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StaticsSpectrumGeo

Statics
ImagingTechnology
TimeProcessing
NoiseAttenuation
Statics
TimeVelocityAnalysis
MultipleRemoval

UpholeSurveys
Anupholesurveyisusedtodeterminetheweatheringlayervelocity.Aboreholeisdrilledthatpenetratesbelowthe
theweatheringandsubweatheringlayers.Ashotisfiredatthesurfaceneartheholeandthedirecttraveltimestothe

QCDisplays/Tools
[Time]

geophonesarerecorded.

Tomography&Velocity

Aplotofthedirecttraveltimesversusthegeophonedepthscanbeusedtocomputethevelocitiesoftheweatheringlayer

Modelling

andsubweatheringlayersalongwiththethicknessoftheweatheringlayeratthatpoint.

PreStackDepthMigration

CaseStudies

weatheringlayer.Themainmethodsusedtocorrectfortheseeffectsaregivenbelow.

weatheringlayerseveralgeophonesareplacedatvariousknowndepthswithinthehole.Thegeophonelocationsmustspan

IntegratedServices

structureintodeepreflectors.Itisimportanttocorrectfortheeffectofvariablethicknessandlateralvelocityvariationofthe

QCDisplays/Tools

QCDisplay/Tools

thicknessorvelocity.Datumingthroughanincorrectweatheringmodelcancorruptthestackandcanintroducefalse

PreStackTimeMigration

DepthProcessing

CONTACT

Theweatheringlayermaybethemostvariableofalllayersyetinseismicprocessingitistakentobeeitheruniformin

PreStackTime
Migration

Thismethodattemptstoconstructamodeloftheweatheringlayerbyestimatingthevelocityandthicknessoftheweathering

layeratseverallocationsandinterpolatingbetweentheselocations.

RefractionStatics
Thepurposeofrefractionstaticsistocomputeweatheringstaticscorrectionsduringtheprocessingofreflectionseismicdata

TimeVelocityAnalysis

byusingthetraveltimesofcriticallyrefractedseismicenergy(firstbreaks).Therearedifferenttechniquesintheapplication
ofrefractionstaticsoneofwhichistheGeneralLinearInversionmethod(GLI).
Inordertoincorporatelowvelocitylayersintothestaticssolution,accurateupholeinformationisrequired.Byincludingthe
upholeinformationwehaveagoodestimateoftheweatheringlayervelocitywhichallowsustobuildagoodinitialnear
surfacegeologicalmodel.

MultipleRemoval

SpectrumhaslicencesforHampsonRussellGLI3D,GreenMountainGeophysicsMillenniumSeriesandSigma3sSeismic
StudioTM.
GLI3Dreliesonuserinterpretationoflayers/velocities(i.e.slope/intercept)atdiscretecontrolpointswhichcanbeusedto
buildtheinitialdepth/velocitymodel.ThisisthenusedastheinputtothefirstrunofGLIorTomographytoobtainupdates.

RECENTPAGES
Statics

(Thissequencecanbeiteratedasnecessarytoachieveastableresult).
Clearhistory
Incontrast,SeismicStudioTMutilizesuserpickedoffsetrangesforeachrefractortobuildavelocity/depthmodel.Delaytimes
arecalculatedforeachdefinedlayerviavariousmethods,ortomography.

GLI3DFirstBreakPicksQCdisplays

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InitialModel(LEFT)TomographicModelUpdate(CENTER)GLIModelUpdate(RIGHT)

SeismicStudioTMisaninteractivesoftwarepackagewhichoffersafullgeometrybuildandQC,functionstopickfirstbreaks
manuallyandautomaticallyandcanderivefull2D/3Drefractionstatics.

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ResidualStatics
Spectrumhasanumberofresidualstaticroutines,bothsurfaceconsistentandCDPconsistent.Highlyflexibleiterative
techniquesareoftenusedtocomputestaticcorrections.Aswellascomputingshotandreceiverstaticstheuserhasoptions
tocomputethereflectionstructure,residualnormalmoveout(RNMO)andperformaresidualphasecalculation.

GLIstaticeffectonshotgathersexamplefromonshoreCroatia

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StraightRayDatuming
Theconventionalstaticscorrectionmethodtocorrectfortimedistortionsintroducedbytheweatheringlayerhasits
limitations.Itreliesonassumedsurfaceconsistency,requiresaverticalraypathandneedsraytheorytobeanacceptable
approximationofnearsurfacewavepropagation.
Inthepresenceofrapidlateralvariationsofthe
weatheringlayer,oneormoreoftheseconditionsare
notmet.However,moreadvancedmethodssuchas
KirchhoffPreStackRedatumingorfinitedifferencefor
suchcorrectionscanalsooftenbeunfeasible.These
methodscanhaveahighcomputationalcostandcan
alsorequirehighlyrigorous,timeconsumingprocessing,
andconsiderablesamplingofthesourcesandreceivers,
notseeninconventional3Dlandacquisition.
Spectrumoffersaninnovativesolutiontobridgethegapbetweenthesemethods.StraightRayDatuming(SRD)isan
advanceinstaticsmodellingdevelopedforcommercialusebyTariqAliAlhalifah.

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MarineWaterColumnStatics
Thevariationinwatervelocityduetotemperatureandsalinitychangescanbecompensatedforbyapplyinganappropriate

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statictotheshotrecords.Thewaythisstaticiscalculatedistoaccuratelymeasurethevelocityoftheseabedreflectionusing
nearoffsetdatafromoneoftheinnercables.Thedifferenceinthepickedvelocityfromareferencevelocityof1480ms1is
mappedforeachsaillineandastaticisworkedoutusingthefollowingformula:

Static=Twb{(Vwater/1480)1}
WhereTwbandVwaterarethepickedtimesandvelocityofthewaterbottom.
Therawstaticvaluesareappliedtoneartracecrosslinestackstocheckforsaillinetosaillinecontinuityandadjustedby
manualediting.Thefinalstaticsarethenappliedtothedata

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