SENSORS AND THEIR

APPLICATIONS
PRESENTED BY
MRINAL
NEHA SHRIVASTAVA
NIDHI.P.TIGGA

TOPICS INCLUDED IN THIS

PRESENTATION
INTRODUCTION
OPTICAL

SENSORS
PRINCIPLE OF SENSORS
CLASSIFICATION AND COMPARISON
SOME INTERESTING APPLICATIONS
CHRONOLOGY
CONCLUSION
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SENSOR INTRODUCTION
A sensor is a device that produces a measurable
response to a change in a physical condition,
such as temperature or thermal conductivity, or to
a change in chemical concentration. Sensors are
particularly useful for making in-situ
measurements such as in industrial process
control.
Sensors are responsible for converting some
type of physical phenomenon into a quantity
measurable by a data acquisition (DAQ) system.

OPTICAL SENSOR
INTRODUCTION
NEW

REVOLUTION OF OPTICAL
FIBER SENSORS
IT IS A SPIN-OFF FROM OTHER
OPTICAL TECHNOLOGIES
SEEING THE POTENTIAL IN
SENSING APPLICATIONS
DEVELOPED AS ITS OWN FIELD
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OPTICAL SENSOR MEASURANDS

TEMPERATURE

CHEMICAL
SPECIES

PRESSURE

FORCE

FLOW

RADIATION

LIQUID LEVEL

pH

DISPLACEMENT HUMIDITY
VIBRATION

STRAIN

ROTATION

VELOCITY

MAGNETIC
FIELDS

ELECTRIC
FIELDS

ACCELERATION ACOUSTIC
FIELDS

WORKING PRINCIPLE

LIGHTBEAMCHANGESBYTHE
PHENOMENATHATISBEINGMEASURED
LIGHTMAYCHANGEINITSFIVEOPTICAL

PROPERTIESi.eINTENSITY,PHASE,
POLARIZATION,WAVELENGTHAND
SPECTRALDISTRIBUTION
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CLASSIFICATION
OPTICAL SENSORS ARE OF TWO TYPES

EXTRINSIC SENSORS

INTRINSIC SENSORS

EXTRINSIC SENSORS

WHERETHELIGHTLEAVESTHEFEEDOR
TRANSMITTINGFIBERTOBECHANGEDBEFORE
ITCONTINUESTOTHEDETECTORBYMEANS
OFTHERETURNORRECEIVINGFIBER
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INTRINSIC SENSORS

INTRINSICSENSORSAREDIFFERENTINTHATTHE
LIGHTBEAMDOESNOTLEAVETHEOPTICALFIBER
BUTISCHANGEDWHILSTSTILLCONTAINEDWITHINIT.
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COMPARISON OF THE TWO TYPES

EXTRINSIC

INTRINSIC

APPLICATIONS-

APPLICATIONS-

TEMPERATURE,
PRESSURE,LIQUID
LEVEL AND FLOW.

ROTATION,
ACCELERATION, STRAIN,
ACOUSTIC PRESSURE
AND VIBRATION.
MORE SENSITIVE
TOUGHER TO MULTIPLEX
REDUCES CONNECTION
PROBLEMS
MORE ELABORATE
SIGNAL DEMODULATION
MORE EXPENSIVE

LESS

SENSITIVE
EASILY MULTIPLEXED
INGRESS/ EGRESS
CONNECTION
PROBLEMS
EASIER TO USE
LESS EXPENSIVE

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Types of Optical Sensors

Chemical/Gas Concentration
Temperature
Strain
Biomedical
Electric & Magnetic Fields
Rotation
Pressure
Displacement &Position

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CHEMICAL SENSORS

REMOTE SPECTROSCOPY
GROUNDWATER AND SOIL
CONTAMINATION
MAJOR PLAYERS IN CHEMICAL SENSORS
1) PHARMACIA BIOTECH (SWEDEN)
2) FIBERCHEM
3) THE QUANTUM GROUP

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Chemical/Gas Sensor Types

Sensor
Detectable
Usable
Con's
and
Applications.
Pro's
type
gases
range
ppm levels

3 year lifetime
slightly lower at
Low power, accurate,
high temps; some
repeatable
types are crosssensitive

Flammables

LEL levels

Can be damaged by
Generally good in all high levels of H2S,
ways; portable
but poison resistant
types are available

Infrared

Flammables and CO2

0.1 (or less) to

100% by volume

Fail safe; generally

excellent

Thermal
Conductivity

Many, at % levels,
including binary
mixtures

% levels

20 year life (at least);

Only appropriate for
stable; can detect
certain gases
inert gases

Electrochemical

Pellistor

Toxics, oxygen

Expensive (but
getting cheaper);
non-portable

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TEMPERATURE SENSORS
LARGEST COMMERCIALLY
AVAILABLE SENSORS
RANGE -40 deg C TO 1000 deg C

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TYPES OF TEMPERATURE
SENSORS
Thermocouples
Thermistors
Radiation

Pyrometer
Radiation Thermometers
Resistance Temperature Detectors
Fiber Optic Temperature Sensors
Silicon Temperature Sensors
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APPLICATIONS
HVAC - room, duct, and refrigerant equipment
Motors - overload protection
Electronic circuits - semiconductor protection
Electronic assemblies - thermal management,
temperature compensation
Process control - temperature regulation
Automotive - air and oil temperature
Appliances - heating and cooling temperature

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STRAIN SENSORS

FIBER

BRAGG GRATINGS (FBG)

TECHNOLOGY
SENSES AS LITTLE AS 9
MICROSTRAIN
NRL and UNITED TECHNOLOGY
RESEARCH

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BIOMEDICAL SENSORS
SPECTROSCOPIC

BIOMEDICAL

SENSORS
CO 2, O 2 and pH CAN BE MEASURED
SIMULTANEOUSLY
FLOW MONITORING BY LASER
DOPPLERIMETRY
FIBERS

OPTHALMOLOGIC
APPLICATION
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 APPEALING-

INHERENT DIELECTRIC

NATURE
LESS SENSITIVE TO
ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE
ELECTRICAL
AND
MAGNETIC
SMALL SIZE AND SAFER
SENSORS
THEY ARE ALMOST ALWAYS HYBRID
ABB CORPORATION RESEARCH
CENTER
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APPLICATION
Compassing

and navigation
Vehicle Detection
Virtual Reality
Laboratory Instrumentation
a Medical Instruments
Underground Boring Equipment
Flux Gate Replacement
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ROTATION SENSOR
BASED

ON THE SAGNAC EFFECT

TWO TYPES RING LASER
GYROSCOPE (RLG) AND FIBER
OPTIC GYROSCOPE (FOG)
US COMPANIES PURSUING HIGH
PERFORMANCE FOGs
(HONEYWELL, LITTON, NORTHRUP,
ALLIED SIGNAL etc.)

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PRESSURE SENSORS
EARLIER

BASED ON
PIEZORESISTIVE TECHNIQUE
BASED ON MOVABLE DIAPHRAGM
HIGH PERFORMANCE(POLARIZATION BASED SENSORS)
OPERATING PRESSURE RANGES
FROM 0-70,000 torr

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DISPLACEMENT AND
POSITION SENSORS
ONE

OF THE FIRST OPTOELECTRONIC

SENSORS TO BE DEVELOPED.
SIMPLE SENSORS RELY ON THE
CHANGE IN RETROREFLECTANCE DUE
TO A PROXIMAL MIRROR SURFACE
ALSO REFERRED AS LIQUID LEVEL
SENSORS

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WHY OPTICAL SENSORS

ELECTROMAGNETIC

IMMUNITY
ELECTRICAL ISOLATION
COMPACT AND LIGHT
BOTH POINT AND DISTRIBUTED
CONFIGURATION
WIDE DYNAMIC RANGE
AMENABLE TO MULTIPLEXING
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APPLICATIONS

MILITARY AND LAW ENFORCEMENT

THISSENSORENABLESLOWLIGHTIMAGINGATTVFRAME
RATESANDABOVEWITHOUTTHELIMITATIONSOFVACUMTUBE
BASEDSYSTEMS.
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NIGHT VISION CAMERA (contd.)

COMPRISES OF :
AMPLIFIED CCD SENSOR
ANTI BLOOMING TECHNOLOGY
CRYSTAL POLYMER SHUTTER
ADVANTAGES :
EXCEPTIONAL DAY LIGHT RESOLN.
IMMUNE TO OVER EXPOSURE
VERY HIGH CONTARAST LEVELS

NO HALOING OR SCINTILLATIONS
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BIOMETRICS
YOUR FACE, FINGERS AND EYES IN A WHOLE NEW
LIGHT

IMAGECAPTURE

IMAGEPROCESSING
FEATUREEXTRACTION
FEATURECOMPARISON

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PARTIAL DISCHARGE DETECTION

USES OPTICAL FIBER SENSORS
OPTICALFIBERSENSORSAREBEINGTESTEDFORUSE
INDETECTINGPARTIALDISCHARGESINELECTRICAL
TRANSFORMERS.PINPOINTINGSUCHDISCHARGESIS
ESSENTIALTOPREVENTINGINSULATIONBREAKDOWN
ANDCATASTROPHICFAILURES.

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CONCLUSIONS
LOOKING AT THE INDUSTRY
TRENDS IN THE PAST 2 DECADES
AND THE EXPONENTIAL CURVE IT
SEEMS TO ME THAT THERE IS
GOING TO BE A LOT OF RESEARCH
AND IMPROVEMENTS TO THE
EXISTING SENSORS
OPTICAL SENSORS ARE HERE TO
STAY !!!!
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR

PATIENCE AND TIME
QUESTIONS ??

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