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  • The Criminalization of Immigration in T... Ted States - Immigration Policy Center

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    The Criminalization of Immigration in T... Ted States - Immigration Policy Center

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    srt82016 “The Criminalization of Immigration nthe United Sates | Immigration Policy Center American Immigration — sanne Council la tion in the United The Criminalization of Immigr: States Formore han a cent innumerable stidieshave cones ie simple yet powertl tuts about te rlasorshi ‘bewees immigraton and cima: nmigrants are fas Hel lo commit srous mes or be behind barsthan fe nae born, ard hig ale afimmgration ae asaciated wit lower aes olen ime and property exe, Tihs tue ‘roth egalinigrans an the unauthorized, regards of hircounty of gin a vel of educator. In oer ‘wor, the ovenuhebring majorly of inmgrant are noleiinal” by any coneronyaccaplad defniton othe a For this reason harsh imeigation pls are not fective n ging re, LUnfomunately, migration polis Reqventy shaped more by fear and treohpe ‘han by empical ovaence. AS osu immigrants have te stam of rminality _ascived io themby an everevoling assorment of laws andimsigralon- ‘enforcement mecnanisms, Puta erent mrss ee being defined more and ‘mote a heats, Winle new classe of Yelonies* nave been crete whien apply ‘only immigrants, deportaon nas bacome apunishmntfr even minor ofense, {ad polices aimed at ying ne unautnorzea mmigraten have been made more une rather an more retona and practical. in shor, immigrant homseWas ae sing ciminaze. Immigrants are Less Likely to be Criminals Than the Native-Born ‘Higher migrations Associated with Lower Crime Rates swoon 1990 and 2013, ho oreign-bor share ofthe US. population grow ‘rom 7.9 parent 13.1 perenland the ruber afunauborzed inant: + During the same period, FL indicat thal he volo ria rate declined 48 percent—which included ang ‘ates of aggravated asta, robbery, ape and murder. Lkeaae, the property cme at ll 4 paren, nesing Aecining rae fmotor vehicle he, laeanvrabben ana burly, ‘migrants are Less Likely than the Native-Bom to Be Behind Bars + According oan orginal analysis of data fom fs 2010 American Community Survey (ACS) conducted by ho hrs ofthis report oughly 18 pscentfinmigrantmates ago 18-39 are ncarcealod, compared to 3.3 percent ‘ofthe natvo-bom. This lapaiy in incarceration rats has existed for decades as evidenced by data fom the 1980, 1990, are 2000 deconnialconsuss. In each of oso years, fe incarceration ratas of he naive-bor wars anyorer rom toto fve ines highor an hating, 1 Toe 2010 Consus data roveas that incarceraton rates among he young, lse-aducelod Mescan, Salvadoran, and ‘Guatematen men who make up he bulk oft unautnzed population ae sgnitcanty lower than ne Incarearaton rate among nate-bom young mien wiota high-school diploma, In 2010, s-edueaad ale bom mon age 18-39 had an incarceration rata af 107 percen—ore man tiple he 2 petcentat among ‘erign-bom Mexcan men, and ve tes greater nan the 1.7 pecentate among frigr-bom Salvadoran and ‘Guatostan men ‘immigrants are Less Likely Than the Native-Born to Engage in Criminal Behavior + Avoriotyofditorent sues using dierent meodologies have ound al instante ae ls tkaly Ban the ‘atve-bem fe engage in ier vent or nonvlent-ansaca ber; at imrigrans ae ls kay Bante ‘afve-nem fe repeat fenders among high ii adolescents and tat inmsgan you whe were stidensin, U.S. miele and high schools inthe mid-990s and are now young salts have smong te lowest delingvency ‘ates ofa yours peopl. Criminalizing immigration and Expanding the Apparatus of Enforcement Desptehe abundance of evidence tatirgraton it notlinke io higher time rates, and thatimmigrant rs ost aly bo criminals than tho natvo-bom, many US. poiyakors succumb to their foarsandprjudiens about what ‘hey imagine immigrants be. Asa resul far loo many lmigralon poles are dra on fe basis of treoypes hipsimmigrationplicy orspecia-roprisiriminalzato-immigraor-urited slates jouremailacaress | sicnuPy Rego (suport LOS) OBAMA'S EXECUTIVE ACTION PCC ei Soll ‘inmates cam, Non des pate oer moe Tost FACTS 51555 gett spose onthe pore wn srt82016 “The Criminalization of Immigration nthe United Sates | Immigration Policy Center ‘ater than subsance. These laws ae erminazing an ever broadening swath othe immigrant populaon by aps hing 8 Gouble standard when tcomasto ne consequences for rminal bana Inmigrats who experiance evan he Sghastbrusn with crminal juste syst, uch as being cones ofa misdemeaner can fr homsots subject detention fran undetermined period. ater when hey ar expeller the county and pared for resenng. other words fr year the ovemmenthas been redasning whatitmeansiabe aerial abe,” sing Incrensngy singentaefnitons and andar of erminalty hat 2 net appWo U.S.chzens, Support our efforts to brin tothe imm ‘course, hee inroainglypunive ls ae only elective asthe imnigraton-etocemen! apparatus to suppor tem. And hs apparalishas expanded dramatically aver he pasties decades More and more emigrant have eon ensrared by anoreement machanisns new anol, ors wake rai a Secure Communi. Deine immigrants rs then housed na growing natoruide network of peal, foro pssons befoe hey ate departed tom te United Sas. n shor a= U.S. mmigrason laws cate mare ans mor “eminal tens he machinery of delanson and deportation gras larger aswel casing a wining dragna aver th natons ‘orign-bo population in soar of anyone whe might be deport. Wr te tecrologicllysopisiated enforcement sysersin place today being stopped bya pai ofce for diving acarwihabroken al ghtcan unas na one-way tip out oh county ie diverlong ago ple guily oa misdemeanor tat has snes been otned asa deporable ofense ‘Tha scale of federal govormants civ to cominal2simmigraton and expand he reac oe eniorcoment nmgrane who conmiteven te ght ofenea orinacson,Crmes which might aut a ne ora suspended sontonce fornarvos ona up gotng immigrants detained end doportad. Ths represents a double standard fusca fer ‘eamgrass in whic the scale othe punishmant(etonton and daporation) ar outweighs the severity ofthe cine {atc ofenes, for example), Unfortunately, i double standard nas been the gud-g prince behind 2 ay Immgraton-nfrcementiows and programs, such 2 me Maal nmgration Reform ana inmgrartResponsby Act 01006 (RIRA). the 287(a) rogram, Secure Conmunies end me “Consequence Delivery Syston” imlamanse by U.S. Customs and dona Protection (CBP) n 2011 Immigrants are Less Likely to be Criminals Than the Native-Born ‘The evidence that mmigrans ond not be eiminalsis averuhatning. To begin wit, the isan invererlasonship ie ad neigrtonCrie asin th Une States have rane downward for many years ae eae ‘ine tal he number ofimmigrants has gown. Second, migrant te oss kay be incarcerated than Bona ‘bom. Ad, i, immigrant re est Kalyan the native-born t engage inthe cfminal behaviors that tend la and fone in prison. No ater how you ook at he eeu, te inescapable corlusionisthat immigrants are on average, loss ‘one inal tan he US. nave-bom population, Higher immigration is Associated with Lower Crime Rates [As the number ofimmigrant in he Unite Sats has ison in econtyears, crime rales hav fallen, Bolween 1990 and 2013, th forsignbom share of US. population grew tom 79 percents 13.1 porcent{ Figure 1} an he numberof ‘unauthorized immigrants mor than pled fom 3.5 lion t 112 millon (igure 2} During the same period, Fl éala Inaiate hate violent crime rete declined 48 prcort—whic include fallngratos of aggravated assauk 808, ‘ap, and murder (gure 3), Lkewse, Pe property cre ate fe 41 peteanIncksng dating rates of motor vehicle ‘het rconytobbery. ang burglary (Figure )- Ths decne\n cme aes othe face othigh vel fnew inmgraton has been a steady naonal tend, and has occured in ies azrssthe county. Nateeacsee ets te gee °TEPTPEVEVAVETET EVENT ‘The most horoughly susie aspect hie phenomenon hasbeen the dap in als of volenose since he ealy 1880sin ces hat ave long been "gateways" orimmigransenisring he United Stats, such a Mia, Chieago, ao, San Antonio, and San Diego. However, he versa relatonsipbotwoon immigration and cme ie alko apparent In ‘now immigrant galoways, suc as Austin whore rats ofbot vient rime and sorous propery cme have Goctned desps high levels of new inegraton.Decring rates of oper cme have aso been documented in ‘metopolian areas across he county. Some scholars sugges that new immigrants may reviakze dlapidteé urban ras, umataly rcucng volentcome aos. nano, to quote sociologist Robart Sampson, “ella of concenratd inmgraion are some ofthe sales places around" The reason fois s vaighorward. mgrans asa group onda be highly metated goal-éven ‘naivavats who nave iste o gan by runing soul of law As lw pratessr ara puble-poleyexsert che! Tnry ust "Fs-generaon ecoromie immigrants ae se-seleid rk takers who leave he homes, fami, end languages o move toa new county'oinprove ter ang her hdres es, Thay have Good teatonato worker, ater grateatons, and ty out! Youble” Sampson and colleagues als nd hatmmigrancommuntes are ‘naulates Yom crime because they ena to deply “socal chesion among nelghvors combined wih Bet willigness to ntarvene on baalf ote common good” hipsimmigrationplicy orspecia-roprisiriminalzato-immigraor-urited slates ant srt82016 “The Criminalization of Immigration nthe United Sates | Immigration Policy Center “Tare fe eoneo of ja win hese modern-day Slings, ne fret tree dcades of he 20° century, curing De ast or oflarge-ecal immigration, hee government commissions sted ne relatonshp between immigrants and crime {and came othe sama conclusion as contzmporry researchers The hdustil Commission of 190, th [Dilnghem) Immigraton Commission of 1911, ant (Wickersham Natonsl Commission on Law Observance ane Enoremant of 1031 each set outto measure how immigraton increases crime, But each foun loweriovelsotiinaly among ‘eamgrans han among te natve-bom counterparts. A cantury ago the report ofthe Ditlngham Commision No satefectay evidence ha yet been produced t show thal inmgraton has resuled in an increase in crime clsproporonate othe increase in aul populon, Such comparable stasis of crime and population ashes ‘ben posible obiainncate at immigrats are fess prone econ erire than are naive Anericans Immigrants are Loss Likely than the Native-Born to Be Behind Bars ‘Anata concrete indication eel nmin are los kay han fe native-tom 6 be einai he fact hatreatively ‘ow pinot isthe Unitad Sto are grants, Aczoaing sa iia analy fla tom the 2070 America ‘Commniy Survey (RCS) conducted by tre autor fis opotroughy 18 percent ofimeigrant males age 18-99, are incarcaale, compared 6 3.3 percent fe naive-brn This spar nearceraton rates ha exiled or ‘decades, aidencad by dala For he 1980, 1990, and 2000 decent carsuses Figura 5). nach af ore yours, {he incroration rates of he nave-bom were anywhere om of five ras hgher han fa of immigrans igure 5: U.S. Incarcerat 1a 1% * 07% 04s suc Ks Band han oie a Why oe mie’ nara eee? ice i wan Se Roane sca ya eles ave ack ‘Tn pronounce ference bebwsenInmgrats are nalve-bom inom flnescoraon aos also halés te In ‘he case of nase inmigrants mos! kayo be unauthorized. The 2010 Census deta reveals a lncarceraton rates ‘among te young, les-educst Mexican, Salvadoran and Guatemalan men who make up he bulk of e ‘unauholzed populaton ate sgniesny lover than tha increaraton rat among natve-born young men without highseroodpioms.h 20°, lss-educates native-born man age 18-39 had an inetceraton rate of 107 percent ‘mote than tiple he 28 percent ste among foreign-born Meican men and ve times greater than Be 17 percent ake among toeige-born Salvadoran ane Guatemalan men gute Sh Figure 6: USS. Incarceration Rates of Native-Born, Mexican, and Salvadoran/Guatemalan Men, Age 18-39, Without « High-School Diploma, 2000 & 2010 2000 #2010 oll ml hipsimmigrationplicy orspecia-roprisiriminalzato-immigraor-urited slates srt82016 “The Criminalization of Immigration nthe United Sates | Immigration Policy Center Research slo inccates at sich statics are nol simply the product ofan efectveinmigraton-eforcament sys ‘tatremoves immigrants fom he eaunty her ian hlding them in US. prisons. According aa sdb economists ‘isin Butcher an Anno Worron Piel he evigencesuggoss hat doporaton and detsranc fmigrans' crime ‘commission fom te heat of Sepoiaion ae not ving fe resis. Rather, mmarants appear be sltseecaa to nave lw erminal propenates and nishas creased over a The say begins by using data om the 1980, 1990, ‘and 2000 Censuses o demenstato tat immigrantshave had owerincacaraton aos than the ratve-born fo quia ‘some tne, and hat fusetecthas been growing mote plonounced win each passing decade. Bul the sy then goes ‘onto answer ne queston ofwhener eve decreasing incarceration rates ae De reautathtahimmigrason pales ‘enacted isthe 1990s, ether because more immigrants wets deported or Because mare were detared om eiminl behavior necause ofthe #veato eperaton The enswerta hs question proved be "no 20%0 (othrough hey remained mich ower han for nave-bom men) However, bi i aly te product changes it now immigration laws are enorce,notan indian of some inigrn| predaposon toward “cminaliy inthe commonly undersod sense athe word, The mot probable exalraion forthe nese is hat many more migrant ren were incarcraod fr immigrated ofenses during te frst dacado oho 21% century as Congress redefined mor and more immigraton ofonses as criminal suchas urauthorze@onty or e-enby oho county). hus ragering cominal incarceration bots deporaton Thee sane factors alo exolain why immigrants ae ovr representa inthe feral prison syst wl ome ay be here for commiting a serious criminal ofense, great many more maybe ere because ofan immigration \olaton. Moreover. ts imporantto keep in mind tat the cnractarstes oe federal pson population do nt neces speakto the US reon population ata whale becavas be overwhelming malay otpisoners ae notin federal prisons. According w data tom he U.S. Bureau of Juice Statics, federal inmates accounted fr ony 9 ercentof al risonersin 2010. Wl over hal(S8 perc wee ncarcraed in se isons anc a td (83 percent) in localjats So, when anssmmigrantecosts and polite tunpat me outeteansat sla hel ane-qua ofthe emai federal pions ar oeige-Bor, hat gue should note akan ace vale {Goverment AccounlailiyOfce (GAO) sought overcome ths liniaion ina 2071 study. Not nly id he stay ‘examina immigrants feral prison ding the Fiscal Yer (FY) 20052010 period, bul also noneeral ington, ‘trough he US, epartvent of user's Sat Giminal Aken Assistance Program (SCAAP) during he FY 2008-2008 Deri. The GAO fund that, among the innigrantpisonersin its sale 65 percenthad been ast alleast once ‘(athough notneceasanyconvices of an immigration volt, 48 percent fora drag olen, and:9 prcentor ‘afi wolatons—sll ofwnich are generally non-violent at, nconparison, 8 porcenthad been sree atleast once ‘or homicide and 9 percont for ober. The GAO also analyzed data fom the US. Senloncng Commission and found ‘pat in FY 2009, ecorlprmary convicon for 68 percent offenders who were immigrants Was an mgraton ‘lato volaton—neta volt oforso or any srtof cre which coul be consrued asa seat to pubi slo, Immigrants are Less Likely Than the Native-Born to Engage in Criminal Bshavior ‘The availabe evince indicates hatinmigrants re not ont loss ikl oer up behind bars thane native-born butthat migrate ao alo lee lkly 0 commitrminal cso bagin wih For instance, a 2014 dy fund hat ‘immigrans 26 US ae less Ikaly to ongage in violn or nonvicentanssosal behaviors fan native-born “Amercans. Notaby,natve-bomn Americans ware approxmatoy four mes more kal 9 epor valent behavior han ‘Asian and Atncan immigrants end vao imos more ly han immigrets om Lasn America"Te suey analyzse ats fom he Natonal Epidemiologic Suvey on Alcohol and Related Condtons NESARC) > detemine how aon sates and immigrants engage ina wide range of violent and nonilen antisocial benaviors rom nurenganomner person on purpse and using @ weapon curing afght»shopiting and ig Ihre vin, ances 2014 shy racked 1,264 “nigh is” adolescent ver the couse of even years and found ‘hale inmigrantsin the sample were les ely ane naie-bom tobe cepeat fenders n te words ofthe Select o ‘82010 study oles sna Sings based on da om th National Longin Sty of Adolescent Healt (A Healts).Ass Heath ofor"natonal ongiunal accountof delinquency by gender, acslehncty, an immigrant 09 fom ie onsatofadolescence (ages 11-12) to he ranton info adulthood ages 25.28)" The say fun at “imran youth who eral in U.S, mile and high school in he mid-19908 and who are yourg adi today had among the lowest deingvency als ofall ou The authors concle hat he nasonaLoval aia gathered by Ada Healey “eobunkis) te myth of immigrant rival Fears that mmigrasonwillea oan escalation of rime ana Galinguoncy are uncunded.” Criminalizing Immigration and Expanding the Apparatus of Enforcement Despite he abundance ct vdence mat Inmigain isnot tnked higher rime ates, and that immlrans are lass aly be criminals nan the nave-bom, many US. poleymakers succumb other Tears and prejudices about whet ‘hey imagine immigrants tbe. As aesul foe mary lmngraton poles ae araes on fe basis of tereaypes rater han substance. Thase laws re criminalzing an ever broadening swah of he immigrant population by apa}ng 8 double standard whentcomas a ne consequences or euninal behav aigfants who experience even be hipsimmigrationplicy orspecia-roprisiriminalzato-immigraor-urited slates sn srt82016 “The Criminalization of Immigration nthe United Sates | Immigration Policy Center slontstbrisn win th criminal juste syst, such as being conte ofa misdemeanor can frahomseles ‘subject detention an undetermined period aor when hoy ar expeller the county and bred for ‘reverng, This realty i ate core of what Iw profesor dl Skampfcall-ctigraion'—the“rminalizaton of |nmgraton lw” Skimpf argues that"as eamenalsarctonsforimmigratonlaed condita esminal grounds or ‘removal fom te Unig Stans continue to oxpand aliens bocome synonymous wit criminals” h other words or ‘oars he govermenthas been edaning whatitmeansio be aetna allen ssing increasingly stngont U.S. ciizens. ‘couse, thse neressnglypuntve le ae onl as afectve asthe immigraton-aforcemont appara designed ‘2 suppor nem. And hs apparels nas expanded dramatically over the pasties decades. More and more ‘eumgrans nave been ensrare by enforcement mechanisms new and old, fom works aids Secure ‘Communites. Detained immigrans are then housed in a growing natonwide network of pel, or-proftprsons Defoe they are deported tom te United Stas. n shot a8 U.S. mmigraon aws rate more ana mor “e“minal ‘tens’ he machnetyfdetenton and deponson grows niger aswel, casing a widening dtagnetover the natons ‘ereign-bom population a sear af anjane who might doporable. Wr te tacctolely sphlcicatad cenfocomn!systesin place today being topped by poli oles fr diving aca wih broken al ght ean culminate na one-way tip eto Re county Beaver long ago pled guy a a misdemeanor Mat hes sine Been etined asa deporane ofense Misleading Language in the “Official” Deportation Statistics ‘Te dointon ornate used bythe adeal goverment i cast inansisin wih Be general public's understanding of seous crime. The lem representa arinalogical light hand used jut punitive ‘ppcoach to nmigraton enforcement tas based on incarcealn and departafon. An inpotnt pal he ‘Governments etemplt redefine whalitmeans lobe acininal alan with al he socal and legal implications is Ibba arses, becomes lear up clos consideration afhe dais on enoreement scons thats aleased by the US. Department at Homan Securty (OHS), According lo DHS, £38421 fran naonale were removes om fe Unites ‘Sbies in FY 2013. Among hake removed. ously 45 percent (198,394) wore astfes ae xnowncininal alons” {long these lines, the decor of CE tested before Congress hal eighy-fve pteantofindhviduale eroved of ‘retened tom the ntarir wore previously corvicid of mina fons), However more detailed examination ofthe data leary isles hat ne majority of eminal ans” are inact not boing romovec for what most Asricans perceive tbo serious cme such asthe Is eightIndex Crimes, whieh consstof Part ofensss(nomicide assault orble rape, androbbery) ang ‘Pa ofensos(arcony, burglary metor ‘vohicl tht and arson. Infact, OHS's FY 2013 enforcementactons indicat hat sorous crimes such as Assault” "Robbery "Burglary and "Sexual Assaul callechvly mak up only one-th fthe crm categories or wich ‘minal sone were ramaved Nearly one-hit (31.3peront) final ins’ ware removes fer"mmgraton” ofensos(o. lgal enty or reentry nto tho Uniod Sines lowed by 15.4 peroantfor Dangerous Drugs (which Incas possession ot maruana}, ana 15 pecsntorCrminal Tate Ofense"(rcuaing bob Diving Under the Intuence (DU!) and “hit anrun) Als network are an additonal 142 percantof comin aliens" who were ‘removed or"Al oor ategonos,nclusing unknown (FgueT). Figure 7: Removals by Crime Category, FY 2013 Seu: Soha Sima Ingasn rc Aco 2019 [Washing CUS. bop Hema Seu Sopris 210), 7. Immigrant Incarceration and the Rise of the Private Prison Industry ‘Te rminalizstonofimmigratoninscles much more han the manipulation of cal depron sats, Kis ako

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