.86
2.09
2.34
2.61
2.92
3.26
3.64
4.04
4.48
5.46
6.61
7.91
9.40
11.09
13.01
15.16
17.52
bhp
rpm
bhp
494
507
522
538
555
572
590
610
630
651
695
741
788
834
883
932
981
1030
1072
1129
2.04
2.25
2.49
2.76
3.06
3.39
3.73
4.12
4.55
5.02
6.06
7.24
8.60
10.15
11.89
13.84
16.03
18.47
21.16
24.11
540
554
568
584
600
617
635
654
674
715
759
805
852
898
946
995
1044
1093
1142
2.67
2.92
3.20
3.52
3.87
4.24
4.63
5.07
5.56
6.65
7.90
9.30
10.88
12.70
14.70
16.92
19.39
22.13
25.16
TYPICAL MULTISPEED RATING TABLE FOR A SINGLE WIDTH, SINGLE INLET CENTRIFUGAL FAN
Figure 5.2 - Centrifugal Fan Performance Tables
64 | Fans and Systems
OUTLET
VELOCITY
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
3600
3800
4000
VOLUME
CFM
3825
4590
5355
6120
6885
7650
8415
9180
9945
10710
11475
12240
13005
13770
14535
15300
16830
18360
19890
21420
22950
24480
26010
27540
29070
30600
.185
.233
.292
.365
.450
BHP
434 1.387
456 1.626
482
508 2.19
.334
.400
.483
.579
BHP
571 3.744
629 4.003
449 1.587
473 1.837
493 2.115
522 2.424
547 2.767
BHP
584 3.403
633 4.289
682 5.335
464 1.78
488 2.048
511 2.346
535 2.665
559 3.017
360 .840
378 .981
398 1.149
419 1.340
441 1.553
313 .519
327 .608
343 .716
RPM
1/2 SP
BHP
596
644 4.577
693 5.632
742 6.885
791 8.308
479 1.995
501 2.269
525 2.570
538 2.901
571 3.276
332 .992
399 1.144
417 1.314
437 1.514
457 1.741
352 .743
366 .856
RPM
5/8 SP
RPM
3.93
4.87
5.76
7.22
8.67
2.19
2.49
2.80
3.15
3.52
1.15
1.31
1.49
1.69
1.93
850 10.32
607
654
703
752
801
494
515
537
560
584
403
419
436
454
473
389 1.01
BHP
3/4 SP
390 RPM
337 .695
358 .822
379 .988
482 1.163
426 1.360
270
284
300
317
RPM
3/8 SP
BHP
4.21
5.16
6.28
7.56
9.03
2.40
2.70
3.03
3.40
1.31
1.48
1.58
1.89
2.12
859 10.71
908 12.60
618
665
712
761
810
509
529
550
572
595
424
438
455
472
489
411 1.17
RPM
7/8 SP
BHP
4.48
5.46
6.81
7.91
8.48
2.61
2.92
3.26
3.84
4.04
1.48
1.60
1.86
2.09
2.34
3.06
3.49
3.73
4.12
4.55
2.04
2.25
2.49
2.76
BHP
651 5.02
695 6.06
741 7.24
788 8.60
834 10.15
555
572
590
610
630
494
507
522
538
RPM
1-1/4 SP
BHP
3.52
3.87
4.24
4.63
5.07
674 5.56
715 6.65
759 7.90
9.30
852 10.88
584
600
617
635
654
540 2.67
554 2.92
568 3.28
RPM
1-1/2 SP
BHP
3.99
4.36
4.76
5.18
5.63
696 6.11
736 7.24
778
822 10.02
867 11.65
612
627
643
661
678
584 3.37
598 3.66
RPM
1-3/4 SP
629
675
721
769
818
524
543
564
585
606
443
458
472
489
506
RPM
1 SP
490 RPM
314 .560
338 .682
361 .826
335 .988
409 1.175
222
236
253
272
292
RPM
1/4 SP
PRESSURE IN IN. WG
BRAKE HORSEPOWER
585 RPM
810 RPM
RECOMMENDED
SELECTION RANGE
CFM
6. Air Systems
6.1 The system
An air system may consist simply of a fan with
ducting connected to either the inlet or outlet or to
both. A more complicated system may include a fan,
ductwork, air control dampers, cooling coils, heating
coils, filters, diffusers, sound attenuation, turning
vanes, etc. See AMCA Publication 200 Air Systems,
for more information.
RECOMMENDED
SELECTION RANGE
SY
ST
EM
CU
RV
E
PRESSURE
RE
SU
ES
PR
DU
CT
E
RV
EM
SELECTION
NOT USUALLY
RECOMMENDED
IN THIS RANGE
CU
ST
T
UC
SY
AIRFLOW
Figure 5.4 - Recommended Performance Range of a Typical Centrifugal Fan
66 | Fans and Systems
Pc/P = (Qc/Q)2
200
160
140
SY
E
ST
120
100
EM
80
ST
S
SY
60
SY
180
TE
SYSTEM
DESIGN
POINT
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
200
ST
EM
180
160
SY
140
SY
E
ST
FAN CURVE
120
100
80
SYSTEM
DESIGN
POINT
60
EM
T
YS
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Qc = Q (Nc/N)
Ptc = Pt (Nc/N)2
Psc = Ps (Nc/N)2
Qc = Q
Pvc = Pv (Nc/N)2
Ptc = Pt (c/)
Psc = Ps (c/)
Hc = H (Nc/N)3
Pvc = Pv (c/)
Hc = H (c/)
SY
CT
S (AT 1.1N)
160
PRESSURE
H (AT 1.1N)
133
140
S (AT N)
PRESSURE
120
2
H (AT N)
100
1
100
80
60
50
40
20
PERCENT OF POWER
DU
ST
EM
110%
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
PERCENT OF SYSTEM
RESISTANCE AND FAN PRESSURE
SYSTEM A
@ DENSITY
FAN INLET
100
SYSTEM A
@ DENSITY /2
FAN INLET
80
60
40
20
0
PERCENT OF POWER
100
POWER @ DENSITY
80
60
40
POWER @ DENSITY /2
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
DESIGN RESISTANCE
FAN PRESSURE
CURVE
DESIGN AIRFLOW
CURVE B:
ACTUAL SYSTEM
CURVE A:
CALCULATED SYSTEM
5
CURVE C
ACTUAL SYSTEM
PEAK FAN
PRESSURE
2
1
DESIGN RESISTANCE
ACTUAL SYSTEM
LESS THAN
DESIGN
FAN PRESSURE
CURVE
DESIGN AIRFLOW
6.11 Precautions
performance
to
prevent
deficient
CURVE B
ACTUAL SYSTEM
WITH SYSTEM EFFECT
CURVE A
CALCULATED SYSTEM
WITH NO ALLOWANCE
FOR SYSTEM EFFECT
2
SYSTEM EFFECT LOSS
AT DESIGN AIRFLOW
DESIGN RESISTANCE
1
3
SYSTEM
EFFECT AT
ACTUAL AIRFLOW
FAN CATALOG
PRESSURE
CURVE
AIRFLOW
DEFICIENCY
DESIGN AIRFLOW
FG H I J K L
1000
900
Q
800
700
R
600
500
S
400
300
T
U
200
100
90
80
70
60
X
50
40
30
20
2.5
9 10
20
30
FG H I J K L
5.0
P
4.0
Q
3.0
R
2.5
2.0
S
1.5
T
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.25
X
0.2
0.15
0.1
8 9 10
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
Curve in
Figure 7.1
Dynamic Pressure
Loss Coefficient C
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
16.00
14.20
12.70
11.40
9.50
7.90
6.40
4.50
3.20
2.50
1.90
1.50
1.20
0.75
0.50
0.40
0.25
0.17
0.10
2
V
SEF = C
1.414
SI
V
SEF = C
1097
I-P
FAN POWER
SEF
CALCULATED
SYSTEM W/NO
ALLOWANCE
FOR SEF
FAN PRESSURE
DESIGN AIRFLOW
BLAST AREA
DISCHARGE DUCT
CUTOFF
OUTLET AREA
25%
50%
75%
CENTRIFUGAL FAN
100% EFFECTIVE DUCT LENGTH
AXIAL FAN
To calculate 100% duct length, assume a minimum of 2 duct diameters for 12.7 m/s (2500 fpm) or less. Add 1
duct diameter for each additional 5.08 m/s (1000 fpm).
EXAMPLE: 25.4 m/s (5000 fpm) = 5 equivalent duct diameters. If the duct is rectangular with side dimensions a
and b, the equivalent duct diameter is equal to (4ab/)0.5.
Figure 8.1 - Fan Outlet Velocity Profiles
Fans and Systems | 79
AXIAL FAN
No Duct
12%
Effective
Duct
25%
Effective
Duct
50 %
Effective
Duct
100%
Effective
Duct
Tubeaxial Fan
---
---
---
---
---
Vaneaxial Fan
---
---
BLAST AREA
DISCHARGE DUCT
OUTLET AREA
CUTOFF
CENTRIFUGAL FAN
To calculate 100% duct length, assume a minimum of 2 duct diameters for 2500 fpm or less. Add 1 duct diameter
for each additional 1000 fpm.
EXAMPLE: 5000 fpm = 5 equivalent duct diameters. If the duct is rectangular with side dimensions a and b, the
equivalent duct diameter is equal to (4ab/)0.5.
Pressure
Recovery
No Duct
12%
Effective Duct
25%
Effective Duct
50%
Effective Duct
100%
Effective Duct
0%
50%
80%
90%
100%
W
W
W-X
Blast Area
Outlet Area
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
R-S
R-S
S-T
U
V-W
W-X
U
U
U-V
W-X
X
% EFFECTIVE
DUCT LENGTH
% EFFECTIVE
DUCT LENGTH
90 Elbow
No Duct
12%
Effective
Duct
25%
Effective
Duct
50 %
Effective
Duct
100%
Effective
Duct
Tubeaxial Fan
2 & 4 Pc
---
---
---
---
---
Vaneaxial Fan
2 Pc
U-V
---
Vaneaxial Fan
4 Pc
---
---
---
---
POSITION C
POSITION D
POSITION B
E
TIV TH
C
G
FE
EF LEN
% CT
DU
INL
ET
POSITION A
Note: Fan Inlet and elbow positions must be oriented as shown for the proper application of the table on the facing
page.
Figure 8.5 - Outlet Elbows on SWSI Centrifugal Fans
Outlet
Elbow
Position
No Outlet
Duct
12%
Effective
Duct
25%
Effective
Duct
50%
Effective
Duct
0.4
A
B
C
D
N
M-N
L-M
L-M
O
N
M
M
P-Q
O-P
N
N
S
R-S
Q
Q
0.5
A
B
C
D
O-P
N-O
M-N
M-N
P-Q
O-P
N
N
R
Q
O-P
O-P
T
S-T
R-S
R-S
0.6
A
B
C
D
Q
P
N-O
N-O
Q-R
Q
O
O
S
R
Q
Q
U
T
S
S
0.7
A
B
C
D
R-S
Q-R
P
P
S
R-S
Q
Q
T
S-T
R-S
R-S
V
U-V
T
T
0.8
A
B
C
D
S
R-S
Q-R
Q-R
S-T
S
R
R
T-U
T
S
S
W
V
U-V
U-V
0.9
A
B
C
D
T
S
R
R
T-U
S-T
S
S
U-V
T-U
S-T
S-T
W
W
V
V
1.0
A
B
C
D
T
S-T
R-S
R-S
T-U
T
S
S
U-V
U
T
T
W
W
V
V
100%
Effective
Duct
Blast Area
Outlet Area
PARALLEL-BLADE DAMPER
ILLUSTRATING DIVERTED AIRFLOW
OPPOSED-BLADE DAMPER
ILLUSTRATING NON-DIVERTED
AIRFLOW
BLAST AREA
OUTLET AREA
PRESSURE DROP
MULTIPLIER
0.4
7.5
0.5
4.8
0.6
3.3
0.7
2.4
0.8
1.9
0.9
1.5
1.0
1.2
Figure 8.7 - Pressure Drop Multipliers for Volume Control Dampers on a Fan Discharge
86 | Fans and Systems
Note: Avoid location of split or duct branch close to fan discharge. Provide a straight section of duct to allow for air
diffusion.
Figure 8.8 - Branches Located Too Close to Fan
Fans and Systems | 87
ANSI/AMCA 210 limits an inlet duct to a crosssectional area no greater than 112.5% or less than
92.5% of the fan inlet area. The slope of transition
elements is limited to 15 converging and 7 diverging.
a.
c.
b.
BELL MOUTH INLET PRODUCES
FULL FLOW INTO FAN
d.
CONVERGING TAPERED ENTRY
INTO FAN OR DUCT SYSTEM
e.
FLANGED ENTRY INTO
FAN OR DUCT SYTEM
Figure 9.1 Typical Inlet Connections for Centrifugal and Axial Fans
88 | Fans and Systems
9.2.2 Centrifugal fans - inlet duct elbows. Nonuniform airflow into a fan inlet, Figure 9.3A, is a
common cause of deficient fan performance.
The System Effect Curves for mitered 90 round
section elbows of given radius/diameter (R/D) ratios
DUCT LENGTH
DUCT LENGTH
90 Elbow
Tubeaxial Fan
.25
2 piece
Tubeaxial Fan
.25
4 piece
Tubeaxial Fan
.35
Vaneaxial Fan
Vaneaxial Fan
[1][2]
[1][2]
1.0D [1][2]
3.0D
---
---
---
---
2 piece
.61
2 piece
Q-R
Q-R
S-T
T-U
.61
4 piece
W-X
---
---
No Duct
0.5D
Notes:
[1] Instability in fan operation may occur as evidenced by an increase in pressure fluctuations and sound level.
Fan instability, for any reason, may result in serious structural damage to the fan.
[2] The data presented in Figure 9.2 is representative of commercial type tubeaxial and vaneaxial fans, i.e. 60%
to 70% fan static efficiency.
Figure 9.2 - System Effect Curves for Inlet Duct Elbows - Axial Fans
Fans and Systems | 89
LENGTH
OF DUCT
LENGTH
OF DUCT
R/D
NO
DUCT
+
R
2D
5D
DUCT DUCT
P
R-S
Figure 9.4A - Two Piece Mitered 90 Round Section Elbow - Not Vaned
LENGTH
OF DUCT
R/D
NO
DUCT
2D
5D
DUCT DUCT
0.5
0.75
R-S
T-U
1.0
S-T
U-V
2.0
R-S
U-V
3.0
T-U
+
R
Figure 9.4B - Three Piece Mitered 90 Round Section Elbow - Not Vaned
SYSTEM EFFECT CURVES
LENGTH
OF DUCT
R/D
NO
DUCT
2D
5D
DUCT DUCT
0.5
P-Q
R-S
0.75
Q-R
1.0
S-T
U-V
2.0
R-S
U-V
3.0
S-T
V-W
+
R
Figure 9.4C - Four or More Piece Mitered 90 Round Section Elbow - Not Vaned
NO
DUCT
2D
5D
DUCT DUCT
0.5
0.75
S-T
1.0
S-T
U-V
1.0
T-U
LENGTH
OF DUCT
+
R
NO
DUCT
0.5
T-U
1.0
U-V
2.0
V-W
W-X
LENGTH
OF DUCT
+
2D
5D
DUCT DUCT
Figure 9.5B - Square Elbow with Inlet Transition - 3 Long Turning Vanes
R/D
NO
DUCT
0.5
T-U
1.0
U-V
2.0
V-W
W-X
LENGTH
OF DUCT
2D
5D
DUCT DUCT
Figure 9.5C - Square Elbow with Inlet Transition - Short Turning Vanes
D = Diameter of the inlet collar
The inside area of the square duct (H x H) should be equal to the inside area of the fan inlet collar.
* The maximum permissible angle of any converging element of the transition is 15, and for a diverging element, 7.
DETERMINE SEF BY USING FIGURE 7.1
Figure 9.5 - System Effect Curves for Various Square Duct Elbows
92 | Fans and Systems
Figure 9.6 - Improved Flow Conditions with a Special Designed Inlet Box
IMPELLER
ROTATION
COUNTER-ROTATING SWIRL
Figure 9.7 - Example of a Forced Inlet Vortex
IMPELLER
ROTATION
PRE-ROTATING SWIRL
IMPELLER
ROTATION
COUNTER-ROTATING SWIRL
TURNING
VANES
TURNING
VANES
IMPELLER
ROTATION
CORRECTED PREROTATING SWIRL
TURNING
VANES
IMPELLER
ROTATION
0.45D
0.075D
DUCT
0.075D
DUCT
DUCT
2D
Figure 9.10B - ISO 5801 Star Straightener
2L
EQUAL
INLET
DIA.
EQUAL
DIAMETER
OF INLET
DWDI
SWSI
L - DISTANCE
INLET TO WALL
V-W
U
T
S
X
V-W
V-W
U
Figure 9.11 - System Effect Curves for Fans Located in Plenums and Cabinet
Enclosures and for Various Wall-to-inlet Dimensions
96 | Fans and Systems
SPLITTER SHEET
1 DIA.
MIN
ER
ET
AM
DE
SI
IN
DI
AR
LL
CO
E
NL
INLET PLANE
R
TE
E
NT
AM
GE
N
DI
TA
OF
INLET PLANE
0.75 Inlet
diameter
0.5 Inlet
diameter
0.33 Inlet
diameter
0.25 Inlet
diameter
At Inlet plane
100
95
90
V-W
U-V
T-U
85
W-X
V-W
U-V
S-T
75
W-X
S-T
R-S
50
V-W
S-T
R-S
25
U-V
S-T
Q-R
Cone Type
Variable
Inlet Vanes
VANE TYPE
Q or R
S
FAN PERFORMANCE
W/OUT VARIABLE INLET VANES
120
CONE TYPE
VARIABLE INLET
VANES
CYLINDRICAL TYPE
VARIABLE INLET
VANES
100
VARIABLE
INLET VANES
100% OPEN
75% OPEN
80
75% OPEN
60
40
75% OPEN
20
20
40
60
80
100
120
Figure 10.2 - Typical Variable Inlet Vanes for a Backward Inclined Fan
Quantity
I-P to SI
SI to I-P
Length
(ft) 0.3048 = m
(m) 3.2808 = ft
Mass (weight)
(lbs) 0.4536 = kg
Time
Velocity
(ft-s) 0.3048 = ms
(ft/min) 0.00508 = ms
Acceleration
Area
(ft2) 0.09290 = m2
Density
Pressure
Viscosity:
Absolute
Kinematic
(lbm/ft-s) 1.4882 = Pa s
(ft2/s) 0.0929 = m2/s
Gas Constant
Temperature
(F - 32)/1.8 = C
(1.8 C) + 32 = F
Power
(BHP) 746 = W
(BHP) 0.746 = kW
(W)/746 = BHP
(kW)/0.746 = BHP
SYSTEM
RESISTANCE
200%
SERIES FAN
COMBINED
PRESSURE
CURVE
100%
SINGLE FAN
PRESSURE
CURVE
100%
PERCENT OF FAN AIRFLOW
STA
BL
ES
YS
TE
M
UN
STA
BL
ES
YS
TE
M
100
PARALLEL FANS - FAN PRESSURE AT
COMBINED VOLUME
200
PERCENT OF FAN AIRFLOW
AILERON
Pta = 0
Pt = Pt2 - Pt1
Pt1 = Pta = 0
Pt = Pt2
PLANE 1
PLANE 2
Pt2
Pt = Pt2
Figure C.1 - Fan Total Pressure for Installation Type B: Free Inlet, Ducted Outlet
PLANE 1
PLANE 2
Pt1
Pt = Pv2 - Pt1
Figure C.2 - Fan Total Pressure for Installation Type C: Ducted Inlet, Free Outlet
PLANE 1
Pt1
PLANE 2
Pt
Pt = Pt2 - Pt1
Figure C.3 - Fan Total Pressure for Installation Type D: Ducted Inlet, Ducted Outlet
Pt2
PLANE 1
Pv = Pv2
PLANE 2
Pv2
Figure C.4 - Fan Velocity Pressure for Installation Type B: Free Inlet, Ducted Outlet
PLANE 1
Ps1
PLANE 2
Pv1
Ps2
Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 (algebraic)
Figure C.5 - Fan Static Pressure for Installation Type D: Ducted Inlet, Ducted Outlet
HOUSING
DIVERTER
CU
TO
FF
CENTER PLATE
BLAST AREA
DISCHARGE
OUTLET AREA
SIDE SHEET
BACKPLATE
FF
BLADE
TO
CU
INLET
SCROLL
IMPELLER
FRAME
RIM
BEARING
SUPPORT
INLET COLLAR
CASING
BACKPLATE
RIM
HUB
MOTOR
GUIDE VANE
INLET
BLADE
IMPELLER
INLET BELL
BLADE
DIFFUSER
HUB
MOTOR
IMPELLER
CASING
BEARING CASING
BELT TUBE
BLADE
HUB
GUIDE VANE
IMPELLER
I-P
Free inlet
0.00 Pa
(no SEF)
0.0 in. wg
B-C
0.00 Pa
(no SEF)
0.0 in. wg
(duct design)
3.0 in. wg
C-D
Duct friction at Q =
1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm).
REQUIRED FAN Ps
747.00 Pa
747.00 Pa
3.0 in. wg
Select a fan for Q = 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm) and Ps = 747 Pa (3.0 in. wg).
Use manufacturer's data for rpm (N) and power (H).
(I-P) in.wg
(SI) Pa
996
747
3
Pt
498
249
Pv
Ps
B C
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
124 Pa
(0.5 in.wg)
SI
C-D
0.00 Pa
0.00 Pa
E-F
I-P
(no SEF)
0.0 in. wg
0.0 in. wg
49.80 Pa
0.2 in. wg
Ps energy required to
create velocity at E
124.50 Pa
0.5 in. wg
Duct friction at Q =
1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm)
747.00 Pa
3.0 in. wg
921.30 Pa
3.7 in. wg
REQUIRED FAN Ps
Solution:
Select a fan for Q = 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm) and Ps = 921.30 Pa (3.7 in. wg)
Use manufacturer's data for rpm (N) and power (H).
2.5 DIA.
NEGLIGIBLE
LOSS
Pv = 124 Pa (0.5in.wg)
(I-P) in.wg
(SI) Pa
1245
996
747
498
922 Pa
(3.7 in.wg)
Pt
747 Pa (3.0 in.wg)
249
0
A
B C
Pv
124 Pa
(0.5 in.wg)
Ps
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
B-C
SEF
(see above)
B-C
D-E
Fan
Blast Area
= 0 .6
Outlet Area
SI
I-P
149.40 Pa
0.6 in. wg
0.00 Pa
0.0 in. wg
49.80 Pa
0.2 in. wg
Ps energy required to
create velocity at D
124.50 Pa
0.5 in. wg
duct friction at Q =
1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm)
747.00 Pa
(duct design)
3.0 in. wg
REQUIRED FAN Ps
1070.70 Pa
Solution:
Select a fan for 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm) Q and 1070.70 Pa (4.3 in. wg) Ps.
Use manufacturer's data for rpm (N) and power (H).
4.3 in. wg
(I-P) in.wg
149 Pa
(0.6 in.wg)
SEF
(SI) Pa
1245
996
747
498
Pt
747 Pa (3.0 in.wg)
249
0
A
B C
Pv
124 Pa
(0.5 in.wg)
Ps
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
SI
A
I-P
99.60 Pa
(duct design)
0.4 in. wg
(duct design)
3.0 in. wg
A-B
747.00 Pa
SEF 1
149.40 Pa
0.6 in. wg
SEF 2
49.80 Pa
0.2 in. wg
Fan Pv
124.50 Pa
0.5 in. wg
SEF 3
149.40.Pa
0.6 in. wg
1319.70 Pa
5.3 in. wg
REQUIRED FAN Pt
ABRUPT
DISCHARGE SEF
149 Pa (0.6 in.wg)
(I-P) in.wg
ELBOW SEF
149 Pa (0.6 in.wg)
(SI) Pa
OBSTRUCTION SEF
50 Pa (0.2 in.wg)
+249 +1
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
0
-249
-1
-498
-2
-747
-3
Pt
Pv
Ps
-996
-4
-1245 -5
-1171 Pa (4.7 in.wg)
FAN INLET
Annex E. References
These references contain additional information related to the subject of this manual:
1. ANSI/AMCA 210-99, Laboratory Methods of Testing Fans for Aerodynamic Performance Rating, Air Movement
and Control Association International, Inc., 30 West University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL, 60004-1893 U.S.A.,
1999.
2. AMCA Publication 200-95, Air Systems, Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc., 30 West
University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL, 60004-1893 U.S.A., 1995.
3. AMCA Publication 202-98, Troubleshooting, Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc., 30 West
University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL, 60004-1893 U.S.A., 1997.
4. ASHRAE Handbook, HVAC Systems and Equipment, 1996, The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating
and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle N.E., Atlanta, GA, 30329 U.S.A., 1996, (Chapter 18
Fans).
5. Traver, D. G., System Effects on Centrifugal Fan Performance, ASHRAE Symposium Bulletin, Fan Application,
Testing and Selection, The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc.,
1791 Tullie Circle N.E., Atlanta, GA, 30329 U.S.A., 1971.
6. Christie, D. H., Fan Performance as Affected By Inlet Conditions, ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 77, The
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle N.E.,
Atlanta, GA, 30329 U.S.A., 1971.
7. Zaleski, R. H., System Effect Factors For Axial Flow Fans, AMCA Paper 2011-88, AMCA Engineering
Conference, Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc., 30 West University Drive, Arlington
Heights, IL, 60004-1893 U.S.A., 1988.
8. Roslyng, O., Installation Effect on Axial Flow Fan Caused Swirl and Non-Uniform Velocity Distribution,
Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE), 1 Birdcage Walk, London SW1H 9JJ, England, 1984.
9. Clarke, M. S., Barnhart, J. T., Bubsey, F. J., Neitzel, E., The Effects of System Connections on Fan
Performance, ASHRAE RP-139 Report, The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning
Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle N.E., Atlanta, GA, 30329 U.S.A., 1978.
10. Madhaven, S., Wright, T., J. DiRe, Centrifugal Fan Performance With Distorted Inflows, The American Society
of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New, York, NY, 10017 U.S.A., 1983.
11. Cory, W. T. W., Fan System Effects Including Swirl and Yaw, AMCA Paper 1832-84-A5, AMCA Engineering
Conference, Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc., 30 West University Drive, Arlington
Heights, IL, 60004-1893 U.S.A., 1984.
12. Cory, W. T. W., Fan Performance Testing and Effects of the System, AMCA Paper 1228-82-A5, AMCA
Engineering Conference, Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc., 30 West University Drive,
Arlington Heights, IL, 60004-1893 U.S.A., 1984.
13. Galbraith,
L.E.,
Discharge
Diffuser
Effect
on
Performance
Axial Fans, AMCA Paper 1950-86-A6, AMCA Engineering Conference, Air Movement and Control Association
International, Inc., 30 West University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL, 60004-1893 U.S.A., 1986.
14. Industrial Ventilation 23rd Edition, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1330 Kemper
Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634 U.S.A., 1998.
15. Fans and Systems, John E. Thompson and C. Jack Trickler, The New York Blower Company, Chemical
Engineering, March 21, 1983, pp. 48-63
16. AABC National Standards, Chapter 8, Volume Measurements, Associated Air Balance Council, 1518 K Street
NW, Suite 503, Washington, DC 20005 U.S.A.
120 | Fans and Systems
Troubleshooting
202
1. Introduction
After the installation of an air moving system is completed, a system sometimes fails to achieve its designed
performance.
This part of the AMCA Fan Application Manual will help you identify what is wrong and decide how to correct it.
3. Safety Precautions
Before checking the fan and system it will be necessary to shut down the fan. During inspection the fan must be
electrically isolated and all disconnect switches and other controls LOCKED in the "OFF" position. Where these
are in locations remote from the fan, prominent DO NOT START signs should also be in place.
CAUTION - Even when LOCKED out electrically, fans located outdoors or in a parallel or series fan system may
be subject to "wind-milling." Therefore, as an added precaution, the impeller should be secured to physically restrict
rotational movement.
4. System Checklist
Poor system performance may arise from a number of causes including:
A systematic check of the items listed here should help identify the problem - or problems - and allow suitable
corrective action to be taken.
SYSTEM CHECKLIST
A) While the impeller is coasting to a stop, see if it is rotating in the proper direction (see Figures 4.1, 4.2 and
4.3).
B) Make certain the impeller rotation is correct for the housing (guide vanes of vaneaxial and tubular centrifugal
fans) and not installed backwards (see Figures 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3).
Note: Tubeaxial fan rotation is the same as shown in Figure 4.2 except without the guide vanes.
ROTATION
RADIAL
BLADE
BACKWARD
INCLINED
AIRFOIL
RADIAL
TIP
BACKWARD
CURVED
FORWARD
CURVED
Note: Fan manufacturers describe the rotation of the fan impeller as being "clockwise" or "counterclockwise.
For AXIAL fans when viewing the INLET or OUTLET as specified by the Fan Manufacturer
For CENTRIFUGAL fans when viewing the DRIVE SIDE (see AMCA Standard 99-2406)
For TUBULAR CENTRIFUGAL fans when viewing the OUTLET (see AMCA Standard 99-2410).
122 | Troubleshooting
ROTATION
ROTATION
INLET
GUIDE VANES
OUTLET
GUIDE VANES
AIRFLOW
AIRFLOW
ROTATION
GUIDE
VANES
AIRFLOW
Troubleshooting | 123
FAN
FAN
MOTOR
MOTOR
G) Are coils, heaters, filters, ducts, etc. dirt laden? If so, clean or replace. Remove any non-essential
obstructions to airflow in elbows, shutters, transformations, dampers, bird-screens, etc. Verify that all
dampers (control, backdraft, fire, etc.) are adjusted to the proper settings.
H) Have all the parts supplied with the fan been installed?
I)
Are there any obstructions to airflow near the fan inlets? Objects such as pipes, airflow measurement
stations, ductwork, columns, belt guards, belt drives, etc. could adversely affect the output of the fan. For
more information, see AMCA Publication 201 Fans and Systems.
J)
Are the fan outlet connections correctly designed and installed? Duct takeoffs, or obstructions in the fan
outlet could adversely affect the output of the fan (see AMCA Publication 201).
K) See Figure 4.6A for typical centrifugal fan inlet-impeller relationships and Figure 4.6A for typical axial fan
housing-impeller relationships. A few simple measurements as indicated on these figures can tell the
manufacturer if a problem exists in this area. Note: several measurements should be taken around the
entire inlet/housing circumference to determine the average, maximum and minimum values.
I.G.
R.C.
R.C. = RUNNING CLEARANCE
(INLET CENTERED ON IMPELLER)
I.S.
I.S.
I.S.
I.S. SHOULD BE SAME BOTH SIDES
FOR DOUBLE WIDTH FAN
R.C.
C.
C. = VANE CLEARANCE
L)
On a double-width fan, is the approach to both inlets identical? Airflow should be symmetrical about the
centerline of the fan housing (see Figure 4.7A). Non-symmetrical airflow can lead to decreased air
performance. Belt drives, belt guards and motors can cause non-symmetrical airflow to the inlets if too
severely restricted (see AMCA Publication 201).
AIRFLOW
L NOT EQUAL TO M
N NOT EQUAL TO R
AIRFLOW
M) Are turning vanes installed in elbows that are too close to the fan inlet or discharge (see Figures 4.8A and
4.8B). Published pressure losses through elbows are based on a uniform velocity profile. Turning vanes
help achieve this uniform flow (see AMCA Publication 201).
126 | Troubleshooting
N) If the fan is equipped with an inlet vane damper, check the operation as follows:
1)
Do not rely on the control arm position alone for locating the position of the inlet vane damper blades
without first checking visually to see that the inlet vane damper position agrees with the position of the
control arm.
2)
If the unit is a double-width fan equipped with inlet vanes or inlet vane damper control, both inlet vane
dampers must be synchronized (the inlet vane dampers must be in the same relative position with
respect to the impeller on both inlets). If the inlet vane dampers are not synchronized, there will be
unbalanced airflow between inlets resulting in deficient air performance, unbalanced thrust on the
bearings and/or a surge condition in the fan.
3)
Make certain that inlet vane dampers are of the proper rotation with respect to the impeller.
As the vanes close they should cause the entering air to spin in the same direction as the impeller.
4) Are the inlet vane dampers correctly positioned for the design operating conditions? If not, the desired
pressure-volume of the fan will not be realized (see Figure 4.9).
100% Open
100
80
75% Open
50% Open
60
25% Open
40
20
20
40
60
80
100
Figure 4.9 - Typical Pressure-Volume Curve for Operation with Inlet Vane Damper Control
Troubleshooting | 127
O) Inspect any ductwork or plenums approaching the fan inlets for the possibility of inducing swirl of air into the
inlet. Pre-swirl of air entering the fan inlet can reduce the fan performance (see Figures 4.10A and 4.10B).
(See AMCA Publication 201.)
IMPELLER
ROTATION
IMPELLER
ROTATION
P) After completing the above steps and making sure the fan and system are safe to start, remove all DO NOT
START signs on disconnect switches and override systems and put the unit back into operation.
Q) Inspect the entire system including the fan, fan plenum and all ductwork for significant air leaks.
Air leaks may be detected by sound, smoke, feel, soapy solution, etc. Some common air leak sources are:
access doors, coils, duct seams, fan outlet connection, etc. Significant air leaks must be sealed.
Complete plans (drawings) including all ductwork, location, size, model and manufacturer of all fans,
motors, coils, dampers, etc. with all pertinent dimensions for the complete system as actually installed.
B)
If the fan/air handling system fails to achieve the design performance, the measured performance and the
design performance figures should be supplied.
C)
D)
128 | Troubleshooting
E)
If a separate air performance test has been conducted on the installed fan, a statement of measured fan
performance along with a copy of the test data, the type of test and instrumentation, and the measurement
location of the airflow rate and pressure determinations should be supplied. A statement of fan performance
should contain:
1) Fan total pressure (Pt) rise or fan static pressure (Ps)
2) Airflow rate (Q)
3) Power (H)
4) Fan speed (N)
5) Air density ()
Assess the probable accuracy of the field performance measurements (see AMCA Publication 203 Field
Performance Measurements of Fan Systems).
B)
Examine the system drawings (plans) for any System Effect losses (see AMCA Publication 201) which were
not allowed for in the system design calculations or the original fan selection.
C)
Reassess the fan performance, accounting for System Effect losses established in step B to the designed
fan/system performance (see Figure 5.1).
D)
SYSTEM EFFECT
DESIGN PRESSURE
FAN CATALOG
PRESSURE-VOLUME CURVE
FAN OPERATING POINT
W/SYSTEM EFFECT
THEORETICAL PRESSURE-VOLUME
CURVE ACCOUNTING FOR SYSTEM EFFECT
LOSSES (FIELD PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS
TO BE COMPARED AGAINST THIS CURVE).
DESIGN VOLUME
Figure 5.1
Troubleshooting | 129
The information obtained through the checklists in this manual should help in defining the necessary corrective
action.
In most cases, if the troubleshooting procedure has been followed carefully and impartially it will be apparent
whether the system has been built and installed in accordance with the design drawings, whether the fan was
properly selected and suitable allowances made for the appropriate System Effect Factors, or whether the fan is
not performing up to its published ratings.
6. Conclusion
By intelligent application of the procedures outlined in this manual it should be possible to find the cause of a
performance problem in any air moving system.
Identification of a problem associated directly with the fan may require the assistance of the fan manufacturer.
Recognition of the cause of the trouble will usually be a major step toward curing it. Corrective measures may
include alterations to the system, modifications to the fan outlet or inlet connections, adjustments to the fan, etc.
In many cases an increase in the fan speed may be decided upon but it is extremely important that the fan shall
not be operated above its cataloged maximum speed or the maximum speed recommended by the
manufacturer. Excessive speed may result in catastrophic impeller failure. If a speed increase proves to be
an acceptable alternative, then the motor should also be checked for its capacity to handle the increased fan power.
130 | Troubleshooting
PROBABLE CAUSE
A-1
A-2
A-3
A-4
A-5
BEARING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
A-6
Defective bearing.
Needs lubrication.
Loose on bearing support.
Loose on shaft.
Seals misaligned.
Foreign material inside bearing.
Worn bearing.
Fretting corrosion between inner race
and shaft.
Bearing not sitting on flat surface.
Needs lubrication.
Misaligned.
Bent shaft.
Bearing loose on support.
Troubleshooting | 131
A-7
A-8
A-9
MOTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
A-10
SHAFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Bent
b. Undersized. May cause noise at
impeller, bearings or sheave.
A-11
A-12
A-13
132 | Troubleshooting
A-15
Troubleshooting | 133
PROBABLE CAUSE
FAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
B-2
DUCT SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
B-3
FILTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a.
b.
Dirty or clogged.
Replacement filter with greater than
specified pressure drop.
B-4
COILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a.
b.
Dirty or clogged.
Incorrect fin spacing.
B-5
RECIRCULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a.
b.
B-6
134 | Troubleshooting
B-8
Troubleshooting | 135
PROBABLE CAUSE
C-1
SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Oversized ductwork.
Access door open.
Registers or grilles not installed.
Dampers set to by-pass coils.
Filter(s) not in place.
System resistance low.
C-2
FAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a.
b.
136 | Troubleshooting
PROBABLE CAUSE
D-2
D-3
D-4
SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a.
Troubleshooting | 137
D-5
FAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
DUCT SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a.
b.
c.
d.
D-7
FILTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a.
b.
Dirty or clogged.
Replacement filter with greater than
specified pressure drop.
D-8
COILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a.
b.
Dirty or clogged.
Fin spacing too close.
138 | Troubleshooting
PROBABLE CAUSE
FAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a.
b.
c.
d.
E-2
SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a.
b.
c.
d.
E-4
Troubleshooting | 139
PROBABLE CAUSE
140 | Troubleshooting
Blown fuses.
Broken belts.
Loose pulleys.
Electricity turned off.
Impeller touching housing.
Wrong voltage.
Motor too small and overload protector
has broken circuit.
Low voltage, excessive line drop or
inadequate wire size.
Load inertia too large for motor.
Seized bearing.
PROBABLE CAUSE
G-1
G-2
COUPLINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a.
b.
G-3
SHAFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a.
b.
Bent.
Undersized.
G-4
BEARINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
G-5
DRIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Troubleshooting | 141
Annex H. Vibration
AERODYNAMIC VIBRATION (PULSATION)
SOURCE
H-1
PROBABLE CAUSE
AIRSTREAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
MECHANICAL VIBRATION
H-2
UNBALANCED IMPELLERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
H-3
DRIVE OR COUPLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
H-4
LOOSE FASTENERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
142 | Troubleshooting
H-5
H-6
SHAFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a.
b.
Bent.
Undersized.
H-7
BEARINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a.
b.
c.
Misalignment.
Worn out; loose.
Too much, too little, or incorrect
lubricant.
H-8
BACKGROUND EXCITATION
(FLANKING TRANSMISSION) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a.
b.
c.
d.
Interconnected piping.
Heavy machinery transmitting vibration
through foundation.
Fan(s) mounted on floating roofs.
Wind-loading of fan mounted on
isolators.
ELECTRIC MOTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Troubleshooting | 143
Field Performance
Measurements of Fan Systems
203
1. Introduction
2. Scope
6. Fan Performance
Fan performance is a statement of fan flow rate, fan
total or static pressures, and fan power input at stated
fan speed and fan air density. Fan total or static
efficiencies may be included. The fan air density is
the density at the fan inlet. The fan flow rate is the
volume flow rate at the fan inlet density.
7. Referenced Planes
Certain locations within a fan-system installation are
significant to field tests. These locations are
designated as follows:
Plane 1: Plane of fan inlet
Plane 2: Plane of fan outlet
Plane 3: Plane of Pitot-static tube traverse for
purposes of determining flow rate
Plane 4: Plane of static pressure measurement
upstream of fan
Plane 5: Plane of static pressure measurement
downstream of fan
The use of the numerical designations as subscripts
indicate that the values pertain to those locations.
UNIT
9.1 General
Area of cross-section
Diameter
Equivalent diameter
Full load amps
Fan power input
Power transmission loss
Motor power output
Electrical power
Length
Speed of rotation
No load amps
Nameplated horsepower
Nameplated volts
Fan static pressure
Static pressure at Plane x
Fan total pressure
Total pressure at Plane x
Fan velocity pressure
Velocity pressure at Plane x
Barometric pressure
Saturated vapor pressure at tw
Partial vapor pressure
Absolute pressure at Plane x
Fan flow rate
Interpolated flow rate
Flow rate at Plane x
System effect factor
Torque
Dry-bulb temperature
Wet-bulb temperature
Velocity
Pressure loss between
Planes x and x
Pressure loss across damper
Fan gas density
Gas density at Plane x
Summation sign
ft2
ft
ft
amps
hp
hp
hp
kilowatts
ft
rpm
amps
hp
volts
in. wg
in. wg
in. wg
in. wg
in. wg
in. wg
in. Hg
in. Hg
in. Hg
in. Hg
cfm
cfm
cfm
in. wg
lb-in.
F
F
fpm
Airflow direction
---
SUBSCRIPT
c
r
x
1
2
3
4
5
DESCRIPTION
in. wg
in. wg
lbm/ft3
lbm/ft3
---
DESCRIPTION
Pv MAX
Pv MAX
10
A: IDEAL Pv DISTRIBUTION
Pv MAX
Pv MAX
10
B: GOOD Pv DISTRIBUTION
(ALSO SATISFACTORY FOR FLOW INTO FAN INLETS.
MAY BE UNSATISFACTORY FOR FLOW INTO INLET
BOXES - MAY PRODUCE SWIRL IN BOXES)
Pv MAX
Pv MAX
10
Pv MAX
Pv MAX
10
60%
80%
Pv MAX
10
D: DO NOT USE
UNSATISFACTORY Pv DISTRIBUTION LESS THAN 75% OF Pv READINGS GREATER
THAN:
Pv MAX
10
(UNSATISFACTORY FOR FLOW INTO FAN INLETS OR
INLET BOXES)
Pv MAX
Pv MAX
10
Pv MAX
40%
35%
20%
35%
E: DO NOT USE
UNSATISFACTORY Pv DISTRIBUTION
LESS THAN 75% OF Pv READINGS GREATER
THAN:
P MAX
v
10
(UNSATISFACTORY FOR FLOW INTO FAN INLETS OR
INLET BOXES)
F: DO NOT USE
UNSATISFACTORY Pv DISTRIBUTION
LESS THAN 75% OF Pv READINGS GREATER
THAN:
P MAX
v
10
(UNSATISFACTORY FOR FLOW INTO FAN INLETS OR
INLET BOXES)
MEASUREMENT PLANE
De
MIN.
2
12 in. MIN.
WHERE: De =
4YZ
Note: The measurement plane should be located a minimum of De from the inlet cone, but not less than 12 in.
from the leaving edge of the damper blades.
Figure 9.2
STACK
VELOCITY
PROFILE
Note: Spiral vortex may form when fan discharges directly into a stack or similar arrangement.
Figure 9.3
150 | Field Performance Measurement
9.6 Accuracy
The performance item of major concern in most fansystem installations is the flow rate. Every effort
should be made to improve the accuracy of the flow
rate determination. The uncertainty analysis
presented in Annex T indicates that the uncertainties
in flow rate determinations will range from 2% to
10%. This range is based on considerations of the
conditions that are encountered in most field test
situations. This includes instances in which the
conditions at the Pitot traverse plane do not conform
to all of the qualifications indicated in Section 9.3.
The graph in Annex G provides guidance for
improving the accuracy of the flow rate
152 | Field Performance Measurement
Psx =
1) The velocity distribution should be uniform
throughout the traverse plane.
sxr
number of readings
Where:
2) The flow streams should be at right angles to the
plane.
3) The cross-sectional shape of the airway in which
the plane is located should not be irregular.
4) The cross-sectional shape and area of the airway
should be uniform throughout the length of the
airway in the vicinity of the plane.
5) The plane should be located such as to minimize
the effects of leaks in the portion of the system
that is located between the plane and the fan.
A long, straight run of duct upstream of the
measurement plane will usually provide acceptable
conditions at the plane. Regions immediately
downstream from elbows, obstructions, and abrupt
changes in airway area are generally unsuitable
locations. Regions where unacceptable levels of
turbulence are present should be avoided.
If in any fan-system installation the prospective
locations for static pressure measurement planes
lack one or more desirable qualities, the alternatives
are to accept the best qualified locations and
evaluate the effects of the undesirable aspects of the
conditions on the accuracy of the test results or
provide suitable locations by modifying the system.
10.3.2 When using a Pitot-static tube or a double
reverse tube to measure static pressure, a number of
measurements must be made throughout the plane.
Use Annex H to determine the number and
distribution of the measurement points. When using
pressure taps, a single measurement at each of the
taps located at the plane is sufficient.
Where:
10.5 Accuracy
T N
63025
Hmo =
11.5 Accuracy
The uncertainty analyses presented in Annex T
indicate that the uncertainties in fan power input
determinations are expected to range from 4% to 8%.
This range is based on considerations of the
conditions encountered in most field test situations,
estimated accuracies of the various test methods
presented in this publication and allowances for
uncertainties in the determinations of power
transmission losses.
13. Densities
13.1 Locations of density determinations
Determine the densities of the gas stream for Plane
1, the fan inlet; and for Plane 3, the velocity pressure
measurement plane. In addition, the density at Plane
2, the fan outlet, must be determined whenever the
fan total pressure, the fan velocity pressure, or an
SEF at the outlet side of the fan is required.
13.6 p1 t d3 + 460
Where:
13.5 Temperatures
Measure temperatures with mercury-in-glass, dial, or
thermocouple type thermometers. For temperatures
through 220F, the thermometer should be accurate
within 2F of the measured value and readable to 1F
or finer. For temperatures above 220F, the
13.7 Accuracy
As indicated in Annex T, uncertainties in density
determinations are expected to be less than 3%.
However, care must be exercised in obtaining
representative test measurements in order to prevent
the uncertainties from exceeding this value.
Work
required
to
measurements (drilling
installation of static
thermometer wells, etc.)
prior to the test date.
accommodate
test
of traverse holes,
pressure taps and
should be completed
16. Precautions
The following precautions should be observed when
conducting a field test:
1) Connect the Pitot-static tube to the manometers
according to anticipated pressures, i.e., whether
the pressures are positive or negative, and the
magnitudes of pressures.
SEF 1
DIFFUSER
A2
VARIABLE
INLET VANES
SIDE VIEW
A3
OUTLET SIDE VIEW
LOCATIONS OF
PLANES 2 AND 3
ORIENTATION
OF PITOT TUBE
COMMENTS
1. The variable inlet vanes are considered part of the
fan. Performance ratings for fans with inlet vanes
cover operation with the inlet vanes in their full open
position. In order to be able to compare the test
results to the fan performance ratings, it is essential
that the inlet vanes be fixed in their full open positions
for the duration of the test.
2. Determine Pv3 by using the root mean square of
the velocity pressure measurements made in a
traverse of Plane 3, located near the end of the fan
diffuser (evas). Determine Ps3 by averaging the
static pressure measurements made in the same
traverse. Procedures for the traverse are described in
Section 9.4. These velocity pressure and static
pressure measurements are susceptible to error due
to the turbulence existing in the region of the fan
outlet. In addition, it is undesirable to have Plane 3
located in a diverging airway. However, no other
more suitable location for Plane 3 exists in this
example. It is recommended that the Pitot-static tube
be oriented so that its nose is aligned with the
anticipated flow streams, particularly near the walls of
the diffuser, as shown in the diagram. Determine the
area of the traverse plane, A3, which is located at the
tip of the Pitot-static tube, as shown in the diagram,
not at the location of the Pitot-static tube access
holes in the diffuser.
3. Measure td1 and tw1 in the path of the air flowing into
the fan inlets. Determine pb for the general vicinity of
the fan. Measure td3 in Plane 3. All of these
measurements are used in the determination of
densities at the various planes of interest.
4. Measure the fan speed and the motor amps, volts,
and, if possible, watts. Record all pertinent motor
nameplate data, including volts (NPV) and full load
amps (FLA). If the motor power output is to be
estimated by using the phase current method
described in Annex K, it is not necessary to measure
motor watts; however, it may be necessary to
disconnect the drive and measure the no load amps
(NLA) if the motor is not operating at or near its full
load point (refer to Annex K).
5. SEF 1 is due to the effect of insufficient length of
duct at the fan outlet. In order to calculate the value
of SEF 1, it is necessary to measure the length of the
outlet duct, L; the outlet area of the fan, A2; and the
blast area of the fan.
6. The sum of the static pressure, Ps1, and velocity
pressure, Pv1, at the inlets of a fan with unrestricted
inlets is considered to be equal to the sum of the
static pressure, Psx, and the velocity pressure, Pvx, at
a point sufficiently distant from the fan inlets as to be
in still air. At this point, the static pressure is zero, and
GENERAL
DENSITIES
td1 =
tw1 =
p1 =
=
CALCULATIONS
Since:
Ps1 + Pv1 = 0
Ps = Ps2 + SEF 1
OBSERVATIONS
P + 13.6 pb t d1 + 460
3 = 1 s3
13.6 p1 t d3 + 460
14.4 + 13.6 28.91 545
= 0.0701
13.6 28.91 556
= 0.0712 lbm/ft 3
SITE MEASUREMENTS
pb = 28.91 in. Hg
td1 = 85F
tw1 = 63F
td3 = 96F
Ps3 = 14.4 in. wg
Pv3 = 1.52 in. wg
N = 1780 rpm
A2 = 11.94 ft2
A3 = 11.3 ft2
Blast Area = 7.76 ft2
L = 3 ft.
FLOW RATES
V3 = 1096 (Pv3/3)0.5
= 1096 (1.52/0.0712)0.5
= 5064 fpm
Q3 = V3A3
= 5064 11.3
= 57223 cfm
Q =
=
=
=
Q1
Q3 (3/1)
57223 (0.0712/0.0701)
58121 cfm
= Hmo
= 178 hp
( 4 11.94 ) /
= 3.9 ft.
Figure 8.3 shows that for velocities over 2500 fpm,
100% effective duct length is one duct diameter per
1000 fpm,
= De2 (V2/1000)
= 3.9 (4793/1000)
= 18.7 ft
L in % effective duct length
= (L/18.7) 100
= (3/18.7) 100
= 16%
Blast area ratio = Blast Area/A2
= 7.76/11.94
= 0.65
For blast area ratio of 0.65, and 16% effective duct
length, Figure 8.3 shows System Effect Curve U
applies. For 4793 fpm velocity and curve U, Figure
7.1 shows SEF 1 = 0.6 in. wg at 0.075 lbm/ft3. At
0.0712 lbm/ft3.
SEF 1 = 0.6 (0.0712/0.075)
= 0.57 in. wg
Q
58121 cfm
Ps
14.97 in. wg
H
178 hp
TEMPORARY
DUCT
DIFFUSER
STATIC
PRESSURE TAPS
3a
0.5 De
3b
SILENCERS
1
A2
SEF 1
2
COMMENTS
CALCULATIONS
Where:
DENSITIES
Pv1 = (Q/1096A1)2 1
td3 = 85F
tw3 = 58F
OBSERVATIONS
SITE MEASUREMENTS
= 29.31 in. Hg
= 93F
= 85F
= 58F
= -1.20 in. wg
= -1.30 in. wg
= 10.1 in. wg
= -0.65 in. wg
= -0.70 in. wg
= 0.61 in. wg
= 0.62 in. wg
= 1180 rpm
= A1b
= 12.5 ft2
A2 = 18 ft2
A3a = A3b
= 12.5 ft2
Blast Area = 13.5 ft2
pb
td2
td3
tw3
Ps1a
Ps1b
Ps2
Ps3a
Ps3b
Pv3a
Pv3b
N
A1a
Ps3 =
=
=
p3 =
=
=
(Ps3a + Ps3b)/2
(-0.65 - 0.70)/2
-0.675 in. wg
pb + (Ps3/13.6)
29.31 + (-0.675/13.6)
29.26 in. Hg
13.6 p3 t d1 + 460
1.25 + 13.6 29.31 545
= 0.0712
545
13.6 29.26
= 0.0711 lbm/ft 3
The density at Plane 2:
P + 13.6 pb t d3 + 460
2 = 3 s2
13.6 p3 t d2 + 460
10.1 + 13.6 29.31 545
= 0.0712
Q3 = Q3a + Q3b
= 40100 + 40425
= 80525 cfm
Q =
=
=
=
Q1
Q3 (3/1)
80525 (0.0712/0.0711)
80638 cfm
= (79520/18)
= 4418 fpm
Hmo
Hmo = 224 hp
Qc = Q
= 80638 cfm
H = Hmo
= 224 hp
Hc = 224 (0.075/0.0711)
= 236 hp
PLANE 3
LOCATION
3
TEMPORARY
SHORT DUCT
STATIC PRESSURE TAPS
SILENCER
TRANSITION
0.5 De
5
INLET
BOX
DIFFUSER
SECTION
INNER
CYLINDER
SIDE VIEW
GUIDE VANES
COMMENTS
1. This is a variable pitch axial flow fan. The fan
assembly, as supplied and rated by the manufacturer,
includes the inlet box and diffuser section, but does
not include the silencer. It is essential that the blade
pitch angle be fixed for the duration of the test. This
blade angle should be agreed upon by all interested
parties.
2. A temporary short duct is installed upstream of the
silencer to establish Plane 3 in which more uniform
pressures can be obtained. The duct should be a
minimum of one equivalent diameter in length, and
have a flared inlet to reduce entrance losses and
provide a more uniform velocity profile at the
pressure measurement plane. Determine Pv3 by
using the root mean square of the velocity pressure
measurements made in a traverse of Plane 3. Ps3 is
determined by averaging the static pressure
measurements made in the same traverse.
Procedures for traverses are described in Section
9.4. Ps3 is used in determining the density at the
traverse plane.
3. Measure Ps1 at a location close to the entrance to
the inlet box and in a plane which is substantially
equal in area to the plane of the entrance to the inlet
box (Plane 1). Determine Ps5 by averaging the
pressure measurements at each of four static
pressure taps located near the end of the fan diffuser.
172 | Field Performance Measurement
CALCULATIONS
DENSITIES
Where:
td3 = 68F
tw3 = 62F
= 29.8 in. Hg
= 68F
= 62F
= 88F
= -1.80 in. wg
= -1.40 in. wg
= 20.8 in. wg
= 1.30 in. wg
= 880 rpm
= 170.3 ft2
= 176 ft2
= 170.3 ft2
= A2
= 15 ft
p3 = pb + (Ps3/13.6)
= 29.8 + (-1.40/13.6)
= 29.70 in. Hg
Use Figure 20 in Annex N to obtain 3 = 0.0744
lbm/ft3
It is assumed that td1 = td3. The density at Plane 1:
P + 13.6 pb t d3 + 460
1 = 3 s1
13.6 p3 t d1 + 460
1.8 + 13.6 29.8 528
= 0.0744
2 = 5
P + 13.6 pb t d3 + 460
= 3 s5
13.6 p3 t d5 + 460
20.8 + 13.6 29.8 528
= 0.0744
Q1
Q3 (3/1)
780144 (0.0744/0.0743)
781194 cfm
Ps2 = Ps5
= 20.8 in. wg
H = Hmo
= 3507 hp
( 4 176 ) /
= 15 ft.
Figure 8.1 shows that for velocities over 2500 fpm,
100% effective duct length is one duct diameter for
every 1000 fpm:
= De2 (V2/1000)
= 15 (4362/1000)
= 65.43 ft.
L in % effective duct length
= (L/65.43) 100
= (15/65.43) 100
= 23%
For 23% effective duct length and a vaneaxial fan
with a 2 piece elbow, Figure 8.4 shows System Effect
Curve V applies. For 4362 fpm velocity and curve V,
Figure 7.1 shows SEF 1 = 0.32 in. wg at 0.075
lbm/ft3. At 0.0756 lbm/ft3.
Ps + Pv
Pv2
1.20 in. wg
21.62 + 1.20
22.82 in. wg
Q
781194 cfm
Ps
21.62 in. wg
Pt
22.82 in. wg
H
3507 hp
SEF 1
PLENUM
1
PLAN VIEW
SIDE VIEW
COMMENTS
1. Each of the fans, as supplied and rated by the
manufacturer, includes an outlet damper.
Performance ratings for fans with outlet dampers
cover operation with the outlet damper in the full
open position. In order to be able to compare the test
results to the fan performance ratings it is essential
that the outlet dampers be fixed in the full open
positions for the duration of the test.
2. In this example, there are no suitable locations for
traverse planes for use in determining directly the
flow rate for each fan. The alternative is to determine
the total flow rate and since the fans and their
operating speeds are alike, assume that each fan
delivers a flow rate proportional to its actual speed.
Determine Pv3 by using the root mean square of the
velocity pressure measurements made in a traverse
of Plane 3, located near the end of a straight run of
duct, such as shown in the diagram. Determine Ps3 by
averaging the static pressure measurements made in
the same traverse. Procedures for traverses are
described in Section 9.4. Ps3 is used in determining
the density at the traverse plane. Measure the area of
traverse plane, A3, which is located at the tip of the
Pitot-static tube.
3. Determine Ps2 for each fan by averaging the
pressure measurements at each of four static
pressure taps located in the short length of duct
29.05 in. Hg
78F
5.6 in. wg
0.47 in. wg
7.4 ft2
LH Fan
td1 = 75F
tw1 = 57F
td2 = 79F
Ps2 = 6.4 in. wg
N = 1910 rpm, LH fan speed
A2 = 3.2 ft2
Blast Area = 2.25 ft2
RH Fan
td1 = 75F
tw1 = 57F
td2 = 79F
176 | Field Performance Measurement
RH Fan
Volts =
=
Amps =
=
NLA =
P + 13.6 pb t d1 + 460
2 = 1 s2
13.6 p1 t d2 + 460
6.4 + 13.6 29.05 535
= 0.0718
13.6 p1 t d3 + 460
5.6 + 13.6 29.05 535
= 0.0718
= (18.15 + 15.16)/2
= 16.66 hp
RH Fan
Eqn A = 25 (15.7/23) (574/575)
= 17.04 hp
FLOW RATES
V3 = 1096 (Pv3/3)0.5
= 1096 (0.47/0.0724)0.5
= 2792 fpm
= (17.04 + 13.57)/2
= 15.31 hp
Q3 = V3A3
= 2792 7.4
= 20661 cfm
Q = Q1
= Q3 (3/1)
= 20661 (0.0724/0.0718)
= 20834 cfm
Assume that the air flow rate for each fan is
proportional to its speed.
LH Motor
HL = 0.05 Hmo
= 0.05 16.66
= 0.83 hp
H = Hmo - HL
= 16.66 - 0.83
= 15.83 hp
LH Fan
Q = Q1
= 20834 [1910/(1910 + 1890)]
= 10472 cfm
RH Fan
Q = Q1
= 20834 [1890/(1910 + 1890)]
= 10362 cfm
FAN POWER INPUT
LH Fan
Measured amps/FLA = (16.7/23)
= 0.73
= 73%
RH Fan
Measured amps/FLA = (15.7/23)
= 0.68
= 68%
RH Motor
HL = 0.05 Hmo
= 0.05 15.31
= 0.77 hp
H = Hmo - HL
= 15.31 - 0.77
= 14.54 hp
SYSTEM EFFECT FACTOR
AMCA Publication 201-90, Figures 7.1 and 8.3
indicate the following calculations:
LH Fan
Q2 = Q1 (1/2)
= 10472 (0.0718/0.0724)
= 10385 cfm
V2 = (Q2/A2)
= (10385/3.2)
= 3245 fpm
Field Performance Measurement | 177
3
STATIC PRESSURE TAPS
1
PLAN VIEW
3-PIECE
ELBOW
R/D = 1
SEF 1
SEF 2
SIDE VIEW
COMMENTS
1. Determine Pv3 by using the root mean square of
the velocity pressure measurements made in a
traverse of Plane 3, located near the end of a straight
run of duct, such as shown in the diagram. Determine
Ps3 by averaging the static pressure measurements
made in the same traverse. Procedures for traverses
are described in Section 9.4. Ps3 is used in
determining the density at the traverse plane.
Measure the area of the traverse plane, A3, which is
located at the tip of the Pitot-static tube.
2. Determine Ps1 by averaging the pressure
measurements at each of four static pressure taps in
the collar connection at the fan inlet. Determine Ps2
by averaging the pressure measurements at each of
four static pressure taps located near the fan outlet.
3. Measure td3 and tw3 in the traverse plane. Assume
td1 is equal to td3. Determine pb for the general vicinity
of the fan. Measure td2 in Plane 2. All of these
measurements are used in determining densities at
the various planes of interest.
4. Measure the fan speed and the motor amps, volts,
and if possible, watts. Record all pertinent motor
nameplate data, including volts (NPV) and full load
amps (FLA). If the motor power output is to be
estimated by using the phase current method
OBSERVATIONS
SITE MEASUREMENTS
pb = 29.20 in. Hg
td2 = 72F
td3 = 72F
tw3 = 66F
Ps1 = -2.18 in. wg
Ps2 = 0.35 in. wg
Ps3 = -1.95 in. wg
Pv3 = 0.45 in. wg
N = 1730 rpm
A1 = 1.07 ft2
A2 = 1.17 ft2
A3 = 1.07 ft2
Blast Area = 0.7 ft2
L = 0.83 ft
MEASURED MOTOR DATA
Volts =
=
Amps =
=
NLA =
13.6 p3 t d1 + 460
2.18 + 13.6 29.20 532
= 0.0719
532
13.6 29.06
= 0.0718 lbm/ft 3
The density at Plane 2:
P + 13.6 pb t d3 + 460
2 = 3 s2
13.6 p3 t d2 + 460
0.35 + 13.6 29.20 532
= 0.0719
532
13.6 29.06
= 0.0723 lbm/ft 3
FLOW RATES
V3 = 1096 (Pv3/3)0.5
= 1096 (0.45/0.0719)0.5
= 2742 fpm
Q3 = V3A3
= 2742 1.07
= 2934 cfm
GENERAL
Q =
=
=
=
CALCULATIONS
DENSITIES
For Plane 3 conditions of:
td3 = 72F
tw3 = 66F
p3 = pb + (Ps3/13.6)
= 29.20 + (-1.95/13.6)
= 29.06 in. Hg
Use Figure N.1 in Annex N to obtain 3 = 0.0719
lbm/ft3
Q1
Q3 (3/1)
2934 (0.0719/0.0718)
2938 cfm
= (3.65 + 2.30)/2
= 2.98 hp
Qc = 2938 (1880/1730)
= 3193 cfm
Psc = 3.28 (1880/1730)2 (0.075/0.0718)
= 4.05 in. wg
Hc = 2.79 (1880/1730)3 (0.075/0.0718)
= 3.74 hp
SEF 2 2
1
SEF 1
4-PIECE ELBOW
R/D = 1
L2
L1
3
SIDE VIEW
COMMENTS
1. Determine Pv3 by using the root mean square of
the velocity pressure measurements made in a
traverse of Plane 3, located near the end of a straight
run of duct, such as shown in the diagram. Determine
Ps3 by averaging the static pressure measurements
made in the same traverse. Procedures for traverses
are described in Section 9.4. Ps3 is used in
determining the density at the traverse plane.
Measure the area of the traverse plane, A3, which is
located at the tip of the Pitot-static tube.
2. Determine Ps1 by using a Pitot-static tube or static
pressure taps in the duct connection at the fan inlet.
If a Pitot-static tube is used, it should not project into
the upstream elbow but be located well within the
length of the duct connection as shown in the
diagram. The friction loss in the short length of outlet
duct is assumed to be negligible, and Ps2 is
considered to be equal to the static pressure at the
duct outlet. The static pressure at the outlet of the
duct is zero gauge pressure, referred to the
atmospheric pressure in the region of the duct outlet.
In situations such as this example, the air may be
discharging from the duct into a region in which the
atmospheric pressure is somewhat different from that
to which all other pressure measurements are
referred. When this possibility exists, it is essential
that the static pressure in the region of the
discharging air be measured, referred to the same
182 | Field Performance Measurement
CALCULATION
DENSITIES
Where:
td2 = 91.3F
tw2 = 70.4F
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
29.82 in. Hg
86.6F
91.3F
70.4F
86F
-11.4 in. wg
0.1 in. wg
-8.9 in. wg
1.24 in. wg
2120 rpm, fan speed
1.40 ft2
1.40 ft2
1.57 ft2
p2 = pb + (Ps2/13.6)
= 29.82 + (0.1/13.6)
= 29.83 in. Hg
Use Figure N.1 in Annex N to obtain 2 = 0.0714
lbm/ft3
The density at Plane 1:
P + 13.6 pb t d2 + 460
1 = 2 s1
13.6 p2 t d1 + 460
4 + 13.6 29.82 551.3
11.4
= 0.0714
546.6
13.6 29.83
= 0.0700 lbm/ft 3
The density at Plane 3:
P + 13.6 pb t d2 + 460
3 = 2 s3
13.6 p3 t d3 + 460
8.9 + 13.6 29.82 551.3
= 0.0714
546
13.6 29.83
= 0.0705 lbm/ft 3
FLOW RATES
V3 = 1096 (Pv3/3)0.5
= 1096 (1.24/0.0705)0.5
= 4596 fpm
Q3 = V3A3
= 4596 1.57
= 7216 cfm
Q =
=
=
=
Q1
Q3 (3/1)
7216 (0.0705/0.0700)
7268 cfm
= (21.67 + 17.85)/2
= 19.76 hp
De2 = (4A2/)0.5
= (4 1.40/)0.5
= 1.34 ft
HL = 0.048 Hmo
= 0.048 19.76
= 0.95 hp
H = Hmo - HL
= 19.76 - 0.95
= 18.81 hp
SYSTEM EFFECT FACTORS
To determine the value of SEF 1, calculate the
velocity at the fan inlet:
V1 = (Q1/A1)
= (7268/1.40)
= 5191 fpm
= D2 (V2/1000)
= 1.34 (5089/1000)
= 6.82 ft
The length of the outlet duct in % effective duct
length:
= (L2/6.82) 100
= (3.0/6.82) 100
= 44%
D1 = (4A1/)0.5
= (4 1.40/)0.5
= 1.34 ft.
The length of the duct between the elbow and the fan
inlet in terms of D1:
= (L1/D1)
= (1.33/1.34)
= 1.0
AMCA Publication 201-90, Figure 9.5 indicates that
for a four piece elbow with a radius to diameter ratio
of 1, and with a length of duct between the elbow and
the fan inlet equal to 1 equivalent diameter, System
Effect Curve S applies. For 5191 fpm velocity and
curve S, Figure 7.1 shows SEF 1 = 1.3 in. wg at
0.075 lbm/ft3. At 0.0700 lbm/ft3:
SEF 1 = 1.3 (0.0700/0.075)
= 1.2 in. wg
184 | Field Performance Measurement
4
1
STRAIGHTENING VANES
3
SEF 2
A3
SEF 1
PLAN VIEW
INNER CYLINDER
LOCATION OF PLANE 3
SIDE VIEW
COMMENTS
1. This type of installation is normally classified as
one in which a satisfactory test cannot be conducted.
Due to the configurations of the airways, there are no
locations at which reasonably accurate pressure
measurements can be made. In addition, the
judgments required in determining the values of the
SEFs are susceptible to error. The purpose of
presenting this example is to illustrate the not
uncommon instance in which a test must be conducted
in order to provide performance information, even
though the results will be innaccurate to a degree
which is not normally acceptable.
2. Determine Pv3 by using the root mean square of
the velocity pressure measurements made in a
traverse of Plane 3, located as shown in the diagram.
Determine Ps3 by averaging the static pressure
measurements made in the same traverse.
Procedures for traverses are described in Section
9.4. These velocity pressure and static pressure
measurements are susceptible to error due to the
turbulence existing in the region of the fan outlet. In
addition, it is undesirable to have Plane 3 located in
a diverging airway. However, no other more suitable
location for Plane 3 exists in this example. It is
recommended that the Pitot-static tube be oriented
so that its nose is aligned with the anticipated flow
streams, particularly near the walls of the diffuser.
Determine the area of the traverse plane, A3, which is
186 | Field Performance Measurement
DENSITIES
Where:
td3 = 86.5F
tw3 = 75.5F
= 28.90 in. Hg
= 86.5F
= 75.5F
= 85F
= 1.5 in. wg
= 0.044 in. wg
= -1.57 in. wg
= 1.22 in. wg
= 1590 rpm
= A2 = 8.0 ft2
= 29.8 ft2
= 12.4 ft2
= 9.6 ft2
p3 = pb + (Ps3/13.6)
= 28.90 + (1.5/13.6)
= 29.01 in. Hg
Use Figure N.1 from Annex N to obtain 3 = 0.0694
lbm/ft3
The density at Plane 4:
P + 13.6 pb t d3 + 460
4 = 3 s4
13.6 p3 t d4 + 460
1.57 + 13.6 28.90 546.5
= 0.0694
545
13.6 29.01
= 0.0691 lbm/ft 3
It is assumed that td1 = td4 and at the low pressure
levels which exist at Planes 1 and 4, the difference
between these pressures will be small, and assuming
1 = 4, will result in an error which is considered
negligible. By similar reasoning, it is assumed that
5 = 2 = 3.
FLOW RATES
V3 = 1096 (Pv3/3)0.5
= 1096 (0.044/0.0694)0.5
= 873 fpm
Q3 = V3A3
= 873 29.8
= 26015 cfm
Q =
=
=
=
Q1
Q3 (3/1)
26015 (0.0694/0.0691)
26128 cfm
Field Performance Measurement | 187
= (19.52 + 17.40)/2
= 18.46 hp
SEF 1
3
1
L
INLET BOX
2
DIFFUSER
SIDE VIEW
COMMENTS
1. This fan, as supplied and rated by the
manufacturer, includes the inlet box damper and the
inlet box. Performance ratings for fans with inlet box
dampers cover operation with the dampers in the full
open positions. In order to be able to compare the
test results to the fan performance ratings, it is
essential that the damper be fixed in the full open
position for the duration of the test.
2. Determine Pv3 by using the root mean square of
the velocity pressure measurements made in a
traverse of Plane 3, located shortly upstream of the
inlet damper. Determine Ps3 by averaging the static
pressure measurements made in the same traverse.
Procedures for traverses are described in Section
9.4. Measure A3, the area of the traverse plane,
located at the tip of the Pitot-static tube and A1, the
area of the inlet to the damper.
3. Determine Ps2 by averaging the pressure
measurements at each of four static pressure taps
located near the end of the fan outlet. See Annex E
for details of static pressure taps.
4. Measure td3 and tw3 in the traverse plane.
Determine pb for the general vicinity of the fan.
Measure td2 in Plane 2. These measurements are
used in the determination of densities at the various
planes of interest.
pe = 0.5603 in. Hg
pp = pe - [p3 (td3 - tw3)/2700]
= 0.5603 - [24.28 (63 - 62)/2700]
= 0.5513 in. Hg
SITE MEASUREMENTS
pb = 29.44 in. Hg
td2 = 97F
td3 = 63F
tw3 = 62F
Ps2 = 1.1 in. wg
Ps3 = -70.2 in. wg
Pv3 = 0.64 in. wg
N = 1790 rpm
A1 = 6.5 ft2
A2 = 5.32 ft2
A3 = 6.5 ft2
Blast Area = 1.89 ft2
L = 2.50 ft
MEASURED MOTOR DATA
Volts = 4160, 4150, 4150
= 4153 av
Amps = 50, 51, 52
= 51 av
NLA = 14
MOTOR NAMEPLATE DATA
500 hp, 3 phase, 60 hertz
4160 volts, 1785 rpm, 61 FLA
GENERAL
Inlet box damper in full open position. Fan direct
connected to motor.
CALCULATIONS
DENSITIES
For Plane 3 conditions of:
td3 = 63F
tw3 = 62F
p3 = pb + (Ps3/13.6)
= 29.44 + (-70.2/13.6)
= 24.28 in. Hg
Use the modified Apjohn equation, described in
Section M.2.3 in Annex M, and the table in Figure N.2
in Annex N to calculate the density at Plane 3.
3 =
=
1.3257( p3 0.378 pp )
t d3 + 460
1.3257 ( 24.28 0.378 0.5513 )
63 + 460
= 0.0610 lbm/ft 3
Consider 1 to be equal to 3.
The density at Plane 2:
P + 13.6 pb t d3 + 460
2 = 3 s2
13.6 p3 t d2 + 460
1.1 + 13.6 29.44 523
= 0.0610
V3A3
3550 6.5
23075 cfm
Q1 = Q3
23075 cfm
= (417 + 393)/2
= 405 hp
Ps3
- 70.2 in. wg
Pv3
0.64 in. wg
Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1
1.1 - (-70.2) - 0.64 + 0.33
71.0 in. wg
= (L/9.89) 100
= (2.50/9.89) 100
= 25%
STATIC
OUTLET DAMPER
PRESSURE TAPS 5
2
INLET BOXES
INLET BOX
DAMPERS
1a
1b
3a
3b
SIDE VIEW
COMMENTS
1. This fan, as supplied and rated by the
manufacturer, includes the inlet box dampers and the
inlet boxes, but does not include the outlet damper.
Performance ratings for fans with inlet box dampers
cover operation with the dampers in the full open
positions. Also, performance ratings for items such as
the outlet damper are for operation in the full open
position. In order to be able to compare the test
results to the fan performance ratings, it is essential
that the outlet damper and the inlet dampers be fixed
in their full open positions.
2. Determine Pv3a and Pv3b by using the root mean
square of the velocity pressure measurements made
in Planes 3a and 3b. Determine Ps3a and Ps3b by
averaging each of the two sets of static pressure
measurements made in the same traverses.
Procedures for traverses are described in Section
9.4. Measure A3a and A3b, the areas of the traverse
planes and A1a and A1b, the areas of the inlets to the
inlet dampers.
3. Determine Ps5 by averaging the pressure
measurements of each of four static pressure taps
located downstream of the outlet damper.
)2
3
= 0.0458 lbm/ft
P + 13.6 pb 70 + 460
3b = 0.0725 s3b
3
= 0.0451 lbm/ft
It is assumed that 1a = 3a and 1b = 3b.
The density at Plane 5:
P + 13.6 pb 70 + 460
5 = 0.0725 s5
= 0.0468 lbm/fft 3
It is assumed that 2 = 5.
FLOW RATES
V3a = 1096 (Pv3a/3a)0.5
= 1096 (2.053/0.0458)0.5
= 7338 fpm
Q3a = V3aA3a
= 7338 60.7
= 445417 cfm
Field Performance Measurement | 193
1 = 3
= (3a + 3b)/2
= (0.0458 + 0.0451)/2
= 0.0455 lbm/ft3
Q =
=
=
=
Ps1 =
=
=
=
Q1
Q3 (3/1)
891501 (0.0455/0.0455)
891501 cfm
3
GUIDE VANES
4
SEF 1
2-PIECE ELBOW
(TYPICAL)
INNER
CYLINDER
L1
1
SEF 2
L2
2
COMMENTS
1. The unusual duct arrangement in this example
makes it very difficult to obtain accurate pressure
measurements, and this fact should be understood
before testing begins. Also, the use of a diverging
inlet fitting and a converging outlet fitting with this fan
can pose additional problems. Unless the degrees of
divergence and convergence are moderate, as they
are in this example, the fan performance will be
adversely affected.
2. Determine Pv3 by using the root mean square of
the velocity pressure measurements made in a
traverse of Plane 3, located well downstream in a
straight run of duct, such as shown in the diagram.
Determine Ps3 by averaging the static pressure
measurements made in the same traverse.
Procedures for traverses are described in Section
9.4. Ps3 is used in determining the density at the
traverse plane. Measure the area of the traverse
plane, A3.
3. Determine Ps5 by averaging the pressure
measurements at each of four static pressure taps
located near the end of the duct connection at the fan
outlet. Determine Ps4 by using static pressure taps in
the duct connection at the fan inlet. Measure A4 and
A5, the cross-sectional areas of the duct connections
at the static pressure taps.
GENERAL
Where:
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
29.76 in. Hg
82.8F
57.2F
80F
0.5 in. wg
0.783 in. wg
-1.1 in. wg
0.82 in. wg
A2
7.1 ft2
A5
4.91 ft2
6.2 ft2
3.0 ft
3.5 ft
CALCULATIONS
DENSITIES
For Plane 3 conditions of:
td3 = 82.8F
tw3 = 57.2F
p3 = pb + (Ps3/13.6)
= 29.76 + (0.5/13.6)
= 29.80 in. Hg
Use Figure N.1 in Annex N to obtain 3 = 0.0728
lbm/ft3.
It is assumed 2 = 5 = 3.
The density at Planes 1 and 4:
1 = 4
P + 13.6 pb t d3 + 460
= 3 s4
13.6 p3 t d4 + 460
1.1 + 13.6 29.76 542.8
= 0.0728
540
13.6 29.80
= 0.0729 lbm/ft 3
FLOW RATES
V3 = 1096 (Pv3/3)0.5
= 1096 (0.783/0.0728)0.5
= 3594 fpm
Q3 = V3A3
= 3594 4.91
= 17647 cfm
Q =
=
=
=
Q1
Q3 (3/1)
17647 (0.0728/0.0729)
17623 cfm
D2 = (4A2/)0.5
= (4 7.1/)0.5
= 3.01 ft
= 2.5 3.01
= 7.53 ft
The length of the outlet duct in % effective duct
length:
= (L2/7.53) 100
= (3.5/7.53) 100
= 46%
From Figure 8.4, for a vaneaxial fan with a 46%
effective duct length between its discharge and a two
piece elbow, System Effect Curve W applies. From
Figure 7.1 for 2485 fpm velocity and curve W, SEF 2
is less than 0.1 in. and is considered negligible.
2b
FAN B
1a
DAMPER
INLET BOX
INLET BOX
FAN A
SIDE VIEW
COMMENTS
1. The two single inlet fans in this example have been
rated by the manufacturer as a two stage assembly.
Although rated as an assembly, sufficient
measurements are made to provide performance
data for each fan. The damper downstream of the
second fan is not included as part of the rated
assembly. In virtually all cases in which an air flow
control damper, such as the one shown in the
diagram, is included in the system, the point of
operation of major interest and for which the fan has
been selected is at the maximum air flow rate. This
example is no exception. Therefore, it is essential
that the damper be fixed in its full open position for
the duration of the test.
2. Determine Pv3 by using the root mean square of
the velocity pressure measurements made in a
traverse of Plane 3. Determine Ps3 by averaging the
static pressure measurements made in the same
traverse. Procedures for traverses are described in
Section 9.4. Ps3 is used in determining the density at
the traverse plane, A3, which is located at the tip of
the Pitot-static tube.
3. Determine the static pressures at Planes 1a, 1b2a, and 2b. As shown in the diagram, these planes
are located shortly downstream of the inlets and
outlets of the fans, which are the planes of interest. In
each case, the conditions which exist at the plane of
Second Stage
Volts = 4080, 4040, 4020
= 4047 av
Amps = 44, 44.5, 45
= 44.5 av
kW
= 272
MOTOR NAMEPLATE DATA
Data identical for each stage:
350 hp, 3 phase, 60 hertz
4000 volts, 1790 rpm, 44.5 FLA
)2
(3/1a)
28.64 in. Hg
35F
33F
td2a
95F
147F
0.745 in. wg
-150 in. wg
Ps2a
-79.5 in. wg
0.5 in. wg
1790 rpm, first stage fan speed
1790 rpm, second stage fan speed
A2a = A1b = A2b
5.6 ft2
4.92 ft2
pp = pe
3 =
=
1.3257( p3 0.378 pp )
t d3 + 460
1.3257 (17.61 0.378 0.1749 )
35 + 460
= 0.0470 lbm/ft 3
Any conversion of velocity pressure to static pressure
which may occur between Planes 3 and 1a can be
ignored with no significant effect on the accuracy of
the test results. Therefore:
Ps1a = Ps3
= -150 in. wg
1a = 3
= 0.0470 lbm/ft3
1b = 2a
P + 13.6 pb t d3 + 460
= 3 s1b
13.6 p3
t d4 + 460
79.5 + 13.6 28.64 495
= 0.0470
555
13.6 17.61
= Hmoa
= 354 hp
Hb
= Hmob
= 346 hp
= 0.0543 lbm/fft 3
13.6 p3
t d2b + 460
0.5 + 13.6 28.64 495
= 0.0470
=
=
=
=
Q1a
Q3 (3/1a)
21471 (0.0470/0.0470)
21471 cfm
Q1b =
=
=
=
Q2a
Q3 (3/2a)
21471 (0.0470/0.0543)
18584 cfm
= 21471 (1780/1790)
= 21351 cfm
Psc
Q2b = Q3 (3/2b)
= 21471 (0.0470/0.0624)
= 16172 cfm
2
3c
3b
1
STATIC PRESSURE TAPS
PLAN VIEW
COMMENTS
1. This fan, as supplied and rated by the
manufacturer, does not include the backdraft damper.
2. Normally, velocity pressure measurements would
be made in a single plane, located in a duct common
to all branches. In this example, a measurement
plane which provides a satisfactory velocity profile
cannot be located within the short length of duct
between the point of connection of the branch ducts
and the fan inlet. The alternative, as indicated in the
diagram, is to make a velocity pressure
measurement traverse in the longest available duct
run of each branch. The velocity pressure for each
branch is determined by using the root mean square
of the velocity pressure measurements made in the
traverse. The static pressure at each traverse plane
is determined by averaging the static pressure
measurements made in the same traverse. These
static pressure values are used in determining the
densities at the traverse planes. Procedures for
traverses are described in Section 9.4. In order to
determine the air flow rates it is necessary to
measure the area of each traverse point.
3. Ps1, the static pressure at the fan inlet may be
determined by averaging the static pressure
measurements at each of four static pressure taps or
by averaging the static pressure measurements
made in a Pitot-static tube traverse of Plane 1. If a
202 | Field Performance Measurement
Pv3a
Pv3b
Pv3c
N
A1
A2
A3a
A3b
= 0.765 in. wg
= 0.88 in. wg
= 0.86 in. wg
= 800 rpm
= 16.8 ft2
= 13.8 ft2
= 5.4 ft2
= A3c
= 3.0 ft2
Blast Area = 11.0 ft2
MEASURED MOTOR
Volts =
=
Amps =
=
NLA =
GENERAL
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
29.8 in. Hg
72F
62F
77F
67F
65F
56F
70F
62F
-1.00 in. wg
-0.80 in. wg
-0.45 in. wg
-0.040 in. wg
CALCULATIONS
DENSITIES
Since the static pressure values at Planes 1, 3a, 3b,
and 3c are very small, no appreciable error will occur
by using the barometric pressure instead of the
absolute pressure at each plane in the determination
of the densities. The densities at these planes are
obtained by using Figure N.1 in Annex N.
1
3a
3b
3c
=
=
=
=
0.0739
0.0731
0.0750
0.0741
lbm/ft3
lbm/ft3
lbm/ft3
lbm/ft3
FLOW RATES
V3a = 1096 (Pv3a/3a)0.5
= 1096 (0.765/0.0731)0.5
= 3546 fpm
V3b = 1096 (Pv3b/3b)0.5
= 1096 (0.88/0.0750)0.5
= 3754 fpm
Field Performance Measurement | 203
= 41603 cfm
= (21.1 + 17.8)/2
= 19.45 hp
HL = 0.048 Hmo
= 0.048 19.45
= 0.93 hp
H = Hmo - HL
= 19.45 - 0.93
= 18.52 hp
Ps2 =
=
=
Ps =
=
=
0 + damper loss
0 + 0.75
0.75 in. wg
Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1
0.75 - (-1.0) - 0.38 + 0.27
1.64 in. wg
SEF 1
L1
1
STATIC
PRESSURE TAPS
GUIDE VANES
INNER CYLINDER
2
L2
SEF 2
5
PLAN VIEW
COMMENTS
1. Determine Pv3 by using the root mean square of
the velocity pressure measurements made in a
traverse of Plane 3, located near the end of a straight
run of duct, as shown in the diagram. Determine Ps3
by averaging the static pressure measurements
made in the same traverse. Procedures for traverses
are described in Section 9.4. Ps3 is used in
determining the density at the traverse plane.
Measure the area of the traverse plane, A3, which is
located at the tip of the Pitot-static tube.
2. Determine Ps5 by averaging the pressure
measurements at each of four static pressure taps
located near the end of the duct connection at the fan
outlet. Determine Ps1 by using a Pitot-static tube or
static pressure taps in the duct connection at the fan
inlet. If a Pitot-static tube is used, it should not project
into the upstream elbow but be located well within the
length of the duct connection.
3. Measure td3 and tw3 in the traverse plane; td1 is
assumed to be equal to td3. Determine pb for the
general vicinity of the fan. Measure td5. These
measurements are used in determining densities at
the planes of interest.
4. Measure the fan speed and the motors amps,
volts, and if possible, watts. Record all pertinent
206 | Field Performance Measurement
And:
CALCULATIONS
1 = 3
DENSITIES
Therefore:
p3 = pb + (Ps3/13.6)
= 29.20 + (-1.92/13.6)
= 29.06 in. Hg
Ps2 = Ps5
7. In order to compare the test results to the quoted
fan curve drawn for operation at 1730 rpm and 0.075
lbm/ft3 density, it is necessary to convert the results
to the specified conditions. The basis for the
calculations is described in Section 14.
OBSERVATIONS
SITE MEASUREMENTS
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
L1 =
L2 =
pb
td3
tw3
td5
Ps1
Ps3
Pv3
Ps5
N
A1
td3 = 72F
tw3 = 66F
29.20 in. Hg
72F
66F
73F
-2.02 in. wg
-1.92 in. wg
0.35 in. wg
0.10 in. wg
1710 rpm
A2 = A3 = A5
2.64 ft2
1.5 ft, length of inlet duct
2.25 ft, length of the outlet duct
13.6 p3 t d1 + 460
2.02 + 13.6 29.20 532
= 0.0719
532
13.6 29.06
3
= 0.0719 lbm/ft
Assume that td2 = td5 and Ps2 = Ps5.
2 = 5
P + 13.6 pb t d3 + 460
= 3 s5
13.6 p3 t d5 + 460
0.10 + 13.6 29.20 532
= 0.0719
533
13.6 29.06
= 0.0721 lbm/ft 3
FLOW RATES
Volts =
=
Amps =
=
NLA =
V3 = 1096 (Pv3/3)0.5
= 1096 (0.35/0.0719)0.5
= 2418 fpm
Q3 = V3A3
= 2418 2.64
= 6384 cfm
Q =
=
=
=
Q1
Q3 (3/1)
6384 (0.0719/0.0719)
6384 cfm
Q2 =
=
=
=
Q5
Q3 (3/5)
6384 (0.0719/0.0721)
6366 cfm
Field Performance Measurement | 207
V2 = (Q2/A2)
= (6366/2.64)
= 2411 fpm
Hmo
= (4.35 + 3.75)/2
= 4.05 hp
D2 = (4A2/)0.5
= (4 2.64/)0.5
= 1.83 ft
Figure 8.1 shows that for velocities of 2500 fpm or
less, the 100% effective duct length is 2.5 diameters:
= 2.5 1.83
= 4.58 ft
The length of the outlet duct in % effective duct
length:
= (L2/4.58) 100
= (2.25/4.58) 100
= 49%
From Figure 8.4, for a vaneaxial fan with a 49%
effective duct length between its discharge and a two
piece elbow, System Effect Curve W applies. From
Figure 7.1, for 2411 fpm velocity and curve W, SEF 2
is less than 0.1 in. wg, and is considered negligible.
SEF 2 = 0.00
Since:
A1 = A3
1 = 3
Pv1 = Pv3
Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1 + SEF 2
= 0.10 - (-2.02) - 0.35 + 0.23 + 0.00
= 2.00 in. wg
2
SEF 1
PLAN VIEW
SIDE VIEW
COMMENTS
1. Determine Pv3 by using the root mean square of
the velocity pressure measurements made in a
traverse of Plane 3, located in the duct connection at
the fan inlet, as shown in the diagram. Determine Ps3
by averaging the static pressure measurements
made in the same traverse. Procedures for traverses
are described in Section 9.4. Ps3 is used in
determining the density at the traverse plane.
Measure the area of the traverse plane, A3, which is
located at the tip of the Pitot-static tube. In locating
Plane 3 downstream of the scrubber, changes in the
composition of the air as a result of the action of the
scrubber are properly taken into account in the
determination of fan air flow rate. Due to the close
proximity of Planes 1 and 3, and the fact that there is
no change in area between the two planes, the
conditions which exist at Plane 3 are assumed to
exist at Plane 1.
Pv1 = Pv3
Ps1 = Ps3
Ps2 = 0
OBSERVATIONS
SITE MEASUREMENTS
= 29.80 in. Hg
= 65F
= 64F
= 70F
= -8.0 in. wg
= 0.337 in. wg
= 1672 rpm
= A3
= 7.06 ft2
A2 = 5.15 ft2
Blast Area = 3.67 ft2
pb
td3
tw3
td2
Ps3
Pv3
N
A1
P + 13.6 pb t d3 + 460
2 = 3 s2
13.6 p3 t d2 + 460
0 + 13.6 29.80 525
= 0.0732
Q1
Q3 (3/1)
16605 (0.0732/0.0732)
16605 cfm
Q2 = Q3 (3/2)
= 16605 (0.0732/0.0740)
= 16425 cfm
FAN POWER INPUT
Measured amps/FLA = (44.5/49)
= 0.91
= 91%
DENSITIES
p3 = pb + (Ps3/13.6)
= 29.80 + (-8.0/13.6)
= 29.21 in. Hg
Use Figure N.1 in Annex N to obtain 3 = 0.0732
lbm/ft3.
It is assumed that:
td1 = td3
Ps1 = Ps3
1 = 3
V2 = (Q2/A2)
= (16425/5.15)
= 3189 fpm
Blast area ratio = Blast area/A2
= 3.67/5.15
= 0.71
For a blast area ratio of 0.7 and no duct, Figure 8.3
shows System Effect Curve S applies. For 3189 fpm
velocity and curve S, Figure 7.1 shows SEF 1 = 0.5
in. wg at 0.075 lbm/ft3 density. At 0.0740 lbm/ft3:
SEF 1 = 0.5 (0.074/0.075)
= 0.49 in. wg
FAN STATIC PRESSURE
Pv1 = Pv3
= 0.337 in. wg
Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1
= 0 - (-8.0) - 0.337 + 0.49
= 8.15 in. wg
CONVERSION TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS
Qc = 16605 (1700/1672)
= 16883 cfm
Psc = 8.15 (1700/1672)2 (0.071/0.0732)
= 8.17 in. wg
Hc = 34.5 (1700/1672)3 (0.071/0.0732)
= 35.2 hp
2
1
BACKDRAFT DAMPER
4
STATIC PRESSURE TAPS
3a
SIDE VIEW
3b
COMMENTS
1. This centrifugal roof ventilator, as supplied and
rated by the manufacturer, does not include the
backdraft damper. It is essential that the backdraft
damper blades be fixed in their full open positions,
otherwise uneven velocity distribution will occur at
the inlet to the ventilator, adversely affecting its
performance.
2. Normally, velocity pressure measurements would
be made in a single plane, located in a duct common
to all branches. In this example, a measurement
plane which provides a satisfactory velocity profile
cannot be located within the short length of duct
between the point of connection of the branch ducts
and the ventilator inlet. The alternative, as indicated
in the diagram, is to make a velocity pressure
measurement traverse in each branch. The velocity
pressure for each branch is determined by using the
root mean square of the velocity pressure
measurements made in the traverse. The static
pressure at each traverse plane is determined by
averaging the static pressure measurements made in
the same traverse. These static pressure values are
used in determining the densities at the traverse
planes. Procedures for traverses are described in
Section 9.4. In order to determine the air flow rates, it
is necessary to measure the area of each traverse
plane.
GENERAL
)2
td3a =
=
tw3a =
=
td3b
72F
tw3b
66F
p3a =
=
=
=
p3b
pb + (Ps3a/13.6)
29.20 + (-0.85/13.6)
29.14 in. Hg
OBSERVATIONS
SITE MEASUREMENTS
pb = 29.20 in. Hg
td3a = td3b
= 72F
tw3a = tw3b
= 66F
Ps2 = 0 in. wg
Ps4 = -0.88 in. wg
Ps3a = Ps3b
= -0.85 in. wg
Pv3a = 0.27 in. wg
Pv3b = 0.275 in. wg
N = 625 rpm
A1 = A4
= 7.9 ft2
A3a = 3.4 ft2
A3b = 3.3 ft2
3a = 3b
= 0.0721 lbm/ft3
It is assumed that:
td1 = td4 = td3a = td3b
Since the differences in the static pressures at
Planes 1, 3a, and 4 are very small, no appreciable
error will occur by assuming:
1 = 4 = 3a = 3b
FLOW RATES
V3a = 1096 (Pv3a/3a)0.5
= 1096 (0.27/0.0721)0.5
= 2121 fpm
=
=
=
=
Q1
Q3a (3a/1) + Q3b (3b/1)
7211 (0.0721/0.0721) + 7062 (0.0721/0.0721)
14273 cfm
Qc = 14273 (620/625)
= 14159 cfm
HL = 0.058 Hmo
= 0.058 4.84
= 0.28 hp
= Hmo - HL
= 4.84 - 0.28
= 4.56 hp
RETURN
AIR
SPRAY
SECTION
SEF 2
PLAN VIEW
3a
FAN SECTION
OUTSIDE
AIR
SEF 1
L
+
+
+
+
PREHEAT COILS
FILTER SECTION
DIFFUSER
PLATE
REHEAT COIL
3b
SIDE VIEW
COMMENTS
1. This is an air conditioning unit which has been
assembled at the installation site. The subject of the
test is the fan, which is rated by the manufacturer as
free-standing, unencumbered by the cabinet in which
it has been installed. The fan performance ratings are
based on operation with the fan outlet ducted. Before
proceeding with the test, it is essential that all
dampers--outside air, return air, mixing box,
multizone, face and bypass or volume control--be
fixed in the positions agreed upon by all interested
parties as being applicable for the installation. Also,
the temperatures of the heating coils must be kept
constant throughout the test period. It may be
necessary to lock out, disconnect, or otherwise
modify automatic control devices in order to prevent
the positions of the dampers and temperatures of the
coils from changing during the test. Refer to Section
17.4.3 for additional considerations affecting the test
procedure for fans in this type of installation.
2. Normally, velocity pressure measurements would
be made in a single plane, located in a duct common
to all branches. In this example, a measurement
plane which provides a satisfactory velocity profile
cannot be located upstream of the fan or between the
point of connection of the branch ducts and the fan
outlet. The alternative, as indicated in the diagram, is
to make a velocity pressure measurement traverse in
each branch. The velocity pressure for each branch
216 | Field Performance Measurement
OBSERVATIONS
SITE MEASUREMENTS
pb = 28.72 in. Hg
td3a = 59F
td3b = 90F
td4 = 56F
td5 = 58F
Ps4 = -1.75 in. wg
Ps3a = 3.65 in. wg
Ps3b = 3.45 in. wg
Pv3a = 0.60 in. wg
Pv3b = 0.47 in. wg
Ps5 = 3.77 in. wg
N = 1160 rpm
A2 = 18.9 ft2
A3a = 7.2 ft2
A3b = 9.7 ft2
A4 = 93.2 ft2
Blast Area = 13.3 ft2
D1 = 3.92 ft, fan inlet diameter
L
= 2.83 ft
MEASURED MOTOR DATA
Volts =
=
Amps =
=
13.6 p4 t d5 + 460
3.77 + 13.6 28.72 516
= 0.0731
518
13.6 28.59
= 0.0739 lbm/ft 3
P + 13.6 pb t d4 + 460
3a = 4 s3a
13.6 p4
t d3a + 460
3.65 + 13.6 28.72 516
= 0.0731
519
13.6 28.59
= 0.0737 lbm/ft 3
P + 13.6 pb t d4 + 460
3b = 4 s3b
13.6 p4
t d3b + 460
3.45 + 13.6 28.72 516
= 0.0731
550
13.6 28.59
= 0.0695 lbm/ft 3
= Hmo - HL
= 68.7 - 2.95
= 68.75 hp
FLOW RATES
V3a = 1096 (Pv3a/3a
= 1096 (0.60/0.0737)0.5
= 3127 fpm
)0.5
(2.83/3.92) = 0.72
= 72%
Of the fan inlet diameter. The area of the fan inlets:
A1 = 2 ( D12/4)
= 2 ( 3.922/4)
= 24.1 ft2
The fan inlet velocity:
V1 = (Q1/A1)
= (48982/24.1)
= 2032 fpm
AMCA Publication 201-90, Figure 9.11A, indicates
that for a plenum wall spacing of 72% of the fan inlet
diameter System Effect Curve V applies. For 2032
fpm inlet velocity and curve V, Figure 7.1 shows SEF
1 = 0.06 in. wg at 0.075 lbm/ft3 density. At 0.0731
lbm/ft3:
SEF 1 = 0.06 (0.0731/0.075)
= 0.06 in. wg
For SEF 2, AMCA Publication 201-90, Figures 7.1
and 8.3, indicate the following calculations:
V2 = (Q2/A2)
= (48452/18.9)
= 2564 fpm
Blast area ratio = Blast Area/A2
= 13.3/18.9
= 0.70
For a blast area ratio of 0.7 and no duct, Figure 8.3
shows System Effect Curve S applies. For 2564 fpm
velocity and curve S, Figure 7.1 shows SEF 2 = 0.33
in. wg at 0.075 lbm/ft3 density. At 0.0739 lbm/ft3:
SEF 2 = 0.33 (0.0739/0.075)
= 0.33 in. wg
FAN STATIC PRESSURE
Pv4 = (Q4/1096 A4)2 4
Since:
4 = 1
Q4 = Q1
Pv4 = (48982/1096 93.2)2 0.0731
= 0.02 in. wg
Ps1 + Pv1 = Ps4 + Pv4
= -1.75 + 0.02
= -1.73 in. wg
Ps =
=
=
=
EXAMPLE 4B: CENTRAL STATION AIR CONDITIONING UNIT, FACTORY ASSEMBLED DRAWTHROUGH TYPE
1
PLAN VIEW
RETURN AIR
SEF 1
2
+
OUTSIDE
AIR
FAN SECTION
SIDE VIEW
FILTER SECTION
COIL SECTION
COMMENTS
GENERAL
Where:
Ps2 = Ps5
DENSITIES
Pv1 = (Q1/1096A1)2 1
td3 = 49.3F
tw3 = 47.3F
p3 = pb + (Ps3/13.6)
= 29.27 + (1.31/13.6)
= 29.37 in. Hg
Use Figure N.1 in Annex N to obtain 3 = 0.0762
lbm/ft3.
P + 13.6 pb t d3 + 460
1 = 3 s1
13.6 p3 t d1 + 460
0.847 + 13.6 29.27 509.3
= 0.0762
507.5
13.6 29.37
= 0.0760 lbm/ftt 3
P + 13.6 pb t d3 + 460
5 = 3 s5
13.6 p3 t d5 + 460
1.39 + 13.6 29.27 509.3
= 0.0762
509
13.6 29.37
= 0.0763 lbm/ft 3
It is assumed 2 = 5.
FLOW RATES
V3 = 1096 (Pv3/3)0.5
= 1096 (0.294/0.0762)0.5
= 2153 fpm
Q3 = V3A3
= 2153 15.42
= 33199 cfm
Q =
=
=
=
Q1
Q3 (3/1)
33199 (0.0762/0.0760)
33286 cfm
Q2 =
=
=
=
Q5
Q3 (3/5)
33199 (0.0762/0.0763)
33155 cfm
= Hmo - HL
= 38.6 - 1.74
= 36.86 hp
Qc = 33286 (1430/1402)
= 33951 cfm
V2 = (Q2/A2)
= (33155/15.42)
= 2150 fpm
Duct diameter equivalent to the fan outlet area:
De2 = (4 A2/)0.5
= (4 15.42/)0.5
= 4.43 ft
3
2
L
SEF 1
PLAN VIEW
4 1
INLET PLENUM
FILTERS
FANS
COOLING COIL
SIDE VIEW
COMMENTS
1. The subject of the test in this example is the air
conditioning unit assembly. This assembly does not
include the inlet plenum. The performance ratings for
the unit assembly are based on operation with the
outlets of the fans ducted. Before proceeding with the
test, it is essential that all system dampers be fixed in
the positions agreed upon by all interested parties as
being applicable for the installation. Also, the
temperature of the cooling coil must be kept constant
throughout the test period. It may be necessary to
lock out, disconnect or otherwise modify automatic
control devices in order to prevent the positions of the
dampers and the temperature of the coil from
changing during the test. Refer to Section 17.4.1 for
additional considerations affecting the test procedure
in this type of installation.
A1 = A4
= 31.7 ft2
A2 = 11.5 ft2
A3 = 16.4 ft2
A5 = 14.3 ft2
Blast Area = 4.0 ft2 per fan
L = 2.0 ft, length of outlet duct
Volts =
=
Amps =
=
DENSITIES
Pv1 = (Q1/1096A1)2 1
Ps2 = Ps5 + Pv5 - Pv2
Pv2 and Pv5 are calculated in manners similar to the
calculation of Pv1.
8. In order to compare the test results to the quoted
unit assembly curve drawn for operation at 1050 rpm
and 0.075 lbm/ft3 density, it is necessary to convert
the results to the specified conditions. The basis for
the calculations is described in Section 14.
OBSERVATIONS
SITE MEASUREMENTS
pb
td3
tw3
td4
tw4
td5
Ps3
Pv3
Ps4
Ps5
N
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
29.65 in. Hg
75.0F
59.5F
72.5F
58.5F
74.5F
2.02 in. wg
0.35 in. wg
-0.32 in. wg
2.11 in. wg
1025 rpm
P + 13.6 pb t d3 + 460
5 = 3 s5
13.6 p3 t d5 + 460
2.11 + 13.6 29.65 535
= 0.0736
534.5
13.6 29.80
= 0.0737 lbm/ft 3
It is assumed 2 = 5.
V2 = (Q2/A2)
= (39143/11.5)
= 3404 fpm
FLOW RATES
V3 = 1096 (Pv3/3)0.5
= 1096 (0.35/0.0736)0.5
= 2390 fpm
De2 = (4A2/2)0.5
= (4 11.5/2)0.5
= 2.71 ft
Q3 = V3A3
= 2390 16.4
= 39196 cfm
Q2 =
=
=
=
Q5
Q3 (3/5)
39196 (0.0736/0.0737)
39143 cfm
Q =
=
=
=
Q1 = Q4
Q3 (3/4)
39196 (0.0736/0.0735)
39249 cfm
= De2 (V2/1000)
= 2.71 (3404/1000)
= 9.22 ft
L in % effective duct length:
= (L/9.22) 100
= (2.0/9.22) 100
= 22%
Blast area ratio = Blast area/A2
= (2 4.0)/11.5
= 0.70
HL = 0.048 Hmo
= 0.048 24.1
= 1.2 hp
H = Hmo - HL
= 24.1 - 1.2
= 22.9 hp
3a
3b
PLAN VIEW
FILTER SECTION
1
SEF 1
+
INLET LOUVER
HEATING COIL
SIDE VIEW
COMMENTS
1. The subject of the test in this example is the air
conditioning unit assembly. This assembly includes
the filter section and the inlet louver. The
performance ratings for the unit assembly are based
on operation with the outlets of the fans ducted.
Before proceeding with the test, it is essential that all
system dampers be fixed in the positions agreed
upon by all interested parties as being applicable for
the installation. Also, the temperature of the heating
coil must be kept constant throughout the test period.
It may be necessary to lock out, disconnect or
otherwise modify automatic control devices in order
to prevent the positions of the dampers and the
temperature of the coil from changing during the test.
Refer to Section 17.5.1 for additional considerations
affecting the test procedure in this type of installation.
2. Normally, velocity pressure measurements would
be made in a single plane, located in a duct common
to all branches. In this example, a measurement
plane which provides a satisfactory velocity profile
cannot be located upstream of the fans or between
the point of connection of the branch ducts and the
outlets of the fans. The alternative, as indicated in the
diagram, is to make a velocity pressure
measurement traverse in each of two branches. the
velocity pressure for reach branch is determined by
using the root mean square of the velocity pressure
measurements made in the traverse. The static
DENSITIES
For Plane 1 conditions of:
td1 = 72F
tw1 = 61F
p1 = pb
= 29.65 in. Hg
Use Figure N.1 in Annex N to obtain 1 = 0.0735
lbm/ft3.
P + 13.6 pb t d1 + 460
5 = 1 s5
13.6 p1 t d5 + 460
1.25 + 13.6 29.65 532
= 0.0735
545
13.6 29.65
= 0.0720 lbm/ft 3
It is assumed that 2 = 5
P + 13.6 pb t d1 + 460
3a = 1 s3a
13.6 p1
t d3a + 460
1.15 + 13.6 29.65 532
= 0.0735
542.5
13.6 29.65
= 0.0723 lbm/ft 3
P + 13.6 pb t d1 + 460
3b = 1 s3b
13.6 p1
t d3b + 460
1.22 + 13.6 29.65 532
= 0.0735
543
13.6 29.65
= 0.0722 lbm/ft 3
FLOW RATES
V3a = 1096 (Pv3a/3a)0.5
= 1096 (0.56/0.0723)0.5
= 3050 fpm
V3b = 1096 (Pv3b/3b
= 1096 (0.60/0.0722)0.5
= 3159 fpm
)0.5
Q3a = V3aA3a
= 3050 3.1
= 9455 cfm
Q3b = V3bA3b
= 3159 2.2
= 6950 cfm
Q =
=
=
=
Q1
Q3a (3a/1) + Q3b (3b/1)
9455 (0.0723/0.0735) + 6950 (0.0722/0.0735)
16128 cfm
Q2 =
=
=
=
Q5
Q1 (1/5)
16128 (0.0735/0.0720)
16464 cfm
= Hmo - HL
= 7.59 - 0.43
= 7.16 hp
= De2 (V2/1000)
= 1.89 (2919/1000)
= 17%
L, in % effective duct length:
= (L/5.52) 100
= (0.96/5.52) 100
= 17%
Blast area ratio = Blast Area/A2
= (2 2.5)/5.64
= 0.89
For a blast area ratio of 0.89, 17% effective duct
length and elbow position C, Figure 8.5 shows
System Effect Curve S applies. For 2919 fpm velocity
and curve S, Figure 7.1 shows SEF 1 = 0.43 in. wg at
0.075 lbm/ft3 density. At 0.0720 lbm/ft3:
SEF 1 = 0.43 (0.0720/0.075)
= 0.41 in. wg
STATIC PRESSURE OF UNIT
Ps2 = Ps5
= 1.25 in. wg
Ps = Ps2 + SEF 1
= 1.25 + 0.41
= 1.66 in. wg
CONVERSION TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS
Qc = 16128 (1720/1710)
= 16222 cfm
Psc = 1.66 (1720/1710)2 (0.075/0.0735)
= 1.71 in. wg
Hc = 7.16 (1720/1710)3 (0.075/0.0735)
= 7.44 hp
EXAMPLE 4E: CENTRAL STATION AIR CONDITIONING UNIT, FACTORY ASSEMBLED BLOWTHROUGH TYPE
2
PLAN VIEW
RETURN
AIR
3b
SPRAY
SECTION
3a
HEATING COIL
+
+
OUTSIDE
AIR
+
+
+
+
FILTER SECTION
FAN SECTION
COOLING COIL
SIDE VIEW
COMMENTS
1. This is a factory assembled, blow-through central
station unit. The subject of the test is the fan section,
which is rated by the manufacturer as an assembly of
the fan and the cabinet in which the fan has been
installed. As a blow-through unit, the performance
ratings for the fan section are based on operation
without the fan outlet ducted. Before proceeding with
the test, it is essential that all dampers (outside air,
return air, mixing box, multizone, face and bypass, or
volume control) be fixed in the positions agreed upon
by all interested parties as being applicable for the
installation. Also, the temperatures of heating and
cooling coils must be kept constant throughout the
test period. It may be necessary to lock out,
disconnect, or otherwise modify automatic control
devices in order to prevent the positions of the
dampers and temperatures of the coils from changing
during the test. In instances in which a cooling coil is
located between a velocity pressure traverse plane
and the fan, as in this example, the flow of the cooling
medium should be stopped or its temperature raised
to a level sufficient to prevent condensation on the
cooling coil, otherwise the moisture condensed will
not be properly taken into account in the
determination of fan air flow rate. Refer to Section
17.5.2 for additional considerations affecting the test
procedure in this type of installation.
2. Normally, velocity pressure measurements would
tw3a =
td3b =
tw3b =
Ps1 =
Ps5 =
Ps3a =
Ps3b =
Pv3a =
Pv3b =
N =
A1 =
A3a =
A3b =
71.5F
60F
58F
-2.43 in. wg
6.55 in. wg
5.35 in. wg
5.1 in. wg
0.53 in. wg
0.60 in. wg
1695 rpm
68.9 ft2
5.37 ft2
6.78 ft2
GENERAL
Where:
CALCULATIONS
Ps2 = Ps5
Pv1 = (Q1/1096 A1)2 1
Q1 = Q3a (3a/1) + Q3b (3b/1)
DENSITIES
td1 = 65F
tw1 = 60F
p1 = pb + (Ps1/13.6)
= 28.85 + (-2.43/13.6)
= 28.67 in. Hg
Use Figure N.1 in Annex N to obtain 1 = 0.0720
lbm/ft3.
For Plane 3a conditions of:
OBSERVATIONS
SITE MEASUREMENTS
pb
td1
tw1
td3a
=
=
=
=
28.85 in. Hg
65F
60F
100F
td3a = 100F
tw3a = 71.5F
p3a = pb + (Ps3a/13.6)
= 28.85 + (5.35/13.6)
= 29.24 in. Hg
Hmo
td3b = 60F
tw3b = 58F
p3b = pb + (Ps3b/13.6)
= 28.85 + (5.1/13.6)
= 29.23 in. Hg
Use Figure N.1 in Annex N to obtain 3b = 0.0741
lbm/ft3.
FLOW RATES
V3a = 1096 (Pv3a/3a)0.5
= 1096 (0.53/0.0691)0.5
= 3035 fpm
V3b = 1096 (Pv3b/3b)0.5
= 1096 (0.60/0.0741)0.5
= 3119 fpm
Q3a = V3aA3a
= 3035 5.37
= 16298 fpm
Q3b = V3bA3b
= 3119 6.78
= 21147 cfm
Q = Q1
= Q3a (3a/1) + Q3b (3b/1)
= 16298 (0.0691/0.0720) + 21147 (0.0741/0.0720)
= 37405 cfm
= (85.3 + 81.8)/2
= 83.6 hp
HL = 0.042 Hmo
= 0.042 83.6
= 3.5 hp
H = Hmo - HL
= 83.6 - 3.5
= 80.1 hp
FAN SECTION STATIC PRESSURE
Pv1 = (Q1/1096 A1)2 1
= (37405/1096 68.9)2 0.0720
= 0.02 in. wg
It is assumed that Ps2 = Ps5
Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1
= 6.55 - (-2.43) - 0.02
= 8.96 in. wg
CONVERSION TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS
Qc = 37405 (1650/1695)
= 36412 cfm
Psc = 8.96 (1650/1695)2 (0.075/0.0720)
= 8.84 in. wg
Hc = 80.1 (1650/1695)3 90.075/0.0720)
= 77.0 hp
3
2 De
TEMPORARY DUCT
WITH SQUARE
CROSS-SECTION,
De = EQUIVALENT
DIAMETER OF DUCT
1.5 De
COMMENTS
1. The subject of the test in this example is the roof
ventilator assembly. Before proceeding with the test,
refer to Section 17.4 for considerations affecting the
test procedure in this type of installation.
2. Determine Pv3 by using the root mean square of
the velocity pressure measurements made in a
traverse of Plane 3, located in the duct which has
been installed on the inlet side of the ventilator.
Determine Ps3 by averaging the static pressure
measurements made in the same traverse.
Procedures for traverses are described in Section
9.4. Measure the area of the traverse plane, A3,
which is located at the tip of the Pitot-static tube. The
duct, temporarily installed for purposes of the test, is
square in cross-section. Its cross-sectional dimensions
were selected as the maximum permissible for its
installation into the opening in the ventilator mounting
curb. The length of the duct is twice its equivalent
diameter and the entrance to the duct is flared in oder
to reduce inlet losses. The installation of a duct of this
size and cross-sectional configuration is judged as
creating no significant effect on the performance of
the ventilator in this example.
3. Ps2, the static pressure at the outlet of the
ventilator, is zero gauge pressure, referred to the
atmospheric pressure in the region of the ventilator
outlet. In situations such as this example, the air may
234 | Field Performance Measurement
Where:
FLOW RATE
V3 = 1096 (Pv3/3)0.5
= 1096 (0.077/0.0727)0.5
= 1128 fpm
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
29.37 in. Hg
73.5F
58.1F
0.037 in. wg
-0.085 in. wg
0.077 in. wg
1177 rpm
5.58 ft2
Q =
=
=
=
Q1 = Q3
V3A3
1128 5.58
6294 cfm
H = Hmo
= 0.62 hp
General
CONVERSION TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS
Fan direct connected to motor. Motor efficiency data
supplied by motor manufacturer.
Qc = 6294 (1180/1177)
= 6310 cfm
CALCULATIONS
DENSITIES
For Plane 3 conditions of:
td3 = 73.5F
tw3 = 58.1F
p3 = pb + (Ps3/13.6)
= 29.37 + (-0.085/13.6)
= 29.36 in. Hg
Use Figure N.1 in Annex N to obtain 3 = 0.0727
lbm/ft3.
It is assumed that 1 = 3.
Field Performance Measurement | 235
2 De
2
3
1.5 De
D2
TEMPORARY DUCT
WITH SQUARE
CROSS-SECTION,
De = EQUIVALENT
DIAMETER OF DUCT
COMMENTS
1. The subject of the test in this example is the
propeller fan assembly. Before proceeding with the
test, refer to Section 17.4 for considerations affecting
the test procedure in this type of installation.
2. Determine Pv3 by using the root mean square of
the velocity pressure measurements made in a
traverse of Plane 3, located in the duct which has
been installed on the inlet side of the fan. Determine
Ps3 by averaging the static pressure measurements
made in the same traverse. Procedures for traverses
are described in Section 9.4. Measure the area of the
traverse plane, A3, which is located at the tip of the
Pitot-static tube. The duct, temporarily installed for
purposes of the test, is square in cross-section, with
side dimension of 1.5 D2. The shape and area of the
duct cross-section were selected on the basis of
minimizing the effect of the duct on the performance
of the fan while providing velocity pressure readings
of measurable magnitudes. The length of the duct is
twice its equivalent diameter, and the entrance to the
duct is flared in order to reduce inlet losses. The
installation of the duct is judged as creating no
significant effect on the performance of the fan in this
example.
Where:
FLOW RATES
V3 = 1096 (Pv3/3)0.5
= 1096 (0.025/0.0715)0.5
= 648 fpm
29.65 in. Hg
85F
74F
0 in. wg
-0.027 in. wg
0.025 in. wg
1775 rpm
5.06 ft2
Q =
=
=
=
Q1 = Q3
V3A3
648 5.06
3279 cfm
H = Hmo
= 0.56 hp
CALCULATIONS
CONVERSION TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS
DENSITIES
For Plane 3 conditions of:
td3 = 85F
tw3 = 74F
p3 = pb + (Ps3/13.6)
= 29.65 + (-0.027/13.6)
= 29.65 in. Hg
Qc = 3279 (1725/1775)
= 3187 cfm
Psc = 0 in. wg
Hc = 0.56 (1725/1775)3 (0.075/0.0715)
= 0.54 hp
COMMENTS
1. The subject of the test in this example is the roof
ventilator assembly. Before proceeding with the test,
refer to Section 17.1 for considerations affecting the
test procedure in this type of installation.
2. Ps3, the static pressure in the vicinity of the
ventilator inlet, would normally be determined by
averaging the static pressure measurements made in
a Pitot tube traverse. But in this example, a
temporary duct was not installed and the Pitot tube
traverse could not be accomplished. In this method
for testing a nonducted fan, consider the fan static
pressure (Ps) as the differential pressure, as read on
a manometer, between the pressure measured inside
the room (Ps3) and the pressure measured outside
the room in the vicinity of the ventilator outlet (Ps2).
These pressures are measured at a sufficient
distance from the ventilator so as to be unaffected by
the velocity of the entering or leaving air.
3. Ps2 is considered to be zero gauge pressure, but
since this measurement is actually part of the
differential pressure described in paragraph 2, it is
necessary to make only one density correction; the
correction is to the differential pressure, which is the
fan static pressure.
Ps = Ps2 - Ps3
= 0.13 in. wg
GENERAL
CONVERSION OF MANUFACTURERS
RATINGS TO OPERATING CONDITIONS
Rating Point #1
CFM
Ps
HP
1)
2)
3)
8900
8520
8060
0
1/8
1/4
1.45
1.50
1.55
CALCULATIONS
DENSITIES
For Plane 3 conditions of:
td3 = 79F
tw3 = 63F
pb3 = pb + (Ps2 - Ps1)/13.6
= 29.19 + (0.13/13.6)
= 29.2 in. Hg
Use Figure N.1 in Annex N to obtain 3 = 0.0715
lbm/ft3.
It is assumed that 1 = 3.
FAN POWER INPUT
At the measured power input value of 1395 watts, the
data supplied by the motor manufacturer indicate
efficiency of 77% for the motor.
Hmo = (1390 0.77)/746
= 1.43 hp
Since the fan is direct connected to the motor, there
is no drive loss, and:
H
= Hmo
= 1.43 hp
FAN
x BHP
x
1.25
.30
x
1.00
.20
x
.10
SP
0
7000
8000
9000
CFM(Q)
BHP (H)
1.50
.40
8D
0.8D
0.5D Radius
0.4D
D
3D Radius
Static Pressure
Total Pressure
0.2D Diameter
V
X/D
V/D
X/D
V/D
0.000
0.237
0.336
0.474
0.622
0.500
0.496
0.494
0.487
0.477
1.602
1.657
1.698
1.730
1.762
0.314
0.295
0.279
0.266
0.250
0.741
0.936
1.025
1.134
1.228
0.468
0.449
0.436
0.420
0.404
1.796
1.830
1.858
1.875
1.888
0.231
0.211
0.192
0.176
0.163
1.313
1.390
1.442
1.506
1.538
1.570
0.388
0.371
0.357
0.343
0.333
0.323
1.900
1.910
1.918
1.920
1.921
0.147
0.131
0.118
0.109
0.100
IMPACT TUBE
REVERSE TUBE
SECTION VIEW
STAINLESS STEEL
TUBING PREFERRED
APPROX. 0.375 in. OD
READING A
FLEXIBLE TUBING
ING B
READ
PITOT-STATIC TUBE
SPLIT BRASS BUSHING
PRESS TO FIT INTO TUBING
THERMOCOUPLE
DUCT WALL
1 in. PIPE
HALF-COUPLING
WELDED TO DUCT
BRASS
BUSHINGS
1 in. PIPE
NIPPLE
12 in. LONG
Notes:
in. OUTSIDE DIA.
STAINLESS STEEL TUBING
FOR GAS SAMPLING
SPLIT BRASS
BUSHING
DUCT WALL
PLANE 2
PLANE 1
PLANE 4
PLANE 3
*SEF 1
Ps4
FAN STATIC PRESSURE
Ps = - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1
where Ps1 = Ps4
Pv1 = Pv3
Figure F.1 - Fan with Inlet Duct Only
Ps2 = 0
PLANE 3
PLANE 5
Ps3
Ps3
P v3
*SEF 1 is due to
no duct at fan outlet
PLANE 2
PLANE 1
Ps5
P v3
Ps5
PLANE 2
PLANE 1
PLANE 4
PLANE 3
Ps3
Ps4
P v3
10 in. wg
1:1
SLOPE
RATIO
2 in. wg
5:1 SLOPE RATIO
0.5 in. wg
20:1 SLOPE RATIO
1 in. wg
10:1 SLOPE RATIO
.01
.02
3 4
6 8 10
10.0
8.0
6.0
5.0
3.0
2.0
R
TE
ME TIO
NO RA
MA OPE
SL
1:1
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.5
2:1
10
:1
:1
0.3
5:1
0.4
20
4.0
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.8
10
15
X1
60
X2
X3
X4
Xn
Xa = D Ka
Where:
D is the inside diameter of the duct
Ka is the factor corresponding to the duct size and the traverse point location as indicated in the table below
NUMBER OF
INSIDE
TRAVERSE
DIAMETER POINTS IN K1
OF DUCT EACH OF 3
DIAMETERS
K2
K3
K4
K5
K6
K7
K8
K9
K10
K11
K12
K13
K14
K15
K16
LESS THAN
8 ft.
8 ft.
THROUGH
12 ft.
12
.014 .075 .114 .183 .241 .374 .626 .759 .817 .886 .925 .986
GREATER
THAN 12 ft.
16
.010 .055 .082 .128 .166 .225 .276 .391 .609 .724 .775 .834 .872 .918 .945 .990
The recommended minimum number of traverse points for rectangular ducts is indicated below in Figure H.3. For
rectangular ducts with cross-sectional areas of 24 square feet and less, the recommended minimum number is 24.
For cross-sectional areas greater than 24 square feet, the minimum number of points increases as indicated in
Figure H.3. The points are to be located in the centers of equal areas with the areas as nearly square as practical
(see Figure H.2). If the flow conditions at the traverse plane are less than satisfactory, the accuracy of the
determination of flow rate may be improved by using more than the recommended minimum number of points.
Fewer points may be used if the flow is very uniform; however, the maximum area covered per point should not
exceed 3 square feet.
Y
Y
2
X
2
X
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
25
20
15
10
10
15
20
25 30
40
50 60 70 80 100
150
Application
Temp of gases and liquids by contact
Alcohol-glass thermometer
Pentane-glass thermometers
Jena or quartz mercury nitrogen
thermometers
2. Gas thermometer
3. Resistance thermometers
Platinum-resistance thermometer
Nickel-resistance thermometer
Precision
F
Limitations
-38/575
Less than
0.1 to 10
-100/100
-200/70
-38/1000
-459/1000
Primary standard
-320/1800
Less than
0.02 to 5
-150/300
0.3
Up to 600
0.1
Less than
0.01
Thermistors
4. Thermocouples
Pt-Pt-Rh thermocouple
Approximate
Range
F
500/3000
0.1 to 5
Up to 2200
0.1 to 15
Up to 1500
Up to 700
0.1 to 15
0.1 to 15
5. Beckman thermometers
(metastatic)
9 diff
0.018
6. Bimetallic thermometers
0/1000
1, usually
much more
7. Pressure-bulb thermometers
Gas-filled bulb
Remote-testing
-100/1000
20/500
-50/2100
2
2
15
9. Radiation pyrometers
Any range
1000/3600
50
125/900
Standards
1%
Extremely
precise
Chromel-alumel thermocouple
Iron-constantain thermocouple
Copper-constantan thermocouple
Chromel-constantan thermocouple
Vapor-filled bulb
Liquid-filled bulb
8. Optical pyrometers
1500 upward
No.
Range
Precision
1. Micromanometer
Measurement Means
Application
0 to 6 in. H20
0.005 to
0.001 in. H20
Limitations
2. Draft gauges
0 to 10 in. H20
0.005 to
0.05 in. H20
3. Manometer
0.05 in.
4. Swinging-vane-type gauge
5%
5. Bourdon-tube type
Any
0.05 to 5%
0.05 to 50,000
psi
0.1 to 0.5%
Measurement Means
Application
Range
Precision
5 to 50
10 to 20%
30 to 24,000
5%
3. Revolving-vane
anemometer
100 to 3000
5 to 20%
4. Pitot tube
180 to 10,000
with micromanometer
600 to 10,000 with
draft gauges; 10,000
up with manometer
1 to 5%
120 to 10,000
with micromanometer;
600 to 10,000 with
draft gauges; 10,000 up
with manometer
1 to 5%
6. Heated thermocouple
anemometer
10 to 2000
3 to 20%
7. Hot-wire anemometer
1 to 1000
1 to 20%
up to 60,000
1 to 20%
2. Deflecting-vane
anemometer
Limitations
Awkward to use but valuable in
tracing air movement
Equation A:
Measured amps Measured volts
Hmo = NPH
FLA
NPV
Where:
Hmo = motor power output
NPH = nameplate horsepower
FLA = full load amps
NPV = nameplate volts
measured volts = average of the measured phase
volts
measured amps = average of the measured phase
amps
Equation B:
Measured amps - NLA Measured volts
Hmo = NPH
FLA - NLA
NPV
Where:
NLA = average of the measured phase values of no
load amps
NPH = nameplate horsepower
FLA = full load amps
NPV = nameplate volts
NLA can usually be obtained with the motor operating
and the motor shaft coupling or belt drive
disconnected. In the case where the fan impeller is
mounted directly on the motor shaft, it will be
necessary to remove the impeller in order to obtain
NLA measurements.
90
RATED
HORSEPOWER
1
2
80
70
3
60
5
50
10
40
400
30
2500
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% NAMEPLATE HORSEPOWER
PER EQUATION A: Hmo
MEASURED AMPS
FLA
CAUTION: THIS CHART IS REPRESENTATIVE ONLY! SINCE THE AMP-LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
SAME SIZE MOTOR WILL VARY BETWEEN THE VARIOUS MOTOR MANUFACTURERS, IT CANNOT BE USED
TO DETERMINE THE HORSEPOWER OUTPUT OF A MOTOR. USE THE EQUATIONS AS DIRECTED ON THE
PREVIOUS PAGE.
100
80
60
40
30
RANGE OF DRIVE LOSSES FOR STANDARD BELTS
20
15
10
8
6
4
3
2
1.5
1
0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
8 10
20
30 40
60 80 100
600
Since:
M.1 General
Ps1 = 0
p1 = pb
= 28.60 in. Hg
1 = 0.06829 + 10 0.000041
= 0.0687 lbm/ft3
1. O. T. Zimmerman and I. Lavine, Psychrometric Tables and Charts, 2nd ed. (Dover, N.H.: Industrial Research Service Inc., 1964)
Example M2.3
EXAMPLE M3.1
1 =
1.3257 ( p1 0.378 pp )
( td1 + 460 )
(146 + 460 )
= 0.0593 lbm/ft 3
= 28.09 + (-6.75/13.6)
= 27.59 in. Hg
Refer to Figure N.4 in Annex N to obtain saturated air
density of 0.06868 at 103F and 29.92 in. Hg.
EXAMPLE M4.1
A gas is entering a fan inlet located at an elevation of
2000 ft above sea level. The pressure and
temperature at the inlet are:
Ps1 = - 22 in. wg
td1 = 230F
1 = 0.06868 (p1/29.92)
= 0.06868 (27.59/29.92)
= 0.0633 lbm/ft3
0.055
0.01
0.15
0.01
0.775
44
28
32
2
28
1.00
2.42
0.28
4.80
0.02
21.70
29.22
0.055
0.01
0.15
0.01
0.775
44
28
32
2
28
1.00
0.00125
0.00036
0.0047
0.005
0.0277
0.0390
EXAMPLE M4.3
Flue gas is flowing at Plane 3, the Pitot traverse
measurement plane. The flue gas is the result of
using natural gas as the fuel. The conditions that
exsit at Plane 3 are:
Ps3 = 5.74 in. wg
td3 = 680F
The barometric pressure, pb, measured for the
atmosphere to which Ps3 is referred is 28.85 in. Hg.
The absolute pressure at Plane 3 is:
p3 = pb + (Ps3/13.6)
= 28.85 + (5.74/13.6)
= 29.27 in. Hg
Refer to Figure N.6 in Annex N to obtain typical flue
gas density when natural gas is used as the fuel of
0.0725 lbm/ft3 at 70F and 29.92 in. Hg.
Consider the density of the flue gas to be directly
proportional to absolute pressure and inversely
proportional to absolute temperature. The density of
the gas at Plane 3 is calculated as follows:
76
74
72
70
68
66
64
62
60
58
56
54
52
50
48
46
44
42
0
DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE, F
0.080
0.079
78
2
80
0.078
82
0.077
84
0.076
86
0.075
10
0.070
0.069
0.068
0.067
0.066
0.074
88
12
90
Given:
Solution:
0.065
0.064
0.073
92
4.
14
94
3.
0.063
0.062
0.072
96
2.
Example
1.
0.061
0.060
16
0.071
98
28.0
28.2
28.4
28.6
28.8
29.0
29.2
29.4
29.6
29.8
30.0
in. H
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
OLU
ABS
40
TE
PRE
SS
URE
WET-BULB DEPRESSION, F
tw
F
pe
in. Hg
tw
F
pe
in. Hg
tw
F
pe
in. Hg
tw
F
pe
in. Hg
tw
F
pe
in. Hg
30
31
32
33
34
.1646
.1724
.1805
.1879
.1956
60
61
62
63
64
.5219
.5408
.5603
.5804
.6011
90
91
92
93
94
1.423
1.468
1.515
1.562
1.611
120
121
122
123
124
3.451
3.548
3.647
3.749
3.853
150
151
152
153
154
7.580
7.770
7.963
8.161
8.362
35
36
37
38
39
.2036
.2118
.2204
.2292
.2384
65
66
67
68
69
.6225
.6445
.6667
.6906
.7148
95
96
97
98
99
1.662
1.714
1.767
1.821
1.877
125
126
127
128
129
3.960
4.069
4.180
4.295
4.412
155
156
157
158
159
8.569
8.779
8.994
9.213
9.437
40
41
42
43
44
.2478
.2576
.2678
.2783
.2892
70
71
72
73
74
.7397
.7653
.7917
.8188
.8468
100
101
102
103
104
1.935
1.994
2.054
2.117
2.180
130
131
132
133
134
4.531
4.654
4.779
4.908
5.038
160
161
162
163
164
9.665
9.898
10.14
10.38
10.63
45
46
47
48
49
.3004
.3121
.3241
.3365
.3494
75
76
77
78
79
.8757
.9053
.9359
.9673
.9997
105
106
107
108
109
2.246
2.313
2.381
2.452
2.525
135
136
137
138
139
5.173
5.310
5.450
5.593
5.740
165
166
167
168
169
10.88
11.13
11.40
11.66
11.94
50
51
52
53
54
.3626
.3764
.3905
.4052
.4203
80
81
82
83
84
1.033
1.067
1.103
1.139
1.176
110
111
112
113
114
2.599
2.675
2.753
2.833
2.915
140
141
142
143
144
5.889
6.043
6.199
6.359
6.522
170
171
172
173
174
12.21
12.50
12.79
13.08
13.38
55
56
57
58
59
.4359
.4520
.4687
.4859
.5036
85
86
87
88
89
1.214
1.254
1.294
1.336
1.379
115
116
117
118
119
2.999
3.085
3.173
3.263
3.356
145
146
147
148
149
6.689
6.860
7.034
7.212
7.394
175
176
177
178
179
180
13.69
14.00
14.32
14.64
14.94
15.31
Figure N.2 - Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Absolute Vapor Pressures, Inches of Mercury
ALTITUDE
ft.
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
PRESSURE
in. Hg
ALTITUDE
ft.
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
PRESSURE
in. Hg
0
100
200
300
400
1.00
0.996
0.993
0.989
0.986
29.92
29.81
29.70
29.60
29.49
3000
3200
3400
3600
3800
0.896
0.890
0.833
0.877
0.870
26.82
26.62
26.42
26.23
26.03
500
600
700
800
900
0.982
0.979
0.975
0.971
0.968
29.38
29.28
29.17
29.07
28.96
4000
4200
4400
4600
4800
0.864
0.857
0.851
0.845
0.838
25.84
25.65
25.46
25.27
25.08
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
0.964
0.961
0.957
0.954
0.950
28.86
28.75
28.65
28.54
28.44
5000
5200
5400
5600
5800
0.832
0.826
0.820
0.814
0.807
24.90
24.71
24.52
24.34
24.16
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
0.947
0.944
0.940
0.937
0.933
28.33
28.23
28.13
28.02
27.92
6000
6500
7000
7500
8000
0.801
0.786
0.772
0.757
0.743
23.98
23.53
23.09
22.65
22.22
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
0.930
0.926
0.923
0.920
0.916
27.82
27.72
27.62
27.52
27.42
8500
9000
9500
10000
15000
0.729
0.715
0.701
0.688
0.564
21.80
21.39
20.98
20.58
16.89
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
0.913
0.909
0.906
0.903
0.899
27.32
27.21
27.11
27.01
26.91
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
0.460
0.371
0.297
0.235
0.185
13.75
11.10
8.89
7.04
5.54
Note: Specific gravity of standard air at sea level and 29.92 in. Hg = 1.00
Figure N.3 - Relative Specific Gravity of Air at Various Altitudes1
1. Robert Jorgensen, ed., Fan Engineering, 7th ed. (Buffalo, NY, Buffalo Forge Co., 1970) p.8 - Reprinted by Permission
Temp
F
WEIGHT IN A
CUBIC FOOT
OF MIXTURE
WEIGHT OF
THE VAPOR
VOLUME
ft3/lb
OF
TOTAL
lb/lb
lb/lb
DRY AIR VAPOR
WEIGHT DRY AIR
OF
OF
lb
lb
lb
DRY AIR MIXTURE
Temp
F
WEIGHT IN A
CUBIC FOOT
OF MIXTURE
VOLUME
ft3/lb
WEIGHT OF
THE VAPOR
OF
TOTAL
lb/lb
lb/lb
DRY AIR VAPOR
WEIGHT DRY AIR
OF
OF
lb
lb
lb
DRY AIR MIXTURE
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
.09134
.09025
.08922
.08820
.08723
.000018
.000024
.000031
.000041
.000053
.09136
.09027
.08925
.08824
.08728
10.95
11.07
11.21
11.34
11.46
.00020
.00027
.00035
.00046
.00061
.00020
.00027
.00035
.00046
.00061
46
47
48
49
50
.07768
.00750
.07731
.07714
.07694
.000509
.000527
.000545
.000567
.000587
.07819
.07803
.07785
.07771
.07753
12.87
12.90
12.93
12.96
12.99
.00655
.00680
.00705
.00734
.00762
.00651
.00675
.00700
.00728
.00756
0
5
10
15
20
.08625
.08529
.08434
.08340
.08247
.000068
.000087
.000110
.000140
.000176
.08632
.08538
.08445
.08354
.08264
11.59
11.72
11.85
11.99
12.12
.00080
.00102
.00130
.00168
.00213
.00080
.00102
.00130
.00168
.00213
51
52
53
54
55
.07676
.07657
.07637
.07620
.07600
.000608
.000632
.000651
.000675
.000700
.07737
.07720
.07702
.07687
.07670
13.02
13.06
13.09
13.12
13.15
.00792
.00823
.00854
.00884
.00921
.00786
.00819
.00845
.00877
.00913
21
22
23
24
25
.08230
.08210
.08193
.08173
.08156
.000185
.000193
.000202
.000213
.000222
.08248
.08229
.08213
.08194
.08178
12.15
12.18
12.20
12.23
12.26
.00225
.00235
.00246
.00260
.00272
.00224
.00234
.00245
.00259
.00271
56
57
58
59
60
.07582
.07562
.07544
.07524
.07506
.000723
.000749
.000775
.000801
.000829
.07654
.07637
.07622
.07604
.07589
13.19
13.22
13.25
13.29
13.32
.00952
.00989
.01026
.01063
.01103
.00943
.00980
.01016
.01052
.01091
26
27
28
29
30
.08136
.08117
.08099
.08083
.08063
.000233
.000243
.000254
.000264
.000277
.08159
.08141
.08124
.08109
.08090
12.29
12.32
12.34
12.37
12.40
.00285
.00300
.00314
.00328
.00345
.00284
.00299
.00313
.00327
.00344
61
62
63
64
65
.07486
.07468
.07447
.07429
.07408
.000857
.000886
.000916
.000947
.000979
.07572
.07557
.07539
.07524
.07506
13.35
13.39
13.42
13.46
13.49
.01143
.01185
.01229
.01273
.01320
.01130
.01171
.01214
.01257
.01303
31
32
33
34
35
.08043
.08025
.08006
.07989
.07970
.000290
.000303
.000315
.000327
.000339
.08072
.08055
.08038
.08022
.08004
12.43
12.46
12.49
12.51
12.54
.00362
.00378
.00393
.00409
.00426
.00361
.00376
.00392
.00408
.00425
66
67
68
69
70
.07390
.07369
.07350
.07330
.07310
.001012
.001045
.001080
.001115
.001152
.07491
.07473
.07458
.07441
.07425
13.53
13.57
13.60
13.64
13.68
.01368
.01417
.01468
.01520
.01576
.01349
.01397
.01447
.01497
.01551
36
37
38
39
40
.07952
.07933
.07916
.07897
.07880
.000353
.000364
.000380
.000394
.000409
.07987
.07969
.07954
.07936
.07921
12.57
12.60
12.63
12.66
12.69
.00444
.00460
.00480
.00499
.00519
.00442
.00458
.00478
.00496
.00516
71
72
73
74
75
.07290
.07270
.07250
.07229
.07208
.001189
.001229
.001268
.001310
.001352
.07409
.07393
.07377
.07360
.07343
13.71
13.75
13.79
13.83
13.87
.01630
.01691
.01748
.01812
.01876
.01604
.01662
.01717
.01780
.01841
41
42
43
44
45
.07860
.07843
.07825
.07805
.07788
.000425
.000440
.000456
.000473
.000491
.07902
.07887
.07871
.07852
.07837
12.72
12.75
12.78
12.81
12.84
.00541
.00561
.00583
.00606
.00630
.00538
.00558
.00579
.00602
.00626
76
77
78
79
80
.07188
.07166
.07144
.07124
.07104
.001395
.001439
.001485
.001532
.001579
.07328
.07310
.07293
.07277
.07262
13.91
13.95
13.99
14.03
14.08
.01941
.02008
.02079
.02150
.0223
.01904
.01968
.02036
.02106
.02174
Figure N.4 - Weights of Air, Water Vapor, and Saturated Mixture of Air and
Water Vapor at Different Temperatures and 29.92 in. Hg
Reprinted by Permission
Temp
F
WEIGHT IN A
CUBIC FOOT
OF MIXTURE
VOLUME
ft3/lb
WEIGHT OF
THE VAPOR
OF
TOTAL
lb/lb
lb/lb
DRY AIR VAPOR
WEIGHT DRY AIR
OF
OF
lb
lb
lb
DRY AIR MIXTURE
Temp
F
WEIGHT IN A
CUBIC FOOT
OF MIXTURE
VOLUME
ft3/lb
WEIGHT OF
THE VAPOR
OF
TOTAL
lb/lb
lb/lb
DRY AIR VAPOR
WEIGHT DRY AIR
OF
OF
lb
lb
lb
DRY AIR MIXTURE
81
82
83
84
85
.07081
.07059
.07038
.07015
.06993
.001629
.001680
.001733
.001785
.001840
.07244
.07227
.07211
.07193
.07177
14.12
14.16
14.21
14.26
14.30
.02301
.02380
.02462
.02545
.02631
.02249
.02325
.02403
.02482
.02566
116
117
118
119
120
.06186
.06154
.06124
.06092
.06060
.004427
.004548
.004669
.004794
.004921
.06629
.06609
.06591
.06571
.06552
16.16
16.24
16.32
16.41
16.50
.07157
.07390
.07625
.07869
.08121
.06678
.06882
.07084
.07296
.07511
86
87
88
89
90
.06970
.06947
.06925
.06902
.06880
.001898
.001954
.002014
.002072
.002139
.07160
.07142
.07126
.07109
.07094
14.34
14.39
14.44
14.48
14.53
.02723
.02813
.02908
.03002
.03109
.02651
.02736
.02826
.02915
.03015
121
122
123
124
125
.06027
.05995
.05960
.05927
.05892
.005049
.005183
.005319
.005456
.005598
.06532
.06513
.06492
.06473
.06452
16.58
16.68
16.77
16.87
16.96
.08376
.08646
.08925
.09204
.09502
.07729
.07958
.08194
.08428
.08677
91
92
93
94
95
.06855
.06832
.06809
.06785
.06760
.002201
.002267
.002334
.002404
.002474
.07075
.07058
.07042
.07025
.07007
14.58
14.63
14.69
14.73
14.79
.03211
.03318
.03428
.03543
.03660
.03111
.03212
.03314
.03422
.03531
130
135
140
145
150
.05713
.05524
.05319
.05100
.04865
.006355
.007195
.008128
.009162
.010303
.06349
.06244
.06132
.06016
.05895
17.49
18.10
18.79
19.60
20.55
.11125
.13026
.15280
.17966
.21178
.10010
.11523
.13255
.15230
.17478
96
97
98
99
100
.06736
.06711
.06688
.06660
.06634
.002546
.002620
.002692
.002770
.002853
.06991
.06973
.06957
.06931
.06919
14.84
14.90
14.95
15.01
15.07
.03780
.03904
.04025
.04159
.04300
.03642
.03757
.03870
.03993
.04124
155
160
165
170
175
.04612
.04340
.04048
.03734
.03398
.011547
.012937
.014436
.016118
.017926
.05767
.05634
.05492
.05346
.05191
21.67
23.03
24.69
26.77
29.43
.25038
.29810
.35660
.43168
.52750
.20022
.22962
.26285
.30150
.34530
101
102
103
104
105
.06610
.06583
.06557
.06530
.06504
.002937
.003019
.003106
.003193
.003283
.06904
.06885
.06868
.06849
.06832
15.12
15.18
15.25
15.31
15.37
.04443
.04586
.04737
.04890
.05048
.04255
.04385
.04523
.04662
.04806
180
185
190
195
200
.03035
.02645
.02228
.01779
.01297
.019905
.022062
.024393
.026957
.029730
.05036
.04851
.04667
.04475
.04270
32.94
37.78
44.85
56.20
77.11
.65580
.83410
1.0948
1.5153
2.2923
.39525
.45425
.52270
.60240
.69660
106
107
108
109
110
.06477
.06451
.06421
.06394
.06364
.003375
.003470
.003568
.003666
.003766
.06814
.06798
.06778
.06761
.06741
15.44
15.50
15.57
15.64
15.71
.05212
.05379
.05556
.05734
.05917
.04953
.05105
.05264
.05422
.05587
205
210
212
.00782
.00232
.00000
.032715
.035942
.037298
.04064
.03836
.03730
127.9
431.0
____
4.1838
15.493
Inf.
.80500
.93700
1.0000
111
112
113
114
115
.06336
.06306
.06278
.06247
.06216
.003872
.003978
.004085
.004199
.004311
.06723
.06704
.06686
.06667
.06647
15.78
15.85
15.93
16.00
16.08
.06111
.06308
.06507
.06722
.06935
.05760
.05934
.06110
.06299
.06486
Figure N.4 - Weights of Air, Water Vapor, and Saturated Mixture of Air and
Water Vapor at Different Temperatures and 29.92 in. Hg
Reprinted by Permission
Approximate
average
Increase in increase in
density per density per
F wet-bulb
0.1 in.
pressure depression
28.5
29.0
29.5
30.0
30.5
31.0
30
31
32
33
34
.07703
.07687
.07671
.07654
.07638
.07839
.07822
.07806
.07789
.07772
.07974
.07957
.07940
.07924
.07907
.08110
.08093
.08075
.08058
.08041
.08245
.08228
.08210
.08193
.08175
.08380
.08363
.08345
.08327
.08310
.00027
.00027
.00027
.00027
.00027
.000017
.000017
.000017
.000018
.000018
35
36
37
38
39
.07621
.07605
.07589
.07573
.07557
.07756
.07739
.07723
.07706
.07690
.07890
.07873
.07856
.07840
.07823
.08024
.07807
.07990
.07973
.07956
.08158
.08141
.08123
.08106
.08089
.08292
.08274
.08257
.08239
.08222
.00027
.00027
.00027
.00027
.00027
.000018
.000018
.000019
.000019
.000019
40
41
42
43
44
.07541
.07525
.07509
.07493
.07477
.07674
.07657
.07641
.07625
.07609
.07806
.07790
.07773
.07757
.07740
.07939
.07922
.09705
.07889
.07872
.08072
.08055
.08038
.08021
.08004
.08205
.08187
.08170
.08153
.08135
.00027
.00026
.00026
.00026
.00026
.000019
.000020
.000020
.000020
.000020
45
46
47
48
49
.07461
.07445
.07429
.07413
.07397
.07592
.07576
.07560
.07544
.07528
.07724
.07707
.07691
.07674
.07658
.07855
.07838
.07822
.07805
.07788
.07986
.07970
.07953
.07936
.07919
.08118
.08101
.08084
.08066
.08049
.00026
.00026
.00026
.00026
.00026
.000020
.000021
.000021
.000021
.000022
50
51
52
53
54
.07381
.07366
.07350
.07334
.07318
.07512
.07496
.07479
.07464
.07447
.07642
.07625
.07609
.07593
.07576
.07772
.07755
.07739
.07722
.07706
.07902
.07885
.07868
.07852
.07835
.08032
.08015
.07998
.07981
.07964
.00026
.00026
.00026
.00026
.00026
.000022
.000022
.000023
.000023
.000023
55
56
57
58
59
.07302
.07287
.07271
.07255
.07240
.07431
.07415
.07399
.07383
.07367
.07560
.07544
.07528
.07512
.07495
.07689
.07673
.07656
.07640
.07623
.07818
.07801
.07784
.07768
.07751
.07947
.07930
.07913
.07896
.07879
.00026
.00026
.00026
.00026
.00026
.000024
.000024
.000025
.000025
.000025
60
61
62
63
64
.07224
.07208
.07193
.07177
.07161
.07352
.07336
.07320
.07304
.07288
.07479
.07463
.07447
.07430
.07414
.07607
.07590
.07574
.07557
.07541
.07734
.07718
.07701
.07684
.07668
.07862
.07845
.07828
.07811
.07794
.00026
.00026
.00026
.00026
.00026
.000026
.000026
.000027
.000027
.000028
Note: Approximate average decrease in density per 0.1F rise in dry-bulb temperature equals .000017 lbm/ft3.
Figure N.5 - Psychrometric Density Table (I-P)
266 | Field Performance Measurement
Approximate
average
Increase in increase in
density per density per
F wet-bulb
0.1 in.
pressure depression
28.5
29.0
29.5
30.0
30.5
31.0
65
66
67
68
69
.07145
.07130
.07114
.07098
.07083
.07272
.07256
.07240
.07224
.07208
.07398
.07382
.07366
.07350
.07333
.07525
.07508
.07492
.07475
.07459
.07651
.07634
.07618
.07601
.07584
.07770
.07760
.07744
.07727
.07710
.00026
.00026
.00026
.00026
.00026
.000028
.000029
.000029
.000030
.000030
70
71
72
73
74
.07067
.07051
.07035
.07020
.07004
.07192
.07176
.07160
.07144
.07128
.07317
.07301
.07285
.07268
.07252
.07442
.07426
.07410
.07393
.07377
.07568
.07551
.07534
.07517
.07501
.07693
.07676
.07659
.07642
.07625
.00026
.00025
.00025
.00025
.00025
.000031
.000031
.000032
.000033
.000033
75
76
77
78
79
.06988
.06972
.06956
.06940
.06925
.07112
.07096
.07080
.07064
.07048
.07236
.07220
.07203
.07187
.07171
.07360
.07343
.07327
.07310
.07294
.07484
.07467
.07451
.07434
.07417
.07603
.07591
.07574
.07557
.07540
.00025
.00025
.00025
.00025
.00025
.000034
.000034
.000035
.000036
.000036
80
81
82
83
84
.06909
.06893
.06877
.06861
.06845
.07032
.07015
.07000
.06983
.06967
.07155
.07138
.07122
.07105
.07089
.07277
.07261
.07244
.07227
.07211
.07400
.07383
.07366
.07349
.07333
.07523
.07506
.07489
.07472
.07454
.00025
.00025
.00024
.00024
.00024
.000037
.000038
.000039
.000039
.000040
85
86
87
88
89
.06829
.06812
.06796
.06780
.06764
.06950
.06934
.06917
.06901
.06885
.07072
.07056
.07039
.07022
.07005
.07194
.07177
.07160
.07143
.07126
.07316
.07299
.07281
.07264
.07247
.07437
.07420
.07403
.07385
.07368
.00024
.00024
.00024
.00024
.00024
.000041
.000042
.000043
.000043
.000044
90
91
92
93
94
.06748
.06731
.06715
.06698
.06682
.06868
.06852
.06835
.06818
.06801
.06989
.06972
.06955
.06938
.06921
.07109
.07092
.07075
.07058
.07041
.07230
.07213
.07195
.07178
.07161
.07351
.07333
.07316
.07298
.07280
.00024
.00024
.00024
.00024
.00024
.000045
.000046
.000047
.000048
.000049
95
96
97
98
99
.06665
.06648
.06632
.06615
.06598
.06785
.06768
.06751
.06734
.06717
.06904
.06887
.06870
.06853
.06835
.07024
.07006
.06989
.06972
.06954
.07143
.07126
.07108
.01091
.07073
.07263
.07245
.07227
.07209
.07191
.00024
.00024
.00024
.00024
.00024
.000050
.000051
.000052
.000053
.000054
100
.06581
.06700
.06818
.06937
.07055
.07174
.00024
.000055
Note: Approximate average decrease in density per 0.1F rise in dry-bulb temperature equals .000017 lbm/ft3.
Figure N.5 - Psychrometric Density Table (I-P)
Field Performance Measurement | 267
FUEL
COAL
0.078
OIL
0.075
NATURAL GAS
0.0725
BAGASSE
0.070
0.076
LIGNITE
0.073
WOOD
0.070
The above densities at 70F and 29.92 in. Hg are based on average fuel analyses and moisture contents
Figure N.6 - Typical Densities for Various Flue Gases
BLAST AREA
DISCHARGE DUCT
CUTOFF
OUTLET AREA
25%
50%
75%
CENTRIFUGAL FAN
100% EFFECTIVE DUCT LENGTH
AXIAL FAN
To calculate 100% effective duct length, assume a minimum of 2 duct diameters for 2500 fpm or less. Add 1 duct
diameter for each additional 1000 fpm.
Example: 5000 fpm = 5 equivalent duct diameters
If the duct is rectangular, with side dimensions equal to a and b, the equivalent duct diameter is equal to (4ab/)0.5
BACKPLATE
RIM
INLET
HUB
MOTOR
GUIDE VANE
BLADE
IMPELLER
INLET BELL
BLADE
DIFFUSER
HUB
MOTOR
IMPELLER
CASING
BEARING CASING
BELT TUBE
BLADE
HUB
GUIDE VANE
INLET BOX
BEARINGS
FAN
CASING
GUIDE VANES
MECHANISM FOR
CONTROLLING
BLADE ANGLE
INNER CYLINDER
IMPELLER
DIFFUSER
Figure R.1 - Common Terminology for Axial and Tubular Centrifugal Fans
270 | Field Performance Measurement
HOUSING
DIVERTER
CU
TO
FF
CENTER PLATE
BLAST AREA
DISCHARGE
OUTLET AREA
SIDE SHEET
BACKPLATE
FF
BLADE
TO
CU
INLET
SCROLL
IMPELLER
FRAME
RIM
BEARING
SUPPORT
INLET COLLAR
BELT GUARD
FS CS
EXT
F & BP
MB
FB
INT
F & BP
HC
MB
FB
AS
FS
HC
BYPASS
COLD DECK
+
+
HOT DECK
AS
MB
FB
CC
SS
HC
ELIM
MB
FB
+
+
DRIP TRAY
ZONE DAMPERS
HC
CC
HOT DECK
FS
HC
FB
MB
COLD DECK
CC
FLEXIBLE CONNECTION
AS
CS
CC
HC
ACCESS SECTION
COIL SECTION
COOLING COIL
HEATING COIL
EXT F & BP
INT F & BP
ELIM
FS
FB
MB
SS
FAN SECTION
FILTER BOX
MIXING BOX
SPRAY SECTION
READING
Ps1 or Ps4
Ps2 or Ps5
Ps3
Pv3
Pv3
1
2
3
4
5
n
TOTAL
AVERAGE
CALCULATIONS: (Refer to the various sections of this publication for the appropriate calculation
procedures.)
T.2 General
This analysis is based on the assumption that fan
perfomance can be treated as a statistical quantity
and that the performances derived from repeated
tests would have a normal distribution. The most
probable performance would, therefore, be the mean
results based on repeated observations at each point
of operation. Only one set of observations is
specified in this publication. This analysis deals,
therefore, with the probable uncertainty in the results
obtained from a single set of observations.
The results of a fan field performance test for a single
point of operation are a combination of variables
which are normally presented graphically. Test results
will be considered to be the fan static pressure
versus flow rate and fan power input versus flow rate.
The uncertainty in results will be expressed in terms
of fan flow rate, fan static pressure, and fan power
input.
The accuracies specified in this publication are based
upon two standard deviations. This means that there
should be a 95% probability that the actual
uncertainties will be less than the specified value.
T.3 Symbols
In the analysis that follows, certain symbols and
notations are used in addition to those shown in
Annex Q.
Symbol
Quantity
ex
X
R
Subscript
Description
A
b
d
f
g
h
H
N
P
Q
w
x
area
Barometric Pressure
Dry-bulb Temperature
Velocity Pressure
Static Pressure
Power Input
Fan Power Input
Fan Speed
Fan Static Pressure
Fan Flow Rate
Wet-bulb Depression
Generalized Quantity (A, b, ..., )
Density
70.73 pbV
R ( t d + 460 )
Where:
V = 1.0 - 0.378 {(pe/pb) - [(td - tw)/2700]}
For random and independant uncertainties in
products, the combined uncertainty is determined as
follows:
/ = {(70.73/70.73)2 + (pb/pb)2 + (V/V)2 +
(R/R)2 + [td/(td + 460)]2}0.5
Table T.1
Measurement
eb
ed**
eW
eN
eh
ec
eA
ef
eg
Minimum
Maximum
0.003
0.005
5/(td - tw)
0.005
0.030
0.015
0.010
0.0229
{0.000225 + [0.1 Pv/(Ps2 - Ps1)]2}0.5
0.007
0.020
10/(td - tw)
0.010
0.070
0.075
0.020
0.1136
{0.0033 + [0.2 Pv/(Ps2 - Ps1)]2}0.5
* These uncertainties do not account for the effect of swirl at the fan inlet. This situation must be corrected in order
to produce acceptable fan-system performance (see Section 5).
** Based on absolute temperature
Field Performance Measurement | 277
T.6 Summary
The minimum and maximum measurement
uncertainties (See Table T.1) were defined earlier in
Section T.4. Summarizing, the per unit uncertainties
are as shown in Table T.1.
The uncertainty calculations lead to absolute
uncertainties in fan flow rate, fan static pressure, and
fan power input that can be applied directly to the
corresponding test results. The uncertainty results
can then be plotted as rectangles around the test
point. Intersection of the rectangles with the quoted
fan performance within the limitations of a field test.
See the examples in Section T.7.
T.7 Examples
Two examples of the calculation of uncertainties and
the method of comparison with the quoted fan curve
are included in this section. Uncertainty calculations
and comparisons have been developed for Examples
2B and 2C of Annex A. Uncertainty calculations for
Example 2B utilize all minimum uncertainty
tolerances. Uncertainty calculations for Example 2C
utilize all maximum uncertainty tolerances. It would
be unlikely that any field installation would lend itself
to all minimum or all maximum measurement
tolerances. Agreement of the parties as to acceptable
measurement tolerances for a given installation
should be established prior to testing.
278 | Field Performance Measurement
91.3F
70.4F
-11.4 in. wg
0.1 in. wg
1.24 in. wg
1.40 ft2
1.57 ft2
0.0714 lbm/ft3
0.0705 lbm/ft3
CONVERTED RESULTS
Qc = 7114 cfm
Psc = 11.42 in. wg
Hc = 18.90 hp
MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTIES
Reference: Minimum values per Section T.6
eb
ed
ew
eN
eh
ec
eA
ef
eg
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.003
0.005
5/(td2 - tw2)
0.005
0.030
0.015
0.010
0.0229
{0.000225 + [0.1 Pv/(Ps2 - Ps1)]2}0.5
CALCULATIONS
Pv =
=
=
=
Pv2
Pv3 (A3/A2)2 (3/2)
1.24 (1.57/1.40)2 (0.0705/0.0714)
1.54 in. wg
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
Psc
Psc + P
TEST POINT
MINIMUM UNCERTAINTY RANGE
Psc - P
Qc = 7114 cfm
Q = 158 cfm
Psc = 11.42 in. wg
P = 0.27 in. wg
Hc = 18.90 hp
H = 0.64 hp
Qc + Q
Qc - Q
Qc
QUOTED FAN
PERFORMANCE
CURVES
Hc + H
Hc
Hc - H
Qc + Q
Qc - Q
Qc
Q, FAN FLOW RATE
Figure T.1
td3 = 86.5F
tw3 = 75.5F
Ps4 = -1.57 in. wg
Ps5 = 1.22 in. wg
Pv2 = 0.61 in. wg
P = eP Psc
= 0.0780 2.54
= 0.20 in. wg
CONVERTED RESULTS
Qc = 25964 cfm
Psc = 2.54 in. wg
Hc = 17.11 hp
MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTIES
Reference: Maximum values per Section T.6
eb
ed
eW
eN
eh
ec
eA
ef
eg
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.007
0.020
10/(td3 - tw3)
0.010
0.070
0.075
0.020
0.1136
{0.0033 + [0.2 Pv/(Ps5 - Ps4)]2}0.5
CALCULATIONS
Q = eQQc
= 0.0973 25964
= 2526 cfm
Qc + Q = 25964 + 2526
= 28490 cfm
Qc - Q = 25964 - 2526
= 23438 cfm
H = eHHc
= 0.0792 17.11
= 1.36 hp
Hc + H = 17.11 + 1.36
= 18.47 hp
Hc - H = 17.11 - 1.36
= 15.75 hp
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
TEST POINT
MAXIMUM UNCERTAINTY RANGE
Qc = 25964 cfm
Q = 2526 cfm
Psc + P
Psc = 2.54 in. wg
P = 0.20 in. wg
Psc
Hc = 17.11 hp
H = 1.36 hp
Psc - P
Qc - Q
Qc + Q
Qsc
QUOTED FAN
PERFORMANCE
CURVES
Hc + H
Hc
Hc - H
Qc - Q
Qc + Q
Qsc
Figure T.2
The Air Movement and control Association International, Inc. is a not-for-profit international association of the
worlds manufacturers of related air system equipment primarily, but limited to: fans, louvers, dampers, air
curtains, airflow measurement stations, acoustic attenuators, and other air system components for the industrial,
commercial and residential markets.