Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
distinguishing among the diverse approaches and methods to overcome the problem those ones
that they think would work best in Georgian environment.
Election legislation questions related to the increase of women in the legislative branches
of government
In this part of the course we will attempt to analyse Georgian parliamentary and local electoral
systems, determining its effects on womens political participation. We will analyse system through
electoral systems dimensional criteria outlined by Lijphart, in Electoral Systems and Party
Systems.21 By looking at electoral formula, district magnitude, malapportionment, electoral
threshold, assembly size, and the possibility of linked lists. Through this analysis we will attempt to
determine the chances of women to get elected in the Parliament of Georgia.
We will also look at history of political parties in Georgia since 1991 from the viewpoint of their
gender sensitivity. Inquiring about the role of political parties as gatekeepers to womens political
activism and participation in decision-making. More specifically, students will learn the criteria
outlined by Miki Caul, that will help them evaluate the role of political parties in womens
representation in parliament. According to Caul, four party-level factors have some explanatory
power [in relation to the proportion of women that get elected from a party]: organizational
structure, ideology, women party activists and gender-related candidate rules.22
We will also discuss pros and cons of quotas for increasing womens participation in the
parliament. Students will be asked to reflect on the well-known female politicians in Georgia and
brainstorm on what do they think hinders the participation of women in politics based on the
readings of the course.
Summery of the key topics and themes covered during the course and consultations for the
final essay
In this concluding part of the course, we will summarize key topics covered during the course,
making sure that students locate these themes and topics rightly with regard to womens rights and
historical events. At this stage, students will be provided also with consultations for the final essay.
qalTa uflebebis
istoriuli
aspeqtebi
saleqcio kursi
socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis
Tamar sabedaSvili
Tbilisi
21
A Lijphart, Electoral Systems and Party Systems, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994, 14.
22
Caul, M. Womens Representation in Parliament: the Role of Political Parties, Party Politics, vol. 5. no.1 (1999): 79-98
112
2006
mTavari redaqtori:
marine CitaSvili
enobrivi redaqtori:
lia kaWarava
Since 1980s sexual harassment at the workplace has become one of the controversial issues
debated in the United States. The history of identification and naming of the problem has shown
that is was not easy for women, who were sexually harassed at the workplace to protect their
rights. After series of court hearing and cases, employers now are obliged to elaborate policies and
mechanisms addressing cases of sexual harassment. As, the experience shows that if they fail to
do so, employers are as much responsible for the violation of employees rights indirectly as the
direct harasser.
giorgi bagrationi
After having examined the cases of sexual harassment, lawyers have identified two forms:
Quid pro quo occurs when a sexual demand is made as term or Condition of employment and
refusal of the demand leads to adverse employment consequences.
Hostile work environment involves acts of verbal abuse, physical touching, sexual demands or
other conduct of a sexual nature. This behaviour must be so pervasive and persistent as to have
the effect of unreasonably interfering with an individuals work performance or creating an
offensive and intimidating working environment.20
In Georgia there exist certain provisions in the Criminal Code that protect employees only from
extreme forms of sexual harassment at work place: such as rape or forcing to intercourse.
Georgian legislation does not provide protection from such kind of sexual discrimination that are
envisioned under hostile work environment definition, the employers are not requested to elaborate
mechanisms for protection of employees from the instances of sexual harassment, therefore it can
be concluded that Georgian legislation in this regard is not satisfactory.
The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences,
sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education
Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.
In this part of the course students will be introduced to the definition of domestic violence, its forms
and manifestations. We will discuss the cycle of domestic violence and the risks, emotions and
patterns of behaviour attached to the cycle. The students will also learn about the history of
identification of domestic violence as a problem and different mechanisms and approaches to
combating the problem on institutional and legal levels. Special attention will be paid to the
experience of developed countries for solving the problem of domestic violence as well as to the
situation in Georgia.
Although women and men are declared equal before the law, legal system, including laws,
procedures, and representatives of law-enforcement remain insensitive to womens concerns and
difficulties in Georgia. Georgian legislation does not define domestic abuse; respectively there exist
no laws regulating instances of domestic violence. Instead, representatives of law-enforcement
appeal to different provisions in the Criminal Code to punish domestic abuse such as (Chapter
XIX) Crime against Life; (Chapter XX) Crime against Health; (Chapter XXI) Exposing Life or Health
of Human Being to Danger; (Chapter XXII) Crime against Sexual Freedom and Inviolability. There
exists no provision punishing marital rape. The number of women, victims of domestic violence
appealing to the law-enforcement is very low, as they are afraid that the society will disapprove of
their behaviour of publicizing private matters or of being blamed themselves for the aggression
from the side of a spouse.
20
Glendora C. Hughes Sexual Harassment: Then and Noa, Maryland Bar Journal May/June, 2000, 2.
111
regulating trafficking in the country. In 2003, the Ministry of Justice prepared a proposal for
strengthening of anti-trafficking legislation in the country, the Parliament adopted the proposal in
the same year and made changes in the Criminal Code of the country punishing trading with
humans (Paragraph 1, Article 143) and punishing trading with minors (Paragraph 2, Article 143).
Criminal Code of Georgia also provides with the list of punishable activities related to human
trafficking. As for prostitution, under existing legislation, prostitution as such is not considered a
criminal offence. At the same time, setting up and maintaining of brothels, engaging someone into
prostitution are criminal offences.
Another requirement of the Womens Convention to the states parties is stated in article 2,
paragraph (f): [States should] take all appropriate measures, including legislation, to modify or
abolish existing laws, regulations, customs and practices which constitute discrimination against
women. One example of how the state can regulate such customs and practices was Article 134
of the previous Criminal Code that criminalized old tradition of bride kidnapping. According to the
tradition a man with the intention of marriage kidnaps a woman; This crime limits womans
freedom of choice whom to marry. Such an action as kidnapping already implies an act of violence
either physical, or psychological.18 Bride kidnapping has become less popular in the past decade
due to general decrease of marriages as a result of harsh economic conditions. Maybe that serves
as an explanation for the fact that there is no mentioning of the kidnapping with the intention of
marriage in the current Criminal Code but only article 144 that defines kidnapping as hostagetaking which is aimed to coerce an organization or a person to or not to carry out this or that action
by setting a condition that the hostage will be released and lists aggravating circumstances and
intention to marry is not mentioned. This fact remained beyond the attention of the second
governmental report to the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
submitted in September 2000. However, despite the fact that bride kidnapping was punishable by
Soviet legislation the majority of cases were ending in marriage registration bureaus rather than
courts. Partly because women would want to marry the kidnapper and partly because it was risky
for the reputation of a girl not to marry once she has been already kidnapped. Public opinion
makes its point: - many people consider that return of the kidnapped woman to the family is
compromising for the latter as well as for the former.19 To make the situation more understandable
I have to mention that in Georgia the demand for womens virginal purity at marriage is still strong,
so kidnapping that did not end in marriage puts shadow on womans reputation no matter whether
she had any sexual relationship with the kidnapper or not. This is the case when de jure protection
of womens rights is de facto ineffective due to strong cultural institutions. Demand for virginal
purity at marriage and a double moral standard is a result of male-dominated society and violates
principles of womens freedom and equality. These are the cultural issues that are not effectively
regulated by state because they are not considered acute by the political decision-makers and are
unspoken on one hand and because civil society and womens interest groups are not strong and
mobilized enough to put this issues on the policy-makers agenda.
Joining the Convention had, in general, positive effects on womens legal status; it resulted in antitrafficking law, and overall increase of the states international accountability with respect to
womens rights, although much remains to be accomplished, as the society is still male-dominated,
customs and traditions prevail law and womens rights awareness remains low.
Sinaarsi
kvira 1. ................................................................................................................................. 4
1. kursis `qalTa adamianis uflebebi: samarTlis genderul-istoriuli
aspeqtebi~ Sesavali, mizani, Sinaarsi, moTxovnebi da struqtura. ............ 4
2. ZiriTadi terminebis leqsikoni ............................................................................. 5
3. visTvis da vis mier iqmneboda kanonebi? samarTlis subieqtis
sakiTxi, gviani Sua saukuneebis debatebi. ....................................................... 16
kvira 2 ................................................................................................................................ 18
1. visTvis da vis mier iqmneboda kanonebi? samarTlis subieqtis
sakiTxi, qalebi da safrangeTis revolucia................................................... 18
2. ufleba airCio da iyo arCeuli pirveli talRis feministebis
yvelaze xangrZlivi brZola................................................................................ 22
kvira 3 ................................................................................................................................ 23
1. ufleba airCio da iyo arCeuli pirveli talRis feministebis
yvelaze xangrZlivi brZola (gagrZeleba)....................................................... 23
2. proletariati da genderuli diskriminacia adreuli bolSevikuri
saxelmwifos dros sabWoTa kavSiri 1918-1936 wlebSi. ............................. 29
kvira 4 ................................................................................................................................ 30
1. proletariati da genderuli diskriminacia
adreuli bolSevikuri saxelmwifos dros sabWoTa
kavSiri 1918-1936 wlebSi (gagrZeleba). ............................................................ 30
2. qalTa uflebebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi ......................................... 36
kvira 5 ................................................................................................................................ 37
1. qalTa uflebebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi (gagrZeleba) ................ 37
2. qalTa uflebebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi ........................................ 37
kvira 6 ................................................................................................................................ 56
1. rogor sruldeba saerTaSoriso valdebulebebi:
saqarTvelos gamocdileba qalTa uflebrivi
mdgomareobis kuTxiT 1991-2004 wlebSi........................................................... 56
2. qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi:
iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli qalebi.......................................................................... 69
kvira 7 ................................................................................................................................ 74
1. sqesobrivi diskriminacia samuSao adgilze debatebi
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi ............................................................................ 74
2. rogor davareguliroT ojaxuri Zladoba,
gasaTvaliswinebeli gamocdileba..................................................................... 77
kvira 8 ................................................................................................................................ 87
1. saarCevno kanonmdebloba sakanonmdeblo organoSi qalTa
warmomadgenlobis zrdasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi ............................. 87
2. kursis ZiriTadi Temebisa da sakiTxebis Sejameba.
konsultaciebi saboloo esses dasawerad...................................................... 97
bibliografia ................................................................................................................ 98
18
Khatuna Madurashvili, Womens Rights and their Protection by Georgian Criminal and Labour Legislation,
Almanakhi, 1998: 31.
19
Lali Kipshidze, Family Violence and Social Problems of Women, Almanakhi, 1998:21
110
3
kvira 1.
1. kursis `qalTa adamianis uflebebi:
samarTlis genderul-istoriuli aspeqtebi~ Sesavali,
mizani, Sinaarsi, moTxovnebi da struqtura.
literatura:
Nicholson, Linda (ed.) Introduction, Early Statements in The Second Wave: A reader in Feminist
Theory, New Yourk, Routledge, 1997, 1-10.
Moscow Center for Gender Studies, Glossary, available on-line at:
<http://www.gender.ru/russian/glossary/index.shtml>, last viewed on 6 February 2005.
kursis aRwera:
samarTlis genderuli aspeqtebis warmosaCenad kursi studentebs sTavazobs
istoriul eqskurss qalTa uflebebis damcavi samarTlebrivi azrovnebis ganviTarebis
Sesaxeb, dasavleTsa (dasavleT evropa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi) da sabWoTa
kavSirSi. kursis dasawyisSi mimovixilavT im istoriul garemoebebs, romlebmac xeli
Seuwyo qalTa uflebriv diskriminacias, davsvamT kanonSemoqmedis obieqturobis,
sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobisa da damokidebulebis sakiTxebs. qalTa samarTlebrivi
mdgomareobis mimoxilvas daviwyebT safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciidan da
davasrulebT XX saukunis miwurulis monacemebiT. qalTa politikuri uflebebisTvis
brZolas (feministTa pirveli talRa), XIX saukunidan moyolebuli vidre XX saukinis
20-ian wlebamde davuTmobT gansakuTrebul yuradRebas, rogorc qalTa uflebrivi
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis istoriul safuZvels.
kursis farglebSi dawvrilebiT SevCerdebiT im Zalisxmevaze, romlebsac
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi (erTa liga da gaero) mimarTavdnen qalTa uflebrivi
mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad, aseve im procesebze, romlebic Tan axlda qalTa
uflebebis damcavi saerTaSoriso dokumentebis adgilobriv kanonmdeblobaSi asaxvasa
da danergvas. kursis am nawilSi CavuRrmavdebiT qalTa konvenciis muSaobis praqtikas
saqarTveloSi (1994 wels Cveni qveyana SeuerTda konvencias qalTa diskriminaciis
yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb). davsvamT kiTxvebs im mizezebisa da Sedegebis
Sesaxeb, rac axlavs tranziciuli saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebis mier saerTaSoriso
adamianis uflebebis damcav samarTlis dokumentebTan mierTebas. gavamaxvilebT
yuradRebas im araxelsayrel Sefardebaze, romelic arsebobs qalTa de faqto da de
iure mdgomareobas Soris sazogadoebaSi fesvgadgmuli diskriminaciuli tradiciebis
gamo da, romelic naTeli dadasturebaa imisa, rom kanonmdebloba ar aris
yovlisSemZle da universaluri sxvadasxva viTarebaSi myofi adamianebis dasacavad.
kursi studentebis yuradRebas miapyrobs samarlebrivi regulirebis iseT
aspeqtebze, sadac kanonmdeblebisa da kanonmdeblobis genderuli mgrZnobeloba
gadamwyvetia qalTa uflebebis dasacavad. aseTi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani sferoebia abortisa da ojaxuri Zaladobis regulireba. gavecnobiT am kuTxiT amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebisa da dasavleTi da centraluri evropis qveynebis mdgomareobas.
kursis bolos SevCerdebiT im urTierTdamokidebulebaze, rac arsebobs saarCevno
kanonmdeblobas, saarCevno sistemasa da qalTa politikur warmomadgenlobas Soris
will prohibit discrimination against women on the basis of sex and marital status. Contrary to this
statement, the Initial Government Report states that the Criminal Code establishes sanctions for
acts that violate the equality of citizens; such sanctions take the form of a fine or imprisonment for
a period of up to two years. If a crime of this nature involved the abuse of ones official position, or
if it had serious consequences, it is punishable by imprisonment for a period of up to three years; in
such cases, the person found guilty may be deprived of the right to hold a specific post for a period
of up to five years. This incompliance between the two reports is not accidental, one thing is to
have such a provision in the Criminal Code13 and another thing is its implementation. The fact that
such an article exists is already a positive happening, however, as it is often the case in Georgia,
problem is not the lack of legislation but the lack of its implementation. If we could have traced
down the number of cases brought before the court under this article we could see better that in
such cases legislation remains firmly on the paper and is rarely put into practice, partly due to the
lack of individuals awareness of their rights and partly because of flourishing syndrome of lack of
punishment, especially during Shevardnadzes administration; When because of corruption
everyone felt that he/she could get away with the wrongdoing and this feeling used to become
securer if one was positioned higher on the official ladder of the government, business or was
simply well connected with those higher positioned. With the change of the government we do
see some principle positive changes in combating corruption, and we hope that these positive
tendencies will ensure the rule of law, the environment where article on violation of equality of
humans will not remain factually stated but will be actually working.
The NGO report repeatedly mentions, Georgian legislation does not protect women from violence.
The crimes against the person defined in the Criminal Code are insult, assault and battery There
is no legal protection from abuse by partners; rape by a husband or partner is not a crime. There is
no specific law banning violence against women.14 In this line the fact that there were only fortyone cases of rape and eighteen cases of attempted rape of women registered in 199715 is
symptomatic, it tells us that many cases of rape go unreported. It also tells us that women have
their reasons not to bring rape cases to the court: these can be distrust to law enforcement,
unwillingness to publicize private matters, fear of public opinion, influence of patriarchal society
resulting in the assumption that rape by a partner or a husband is not an act of violence against
women, womens lack of awareness of their rights, etc. Article 137 of the current Criminal Code
punishes rape from three to seven years of imprisonment. However, rape committed under
aggravated circumstances (such as for instance rape by a group, rape of a pregnant woman, rape
of a person under fourteen years old, etc.) is punishable from five to twenty years of imprisonment.
The Criminal Code of Georgia defines rape as: sexual intercourse through violence, threat of
violence or abusing the helplessness of the victim16, in the Article there is no mentioning of marital
rape, or rape by a spouse or partner, respectively the existing legal culture dictates citizens that
only those wrongdoings count as crimes that are committed in the public domain, while traditions
mark the private domain as inviolable from the side of the state machinery and regulations.
Article 6 of the Convention states that states parties shall take all appropriate measures, including
legislation, to suppress all forms of traffic in women and exploitation of prostitution of women17.
Like the absence of specific law banning violence against women, there exists no specific law
13
Criminal Code of Georgia, CHAPTER XIII, Crime Against Human Rights and Freedoms, Article 142. Violation of
Equality of Humans.
14
Report of Non-governmental Organizations on the Status of Women in the Republic of Georgia under CEDAW
Articles, 2.
15
Consideration of Initial Report Submitted by States Parties under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination against Women, Article 6, Paragraph 46.
16
Criminal Code of Georgia, CHAPTER XXII, Crime Against Sexual Freedom and Inviolability, Article 137.
17
CEDAW, Part I, Article 6.
109
4
Georgian Constitution is the supreme legislative document of the country. It was adopted in August
1995, when the country was already part of the Convention. According to the article 6, paragraph 2
of the Constitution, The legislation of Georgia corresponds with universally recognized norms and
principles of international law. International treaties or agreements concluded with and by Georgia,
if they do not contradict the Constitution of Georgia, take precedence over domestic normative
acts. Thus, priority is given to the international law over the domestic as long as the country is part
of it and it does not contradict with the Constitution. However, international law cannot be
exercised directly in a country if it is not transformed in the national legislation. Having this in mind I
am going to look at transformation of the Womens Convention in Georgian legislation.
The embodiment of the principle of equality of men and women in the national constitutions is the
first requirement of the Convention (Part I, Article 2, paragraph (a)). In the Constitution of Georgia
we find article 14, which states: Everyone is born free and is equal before the law, regardless of
race, skin color, language, sex, religion, political and other beliefs, national, ethnic and social
origin, property and title of nobility or place of residence. Here sex is listed among other
variables upon which a person cannot be discriminated before the law. There is no special
mentioning of men and women having equal rights and fundamental freedoms, Georgian
Constitution uses person, citizen or individual for both sexes, for instance in the article 18,
paragraph 1: The freedom of a person is inviolable. In the document legislators put person,
citizen or individual as an embodiment of both sexes, with slight indication that there is no need
in separating citizens based on their sex. However, we know from the history of legal thought that
mostly men have been considered as subjects of law and sometimes it is more helpful to state
women and men instead of inclusive names, such as citizen, individual and person.12
sakanonmdeblo organoSi anu imaze, Tu realurad ra Sansebi aqvT qalebs sakanonmdeblo organoSi gawevrianebisaTvis da ras SeiZleba niSnavdes es gawevrianeba qalTa
politikuri da samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT. kursis
bolos aseve SevajamebT kursis mimdinareobisas gamokveTil ZiriTad sakiTxebs.
kursis mizani:
kursis mizania warmoaCinos Tu ra gavlenas axdenda, erTi SexedviT `neitraluri~
da `obieqturi~ kanonmdebloba qalebisa da mamakacebis uflebriv mdgomareobaze
istoriulad, amaRldes studentebis cnobiereba samarTlis istoriuli da genderuli
aspeqtebis Sesaxeb.
In the Constitution women are mentioned only twice; in article 30, paragraph 4: the working
conditions of minors and women are determined by law. This mentioning of women along with
minors underlining the need for the state protection of their labor rights by special legislation
indicates that although it is not explicitly mentioned, the creators of the Constitution acknowledge
that women along with minors need special protection. The second mentioning of women but only
as spouses and mothers in the Constitution is article 36, which defines that: marriage is based
upon equality of rights and free will of spouses and below in the paragraph 3, states: the rights of
mothers and children are protected by law. Here for the second time women are mentioned along
with minors needing state protection. This is the second indication that although there is no
particular attention paid to the equality between the sexes, as if it is implied, women like children
need special protection, in other words in these two fields according to the Constitution state
becomes the guarantee for the protection of the rights and equality among men, women, and
children. These are clear examples of how paternalist attitudes are articulated in the countrys
supreme legal document. The content and style of these two mentioning of women also indicates
that although there is no direct stress put on the issue of equality of sexes the problem of inequality
exists.
Analyzing and comparing the Report of Non-governmental Organizations on the Status of Women
in the Republic of Georgia Under CEDAW Articles with the Initial Report of States Parties one
notices incompliance in the information concerning the protection of equality. NGO report states
that despite the above-mentioned 14th article of the Constitution, there are no specific laws that
feminizmi
12
None of the following historical documents were referring to women explicitly, but to men: Declaration of the Rights of
Men and of the Citizen (Approved by the National Assembly of France, August 26, 1789); Virginia Declaration of Rights
(drafted by George Mason and adopted unanimously on June 12, 1776 by Virginia Convention of Delegates); The US
Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776); The US Bill of Rights (ratified on December 15 1791).
108
5
Consideration of Initial Report Submitted by States Parties under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination against Women, Article 5, paragraph 33.
9
Report of Non-governmental Organizations on the Status of Women in the Republic of Georgia under CEDAW Articles,
6.
10
R, J. Vincent, Human Rights and International Relations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986,10 citing Jack
Donelly, The Concept of Human Rights, 16-17
11
Vincent, 10.
107
6
the country, introduction of the five-year plans challenged the efficiency of the new civil legislation
and revolutionary ideas about re-organization of traditional forms of existence. However, Wendy
Goldman argues that not only the abovementioned problems posed on the new regime by the
realities of life supported the turn in states policies in relation to women and family, but mostly
changes in the political vision and decisions of the government. Thus, the Civil law of 1936
dramatically altered the radical and subversive regulations of the 1918 and 1926 Codes, formally
maintaining the rhetoric of gender equality it prohibited abortion, introduced fines on divorces,
increased alimonies, introduced punitive measures for people carrying out and undergoing illegal
abortions, people refusing to pay alimony, etc.6
In Harold J. Bermans book published in 1950 the author is referring to Soviet scholars who write
that [t]he family is now [in 1940s] considered to be a prime necessity both for its members and the
state, and, more than that, the state attempts through the law to form the moral and legal
consciousness of the family members in such a way as to promote family stability.7 There were
also attempts to increase the importance of family more than that of marriage and clear proof of it
as underlined by Berman was the regulations that allowed unmarried mother to receive support
during and shortly even after pregnancy from a biological father of the child.
Therefore, the clichd conclusion that the rhetoric of widely practiced gender equality during the
Soviet times has been substituted by traditional, patriarchal attitudes and behaviour patterns
towards women in the majority of the former Soviet republics is partly true. The parts that are
untrue about this wide-spread conceptualisation are related to the pseudo, token, equality of the
sexes practiced during Soviet times, especially since the decline of the early Bolshevik state, in
1930s, when womens equality to men was made declaratory, not actual and in real life women
never managed to be completely freed from domestic occupations as Bolsheviks planned it, but
were burdened with occupations and responsibilities of public sphere alongside with the
occupations and responsibilities of the private one.
For more information on the change in Soviet Policies regarding women, family, and work see Wendy Z. Goldmans
following books: Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1993), and Women at the Gates: Gender and Industry in Stalins Russia, (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2002).
7
Harold J. Berman, Justice in Russia: an Interpretation of Soviet Law, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University
Press, 1950), 236.
genderi
genderi ewodeba socialuri sqess. genderi rogorc termini qalTa kvlevebSi
gamoCnda samociani wlebis miwuruls. igi Semovida laTinur enebSi gramatikuli sqesis
aRmniSvneli sityva gender-isgan da SeiZina socialuri sqesis mniSvneloba. genderis
rogorc terminis Semotana saWiro gaxda imitom, rom analizisas mkvlevrebs
erTmaneTisgan gaemijnaT biologiuri sqesi, romlis mixedviTac adamianebi mamrobiTi
an mdedrobiTi sqesis arsebebad ibadebian (SeisaZloa adamiani orsqesianic daibados,
rac plastikuri CareviT regulirdeba), socialuri sqesisgan (genderisgan) anu
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebisa da faseulobebis sistemisgan, romelic maT qalebad
da mamakacebad ayalibebs.
genderisa da genderuli kvlevebis popularizacias imanac Seuwyo xeli, rom igi ar
fokusirdeba marto qalebze, aramed kacebzec, ara mxolod imitom, rom maTi mdgomareobis qalebis mgomareobisTvis Sedarebis xarjze moxdes qalebis diskriminaciis
demonstrireba, aramed TviT mamakacurobis rogorc socialur-kulturuli fenomenis Sesaswavladac. genderi aris socialuri kategoria, romelic istoriulad
arsebobs da epoqebisa da konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT mudmiv cvlilebas ganicdis.
qalTa adamianis uflebebi
miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianis uflebebis dacva saerTaSoriso aRiarebul
prioritetad iqca meore msoflio omis Semdeg, gansakuTrebiT ki gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciis Seqmnis Sedegad da adamianis uflebebis dasacavad Seiqmna
mravali saerTaSoriso dokumenti, qalebis adamianuroba ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi mizezi
2
106
7
Proletariat and gender discrimination the days of the early Bolshevik State Soviet Union in
1918-1936.
Along with the developments taking place in West, students will have an opportunity to understand
womens emancipation processes that have occurred in the Soviet Union, especially at an early
stage of Bolshevik state. One of the goals of the Bolshevik Revolution was to shift household work
to the public sphere, setting women and men free from such occupations. Marriage was viewed
as a union of people based on mutual love and understanding, free from obligations that institute of
family has imposed on them in feudal and capitalist settings. Thus, [t]he abolition of the family,
rather than gender conflict within it, held key to womens emancipation,3 but this abolitionist
attitude towards family or belief in familys withering away, was not expanded towards marriage
as well. On the contrary, early Bolshevik rhetoric aimed to introduce new understanding of
marriage, via institutionalization of civil marriages, easily obtainable divorces, and promotion of the
idea of a union based on mutual affection and ideals rather than on economic dependency. The
ideas related to social, economic, and political organization of the country, expressed in the years
following the Revolution were subversive and radical; The Marxist agenda of Communism
envisioned to change society by altering its economic structure4 and the ideological intention of
Bolsheviks in the years right after the Revolution should be considered with this urge to change not
only economic structure of the society but also change and abolish other forms of existence that
were before treated as a natural ways of being and the institute of family was among them.
According to Wendy Z. Goldman,
In October 1918, barely a year after the Bolsheviks had come to power, the Central
Executive Committee of the Soviet (VtsIK), the highest legislative body, ratified a complete
Code on Marriage, the Family, and Guardianship. The Code captured in law a revolutionary
vision of social relations based on womens equality and withering away (otmiranie) of the
family. [] The Bolsheviks argued that only socialism could resolve the contradiction
between work and family. Under Socialism, household labor would be transferred to the
public sphere: The tasks performed by millions of individual unpaid women in their homes
would be taken over by paid workers in communal dining rooms, laundries, and childcare
centers. 5
The state by taking responsibility for upbringing children, in the era when family is viewed no longer
as a production, but a consumption unit, not only shifts a type of domestic occupation into public
sphere but also deprives family as a social setting of one of its most important functions.
However, abolitionist attitude towards economic and legal responsibilities imposed on individuals
by a family dramatically changed already in late 1920s. The New Economic Policy introduced by
the government limited states capacity to shift domestic occupations in the public sphere.
Problems related to homeless children (bezprisorniki), rapid industrialization and collectivisation of
arc erTi Semdegi dokumenti ar moixsniebs da Sesabamisad ar exeba qalebs: kacisa da mamakaci
moqalaqis uflebebis deklaracia (miRebuli safrangeTis erovnuli asambleis mier 1789 wlis 26
agvistos); virjiniis uflebebis deklaracia (Seqmnili jorj meisonis mier da erTxmad miRebuli
virjiniis delegatTa konventis mier 1776 wlis 12 ivniss); amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
damoukideblobis deklaracia (1776, 12 ivlisi); amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis bili uflebebis Sesaxeb
(ratificirebuli 1791 wlis 15 dekembers).
Wendy Z. Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, c1993), 6.
4
Zeev Sternhell, Fascism: Reflections on the Fate of Ideas in Twentieth Century History, in Michael Freeden (ed.),
Reassessing Political Ideologies: the Durability of Dissent, (London, New York: Routledge, 2001), 109.
5
Wendy Z. Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, c1993), 1, 3.
105
8
degrade femaleness. Legally in many cases married women were declared the property of their
husbands, with close to no rights to divorce and own or inherit property.
In light of such prehistory the brief period of emancipation of women in the course of French
Bourgeois Revolution deserves attention. The womens rights condition in France was dramatically
changed through 1789-1804 years. In 1792-93 women were given the right to enter into marriages
without parental consent. They gained right to initiate divorce, name the father of a child born out of
wedlock, demand compensation for moral damage, and own property. On the lectures we will
discuss how did women manage to gain such rights and more interestingly how did it happen that
by 1804 they were again deprived of these rights and subjugated to severe control.
Participation of women in the early days of the Revolution is not fully reflected in the mainstream
history textbooks, but they did participate and were highly disappointed by the final outcome of the
revolution the Declaration of the Rights of Men and Citizen, which did not mention women.
Critical response from the side of women on this documents was a 1791 Declaration of the Rights
of Women and Female Citizen authored by Olympia de Gouge, in the document women claimed
all those rights that were granted to the group of privileged men by the Declaration of the Rights of
Men and Citizen.
In the period of French Revolution both radical feminists as well as anti-feminists thought that
women belong to the private domain, to their familial roles and obligations and the discourse of
emancipation debates taking place at that time reflected this perception. Women, like men of that
time where highly politicized and agitated by the prospects of the Revolution, but their selfexpression and free behavior was not supported and approved by male political elite, therefore,
gradually women where pushed out from public domain into private one and their legal rights were
limited.
Right to elect and be elected the longest battler of the First Wave feminists.
In the XIX century Europe womens demand for political rights was stated in various manifestations
of the growing womens movement. As Greek doctor Maria Kalopokathes defined, womens
movement was the conscious demand by women for their rights and the systematic efforts to
obtain them.2 The researchers label womens movement as a powerful social activity of womens
groups that occurred in XVIII century and was strengthened in XIX century.
The woman question posed by the intellectuals of the XIX century was a modified version of the
questions are women humans? or what are women? of medieval era. Therefore, the new
debate about womens rights was not focused on differences between men and women but on
inequalities and hierarchy existing between the sexes. Respectively, when John Stuart Mill joined
the demands of womens movement and spoke publicly for granting women political rights the
nobles were surprised how could such a respected gentleman ask rights for those who had to obey
to their superiors, their husbands.
The first wave of Feminism is bound to this first demand of womens movement that was right to
elect and be elected, which was successfully satisfied in the beginning of the XX century
irrespective of the controversies accompanying the process. However, the high hopes that many
women activists attached to the suffrage did not come true and women were to learn that apart
from right to vote and run for election there were many other hindering aspects, some hidden and
2
Gisela Bock, Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, 2002, 82.
genderi da globalizacia4
globalizaciis genderul aspeqtebze saubrisas Sexebis ramdenime ZiriTadi
sakiTxia aRsaniSnavi: (1) saerTaSoriso safinanso organizaciebis zemoqmedebiT
mTavrobebis mier ganxorcielebuli struqturuli cvlilebebis genderulad
disagregirebuli gavlena mosaxleobaze, (2) warmoebebis internacionalizaciiTa da
gafarToebiT gamowveuli qalTa SromiTi pirobebisa da uflebebis sakiTxi da (3) Cveni
drois monoba trefikingi, romelic qarTulad `adamianebiT vaWrobis~ saxeliTaa
cnobili.
kargadaa Seswavlili struqturuli cvlilebebis Sedegebi qalebis mdgomareobaze.
bevr qveynebSi socialuri momsaxurebebis Semcirebis xarjze gazrdilma saeqsportod
momgebianma warmoebam gamoiwvia is, rom gaizarda qalebis Sroma dabalanazRaurebad
dargebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki, soflis meurneobaSi, maSin, roca Sesabamisad Semcirda
qalebisTvis sargebeli da xelmisawvdomoba socialur momsaxurebebze. amis mizezi
isicaa, rom proporciulad msoflios masStabiT mamakacebi akontroleben, warmoebis
momgebian sferoebs, qalebi ki ZiriTadad dabalanazRaurebad samuSaos asruleben.5
globalizaciis seriozuli genderuli aspeqti ukavSirdeba dasaqmebis sferos. es
sakiTxi mravali feministi mkvlevris mieraa Seswavlili da isini erTxmad aRniSnaven,
rom ganviTarebad qveynebSi globalizaciis Sedegad warmoqmnili mxolod is
mravalricxovani samuSao adgilebia qalebisTvis gankuTvnili, romlebic yvelaze
dabalanazRaurebadia. didi saerTaSoriso sawarmoebi, iaf muSa xelze da sawarmoo
resursebze daxarbebulebi Svilobil kompaniebs xsnian ganviTarebad qveynebSi da
Zalian xSirad asaqmeben qalebs, romelTa SromiTi uflebebic, gansakuTrebiT ki
usafrTxo samuSao pirobebis ufleba irRveva da minimaluri anazraurebis gamo isini
vneben TavianT janmrTelobas.
4
globalizaciis rogorc terminis gansazRvrebebi SeiZleba orgvarad davajgufoT erTi, teqnikuri
da meore - politikuri saxis ganmartebebi. teqnikuri ganmartebebi garkveuli saerTaSoriso
ekonomikuri procesebis aRweriT asaxaven Tanamedroveobis iseT procesebs, romlebic saSualebas aZlevs
adamianebs gaadvilebuli gzebiT daukavSirdnen erTmaneTs da awarmoon biznesi saerTaSoriso doneze,
wamebSi gaavrcelon da moipovon informacia. arian iseTi mkvlevrebic, romlebic saerTod ar aRiareben
globalizacias rogorc TanamedroveobisaTvis simptomur, gansakuTrebul movlenas. maTi mtkicebiT
saerTaSoriso doneze informaciis gacvla da sxvadasxva saxis urTierTobebi gansakuTrebiT ki, vaWroba
odiTganve arsebobda, Sesabamisad, Tanamedrove epoqaSi globalizaciaze ki ara, teqnologiis daxvewaze
unda visaubroT mxolod, romelmac amgvari procesebi bevrisTvis xelmisawvdomi da masStaburi gaxada.
TumcaRa, amgvari mosazrebis mqone mecnierebis ricxvi dRiTidRe mcirdeba da sul ufro meti adamiani
aRiarebs globalizaciis, rogorc axali, Tanamedrove fenomenis arsebobas.
globalizaciis ganmsazRvrel meore tipis ganmartebebs maTi ideologiuri datvirTvis gamo, SeiZleba
ufro politikuri ganmartebebi vuwodoT. politikuri ganmartebebis mixedviT, sakmarisi araaa
globalizaciis mxolod, rogorc ekonomikuri, teqnologiuri progresisa da TanamedroveobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli procesebis amsaxveli neitraluri cnebis aRwera, radgan globalizacia warmoadgens
didi politikuri muxtis matarebel processac, romelic saerTaSoriso arenaze myof zogierT qveyanasa
da mis moqalaqeebs ufro xelsayrel viTarebaSi ayenebs, vidre sxvebs. globalizaciis politikur
ganmartebas Cveulebriv antiglobalistebi iZlevian. erT-erTi aseTi ganmartebis mixedviT,
globalizacia aris ekonomikurad susti qveynebis eqspluatireba msoflios ekonomikuri sistemebis
dakavSirebis gziT, da maTi iZuleba daemorCilon da damokidebulic ki gaxdnen dasavlur kapitalistur
weswyobilebaze. antiglobalizmi ki, Sesabamisad warmoadgens xalxis moZraobas, mimarTuls imisaken,
rom daiTrgunos globalizaciuri procesebi, romlebic udavod politikuri niSnis matarebelia da
uTanasworoba moaqvs. (antiglobalizaciis Sesavali, gansazRvreba da resursebi, Introduction to AntiGlobalization Definition and Resources, ixileT internetSi Semdeg misamarTze: <http://www.anti-marketing.com/antiglobalization.html>)
arsebobs adamianTa mTeli rigi vinc antiglobalistobisgan an globalistobisgan gadaixara
alternatiuli igive alterglobalistobisken. am jgufSi erTiandebian is mkvlevrebi, romlebic
miiCneven, rom SeuZlebelia globalizaciis SeCereba an Sewyveta, SesaZlebelia mxolod misi Secvla, ise,
rom igi socialurad orientirebuli da maqsimalurad humanuri anu adamianebisTvis sargeblis momtani
iyos.
5
keri, joana da karolin svitmani (red.), qalebi xelaxla igoneben
globalizacias, gv. 4. Joanna Kerr and Caroline Sweetman, Women Reinventing Globalisation, Oxfam GB 2003, 4.
104
9
Maria Patricia Fernandez-Kelly, maria patricia fernandes-keli, The Silence of Free Trade: Mexican
Maquiladoras and Globalization. dumili Tavisufali vaWrobis irgvliv: meqsikuri makiladorebi da
globalizacia. Rutgers University Press, 2001.
7
LaShawn R. Jefferson, laSaun r. jefersoni, Urge U.S. Companies to Stop Sex Discrimination in Mexican Maquiladoras,
moviwodoT amerikul kompaniebs sqesobrivi diskriminaciis Sewyvetisken, Human Rights Watch Womens Rights
Project, 1997.
8
gaerTianebuli erebis monacemi moyvanili p. arlaCis naSromSi msoflio danaSaulis winaaRmdeg, 2000.
P. Arlacchi, Against all the godfathers: the revolt of the decent people in The World Against Crime, Special Issue of Giornale di
Sicilia, 7.
Course objectives:
The course aims to explain how law, which one might think of being neutral and objective has
been gendered and has affected women and men differently through the course of a history. The
course also aims to increase students awareness of gender aspects of history of law.
For and by who was the law made? The question of the subject of law. Debates of late
middle ages and French Revolution:
After the introduction, it is worthwhile to start discussing concrete topics of the course and the first
theme will help us to start our journey in history of law from a gender perspective. The overview of
the debates existent in the Western Europe of middle ages will allow the partial reconstruction of
those environment and values that stand in the foundation of contemporary Western European
society. This excursion, started in middle ages will be informative of the progress that womens
rights thought and women as a diverse group of society underwent.
The discrimination of women during the Middle Ages as well as long afterwards was embedded in
the fact that both the lawmaker i.e. the subject of the law, as well as its object was man in most of
the cases. Laws were made by men to regulate those aspects of social life where key actors were
also men, and laws mirrored existent gender perceptions and privileges. The recollection of the
French Bourgeois Revolution is highly informative from this viewpoint, therefore special attention
will be paid also to womens role and participation in the French Revolution.
Since late Middle Ages European society at large and intellectuals in particular were engaged in
heated debates over the role and place of men and women in the society. Giovanni Pico in his
epochal work On the Dignity of Man (De dignitate hominis, 1486) outlined that God was speaking
only to Adam, therefore, men were blessed to live according to their desires, while the church
depicted women responsible for the fall as descendants of Eve and as Tertullian picturesquely
expressed women were nothing but the devils gateway (janua diaboli). Augustine regarded both
extramarital and marital sexuality as sinful. Sin could only be avoided, according to St Jerome,
through chaste living, since a mans love for a woman, who embodies evil and temptation, could
not be reconciled with love of god and threatened the salvation of man. Salvation seeking men had
to protect themselves from women; salvation seeking women, from themselves.1
Of course among the medieval thinkers were those who thought higher of women and defended
their interests, but they where a minority in comparison with those who tended to mystify and
1
103
10
Tamar Sabedashvili
In order to emphasize the diverse impact law has on men and womens conditions, we will
undertake a historical review of womens human rights development in the West (western Europe
and the United States) as well as in the Soviet Union. In the beginning of the course we will review
those historical aspects that have contributed to womens subjugation and discrimination; inquiring
about the impact that social status and standpoint of a lawmaker has on legal documents. We will
start the review of womens legal rights conditions from French Revolution of the XVIII century and
will finish with the situation in the XX century. During the course special attention will be paid to
womens struggle for the suffrage (first wave feminists) from XIX century till 1930s as a historical
foundation for the improvement of womens human rights conditions.
Than we will turn our attention to the development of womens rights thought within international
organizations, such as the League of Nations and the United Nations, putting special stress on the
aspects of international womens rights protection documents translation and implementation
processes on the local level by the state parties. In this part of the course we will focus on how the
Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) has been
working in Georgias case (the country joined CEDAW in 1994). In the section of the course we will
ask critical questions related to the causes and effects of transitional states governments
accession to the international human rights documents. Setting bare the imbalance that exists
between womens rights de facto and de jure conditions, when due to discriminatory traditions
women remain disadvantaged in comparison with men, irrespective of what do international or
national legislations claim their rights to be. This reality is a vivid example that there are limits to
the authority of law when it comes to its implementation and protection of rights of people with
different ethnic, racial, gender, etc. backgrounds.
The course will provide students with cases from different countries and Georgia on those special
areas of legal regulation, where gender sensitivity of law becomes crucial factor for the protection
of womens human rights such as, for instance, sexual harassment at workplace and domestic
violence. In this regard, we will learn about the existing debates in the West.
By the end of the course we will focus on the interrelation that exists between election systems and
womens political representation; on womens chances to become legislators and on the meaning and
importance of these happening for the improvement of womens political and legal conditions. By the
end of the course we will also summarize the key topics and themes covered during the course.
sxeuli
dasavluri10 azrovneba istoriulad ganasxvavebda sxeuls gonebisagan. gonebas
saxavda privilegirebulad (vazrovneb, maSasadame varsebob) da racionalur
arsebasTan mamakacTan aigivebda, maSin rodesac sxeuli, iracionaluri da emociuri,
9
102
11
epistemologiebi
codna aris informacia, faqtebis, Teoriebis, gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, romlis
meSveobiTac sazogadoeba an kultura gansazRvravs ra aris mniSvnelovani da swori, ra
warmoadgens mis warsuls da rogor esmis bunebisa da sazogadoebis sirTuleebi. im
faqtma, rom qalebi da sxva gariyuli, marginalizebuli jgufebi ar monawileobdnen
codnis Seqmnisa da dagrovebis procesSi gamoiwvia is, rom isini cxovroben
`realobaSi~, romelic maT ar ekuTvniT. feministuri epistemologia miznad isaxavs
qalebis codniTa da informaciiT Seavsos msoflioSi saukuneebis manZilze
privilegirebuli mamakacebis mier dagrovili codna. es saWiroa, raTa samyaro ar iqnes
danaxuli da aRqmuli mxolod erTi kuTxidan, calmxrivi, mamakacuri perspeqtividan.
12
101
2003.
Kollontai, Alexandra, Archives, ixileT internetSi misamarTze:
<http://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/into.htm> bolo viziti marti 14, 2003.
Kolontai, Aleksandra, Communism and the Family, Selected Writings by Alexandra
Kolontai, (eds. Alison and Busby) 1920.
Kundera, Milan Jacques and His Master: An Homage to Diderot in Three Acts,
New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1985.
Leroux, Pierre and J. Reynaud (eds.), Encyclipedie Nouvelle, vol. 5, col.212, Paris, 1848. La Voix des
femmes 20, (11 April 1848) reprint Geneva, 1991)
Lijphart, A. Electoral Systems and Party Systems, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1994.
maduraSvili, xaTuna `qalTa uflebebi da maTi dacva saqarTvelos
sisxlisa da Sromiis samarTliT~, almanaxi, 1998.
Meier, Joan Introduction, The Public Nature of Private Violence: the Discovery of
Domestic Abuse, Martha Albertson Fineman, Roxanne Mykitiuk (eds.), Routledge: New York,
London, 1994.
metreveli, nino `vin yidulobda parlamentis Tavmjdomaris skams:
nino burjanaZisgan prezidentobisaTvis brZolis safrTxe ar modis~, sarke, 46
(2001).
OSCE/ODHIR, Georgia Parliamentary Elections: 31 October & 14 November 1999,
Final Report, Warsaw, February 2000.
prezident e. SevardnaZis 1999 wlis 28 agvistos 511 brZanebuleba
`qalTa adamianis uflebebis damcavi meqanizmebis gaZlierebis Sesaxeb~.
proeqti harmonia, ojaxur ZaladobasTan brZolis sazogadoebrivi
TanamSromlobis programis saswavlo masalebi.
Pietila, Hilkka, Engendering the Global Agenda: the Story of Women and the United
Nations, NGLS, 2002.
Reanda. Laura. The Commission on the Status of Women. The United Nations and
Human Rights: A Critical Uppraisal. Philip Alston ed. Claredon Press. Oxford.
1992.
Report of Non-governmental Organizations on the Status of Women in the Republic of
Georgia Under CEDAW Articles, 1998.
Sabedashvili, Tamar, Paper for the course: Research Methods in Gender Studies.
Contents Analysis Method and Practice, Applied to the Abstract from Aleksandra Kollontais
Article Communism and the Family (1920), Central European University, Budapest, 2003.
saqarTvelos konstitucia, 1995,
saqarTvelos Sromis kanonTa kodeqsi, Tbilisi: gamocemulia 2003 wlis noembris
mdgomareobiT
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi
saqarTvelos organuli kanoni, erTiani saarCveno kodeqsi.
Rapaport, Elizabeth, The Death Penalty and the Domestic Discount, The Public Nature
of Private Violence: the Discovery of Domestic Abuse, Martha Albertson Fineman, Roxanne
Mykitiuk (eds.), Routledge: New York, London, 1994.
Rueschemeyer, Merlin, Women in the Politics of Postcommunist Eastern Europe, New
York: Armonk, 1994.
Sternhell, Zeev, Fascism: Reflections on the Fate of Ideas in Twentieth Century
History, in Michael Freeden (ed.), Reassessing Political Ideologies: the Durability of Dissent,
(London, New York: Routledge, 2001).
100
13
ena
sityvebi, romlebsac Cven yoveldRiurad viyenebT asaxavs Cvens kulturasa da
Semecnebas da amavdroulad gadaecema momaval Taobas. ena inaxavs da warmoaCens Cvens
warmodgenebs genderze, magaliTisTvis: `kacis tvini aqvs~ niSnavs Wkviania, `kacurad
ar movkalaTdi /gamoviZine a.S.~ niSnavs gemrielad, xarisxianad anu gabatonebuli
arsebisTvis damaxasiaTeblad. `bati~, `Wuki~, `Steruka~, `qalia ra unda moTxovo?~
miuTiTebs naklebi avtoritetisa da ganviTarebis individze. qarTuli ena, sxva enebis
msgavsad, bevrs saubrobs sazogadoebaSi arsebul genderul stereotipebze.
nebismieri teqsti, iqneba es poeturi nawarmoebi Tu samarTlebrivi aqti, SeiZleba
atarebdes genderuli TvalsazrisiT Zalian mniSvnelovan informacias im sociumis
Sesaxeb, saidanac igi gamomdinareobs, amitomac lingvistebs teqstebis genderul
WrilSi gaanalizebis Semdeg sazogadoebaSi arsebuli genderuli stereotipebis
Taobaze didi informaciis mowodeba SeuZliaT.
enis anu ufro farTo gagebiT saTqmelis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania
is garemoebac, rom istoriulad qalebs ar eZleodaT TavianTi pirovnebisa da
saTqmelis pirdapiri, sityvieri Tu werilobiTi gziT gadmocemis saSualeba
(ganaTlebis, sazogadoebaSi sityviT gamosvlis akrZalvis gamo). amitom isini
cdilobdnen TavianTi saTqmelis gaxmaurebas ara sityvieri formebiT, aramed sxva,
xSirad ufro SemoqmedebiTi formebiT: xaliCebis qsova, kerva, qargva, saxlis morTva,
kulinaria. zogjer maTi garemocvisTvis Zalian uCveulo formebiTac, jadoqroba,
mkiTxaoba, xilvebis qona da a.S. ris gamoc inkvizicia maT sastikad uswordeboda.
Zalaufleba
Zalauflebisa da Sromis ganawileba aris socialuri da ekonomikuri cxovrebis
genderuli niSniT gadawyvetili ori umTavresi faqtori. qalTa mdgomareobis nebismieri analizi Zalauflebis asimetriuli gadanawilebis (mamakacebis sasargeblod)analizia. Zalaufleba rCeba feminizmis Teoriis udidesi interesis sagnad.
Tanamedrove msoflmxedveloba gmobs Zalauflebis gamoyenebas batonobisa da
eqspluataciiis gawevis mizniT, maSin rodesac Zalauflebis gamoyeneba imisaTvis, rom
gqondes Tanabari politikuri, samarTlebrivi da ekonomikuri uflebebi qalTa
moZraobisTvis misaRebia.
feministebi xSirad akritikeben `sajaro~ anu sazogadoebriv sferoSi Zalauflebis
borotad gamoyenebas, romelic gamoixateba militarizmSi, ekonomikur eqspluataciaSi, kolonializmSi. aseve akritikeben `kerZo~ sferoSi Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebas, gamoxatuls gaupatiurebaSi, ojaxur ZaladobaSi (fizikuri, fsiqologiuri,
sqesobrivi, ekonomikuri) da incestSi. feministi mkvlevrebi, aseve svamen kiTxvas imis
Taobaze, SesaZlebelia Tu ara Zalauflebis cnebis xelaxali gaazreba, ise, rom
qalebmac miiRon am procesSi monawileoba. maT jerjerobiT warmatebiT moaxerxes is,
rom (Zala)ufleba viRacaze batonobisa SeecvalaT ama Tu im uflebiT sakuTari
Rirsebis dasacavad. iseTi uflebebiT rogorebicaa qmedebis, sityvis, arCevanis,
cvlilebis moTxovnis ufleba.
14
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Information and Evaluation U.S. Agency for International Development, September 2000, working
paper no. 310.
Byrne, Bridget, Julie Kock Laier, Sally Baden, Rachel Marcus, National Machineries for
Women in Development: Experiences, Lessons and Strategies for Institutionalising Gender in
Development Policy and Planning, Report N 36, Bridge: Development-Gender, Institute of
Development Studies, Brighton, 1996.
Caul, M. Womens Representation in Parliament: the Role of Political Parties, Party
Politics, vol. 5. no.1 (1999).
Consideration of Initial Report Submitted by States Parties under Article 18 of the
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 1998.
Compendium of International Conventions Concerning the Status of Women. United
Nations. New York. 1988.
Convention on the Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of
Marriages.
The Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination Against Women.
The Declaration of Sentiments, Seneca Falls Conference, 1848.
Cook. Rebecca J. Womens International Human Rights Law: The Way Forward.
Human Rights of Women: National and International Perspectives. Edited by Rebecca J. Cook.
University of Pennsylvania Press. Philadelphia. 1994.
Dahl, Birgitta, Speaker of Parliament, Sweden, cited in Women in Parliament: Beyond
Numbers, International Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), 1998.
DHericourt, Jenny, La Femme affranchie, Moses and Rabine: Brussels, 2 vols, 1860 Declaration on the
98
15
literatura:
Gisela Bock, Querelle des femmes: A European Gender Dispute in Women in European History,
Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, UK. 1-31.
16
dRemde, Zalzed Znelia romelime did qarTul politikur partiaSi ipovo qalTa
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb moqmedebis gansazRvruli gegma. ase, rom politikur partiebis
mdedrobiTi sqesis wevrTa maRalma procentma ver imoqmeda verc politikur
warmomadgenlobaze da verc politikur partiaTa dRis wesrigSi warmodgenil
sakiTxTa speqtrze.
saqarTvelos mosaxleoba daaxloebiT 4,4 milionia, aqedan qalebi naxevarze mets
warmoadgenen, magram gadawyvetilebis mimReb doneebze maTi raodenoba Zalian mcirea.
saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi qalTa warmomadgenlobis simcire ganpirobebulia qalTa
Soris politikuri informirebulobis naklebobiT, politikisadmi undobeli
damokidebulebiT, romelic memkvidreobiT iqna miRebuli komunisturi warsulidan da
im sazogadoebrivi mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, romlis mixedviTac politika
mamakacTa sfero, maTi brZolis arenaa. qalebi politikuri organizaciisa da
finansuri daxmarebis naklebobas ganicdian. zogadi socialuri da ekonomikuri
siZneleebis gamo qalTa sakiTxebi prioritetad ar miiCneva, umetes SemTxvevaSi orive
sqesis politikosTa mier.
zemoT warmodgenili saarCevno sistemis analizi iseve, rogorc partiebis analizi
ganaxlebas saWiroebs amJamad mimdinare sakonstitucio cvlilebelisa da saarCevno
kanonmdeblobaSi Sesatani cvlilebebis fonze, Sesabamisad kursis avtori uflebas
itovebs gadaxedos da gadaaxalisos warmodgenili analizi movlenaTa ganviTarebis
Sesabamisad.
97
Merlin Rueschemeyer, Women in the Politics of Postcommunist Eastern Europe, New York: Armonk, 1994, 294.
nino metreveli, vin yidulobda parlamentis Tavmjdomaris skams: nino burjanaZisgan
prezidentobisaTvis brZolis safrTxe ar modis, sarke, 46 (2001): 6.
11
Galeazzo Flavio Capra, Della eccellenza e dignita delle donne. wyaro: Gisela Bock, Women in European History, Blackwell
Publishers: Oxford, UK. 3.
12
Disputatio nova contra mulieres qua probatur eas hominess non esse.
13
wyaros msjelobisa Suasaukuneebis teqstebis Sesaxeb warmoadgens Gisela Bock, Women in European History,
Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, UK. 1-31.
96
17
158
159
kvira 2
1. visTvis da vis mier iqmneboda kanonebi?
samarTlis subieqtis sakiTxi, qalebi da safrangeTis revolucia.
16%
14%
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
literatura:
Gisela Bock, The French Revolution: the Dispute is Resumed in Women in European History, Blackwell
Publishers: Oxford, UK. 32-81.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, 1789.
Olympe de Gouges, Declaration of the Rights of the Woman and the Female Citizen, 1791.
safrangeTSi qalTa statusma mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada 1789-1804 wlebSi.
1792-93 wels maT imasac ki miaRwies, rom qorwineba mSoblis nebarTvis gareSe SeeZloT,
SeeZloT aseve gayris procesis wamowyeba, qorwinebis gareT gaCenili bavSvis mamis
saxelis dasaxeleba, Secdenis asanazRaureblad fuladi kompensaciis moTxovna da
sakuTrebis qona. Zalian sainteresoa rogor moaxerxes qalebma am yvelafris mopoveba
da ufro mniSvnelovani, isev dakargva?
parizeli qalebi tradiciulad monawileobdnen quCis politikaSi, gansakuTrebiT
maSin, roca saqme sarCos mopovebas Seexeboda. es aqtiuri parizeli qalebi
gamoTqvamdnen TavianT azrebsa da moTxovnebs, peticiebis, demonstraciebis da TviT
`saxalxo dabegvris~ (taxation populaire) gziTac (rodesac qalebis didi jgufi Tavs
esxmoda movaWres, itacebda mis saqonels an/da samarTlian fasad yidulobda da
Semdgom urigebda gaWirebul parizelebs). revoluciam erTiaTad gaacxara parizel
qalTa politikuri aqtivoba, isini medgrad amoudgnen mxarSi meuRleebs da TavianTi
socialuri klasis Sesabamisi problemuri sakiTxebis mogvarebisaTvis daiwyes brZola.
bazarSi momuSave qalebi iTxovdnen TavianTi uflebebis dacvas, Sua sakuneebSi
arsebuli savaWro gildiebis aRdgenis gziT, Ciodnen TavianTi samuSao pirobebis
gausaZlisobis gamo, binZuri saavadmyofoebis gamo da imis gamo, rom maT gamudmebiT,
Sesvenebis gareSe uxdebodaT Sroma, maSin roca sxvebi gadasaxadebisa da qonebidan
miRebuli procentebis xarjze udardel da fuqsavat cxovrebas eweodnen. muSaTa
klasis warmomadgeneli qalebisagan gansxvavebiT, aristokratiuli klasis warmomadgeneli qalebi moiTxovdnen samoqalaqo uflebebis gazrdas: xmis uflebas, warmomadgenlobas xelisuflebaSi, Tanasworobas qorwinebisas da gayris procesis wamowyebas.
sadac, interesTa ori sfero gadaikveTa am ori sxvadasxva socialuri statusis
mqone qalTa moTxovnebi iyo ganaTlebisa da prostituciis sferoebi. qalebi erTxmad
aRniSnavdnen, rom ganaTlebis miRebis saSualebas moklebuli qalebi iZulebulebi
iyvnen Tavi prostituciiT erCinaT. prostitucias ki uaRresad damakninebel
profesiad miiCnevdnen, romelic imavdroulad ojaxis siwmindes da stabilurobas
uqmnida safrTxes da amis gamoc iyo miuRebeli qalebisaTvis. ase rom qalebma TavianTi
moTxovnebi ganaTlebaze revoluciis Sedegad mosul xelisuflebas Semdegnairad
warudgines: Cven ganaTleba da dasaqmeba imitom ki ar gvinda, rom umaRles sqess
(mamakacebs) SevejibroT, an im qalebisTvis ki ar vzurnavT, vinc uzrunvelyofilia,
visac hyavs ojaxi da bavSvebi visac misi energia da gulisyuri Wirdeba, aramed, im
dacemuli qalebisaTvis, vinc gaunaTleblobisa da gaWirebis gamo irCevs
prostitucias da amiT safrTxes uqmnis ojaxis siwmindesa da stabilurobas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qalebi imsaxurebdnen da SeeZloT ufro argumentirebuladac
wamoeyenebinaT ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis moTxovna, am epoqis qalTa umetesobas
18
qalebis
raodenoba
adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvel
obis
organoebSi
5 didi qalaqi
raionebi
qalaqebi da
dabebi
soflebi
es monacemebi aCvenebs, rom qalebis adgilobriv doneze arCeva ufro maRalia, roca
saarCevno olqi mcirea. am viTarebas ganapirobebs is faqtori, rom naklebi
moasaxleobis mqone, mcire saarCevno olqSi qali kandidati ufro advilad axerxebs
avtoritetis mopovebas, mas mosaxleobis didi nawili icnobs da endoba da amisTvis
naklebi finansuri resursebi sWirdeba, razec Cveulebriv qal kandidatebs naklebad
miuwvdebaT xeli.
politikuri partiebis rolis ukeT Sesafaseblad parlamentSi warmomadgenlobis
TvalsazrisiT, miki kaulis mier SemuSavebuli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT, 4 partiuli
donis faqtors aqvs ramdenadme axsnadi mniSvneloba partiidan arCeul qalTa
proporciasTan mimarTebaSi:
Caul, M. Womens Representation in Parliament: the Role of Political Parties, Party Politics, vol. 5. no.1 (1999): 79-98.
95
monacemebi,
adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis
12 000
10 000
saerTo
raodenoba
8 000
mamakacebi
6 000
qalebi
4 000
2 000
0
156
sjeroda, rom maTi adgili saxlSia da nebismieri codna, romelsac isini SeiZenen unda
gamoiyenon imisTvis, rom naklebi qali Caebas prostituciaSi. maT unda asiamovnon
qmrebs, aRzardon Svilebi gonivrulad. aseT midgomaSi ukve naTlad Cans sirTule im
drois da qalTa viTarebisa, rodesac isini elementaruli uflebebis mosapoveblad
(rogoricaa ganaTlebis miRebis ufleba) manevrireben da cdiloben iseTi mizezi
moenaxaT Tavisi moTxovnis dasacavad, rac xelsayreli da pirdapir Znelad
SesawinaaRmdegebi iqneba kacebisaTvis. bevri mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom amgvarma
gaazrebam qalebis mdgomareobisa Tavad qalebis mier xeli SeuSala revoluciuri
safrangeTis qalTa moZraobis warmatebas.
safrangeTis revoluciis istoriis aRwerisas ZiriTadi aqcenti mamakacebis qmedebazea dasmuli, TumcaRa qalebma aseve Seasrules mniSvnelovani roli. am periodis
safrangeTSi gansakuTrebiT ki, parizSi SeiniSneboda ara erTiani, avtonomiuri qalTa
moZraoba, aramed qalTa moZraobebi. revoluciis dReebSi qalebi aqtiurad
moqmedebdnen, 1789 wlis 5-6 oqtombers eqvsma aTasma parizelma qalma erovnuli dacvis
TanxlebiT fexiT gaiara versalamde, rom moeTxova puri lui XVI-isa da dedofal mari
antuanetisaTvis. es msvleloba sxvadasxva socialuri warmomavlobis qalebis erTiani
ZalisxmeviT Sedga. eqvsi aTasidan qalTa udides procents bazarSi momuSave qalebi
warmoadgendnen, aseve maT Soris iyvnen msaxiobebi da diasaxlisebi. maT Seuties
monarqis samyofels da ramdenime misi Svedi damcvelis daRupvis Semdeg bazarSi
momuSave qalTa mcire delegaciam miaRwia audiencias mefesa da erovnul asambleasTan.
maTi saCivari Semdegi iyo: mdidrebi agroveben xorbals, roca xalxs puri enatreba da
Tu iyideba sadme puri, uzomod Zvir fasad. mefe lui XVI Sehpirda qalebs purs da
uflebac misca maT gamohyolodnen mas, mis ojaxsa da samefo kars versalidan parizSi.
revoluciis ukve am adreul stadiaze iyo mcdeloba revoluciaSi qalTa rolisa da
monawileobis dakninebis. oqtombris dReebis samTavrobo kvlevam daiwyo erTgvari
konspiraciis Teoriis propaganda. viTomda versalis svlaSi monawile qalebi mamakacebma
moisyides da kacebi xelmZRvanelobdnen am marSs da ufro metic, rom eqvsi aTas qals Soris
bevri iyo qalad gadacmuli mamakaci. revoluciis adreuli dReebidanve iwyeba masSi qalTa
rolis gaufasureba, TumcaRa es arc unda iyos gasakviri im mentalitetisa da viTarebis
fonze, romelic am drois safrangeTSi sufevda, roca qalebs ganaTlebaze xelmisawvdomobis uflebis moTxovnis gamarTleba im argumentebiT uxdebodaT, rom am gziT ufro metad gamoadgebodnen TavianT ojaxebs da Tan aranair konkurencias ar gauwevdnen mamkacebs.
1789 wlis 5-6 oqtombris parizel qalTa msvleloba versalSi rogorc maTi
Tanamedrove, aseve dRevandeli istoriografebisTvis revoluciis adreul fazaSi
qalTa gamokveTil aqtivobad rCeba. maSin, roca 14 ivlisis bastiliis aReba ZiriTadad
mamakacebis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebaa da revoluciaSi maTi wvlilis
ukvdamyofelad gvevlineba 5-6 oqtombris marSi revoluciaSi qalebis mier gaweuli
wvlilis simbolod iqca.
safrangeTis revoluciis qalTa moZraobis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli
gaxldaT olimpia de guJi, parizeli scenaristi qali, romelmac dawera `qalTa
uflebebis deklaracia~ 1971 wels. es dokumenti warmoadgenda safrangeTis
revoluciis mTavari dokumentis `mamakacisa da mamakaci moqalaqis uflebebis
deklaraciis~ pasuxs, romelmac mosaxleoba aqtiur da pasiur moqalaqeebad dayo,
simdidris, socialuri warmoSobis, klasisa da sqesis mixedviT. am dokumentis
mixedviT, mamakacTa garkveuli fenebis uflebebi SeizRuda da ra gasakviria, rom
qalebi pasiur moqalaqeTa rigebSi aRmoCdnen. de guJi monarqisti gaxldaT, igi ar iyo
tradiciuli franguli monarqiis damxobis momxre. amitom igi ibrZoda qalebis
uflebebis dasacavad da ara revoluciis interesebisaTvis zogadad.
94
19
olimpia de guJma saxeli 1789 wels gaiTqva, rodesac man erovnul asambleas
warudgina radikaluri reformis programa. de guJi aRniSnavda, rom aucilebelia
kanoniT iqnes uzrunvelyofili sqesTa sruli Tanabaruflebianoba, dasaqmebis farTo
SesaZleblobebi qalebisTvis, saskolo ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomoba gogonebisTvis da
iseTi Teatris Seqmna, sadac mxolod qalebisTvis da qalebis monawileobiT
daidgmeboda speqtaklebi. olimpia de guJis rwmena qalTa `bunebrivi da Tandayolili~
uflebebis Sesaxeb gamomdinareobda misi zogadad adamianebis, rasisa da sqesis
ganurCevlad, Tanasworobisa da Tanabaruflebianobis Rrma rwmenisgan. igi emxroboda
safrangeTis koloniebSi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gaTavisuflebasa da ibrZoda maTi
uflebebis dasacavad. de guJi Tavisi qveynis patrioti gaxldaT, magram adamianis
uflebebis dacvas ufro win ayenebda, vidre qveynis interesebs, Tundac am fasad
daSliliyo safrangeTis imperia.
olimpia de guJis am mosazrebebis umetesoba aisaxa mis mier Seqmnil deklaraciaSi,
romelic revoluciis mTavari dokumentis `mamakacisa da mamakaci moqalaqis uflebaTa
deklaraciis14 nimuSiT aris Seqmnili, im gansxvavebiT, rom igi aniWebs qalebs igive
uflebebs, rasac es ukanaskneli aniWebs privilegirebul mamakacebs. de guJi iTxovda
qalTa generaluri asambleis daarsebas, romelic wamoWrida qalTa sakiTxebsa da
problemebs da imuSavebda mamakacebis genralur asambleasTan am problemebis
gadasaWrelad. de guJi aseve iTxovda srul sityvis Tavisuflebas qalebisTvis,
asambleaSi gamosvlisas man ganacxada: `Women has the right to mount the scaffold; she must
equally have the right to mount the rostrum qals xaraCoebze (barikadebze) asvlis ufleba
Tu aqvs, mas aseve tribunaze amaRlebis uflebac unda hqondes
olimp de guJis mrwamsis safuZvels, iseve rogorc misi sxva mowinave Tanamedrove
qalbatonebis mrwamsis safuZvels, warmoadgenda adamianis uflebebis universalurobis
rwmena. rwmena imisa, rom adamianis uflebebi unda exebodes da vrceldebodes Tanabrad
yvelaze gamonaklisis gareSe. de guJis Tanamoazreebi miiCnevdnen, rom qalebs bunebisgan
miniWebuli aqvT igive gonebrivi SesaZleblobebi, rac mamakacebs da amitom maT unda
hqondeT Tandayolili ufleba miiRon ganaTleba da ganagon sakuTari bed-iRbali. qalebi
TavianTi inteleqtiT ar Camouvardebian mamakacebs da miuRebelia maTi uflebebis
SezRudva sqesis safuZvelze. miuxedavad, erTi SexedviT, progresuli midgomis qalTa
uflebrivi mdgomareobis mimarT, samwuxarod am drosiaTvis aseve bunebrivad aRiqmeboda
qalTa movaleoba yofiliyvnen mTavari pasuxismgebeli pirebi Svilebis aRzrdasa da saSinao
saqmeebze. Sesabamisad, qalTa uflebrivi winsvlis, maTi emansipaciis moTxovna myardeboda
qalebis ojaxisaTvis ukeT gamodgomis argumentiT da ara maTi rogorc damoukidebeli
pirovnebebis sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis argumentiT. kiTxvis ar dasmam
qalebis bunebrivad `kerZo~ anu ojaxuri sferosTvis mikuTvnebaze da imis Taobaze Tu ra
mdgomareobaSi ayenebda qalebs amgvari `bunebrivi~ movaleobebi, miiyvana safrangeTis
revoluciis qalTa moZraoba kraxamde.
safrangeTis revoluciis umniSvnelovanesi monawile danieli emigranti eta palm
daeldersi sazogadoebriv asparezze 1790-ian wlebSi gamoCnda. igi qalTa politkur
klubSi moRvaweobda. 1790 wels Seiqmna simarTlis megobarTa konfederacia Le Confederation
des Amis la vrit. am polikur gaerTianebas, garda zogadi mimarTulebisa, romelic qalTa
uflebebis dacvas iTvaliswinebda (qalTa ganaTleba, qalebis mxridan gayris inicirebis
ufleba), hqonda specialuri ganyofileba/seqcia, romelsac palmi meTaurobda. palmis
gancxadebiT, qalTa seqcia miznad isaxavda qalebis uflebebis dacvas da sasurvel
14
20
250
200
150
qali
mamakaci
100
50
0
1995
1999
2004
1995
1999
2004
qali
mamakaci
qali
mamakaci
qali
mamakaci
17
218
16
219
22
213
1999 wlis arCevnebSi parlamentSi partiebis mier arCeuli pirebi. 2002 wlis monacemebi.
partia
smk
erovnul-demokratiuli
aliansi
saxalxo partia
aRorZineba
leiboristuli partia
imedi
socialist-maJoritarebi
afxazeTi
mamuli
partiis gareSe
sul
qalebi
mamakacebi
sul
11
1
95
11
106
12
1
2
1
1
17
23
24
12
11
10
10
9
11
216
23
25
14
11
11
10
9
12
233
93
qalebi
11
3
1
1
-
mamkacebi
121
55
14
2
11
16
sul
132
58
15
2
12
16
16
219
235
89%
92%
11
11
10%
8%
17
16
65%
69%
40%
52%
2004
nac.
moZraoba
demokratebi
93
77
83%
16
17%
22
73%
33%
partia
95
121
106
132
qalebi
smk
smk
mopovebul adgilTa
raodenoba
1995
1999
arCevnebi
mamakacebi
155
Drude Dahlerup, Using Quotas to Increase Womens Political Representation, in Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers,
International Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), 1998, 95.
92
21
dadebiTi mxareebi:
uaryofiTi mxareebi
kvotebi
arademokratiulia,
radgan
amomrCevels
aZaleben
kvotebiT
gansazRvruli jgufis arCevas da arTmeven Tavisufali arCevanis uflebas;
bevr qals ar surs iyos arCeuli mxolod imitom, rom isini qalebi arian;
15
154
Drude Dahlerup, Using Quotas to Increase Womens Political Representation, in Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers,
International Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), 1998, 91-106.
22
91
kvira 3
1. ufleba airCio da iyo arCeuli pirveli talRis feministebis
yvelaze xangrZlivi brZola (gagrZeleba)
literatura:
Gisela Bock, From Social to the Political in Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford,
UK, 127-173.
damarcxeba SeuZlebelia!17
siuzan b. enToni, 1906
XIX saukuneSi evropaSi TvalsaCino gaxda qalTa moZraoba, romelic `berZeni eqimi
maria kalopokaTesis ganmartebiT warmoadgenda qalTa uflebebis gaazrebul
moTxovnas da sistematiur Zalisxmevas am uflebebis misaRebad.18 qalTa moZraobas
mkvlevrebi afaseben rogorc mZlavr socialur moZraobas, romelmac Tavi iCina XVIII
saukuneSi, magram Zala moikriba XIX saukuneSi da formisa da amocanebis cvalebadobiT
grZeldeba vidre dRemde.
XIX saukuneSi moazrovneTa debatebSi dasmuli `qalTa sakiTxi~ (woman question)
warmoadgenda adreuli kiTxvebis `arian Tu ara qalebi adamianebi?~ `rani arian
qalebi?~ Tanamedrove variants. mgvarad, axleburad SefuTuli da warmodgenili
msjeloba `qalTa sakiTxis~ irgvliv ar warmoadgenda msjelobas qalebsa da mamakacebs
Soris arsebul gansxvavebebze sqesTa Tanabaruflebianobis konteqstSi, aramed es iyo
msjeloba sqesebs Soris arsebuli ierarqiuli, daqvemdebarebuli urTierTobebis
Sesaxeb, romelic moicavda gansxvavebebsac. Sesabamisad, rodesac jon stiuart milma19
1867 wlis 20 maiss didi britaneTis TemTa palataSi qalebisTvis xmis uflebis
dakanoneba moiTxova didi gancvifreba da winaaRmdegoba Sexvda. TemTa palatis
warmomadgenlebs gaukvirdaT, rogor iTxova amgvarma sapatio jentlmenma xmis ufleba
imaTTvis, vinc wesiT ojaxis Tavs, mamakacs unda emorCilebodes, vinaidan is masze
16
prezident SevardnaZis 1999 wlis 28 agvistos 511 brZanebuleba qalTa adamianis uflebebis damcavi
meqanizmebis gaZlierebis Sesaxeb.
153
Birgitta Dahl, Speaker of Parliament, Sweden, cited in Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, International Democracy and
Electoral Assistance (IDEA), 1998, 93.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, speech at the Woman's Convention (25th May, 1851). Targmani avtoris.
Tavisi ukanaskneli sajaro gamosvlisas xanSiSesulma siuzan b. enTonim ganacxada: damarcxeba
SuZlebelia (Failure is impossible). Anthony Center for Womens Leadership, ixileT internetSi, misamarTze:
<http://www.rochester.edu/SBA/sbaecs.html>, bolo viziti 1 noemberi 2004.
18
Gisela Bock, Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, 2002, 82.
19
jon stiuart mili (John Stuart Mill 1806-1873) mecxramete saukunis ingliseli ekonomisti, filosofosi
da moazrovne iyo, romlmac TanamoazreebTan erTad ganaviTara utilitarianuli filosofia, romlis
mixedviTac adamianma yvelaferi unda Seafasos individualuri bednierebis motanis SesaZleblobis
kuTxiT oRond ise, rom ar daazaralos sxvani. adamianebi unda iltvodnen bednierebisken da airidon, an
Seimsubuqon ubedureba. vinaidan adamianebs SeswevT azrovnebis unari, isini mxolod xorceuli
siamovnebiT ver kmayofildebian da gonebrivi procesebidan miRebuli siamovnebiskenac iltvian.
90
23
152
17
aman gamoiwvia saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiris (smk), prezidentis partiis mier orive
arCevnebSi adgilebis umetesi raodenobis dakaveba (ix. 1 da 2 cxrili) 1995 wlis
arCevnebSi smk-m parlamentSi moipova 106, 1999 wlis arCevnebSi ki 132 adgili. aseve
2004 wlis 28 martis arCevnebSi nacionaluri moZraobisa da gaerTianebuli
demokratebis saerTo siebiT 93 adgilis mopovebas xeli Seuwyo rogorc TavisTavad
mosaxleobis didma mxardaWeram, aseve garkveulwilad saarCevno sistemamac.
mkvlevarTa mixedviT, saarCevno barieri saarCevno sistemis Semdgomi mniSvnelovani faqtoria. saarCevno barieri aris amomrCevelTa mxardaWeris minimaluri done,
romelic partias parlamentSi mosaxvedrad sWirdeba. 1999 wels miRebuli sakonstitucio damatebis mixedviT: proporciuli arCevnebiT saparlamento warmomadgenlobis
kvalificiur xmaTa raodenoba 5%-idan 7%-mde gaizarda. evropis uSiSroebisa da
TanamSromlobis organizaciis damkvirveblebma aRniSnes, rom 7%-iani saarCevno barieri aris "Zalian maRali euTos wevr sxva saxelmwifoebTan SedareboT."149 saarCevno
olqis saSualo raodenobis dabal sidides igive Sedegi aqvs, rac maRal saarCevno
bariers: orive zRudavs proporciulobas da mcire partiebisTvis adgilebis
mopovebis Sansebs. roca saarCevno olqis saSualo sidideebi izrdeba, xolo barierebi
mcirdeba, proprciulobisa da mcire partiebis arCevis Sansebi umjobesdeba. ase rom,
saarCevno olqis saSualo sididis (2,76) da saarCevno barieris (7%) mixedviT SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom barieris simaRlisa da saSualo sididis simciris gamo mcire
partiebisTvis Zalzed Znelia parlamentSi moxvedra. rac Seexeba qalebs,
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos saarCevno sistemaSi maTi arCevisTvis
saukeTeso saSualebaa didi partiebis saarCevno siebSi pirvel oceulSi CarTva, aseve
Zlieri saarCevno blokebis siebis pirvel oceulSi moxvedra. Tu qals maJoritar
kandidatad waradgens partia an 5 wevrisgan Semdgari sainiaciativi jgufi150 misi
arCevis Sansebi naklebia erTmandatiani maJoritaruli saarCevno olqebis gamo,
vinaidan sazogadoebis politikuri kultura, gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebis garda,
upiratesobas jer kidev mamakac kandidatebs aniWebs. gansakuTrebulia is SemTxvevebi,
roca qali kandidati Zalzed cnobili da sasurveli kandidatia amomrCevelTa didi
raodenobisTvis an Tu wardgenilia didi partiis mier, romelsac mocemul olqSi
amomrCevelTa didi raodenoba uWers mxars.
patara partiebis, maT Soris, qalTa partiebisTvis parlamentSi arCevis sxva Sanss
warmoadgens gaerTianebuli siebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba. saqarTvelos organuli
kanonis, erTiani saarCveno kodeqsis mixedviT, calkeul partiebTan erTad saarCveno
blokebs erT blokSi gaerTianebul ramdenime partias SeuZliaT waradginon
gaerTianebuli sakandidato sia,151 rac udavod zrdis mcire partiebis Sansebs, aseve
iZleva qali kandidatebis dasaxelebis saSualebas gaerTianebuli mcirericxovani
partiebis wevrTa rigebidan.
xelsayreli pirobebi saqarTvelos parlamentSi qalTa arCevisTvis:
Gisela Bock, Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, 2002, 91.
Article: Frauenfrage, in Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, vol.6 (Mahnnheim, 1894), 822. citirebulia: Gisela Bock,
Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, 2002, 84.
iqve, 6.
kandidatis dasaxelebisTvis sainiciativo jgufma unda waradgino amomrCevelTa aranakleb 1 000
xelmowera, registrirebuli Sesabamisi olqis saarCevno komisiis mier, im SemTxvevis garda, Tu
wardgenili kandidati parlamentis wevrad iqna arCeuli bolo saparlamento arCevnebis dros.
151
saqarTvelos organuli kanoni, erTiani saarCveno kodeqsi, muxli 96.
24
89
150
20
21
parlamentarTa
raodenoba
saarCevno olqebis
raodenoba
saarCevno olqebis
saSualo sidide
235
85
2.76
saarCevno olqis saSualo sidide mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia im urTierTdamokidebulebis gamo, romelic arsebobs samarTlian warmomadgenlobas da saarCevno olqis
sidides Soris. rac ufro didia olqis zoma da amomrCevelTa raodenoba, ukeTesi
Sansebi arsebobs proporciuli warmomadgenlobisTvis. Tu amomrCevelTa raodenoba
didia, xolo mandatTa raodenoba mcire, miaxloebiTi proporciulobis Sansebi
mcirdeba (rae, hogani, horvili). saarCevno olqebis araTanabari moculobis uaryofiTi zegavlena saqarTvelos saarCevno wesis maJoritarul nawilTan mimarTebaSi,
romelic 85 erTmandatiani olqidan iTvaliswinebs amave raodenobis parlamentaris
arCevas, aRniSnuli iyo euTo-s demokratiuli institutebisa da adamianTa uflebebis
samsaxuris saboloo moxsenebaSi saqarTvelos 1999 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis
Sefasebisas.148
TiToeuli saarCevno olqi iRebs erT saparlamento mandats. miuxedavad amisa,
amomrCevelTa raodenobebs Soris didi gansxvavebis gamo TiToeuli xmis wona
araTanabaria. am gansxvavebis saukeTeso magaliTia yazbegis raionis amomrCevelTa
raodenoba daaxloebiT 4000 registrirebuli xmis micemis uflebis mqone piriT da q.
quTaisi 135000 registrirebuli amomrCevlTa raodenobiT. maikl galaheris mixedviT,
es aris `araswori proporciuloba~. erTmandatian saolqo sistemebSi es ukanaskneli
niSnavs imas, rom olqebSi aris amomrCevelTa mniSvnelovnad araTanabari raodenoba,
ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios araswori proporciuloba didi partiebis sasargeblod an
miiRos gadaWarbebuli regionaluri warmomadgenlobis saxe. saqarTvelos magaliTze
146
A Lijphart, Electoral Systems and Party Systems, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994, 14.
iqve 10.
148
OSCE/ODHIR, Georgia Parliamentary Elections: 31 October & 14 November 1999, Final Report, Warsaw, February 2000, 4.
147
88
25
Tanabaruflebianobis, Tanabari aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis pirobebSi gaxdeba SesaZlebeli mamakacisa da qalis namdvili saxisa da bunebis danaxva ase swamda qalTa
moZarobis am adreul moazrovnes.
XIX saukunis amerikaSi da evropaSi mcxovreb qalebs ekrZalebodaT ganaTlebis
miReba, roca maTi Zmebis ganaTlebaze ojaxebi daucxromlad zrunavdnen. maT
ekrZalebodaT xmis amoReba sajaro Sekrebebze da Tu aseTi incindenti moxdeboda
eklesia da sazogadoeba maT kicxavda uRirsi aqtivobisaTvis. maTi memkvidreobiT
miRebuli qoneba gaTxovebisas avtomaturad qmris sakuTreba xdeboda da qalic mamis
gavlenidan qmris gavlenaSi, sakuTrebaSi gadadioda. rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania,
qalebs uwevdaT im kanonebisadmi morCileba, romlis avtorebic TviTon ar iyvnen da
verc iqnebodnen, vinaidan maT ar hqondaT, rogorc Tavad miaCndaT, umTavresi,
politikuri uflebebi, ufleba sakanonmdeblo organoSi mosvlisa, rom SeecvalaT
kanonebi da SeeqmnaT iseTi kanonebi, romlebic maT interesebsac daicavda. arsebuli
uuflebo mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT gasakviri ar aris, ratom ganixilavdnen
pirveli talRis feministebi anu qalTa moZraobis adreul liderebi arCevnebSi
monawileobas qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis panacead.
TumcaRa XIX saukuneSi dawyebuli politikuri uflebebisaTvis brZola Tavdapirvelad mamakacTa xmis uflebisaTvis brZolas warmoadgenda. Cveulebriv evropaSi xmis
ufleba eZleodaT qonebrivi cenziT, zog SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad, britaneTSi)
komluri principiT, iSviaT SemTxvevebSi (italia, portugalia) dawyebiTi an umaRlesi
ganaTlebis qonis mixedviT. mecxramete saukune xasiaTdeba arCevnebSi monawileobis
uflebisaTvis sxvadasxva dainteresebuli jgufebis brZoliT, romelsac evropaSi
garkveuli doziT liberalebi, ZiriTadad ki, SromiTi moZraoba axorcielebda.
britaneTSi es moZraoba 1832 wlis didi reformis aqtiT daiwyo (the Great Reform Act of
1832); safrangeTSi burJuaziuli revoluciiT da ganaxlda 1830 wlis ivlisis revoluciiT; belgiaSi 1831 wels damoukideblobis gamocxadebiT; norvegiaSi 1814 wlis
konstituciiT; SveicariaSi 1815 wlis konstituciiT; germaniaSi federaluri miwebis
adreuli konstitucionalizmiT (pirveli badenis 1818 wlis konstitucia iyo) da a. S.
safrajizmi (Suffragism), warmosgeba inglisuri sityvisgan Suffrage rac xmis
micemas, arCevnebSi monawileobas niSnavs. Sesabamisad qalebs, romlebic politikuri
uflebebisaTvis dawyebul moZraobaSi monawileobdnen safrajistebi (suffragists) ewodebodaT. iyo aseve qalTa politikuri uflebebisaTvis mebrZoli radikaluri dajgufeba e.w. safrajetebi (suffragettes), romlebic ZiriTadad safrangeTSi moRvaweobdnen
da TavianTi agresiulobiT gamoirCeodnen. maT agresiuli taqtika (Sexvedrebis
darbeva, fanjrebis lewva) gangeb airCies, rom miepyroT sazogadoebis yuradReba. isini
imdenad gavlenianebi aRmoCndnen TavianT qmedebaSi, rom popularul istoriul
mexsierebaSi xmis uflebisaTvis mebrZoli qalebi swored agresiul qalebTan
asocirdebian, maSin rodesac safrajistebis umetesoba ar iziarebda safrajetebis
meTodebs da surda maTgan gamijvna.
is gza, romelic qalebma ganvles imisaTvis, rom arCevnebSi monawileobis universaluri (aqtiurica da pasiuric) ufleba moepovebinaT gansxvavdeboda sirTulisa da
xangrZlivobis mixedviT. 21 evropul qveyanaSi qalebs arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba
XX saukunis dasawyisSi miecaT, ZiriTadad pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg: pirveli maT
Soris iyo fineTi (1906), Semdeg norvegia (1907), Cvidmet qveyanaSi 1915-1922 wlebSi
miiRes qalebma arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba (1920 wels amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi), espaneTsa da portugaliaSi 1931 wels. safrangeTSi 1944, italiaSi 1945,
saberZneTSi 1952, xolo SveicariaSi 1971 wels. am xangrZlivi gzis miuxedavad, qalTa
istoriis mkvlevari gizela boki miiCnevs, rom `safrajizmi~ sxvadasxva qveyanaSi
26
kvira 8
1. saarCevno kanonmdebloba sakanonmdeblo organoSi qalTa
warmomadgenlobis zrdasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi
literatura:
Matland, R. Enhancing Womens Participation: Legislative Recruitment and Electoral Systems, in Karan
Azza (ed.). Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, International IDEA, 1998, 65-88.
Ndezhda Shvedova. Obstacles to Womens Participation in Parliament, in Karan Azza (ed.). Women in
Parliament: Beyond Numbers, International IDEA, 1998, 19-41.
sabWoTa kavSirisgan damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, saqarTvelo, demokratiul saxelmwifod Camoyalibebas cdilobs. 1991 wlidan moyolebul gardamaval
periods Tan axlda warmatebebi da warumateblobebic. dasawyisSive, samma didma
konfliqtma Seaferxa qveynis ganviTareba; 1991-1993 wlebSi Sida qarTlSi da afxazeTSi
ganviTarebuli eTnikuri konfliqtebis gamo daaxloebiT 300 000 moqalaqe iqca
iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirad. Tbilisis samoqalaqo omi (1991 wlis dekemberi - 1992
wlis ianvari), romelic samxedro opoziciasa da demokratiuli gziT arCeul, pirvel
postkomunistur, prezident gamsaxurdias mTavrobas Soris mimdinareobda am
ukanasknelis marcxiT da eduard SevardnaZis, saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis
yofili Tavmjdomarisa da sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa gadamdgari ministris
saqarTveloSi dabrunebiT dasrulda.
1995 wlis 5 noembris saprezidento arCevnebis dros SevardnaZe xmaTa 75% iqna
arCeuli, misi xelmZRvanelobiT proreformistulma 1995 wels arCeulma parlamentma
imave wlis 24 agvistos axali konstitucia miiRo. 1998 wels pirvelad gaimarTa
adgilobrivi, 1999 wels saparlamento, xolo 2000 wels saprezidento arCevnebi, sadac
isev SevardnaZem gaimarjva.
2003 wlis 2 noembers gaimarTa axali saparlamento arCevnebi, romelmac mniSvnelovani darRvevebiT Caiara da xalxis didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. mSvidobiani
protestis formebiT, saqarTvelos mosaxleobam moaxerxa gaerTianeba SevardnaZis
korufciuli administraciisa da partiis (moqalaqeTa kavSiri) winaaRmdeg. xalxis
nebam gaimarjva da 2003 wlis 23 noembers prezidenti SevardnaZe gadadga. qveyanas
vadamdeli saprezidento arCevnebis Catarebamde parlamentis Tavmjdomare nino
burjanaZe marTavda. 2004 wlis 4 ianvars 96% procentiT saqarTvelos mosaxleobam
axali prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili airCia. saparlamento arCevnebi aseve 2004 wlis 28
marts gaimarTa xelaxla da parlamentis Tavmjdomared kvlav nino burjanaZe airCies.
87
ojaxis erTi wevris mier meoresTvis ganzrax miyenebuli dazianeba. umetesi qveynebis
samarTali ar aRiarebs qmris mier colis gaupatiurebis faqtebs. meuRlis cema
ganzrax aris gamotovebuli sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulad kvalificirebul
danaSaulTa nusxaSi im motiviT, rom qmars aqvs ufleba aRzardos Tavisi meuRle.
dResac ki, im qveynebis samarTalSi, sadac moxda ojaxuri Zaladobis kriminalizacia
mosamarTleebi, prokurorebi da policiis oficrebi Tavs arideben ojaxur
konteqstSi fizikuri Seuracxyofis Sesaxeb kanonebis gamoyenebas.
sxva amerikeli mkvlevari elizabet rapaporti145 Tavis statiaSi: `sikvdiliT dasja
da SeRavaTi ojaxuri Zaladobisas~ aanalizebs samarTlebrivi normebis qmedebas iseTi
mkvlelobebis mimarT, romlebic sikvdiliT isjeba da ojaxuri Zaladobis Sedegad
Cadenili mkvlelobebis mimarT.
mkvlevris Tvisebrivi analizi aCvenebs, rom sikvdiliT dasjis amerikuli kanoni
seqsisturia, maSin rodesac umetes StatebSi finansuri motiviT adamianis mokvla
SeiZleba iqces mizezad damnaSavisTvis sasikvdilo ganaCenis gamotanisa, e. w. `ojaxis
SenarCunebis~ mizeziT Cadenili mkvleloba damnaSaves garkveul SeRavaTebs aZlevs.
qmris mxridan colis an yofili colis mkvleloba ar ganixileba igive simZimis
danaSaulad rogorc sxva, ojaxs gareT, Cadenili mkvlelobebi, mas amsubuqebs is
garemoeba, rom moZalades emociebisgan `sisxli uduRda~ `civsisxliani~ winaswarganzraxuli mkvleobisgan gansxvavebiT. rapaporti aRniSnavs, rom qmris mier
meuRlis `cxel gulze~, roca mas sayvarelTan erTad naxavs mokvlis ganxilva rogorc
Semamsubuqebeli garemoebisa maCvenebelia mamakacTa upiratesi mdgomareobisa
sazogadoebaSi, vinaidan istoriulad `cxel gulze~ Cadenili meuRlis mkvleloba
colebis mxridan, anu roca qmars sayvarelTan waaswrebda, ar ganixileboda
Semamsubuqebel garemoebad. is, rom qalebi naklebad klaven meuRleebs Ralatis
SemTxvevaSi, gamowveulia imiTac, rom maT qmrebis flobaze ufro naklebi pretenzia
aqvT, Sesabamisad, maTi reaqcia Ralatze an mitovebisas naklebad mwvavea.
saqarTveloSi ojaxSi Zaladobis problema ar dgas im aqtualur problemaTa rigSi,
romlis mogvarebisaTvis saxelmwifo Sesabamis nabijebs gadadgamda. ar aris danaxuli
kavSirebi ojaxur Zaladobasa da siRaribes Soris, ojaxur Zaladobasa da qalTa da
bavSvTa janmrTelobas, zogadad sazogadoebis ganviTarebas Soris, ojaxur
Zaladobasa da kanonmorCilebas, samarTlebrivi normebis nakleb efeqturobas Soris.
ojaxuri Zaladobis problemis daZleva warmoudgenelia am mizez-Sedegobrivi
kavSirebis danaxvis gareSe. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom problemis mosagvareblad
umniSvnelovanesia, ara mxolod xelisuflebis mxridan gadadgmuli nabijebi,
ganxorcielebuli politika, aramed sazogadoebrivi azris transformacia, romelic
am problemisadmi ara Semwynarebluri, aramed Seurigebeli gaxdeba. am
transformaciaSi didi rolis Sesruleba SeuZliaT arasamTavrobo organizaciebisa da
mediis warmomadgenlebs.
msgavsad mimdinareobda, ara marto imitom, rom sabolood am moZraobam Tavis mizans
miaRwia, aramed sxva msgavsi mizezebis gamoc.
magaliTisTvis, qalebi yvelgan xmis uflebas iseT momentSi iTxovdnen, rodesac
xedavdnen warmatebis miRwevis realur Sanss. did britaneTSi pirveli mimarTva
qalebisaTvis xmis micemis moTxovniT iyo `adamianTa erTi modgmis, qalebis mimarTva
adamianTa meore modgmis, mamakacebis pretenziebis winaaRmdeg~ 1825 wels ana vilerisa
da viliam tomfsonis avtorobiT. adreuli moTxovna qalebisaTvis xmis uflebis
miniWebisa ekuTvnoda meri smits, romlis Sesaxebac am faqtis garda TiTqmis araferia
cnobili, igi qalebisaTvis xmis micemas qonebrivi cenzis safuZvelze iTxovda. vinaidan
gaTxovil qalebs erTmeodaT sakuTrebis ufleba, es moTxovna rom gaeTvaliswinebina
TemTa palatas am uflebiT mxolod gauTxovari qalebi isargeblebdnen. misi peticia
win uZRoda 1832 wlis reformis aqts da erTaderTi rasac miaRwia iyo is, rom qalebi
garkveviT da myarad gamoTiSes arCevnebSi monawileobis miRebis procesidan, vinaidan
1832 wlis didi reformis aqti uSualod `mamakac-moqalaqeebs~ Seexeboda. vidre
britaneTSi 1867 wlis meore reformis aqts miiRebdnen, axladSeqmnilma qalTa xmis
uflebisaTvis mebrZolma komitetma 1865 wels moamzada peticia lordTa palatisaTvis, romelsac or kviraSi 1 500-ma qalma moawera xeli. TemTa palatas peticia jon
stiuart milma warudgina, mili iTxovda gauTxovari qalebisTvis miecaT aqtiuri xmis
ufleba igive pirobebiT, ra pirobebiTac mamakacebs hqondaT es ufleba. mili ubralod
iTxovda aqtSi sityva `kaci~ SeecvalaT `pirovnebiT~, magram rogorc zemoT avRniSneT
milis es SeTavazeba ar iqna gaziarebuli.
qalTa politikuri rogorc aqtiuri (arCevnebSi xmis micema), ise pasiuri (kenWis
yra) uuflebobis gancda amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gaamwvava monobis winaaRmdeg
dawyebulma kampaniam. 1840 wels elizabet qeidi stentoni27 da lukrecia moti28, amerikuli monobis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli sazogadoebis wevrebi gaemgzavren londonSi
delegatebad monobis winaaRmdeg gamarTul msoflio Sexvedraze. orive qalbatoni
aRaSfoTa im faqtma, rom Sexvedraze maT britaneli qalebis msgavsad aekrZalaT
sajarod sityviT gamosvla. StatebSi dabrunebisTanave maT ganizraxes wamoewyoT
Zlieri moZraoba qalTa uflebebisaTvis.
am gadawyvetilebis Sedegad, rva wlis Semdeg 1848 wels amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi, seneka folsSi, niu iorkis Stati, Catarda qalTa uflebebis pirveli
konferencia, romlis organizatorebi lukrecia moti da elizabet qeidi stentoni
gaxldnen. `sentimentebis deklaracia~, dokumenti, romelic seneka folsSi gamarTuli
diskusiebis Sedegia amerikis damoukideblobis deklaraciis yaidazea dawerili da
qalebisa da mamakacebis uflebrivi Tanasworobisaken mouwodebs, mas xels
konferenciis wevri 68 qali da 32 mamakaci awers.
`Cven migvaCnia aSkara WeSmaritebad is, rom mamakaci da qali Tanabaruflebianebad
Seiqmnen da maT Semoqmedma mianiWa ZiriTadi da Tandayolili uflebebi; romelTa
Sorisac aris sicocxle, Tavisufleba, da bednierebisaken swrafva,29 naTqvamia
deklaraciis SesavalSi.
Sesavals mohyveba nusxa diskriminaciis im sxvadasxva formebisa, rasac qalTa sqesi
ganicdis. kerZod, arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebis ar qona, im kanonebis morCileba,
145
Elizabeth Rapaport, The Death Penalty and the Domestic Discount, The Public Nature of Private Violence: the Discovery of
Domestic Abuse, Martha Albertson Fineman, Roxanne Mykitiuk (eds.), Routledge: New York, London, 1994, pp. 224-251.
27
elizabet qeidi stentoni iuristisa da politikosis daniel qeidis ojaxSi daibada 1815 wlis 12
noembers. mamis wignebiT elizabetma Seiswavla samarTali, magram iuridiulze Cabareba ver moaxerxa,
vinaidan qalebs umaRlesSi im dros ar iRebdnen. man Tavisi cxovrebis 50 weli miuZRvna qalTa
uflebebisaTvis brZolas da ise gardaicvala 1902 wlis 26 oqtombers, rom ver moeswro 1920 wels,
rodesac amerikis konstituciaSi 19-e damatebis Setanis gziT qalebma moipoves sanukvari xmis ufleba.
28
lukrecia kofin moti (1793-1880) kvakerTa religiuri dajgufebis wevri iyo, elizabet qeidi
stentonTan erTad lukrecia motic ibrZoda monobis gasauqmeblad da qalTa TanabaruflebianobisaTvis.
29
The Declaration of Sentiments, Seneca Falls Conference, 1848.
86
27
siuzan b. enToni (1820-1906) 50 welze met xans warmoadgenda qalTa uflebebisaTvis moZraobis erTerT wamyvan mebrZols. siuzan b. enToni da elizabeT qeidi stentoni erTmaneTs 1851 wels monobis
gauqmebisaTvis mebrZolTa wreebidan Sexvdnen da maTi istoriuli megobroba sicocxlis bolomde
gagrZelda. siuzan enTonis safrajistebis moZraobis napoleonsac ki uwodeben, Tavisi organizatoruli
da taqtikuri niWis gamo.
Joan Meier, Introduction, The Public Nature of Private Violence: the Discovery of Domestic Abuse, Martha Albertson
Fineman, Roxanne Mykitiuk (eds.), Routledge: New York, London, 1994, 121.
144
deliqturi samarTali (Tort Law) im SinaarsiT ra SinaarsiTac teqstSia moxseniebuli saqarTveloSi
ar arsebobs, Tumca arsebobs deliqturi valdebuleba, romlis mixedviTac: piri romelic sxva pirs
marTlsawinaaRmdego ganzraxi an gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT miayenebs zians, valdebulia aunazRauros
mas es ziani. (saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, kari mesame).
28
85
30
literatura:
Goldman, Wendy, Z. Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, 8-56.
Kollontai, Allexandra, The Soviet Woman a Full and Equal Citizen of Her Country.
142
nino baqaquri, ojaxuri Zaladoba da adamianebis trefikingi: rogor davicvaT Cveni uflebebi,
saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia, Tbilisi 2004 weli, 76-77.
84
29
kvira 4
1. proletariati da genderuli diskriminacia adreuli
bolSevikuri saxelmwifos dros sabWoTa kavSiri 1918-1936 wlebSi
(gagrZeleba).
literatura:
Goldman, Wendy, Z. Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, 59-104.
Kollontai, Allexandra, Communism and the Family, 1920.
1917 wels bolSevikebis sakononmdeblo iniciativebma qalebs samoqalaqo uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis mTeli speqtri mianiWes da axali kanonmdeblobis winaSe qali
da mamakaci uflebrivad gaTanabrda. bolSevikuri revoluciis Semdeg TiTqmis erT
TveSi qalebs moexsnaT gayris SemTxvevaSi uZrav qonebasTan da bavSvebze mzrunvelobasTan dakavSirebuli SezRudvebis mTeli rigi. qalebs miecaT ganaTlebis miRebis,
profesiis Tavisuflad arCevis, sacxovrebeli adgilis arCevis ufleba. qalebs
mieniWaT ufleba mamakacis Tanabari anazRaurebis miRebisa Tanabar SromaSi (Equal pay
for equal work). amgvarad 1918 wlis ivlisSi miRebulma konstituciam gaaZliera qalTa da
mamakacTa politikuri da samoqalaqo Tanasworoba. ruseTis sabWoTa federaciis 1918
wlis samoqalaqo kodeqsma qorwinebis erTaderT formad samoqalaqo qorwineba daadgina, am periodamde ruseTSi iuridiuli Zala mxolod religiur qorwinebas hqonda.
qorwinebis registraciis procedura Zalian gaiolda, aseve gaiolda ganqorwinebis
procedura. am reformis Sedegad moimata qorwinebisa da ganqorwinebis raodenobam,
gansakuTrebiT axalgazrda wyvilebSi. 1920 wels moxda abortis legalizeba.
axalgazrda
bolSevikur
saxelmwifoSi
ganxorcielebuli
sakanonmdeblo
iniciativebi warmoadgenda msoflios masStabiT qalTa emansipaciis yvelaze
progresul da revoluciour cvlilebebs. 1930-iani wlebis meore naxevramde sabWoTa
kavSiri, qalTa samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis TvalsazrisiT, msoflio liderad
rCeboda. am viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sainteresoa, rogor esmodaT bolSevikuri
revoluciis avtorebs Tanaswori uflebebi; Tanamedrove politikuri filosofiis
mixedviT, ufleba warmoadgens `Tanasworobis, Tavisuflebisa da samarTlianobis
sayovelTaod savaldebulo formas~, marqsistuli ideologiis Tanaxmad, ufleba
klasobrivi xasiaTis fenomeni iyo da `klasobrivi Cagvris iaraRad~ gamoiyeneboda.
`muSaTa~ klasis (muSebi da glexebi) qalebis interesebi da moTxovnebi aRiqmedoba
Cagruli umravlesobis saerTo interesebad da moTxovnebad, gabatonebuli
umciresobis interesebisa da moTxovnebis sawinaaRmdegod. xolo is winaaRmdegobebi,
rac arsebobda `muSaTa~ klasis qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris da, miT umetes, qalebis
svadasxva jgufebs Soris igive klasis SigniT (muSa qalebi, muSaTa colebi, glexi
qalebi, Sinamosamsaxureebi) ignorirebuli iyo. imavdroulad sxva fenebis
warmomadgeneli qalebi didgvarovnebi, vaWarTa Svilebi da colebi, sasuliero pirTa
Svilebi da colebi, inteligencia yovelgvar uflebebs moklebuli aRmoCnda. mgvarad,
qalTa Tanasworobis proletarulma koncefciam imTaviTve gariya qalTa sxva jgufebi,
maT Soris liberaluri moZraobis bevri aqtivisti qali.
mZlavri industrializaciis procesma soflis mosaxleobis qalaqSi Camodineba
gamoiwvia, ramac xeli Seuwyo didgvarovanTa kulturis, faseulobebisa da idealebis
(muxli 126) wameba Cadenili: ori an meti piris mimarT; damnaSavisaTvis winaswari SecnobiT orsuli
qalis mimarT; damnaSavisaTvis SecnobiT arasrulwlovanis, umweo mdgomareobaSi myofis an materialurad
an sxvagvarad masze damokidebulis mimarT; SekveTiT da sxv. isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT, vadiT samidan
eqvs wlamde, Tanamdebobis dakavebis an saqmianobis uflebis CamorTmeviT, vadiT sam wlamde an uamisod.
140
(muxli 117) janmrTelobis ganzrax mZime dazianeba Cadenili: ori an meti piris mimarT;
damnaSavisaTvis winaswari SecnobiT orsuli qalis mimarT; damnaSavisaTvis SecnobiT arasrulwlovanis,
umweo mdgomareobaSi myofis an materialurad an sxvagvarad masze damokidebulis mimarT;
gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT; angarebiT an SekveTiT; araerTgzis an sxv. isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT
xuTidan Tormet wlamde.
141
damamZimebeli garemoebebi am muxlisTvis igivea, rac117-e muxlisTvis da am SemTxvevebSi
janrTelobis ganZrax naklebad mZime dazianeba isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT xuT wlamde.
30
83
139
82
Julia Gradskova, Women and Political System of the Soviet State, Moscow State University, 2004,4.
aleqsandra kolontai (1872 wlis 31 marti-1952 wlis 9 marti) sabWoTa socialisturi moZraobis erT-
31
, : , 1973, 437.
Alexandra Kollontai Archives, ixileT internetSi misamarTze: <http://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/into.htm>
bolo viziti marti 14, 2003.
35
Tamar Sabedashvili, Paper for the course: Research Methods in Gender Studies. Contents Analysis Method and Practice,
Applied to the Abstract from Aleksandra Kollontais Article Communism and the Family (1920), Central European University,
Budapest, 2003, 2.
36
Wendy Z. Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, c1993), 6.
37
Zeev Sternhell, Fascism: Reflections on the Fate of Ideas in Twentieth Century History, in Michael Freeden (ed.),
Reassessing Political Ideologies: the Durability of Dissent, (London, New York: Routledge, 2001), 109.
34
32
81
137
Fourth World Conference for Women Platform for Action, D.Violence against Women, 113.
80
33
34
Ronet Bachman Ph.D., U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics, "Violence Against Women: A National Crime
Victimization Survey Report," January 1994, p. iii.
134
iqve, 6.
135
Domestic Violence for Health Care Providers, 3rd Edition, Colorado Domestic Violence Coalition, 1991.
136
American Psychl. Ass'n, Violence and the Family: Report of the American Psychological Association Presidential Task Force
on Violence and the Family (1996), 10.
79
78
35
literatura:
Isabel Marcus, Reframing Domestic Violence: Terrorism in the Home in Fineman, M. A. & Myktruk, R
(eds.), Public Nature of Private Violence the Discovery of Domestic Abuse, New York, Routledge, 1994,
11-35.
proeqti harmonia, ojaxur
saswavlo masalebi, 7-36.
ZaladobasTan
brZolis
sazogadoebrivi
programis
45
Wendy Z. Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, c1993), 343.
36
77
zomebi. im SemTxvevaSi Tu dazaralebuli ar imoqmedebs damqiraveblis rekomendaciebis Sesabamisad, romelic miznad isaxavs mis dacvas msgavsi Seuracxyofisgan,
pasuxismgebloba momxdarze ukve aRar ekisreba damqiravebels, aramed uSualod
Seuracxmyofelsa da dazaralebuls, romelmac ar Seismina damqiraveblis rCevebi da
ar daeqvemdebara prevenciul RinisZiebebs.
ra SeiZleba warmoadgendes samuSao adgilze sqesobrivi Seuracxhyofis Tavidan
acilebis, prevenciis efeqtur meTods?
SurisZiebisagan dacva;
gaupatiureba samsaxureobrivi mdgomareobis gamoyenebiT isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT vadiT xuTidan TxuTmet wlamde" (muxli 137.3(d))
76
kvira 5
1. qalTa uflebebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi (gagrZeleba)
literatura:
Hilkka Pietila, Engendering the Global Agenda: The Story of Women and thee United Nations, Development
Dossier, UN Non-Governmental liason Service, 2002, 29-105
ani r. iagre qalis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb deklaraciis Sesavali (An Introduction to the
Declaration on Elimination of Discrimination Against Women. Annual Review of United Nations Affairs 1967-1968. Compiled by:
Richard N. Swift. Oceana Publications, Inc. New York. 1969. 57).
37
47
1945 wlis gaeros wesdebis pirvelive muxlis mesame paragrafSi gaeros misiaze saubrisas aRniSnulia,
rom organizaciam unda xeli Sewyos TanamSromlobas saerTaSoriso masStabis ekonomikuri, socialuri,
kulturuli, Tu humanitaruli problemebis gadaWrisas da uzrunvelyos adamianis uflebebisa da
ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis dacva da pativiscema yvelas sasargeblod, ganurCevlad rasis, sqesis, enis Tu
religiisa. sqesTa Tanabaruflebianobas exeba aseve wesdebis Semdegi muxlebi: 8, 13, 55, 76.
48
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba. (1945). muxli 55. qveparagrafi g).
49
adamianis uflebebis wyaroebi. (Human Rights Sourcebook. Edited by Albert P. Blaustein, Roger S. Clark, Jay A. Sigler.
Paragon House Publishers. New York. 1987. 14).
50
arcerTi Semdegi dokumenti ar moixsniebs da Sesabamisad ar exeba qalebs: kacisa da mamakaci
moqalaqis uflebebis deklaracia (miRebuli safrangeTis erovnuli asambleis mier 1789 wlis 26
agvistos); virjiniis uflebebis deklaracia (Seqmnili jorj meisonis mier da erTxmad miRebuli
virjiniis delegatTa konventis mier 1776 wlis 12 ivniss); amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
damoukideblobis deklaracia (1776, 12 ivlisi); amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis bili uflebebis Sesaxeb
(ratificirebuli 1791 wlis 15 dekembers).
38
75
kvira 7
1. sqesobrivi diskriminacia samuSao adgilze debatebi
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
literatura:
Catherine A. Mackinnon, Difference and Dominanace: On Sex Discrimination, 1984.
Glendora C. Hughes Sexual Harassment: Then and Now, Maryland Bar Journal May/June, 2000.
Beth Ann Faragher, Petitioner v. City of Boca Ration, Supreme Court of the United States 1998 U.S. LEXIS
4216.
128
Glendora C. Hughes Sexual Harassment: Then and Noa, Maryland Bar Journal May/June, 2000.
74
51
pirveli qalTa saerTaSoriso organizaciebi dasavleT evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi mecxramete
saukunis miwuruls meoce saukunis dasawyisSi, gansakuTrebiT ki, pirveli msoflio omis dros Seiqmna,
maTi arasruli CamonaTvali Semdegia: qalTa saerTaSoriso sabWo (International Council of Women), qalTa
saerTaSoriso aliansi (International Alliance of Women), saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis qalTa gildia
(International Cooperative Womens Guild), universitetis qalTa saerTaSoriso federacia (International Federation of
University Women), biznesisa da profesional qalTa saerTaSoriso federacia (International Federation of Business
and Professional Women), msoflios axalgazrda qalTa qristianuli asociacia (World Young Womens Christian
Association), qalTa saerTaSoriso liga mSvidobisa da TavisuflebisTvis (Womens International League for Peace
and Freedom).
52
Hilkka Pietila, Engendering the Global Agenda: the Story of Women and the United Nations, NGLS, 2002, 1.
53
iqve, 8.
39
ganaTlebaze;
sazogadoebriv moRvaweobaze;
54
40
Thomas Buck, Alice Morton, Susan Allen Nan, Feride Zurikashvili, Aftermath: Effects of Conflict on Internally Displaced
Women in Georgia (Washington: Center for Development Information and Evaluation U.S. Agency for International Development,
September 2000), working paper no. 310, 5.
73
Thomas Buck, Alice Morton, Susan Allen Nan, Feride Zurikashvili, Aftermath: Effects of Conflict on Internally Displaced
Women in Georgia (Washington: Center for Development Information and Evaluation U.S. Agency for International Development,
September 2000), working paper no. 310, 7.
72
meurveobaze;
41
konvencia qalTa politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb (am konvenciis Seqmnis iniciativa wamovida laTinuri amerikis warmomadgeneli komisiis wevrebisgan. generalurma asambleam es konvencia miiRo 1952 wlis 20 dekembers, 640-e (VII) rezoluciiT. xelmowerisa da ratifikaciisTvis gaixsna 31 marts, ZalaSi Sevida 1954
wlis 7 ivliss);
aRmoCnda, rom isini, devnil mamakacTa msgavsad, natroben TavianT Zvel cxovrebas da
undaT sakuTar miwaze dabruneba, Tumca ufro advilad Seeguen axal pirobebs da ufro
meti sicocxlis unarianoba da amtanoba gamoamJRavnes, vidre mamakacebma.
qalebma ufro advilad monaxes samuSao adgilebi da ar Takiloben nebismieri
xelmisawvdomi saqmianobis Sesrulebas, iseTi saqmianobebisac ki, romlebic maTi
profesiul gamocdilebasTan da miRebul ganaTlebasTan SedarebiT dabali
statusisaa. TbilisSi mcxovrebi devnili qalebis gamokiTxviT da maTTan laparakiT
gamovarkvie, rom dedoba gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs devnil qalTa gadarCenisaTvis
swrafvaSi da miuxedavad imisa, rom isini ar arian emigrantebi, aramed iZulebiT
gadaadgilebulni sakuTar miwaze, mainc SegviZlia paraleli gavavloT keit fridmankasabas mier aRweril aSS-Si emigrirebul ebrael da italiel dedaTa da colTa da
saqarTveloSi iZulebiT gadaadgilebul qalebs Soris. am qalTa umravlesoba
amJRavnebs "gmirul Tavganwirvas TavainTi ojaxebis gadarCenisTvis."124 dedoba jabnis
da dominirebs sxva nebismier socialur rols da instinqts, igi gadarCenisTvis yvela
mcdelobis mamoZravebeli Zalaa.
devnili qalebi zrunaven ojaxze, bavSvebze, vaWroben, gamoimuSaveben Tanxas,
magram rogorc feride zurikaSvilis kvlevam aCevena, qalebs mainc miaCniaT, rom kvlav
mamakacebi arian ojaxebze pasuxismgebelni. mouxedavad im faqtisa, rom tradiciuli
genderuli rolebis gadanawileba moxda da ufro da ufro meti qali inaxavs ojaxs
saxlis gareT muSaobiT, maSin roca umuSevari da depresirebuli qmrebi saxlSi rCebian,
qalebi kvlav fiqroben an ubralod qmnian STabeWdilebas, rom isini mamakacebs kvlav
ojaxis meTaurebad miiCneven.
konfliqtis dros qalebze Riad vrceldeboda genderuli Zaladoba da misi
umTavresi forma, gaupatiureba, magram cecxlis Sewyvetas qalTa winaaRmdeg
Zaladobis Sewyveta ar mohyolia. Tomas beki Tavis kvlevaSi `qalebi, omi da
gadaadgileba saqarTveloSi~, wers:
imedgacruebis dros usafuZvlo gaafTreba da ojaxuri Zaladobis SemTxvevebi
ufro xSiri xdeba. qmrebi da ojaxis mamrobiTi sqesis sxva wevrebi cemen colebs
da ojaxis sxva mdedrobiTi sqesis wevrebs, gadaaqvT ra devnilobiT gamowveuli
stresi TvianTi ojaxis wevrebze. bevr devnil qals iZulebiT mouxda
seqsualuri momsaxurebis gaweva sakvebisa, Tu sacxovrebeli adgilis gamo.
zogierTi, ojaxidan zewolis gamo, Semosavlis mopovebis mizniT iZulebuli
gaxda prostituciis gzas dadgomoda.125
ojaxur ZaladobasTan erTad TavianTi ojaxebis umZimesi ekonomikuri pirobebis
gamo devnil gogonebs ufro emuqrebaT trefikingis safrTxe.
devnil qalTa umravlesobas umaRlesi ganaTleba aqvs da afxazeTSi TavianTi
profesiis Sesabamisad muSaobdnen maswavleblebad, eqimebad, buRaltrebad da a.S.
iZulebiT gadaadgilebam ara mxolod CamoaSora isini TavianT saqmianobas, aramed
aiZula im saqmiT dakavebuliyvnen, raSic aranairi gamocdileba ar hqondaT. vaWroba
maTi ZiriTadi saqmianiba gaxda. isini yidian sigarets, purs, namcxvars bazrobebze,
sadgurebSi da a.S. zogierTi maTgani, vinc moaxerxa garkveuli Tanxis dagroveba,
bazrobebze qiraobs savaWro adgilebs, vaWrobs sxvadasxva saxis saqoneliT, ZiriTadad
jon fridi, socialuri da humanitaruli sakiTxebi: qalebis statusi, 99. (Social and Humanitarian
Matters: the Status of Women. Annual Review of United Nations Affairs 1954. Edited by Clyde Eagleton, Waldo Chamberlin,
Richard N. Swift. New York University Press. Washington Square. New York. 1955. 99).
124
Kathie Friedman-Kasaba, Memories of Migration. Gender, Ethnicity, and Work in the Lives of Jewish and Italian Women in
New York, 1870-1924 (New York: State University of New York Press, 1996), 92.
125
Thomas Buck, Women, War, and Displacement in Georgia (Washington, DC: Research and Reference Services Project,
USAID, July 6, 1999), 12.
42
71
63
64
Semdegi detalebisTvis ixileT: jon h. i. fridi. socialuri da humanitaruli sakiTxebi: qalTa
statusi, 100. (John H. E. Fried. Social and Humanitarian Matters: the Status of Women. Annual Review of United Nations
Affairs 1954. Edited by Clyde Eagleton, Waldo Chamberlin, Richard N. Swift. New York University Press. Washington Square. New
York. 1955. 100).
65
Feride Zurikashvili, Internally Displaced Women in Georgia (Tbilisi: Womens Studies Center at Tbilisi State University,
October-November 1999), working paper, 7.
rebeka j. quki, qalTa saerTaSoriso adamianis uflebebis samarTali: winmavali gza,15. (Rebecca J. Cook.
Womens International Human Rights Law: The Way Forward. Human Rights of Women: National and International Perspectives.
Edited by Rebecca J. Cook. University of Pennsylvania Press. Philadelphia. 1994. 15).
70
43
66
qalTa uflebebis Sesaxeb arsebuli saerTaSoriso konvenciebis krebuli11. (Compendium of International
Conventions Concerning the Status of Women. United Nations. New York. 1988, 11).
67
gaeros sazogadeobrivi informaciis departamenti. bolos vixile 2002 wlis 23 Tebervals:
<http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/history.htm>.
68
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia (1948); muxli 16: 1. yovel srulwlovan mamakacsa da qals
rasis, erovnebis an religiis niSniT raime SezRudvis gareSe ufleba aqvs daqorwindes da Seqmnas ojaxi.
isini sargebloben erTnairi uflebebiT SeuRlebis, qorwinebaSi yofnisa da ganqorwinebis dros. 2.
qorwineba SesaZlebelia mxolod orive meuRlis Tavisufali da sruli Tanxmobis safuZvelze. 3. ojaxi
sazogadoebis bunebrivi da ZiriTadi ujredia da ufleba aqvs daculi iyos sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos
mier. muxli 15: 1. yovel adamians aqvs moqalaqeobis ufleba. 2. aravis SeuZlia TviTneburad CamoerTvas
moqalaqeoba an Tavisi moqalaqeobis Secvlis ufleba. muxli 21: 1. yovel adamians ufleba aqvs
monawileobdes Tavisi qveynis marTva-gamgeobaSi uSualod, an Tavisuflad arCeuli warmomadgenlis
meSveobiT. 2. yovel adamians ufleba aqvs Tanabar safuZvelze Sevides Tavisi qveynis sajaro samsaxurSi. 3.
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis safuZvelia xalxis neba; es neba unda gamoixatos periodul da samarTlian
arCevnebSi, romlebic unda tardebodes sayovelTao da Tanaswori saarCevno uflebis saZvelze, faruli
kenWisyriT an sxva TanabarmniSvnelovani formebis meSveobiT, romlebic uzrunvelyofen xmis micemis
Tavisuflebas.
44
69
genderuli TanasworobisaTvis
aqtivoba adgilze;
Sesabamisi dafinanseba;
mebrZolTa
politikuri
da
ekonomikuri
Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom genderuli politikis SemuSavebisaTvis saWiro ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi da instruqciebi damuSavdes im adamianebTan konsultaciebis
Sedegad, visac mouxdeba am mimarTulebebisa da instruqciebis mixedviT dokumentebis
SemuSaveba da moqmedeba.
genderuli cnobierebis amaRleba da wvrTna gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
biurokratiuli winaaRmdegobis dasaZlevad da damokidebulebebSi cvlilebis misaRwevad.
stereotipebisa da tradiciebis siZlieris gamo, genderuli ganaTleba unda iyos
uwyveti da Seexos yvela rangis sajaro moxeles. treningebisSinaarsobrivi sicxade da
zogadad, maTi maRali done Zalian mniSvnelovania. treningi ver iqneba efeqturi
TavisTavad, Tu mis paralelurad ar moxda instituciuri cvlilebebi, sakanonmdeblo
cvlilebebi da kulturuli cvlilebebi.
sakontaqto pirebi / oficrebi (focal points) es ZiriTadi meqanizmi iqna gamoyenebuli bevri qveynis, radgan damyardes kavSirebi genderul politikaze momuSave
centralur erTeulsa da saministroebsa da departamentebs Soris. praqtikaSi am
meqanizmma ver gaamarTla, radgan sakontaqto pirebad xSirad iniSnebian qali
TanamSromlebi, romlebic Zalian datvirTulebi arian TavianT ZiriTad samuSaoze,
floben mcire resursebs da miRebuli aqvT mwiri wvrTna, aseve ver iReben sakmaris
daxmarebas dakisrebuli saqmianobis Sesasruleblad, naTlad ar aqvT gawerili
TavianTi funqciebi da maTi Sesrulebis meqanizmebi. sakontaqto pirebis meqanizmis
122
wyaro: Byrne, Bridget, Julie Kock Laier, Sally Baden, Rachel Marcus, National Machineries for Women in Development:
Experiences, Lessons and Strategies for Institutionalising Gender in Development Policy and Planning, Report N 36, Bridge:
Development-Gender, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, 1996.
68
statusis Sesaxeb komisiaSi moRvawe qalebisTvis Tavidanve naTeli gaxda, rom saWiro
iyo qalTa uflebebis damcavi sxva meqanizmebis Seqmnac. am mizeziT `adamianis
uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis~ miRebis Semdeg, maleve, kerZod, 1949 wels,
komisiam daiwyo muSaoba `konvenciaze qalTa politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb~.69 erTeul
sakiTxze mimarTul qalTa konvenciebze muSaobis paralelurad gaeroSi
mimdinareobda gacxarebuli kamaTi, imis Sesaxeb saWiro iyo Tu ara erT sakiTxze
mimarTuli konvenciebis garda qalTa uflebebis damcavi ufro kompleqsuri
saerTaSoriso dokumentis Seqmna, qvemoT vixilavT, Tu rogor gadawyda es sakiTxi.
deklaraciis Seqmna
1968 wels qalTa statusis Sesaxeb komisiis Tavmjdomare ani iagre Tavis `qalTa
winaaRnmdeg mimarTuli diskriminaciis aRmofxvris deklaraciis SesavalSi~ werda:
`adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciam ar gamoiwvia qalTa mdgomareobis
sagrZnobi gaumjobeseba mraval qveyanaSi. faqtebi qalTa diskriminaciis Sesaxeb
Semzaravia, amitom generalur asambleas mouwia qalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
diskriminaciis aRmosafxvrelad specialuri deklaraciis miReba~.
gaerTianebuli erebis ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWos moxsenebis Tanaxmad, 1963
wlis 15 noembers, ocdaorma ganviTarebadma da `aRmosavleT evropis~ qveyanam
generaluri asambleis me-18 sxdomaze waradgina rezolucia `qalTa winaaRnmdeg
mimarTuli diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb deklaraciis~ teqstze muSaobis
winadadebiT.70 es qveynebi iyo: 1. avRaneTi, 2. alJiri, 3. argentina, 4. avstria, 5.
kameruni, 6. Cile, 7. kolumbia, 8. Cexoslovakia, 9. gaboni, 10. gvinea, 11. indonezia, 12.
irani, 13. mali, 14. meqsika, 15. monRoleTi, 16. maroko, 17. pakistani, 18. panama, 19.
filipinebi, 20. poloneTi, 21. togo, 22. venesuela.
sainteresoa, rom am22 qveyanaze werisas mkvlevrebi maT nawils ganviTarebad
qveynebad moixseniebs, xolo nawils aRmosavleT evropis qveynebad, roca
geografiulad, CamoTvlili evropuli qveynebi centralur evropas miekuTvnebian
(kerZod: poloneTi, avstria da uwindeli Cexoslovakia). poloneTis da Cexoslovakiis
gaigiveba aRmosavleT evropasTan maTi sabWour banakSi moazrebiT SeiZleba aixsnas.
freizeris mixedviT, deklaraciis momxre qveynebidan arc erTi ar warmoadgenda
mTavar dasavlur Zalas, rac eWvis qveS ayenebs azrs, rom feminizmi an qalis
uflebebisaTvis brZola industrializaciuri ideaa. rezoluciis warmdgeni es 22
qveyana acxadebda, rom qalTa monawileobas erTa ganviTarebis saqmeSi arsebiTi
mniSvneloba aqvs, xolo qalTa diskriminacia Sesabamisad aferxebs ganviTarebis
process~.71 Sesabamisad am 22 qveynis gamaerTianebel idead SeiZleba moviazroT
diskriminaciis aRiareba ganviTarebis Semaferxebel faqtorad.
deklaraciis wera mimdinareobda 1965-1967 wlebSi. dokumentis Seqmnis procedura
69
laura reanda, komisia qalTa statusis Sesaxeb, Laura Reanda The Commission on the Status of Women. The
United Nations and Human Rights: A Critical Uppraisal. Philip Alston ed. Claredon Press. Oxford. 1992. 284.
70
aseve ixileT arvone s. freizeri konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb
(qalTa konvencia), 73, da laura reanda, komisia qalTa statusis Sesaxeb, 284 (Arvonne S. Fraser, The
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (The Womens Convention). In Women Politics and
the United Nations. Anne Winslow ed. Greenwood Press. Westport, Conn.. 1995,78 and Laura Reanda, The Commission on the
Status of Women. The United Nations and Human Rights: A Critical Appraisal. Philip Alston ed. Clarendon Press. Oxford. 1992.
284).
71
ixileT arvone s. freizeri konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (qalTa
konvencia), 78. (Arvonne S. Fraser, The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (The
Womens Convention). In Women Politics and the United Nations. Anne Winslow ed. Greenwood Press. Westport, Conn. 1995,
78).
45
46
imisaTvis, rom genderuli politikis SemmuSavebeli erovnuli meqanizmi iyos efeqturi, aucilebelia mas hqondes gamarTuli sakanonmdeblo baza, debuleba, romelSic
naTlad iqneba gawerili msgavsi uwyebis struqtura, amocanebi, organizaciis pasuxismgebloba da angariSvaldebuleba. es yovelive unda iyos gamyarebuli dagegmvisa da
marTvis iseTi struqturebiT, romlebsac SeuZliaT gegmebis saqmed gadaqceva.
sxva qveynebis praqtika aCvenebs, rom SeiZleba warmoiSvas konfliqti uwyebis rCeviT, uflebaTa damcav, politikis ganmxorcielebel da monitoringis funqciaTa
gaumijnaobis gamo, radgan TiToeuli maTgani iTxovs gansxvavebul unarCvevebs da
uwyebriv kulturas. saqarTveloSi am etapze, Tu Seiqmna calke genderuli Tanasworobis saxelmwifo erTeuli, igi unda iyos CarTuli politikis SemuSavebasa da Sedegebis monitoringSi da ara uSualod mis ganxorcielebaSi, ganxorcielebaze pasuxismgebeli Sesabamisi saministroebi unda iyvnen. SesaZlebelia gamonaklisis saxiT,
uwyebam inovaciuri, saCvenebeli proeqtebi ganaxorcielos iseT sferoebSi, sadac
erTi konkretuli saministro ar muSaobs da aucilebelia maTi TanamSromloba, magaliTad, wvrTnis organizeba sxvadasxva saministroebis warmomadgenlebis monawileobiT.
interdisciplinaruli da interinstituciuri xasiaTidan gamomdinare, umjobesia,
Tu amgvari organo ganTavsdeba rogorc saTaTbiro organo prezidentis an premierministris uSualo daqvemdebarebis qveS, raTa man gavlena iqonios sxvadasxva saministroebis muSaobaze. aseTi struqturuli ganlageba kargia, radgan amas SesaZloa
mohyves kargi dafinanseba, saqmianobis farTo profili da ukeTesi kavSirebi saerTaSoriso, Tu adgilobriv doneze. riski, rac Tan axlavs amgvar ganlagebas aris is, rom
amgvari instituciuri meqanizmi SeiZleba aRmoCndes zedmetad damokidebuli erT an
ormniSvnelovan, centralur politikur figuraze da maT gadawyvetilebebze.
SesaZlebelia aseTi organo Seiqmnas erT romelime konkretul saministroSi,
magram sxva qveynebis gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom am SemTxvevaSi uwyeba TiTqmis ver
axorcielebs gavlenas sxva seqtorul saministroebze, aseve erT saministroSi yofnisas qalTa sakiTxebi ganixileba sxva marginalizebuli jgufebis (mag: invalidebi,
eTnikuri umciresobebi) sakiTxebTan erTad da SeiZleba dadges resursebis naklebobis
realuri safrTxis winaSe.
mravali qveynis gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom amgvari saxelmwifo struqturis
dafinanseba zogadad mwiria da isini advilad eqvemdebarebian biujetis sekvestrs.
amisgan dasacavad organoebma SeimuSaves Semdegi strategia: grZelvadiani da naklebad
SesamCnevi proeqtebis nacvlad, romlebic instituciur gaZlierebasa da uflebaTa
dacvas eZRvneba, isini muSaoben moklevadian, efeqtur proeqtebze. ganviTarebad
qveynebSi xSirad gamoiyeneba donorebis daxmareba amgvari organoebis dasafinanseblad, TumcaRa dafinansebisTvis umjobesia moinaxos stabiluri saxelmwifo
saxsrebi.
interesebi da saministroebs Soris arsebuli faruli Tu aSkara paeqroba xels
uSlis iseT interseqtorul sakiTxze muSaobas rogoricaa genderuli Tanasworoba,
romelic iTxovs sxvadasxva seqtoruli saministroebis saqmianobebis koordinirebas.
piradi da politkuri winaaRmdegoba da sajaro moxeleTa dabali mgrZnobeloba
genderuli sakiTxebis mimarT damabrkolebelia uwyebis efeqturi muSaobisTvis.
politikuri patronaJi da amomrCevelTa interesebi xSirad did gavlenas axdens
imaze Tu visi daniSvna xdeba ama Tu im postze. genderuli Tanasworobis saministroebi
- uwyebebi xSirad mmarTveli partiis politikur interesebis gatarebas axdenen, maT
saTaveSi iniSnebian cnobil politikur figuraTa meuRleebi an mmarTveli politikur
partiis wevri qalebi, amitom xSirad amgvari saministroebi xdeba mmarTveli partiis
67
qalTa konvencia
komisiis TxuTmetkaciani samuSao jgufi 1974 wlis 7-dan 17 ianvramde muSaobda.75
mTavrobebTan da arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan konsultaciebis Catarebis Semdeg,
1974 wels, 6-dan 17 dekembramde gamarTul 26-e sxdomaze komisiam qalTa statusis
Sesaxeb miiRo qalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli yvela formis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris
Sesaxeb konvenciis~ teqsti. helvi sifilam, generaluri mdivnis moadgilem socialuri
ganviTarebis da humanitaruli saqmeebis ganxriT, sxdomis Semdeg SeniSna, rom Tu
konvencias generaluri asamblea miiRebs Tavis Semdgom sesiaze, maSin es faqti moxdeba
qalTa 1980 wlis msoflio konferenciamde, gaeros mier gamocxadebuli qalTa
aTwleulis (1975-1985) SuaSi.76 es mizani miRweul iqna qalTa statusis Sesaxeb komisiis
intensiuri Zalisxmevis Sedegad, 1979 wlis 19 dekembers generalurma asambleam miiRo
konvencia.
konvencias qalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli yvela formis diskriminaciis
aRmofxvris Sesaxeb~ xSirad uwideben qalTa konvenciasa~ an bils qalTa uflebebis
Sesaxeb~, radgan igi qalebis uflebebis damcavi kompleqsuri dokumentia warmoadgens,
sadac Tavmoyrilia diskriminaciis aRmofxvrisaTvis saWiro mniSvnelovani elementebi. konvenciis teqsti Sedgeba preambulisa da 30 muxlisagan. preambulis teqsti
waagavs qalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb deklaraciis~ preambulis teqsts, TumcaRa ufro farTo da gabedulia Tavisi SinarsiT.
konvenciis preambulaSi xazgasmulia, rom `siRaribis pirobebSi qalebisaTvis naklebad
xelmisawvdomia sursaTi, janmrTelobis dacvis saSualebebi, ganaTleba, profesiuli
momzadeba da dasaqmeba, agreTve sxva moTxovnilebebi~.77 konvenciis preambula
deklaraciis preambulisgan gansxvavdeba aseve ori erTob politikuri Sinaarsis
abzaciT, rac dokuments Tavisi drois produqtad~ aqcevs.78 oridan erTi abzaci
74
Byrne, Bridget, Julie Kock Laier, Sally Baden, Rachel Marcus, National Machineries for Women in Development:
Experiences, Lessons and Strategies for Institutionalising Gender in Development Policy and Planning, Report N 36, Bridge:
Development-Gender, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, 1996.
arvone s. freizeri konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (qalTa
konvencia), 78. (Arvonne S. Fraser, The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (The
Womens Convention). In Women Politics and the United Nations. Anne Winslow ed. Greenwood Press. Westport, Conn. 1995,
84).
75
adamianis uflebebi: komisia qalTa statusis Sesaxeb, Human Rights: Commission on the Status of Women.
Annual Review of United Nations Affairs 1974. Compiled and edited by: Joseph T. Vambery. Oceana Publications, inc. New York.
1976. 261.
76
qalTa uflebebi da statusi, 260. (Womens Rights and Status. Annual Review of United Nations Affairs 1976.
Compiled and edited by William A. Landskron. Oceana Publications, inc. New York. 1977. 260).
77
konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, preambula.
78
arvone s. freizeri konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (qalTa
konvencia), 85. (Arvonne S. Fraser, The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (The
66
47
121
Womens Convention). In Women Politics and the United Nations. Anne Winslow ed. Greenwood Press. Westport, Conn. 1995,
85).
79
konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, preambula.
80
arvone s. freizeri konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (qalTa
konvencia), 85. (Arvonne S. Fraser, The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (The
Womens Convention). In Women Politics and the United Nations. Anne Winslow ed. Greenwood Press. Westport, Conn. 1995,
85).
81
soflad mcxovrebi qalebis sakiTxi pirvelad deklaraciis werisas iyo naxsenebi sakvebisa da soflis
meurneobis organizaciis mier, magram es sakiTxi deklaraciis teqstSi ar Sevida, aramed mxolod
konvenciis. (meti detalebisTvis ixileT arvone s. freizeri konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela
formis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (qalTa konvencia), 85. (Arvonne S. Fraser, The Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (The Womens Convention). In Women Politics and the United
Nations. Anne Winslow ed. Greenwood Press. Westport, Conn. 1995, 85).
118
FWCW Platform for Action, Institutional Mechanisms for the Advancement of Women, UN 1995, H, 201. Available on-line,
last visited on August 15 2004. <http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/platform/institu.htm>
119
EU, Treaty of Amsterdam Amending the Treaty of on European Union, the Treaties Establishing European Communities and
Certain Related Acts, Article 2, Article 3, Article 118, Article 119, entered into force on 1st of May 1999.
120
EU, Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Article 23.
48
65
gamoTqmuli rezervaciebi.
17-22 muxlebi aregulireben konvenciis danergvis monitoringis Semsrulebeli
organos muSaobas. iqmneba komiteti qalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli yvela formis
diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb; dgindeba saxelmwifoebis mier moxsenebebis
wardgenis procedura da komitetis Sexvedris dro da vadebi.
17 muxlis Tanaxmad, es komiteti, romelsac xSirad igive Semoklebuli saxeliT
moixsenieben, riTac konvencias (CEDAW) Seiqmna 1982 wels. igi Sedgeba qalTa
sakiTxebze momuSave eqspertebisagan, romlebic msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxidan arian
warmodgenilni komitetSi. komitetis daarsebidan 2002 wlamde misi wevrebi (sul 69)
iohan nordenfeltis (SvedeTidan) gamoklebiT sul qalebi iyvnen.82 konvenciis wevri
qveynebi irCeven komitetis wevrebs konvenciis moTxovnis mixedviT, wevrTa Tanabari
geografiuli gadanawilebis Sesaxeb.
komitetis mandati iTvaliswinebs konvenciis danergvis Tvalyuris devnebas
dokumentis wevr saxelmwifoebSi. komitetis Sexvedrebi weliwadSi orjer imarTeba, am
Sexvedrebisas komiteti ganixilavs konvenciis wevri qveynebis mier wardgenil
moxsenebebs, imis Sesaxeb Tu ra gakeTda qveynebis masStabiT konvenciis dasanergad.
konvenciis ratificirebidan erTi wlis Semdeg saxelmwifo valdebulia komitets
warudginos moxseneba. am pirveli moxsenebis Semdeg qveynebi valdebulni arian
komitets moxseneba warudginon yovel 4 weliwadSi erTxel. moxsenebis ganxilvisas
komitetis wevrebs SesaZloa gauCndeT damatebiTi kiTxvebi qveynis moxsenebis irgvliv.
ganxilvis dasasruls komiteti amzadebs rekomendaciebs da saboloo komentars im
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, rasac komiteti miiCnevs gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnad
momxsenebeli qveynis qalTa mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad. saboloo anu daskvniTi
komentaris momzadeba komitetma daiwyo mecamete sesiis (1994 wels) gadawyvetilebiT.
mecamete sesia mniSvnelovania kidev imitom, rom mas Semdeg komitetis sxdomebi gaeros
saTao ofisSi niu-iorkSi imarTeba (manamde komiteti xvdeboda monacvleobiT xan
gaeros ofisSi venaSi, xan ki niu iorkSi).83
konvenciis 23-30 muxlebi konvenciis ratificirebisa da ZalaSi Sesvlis
proceduras gansazRvravs.
konvencia generalurma asambleam Tavisi 34/180 rezoluciiT miiRo 1979 wlis 18
dekembers, xelmowerebisa da ratifikaciisaTvis gaixsna 1980 wlis 1 marts. konvencia
ZalaSi Sevida 1981 wlis 3 seqtembers generaluri asambleis 36/131 rezoluciiT.
2002 wlis TebervlisaTvis 170 qveyanaa konvenciis wevri.84 qalTa konvencia gaeros
bavSTa konvenciis Semdeg yvelaze mravalwevriani konvenciaa, magram amave dros wevri
saxelmwifoebi yvelaze metad am konvenciis zogierT muxlebze ikaveben Tavs, rac
qalTa uflbebis damcavebisa da mkvlevrebis azriT, aferxebs konvenciis efeqturobas.
feministi mkvlevarebi ver Tanxmdebian qalTa adamianis uflebebis artikulaciisa
da danergvis strategiebze, zogierTi maTgani, magaliTad, selina romani fiqrobs, rom
qalTa uflebebi ufro Zlieri da mravlismomcveli iqneba Tu, maTi gamoTqma moxdeba
`qalebisave eniT~ da ara adamianis uflebebis arsebul diskursSi, romelic mamakacuri
dominirebis gamo ar aris sakmarisad mgrZnobiare qalebis problemebisadmi. sxvebi,
magaliTad, hilari Carlsvorsi miiCnevs, rom adamianis uflebebis diskursi im formiT
115
iqneba es qaliSvilobis instituti, romelic Sedegad sul mcire adreul qorwinebebsa da dangreuli
ojaxebs iZleva Tu CveulebiTi samarTlis primati kodificirebul samarTalze mSoblebis
memkvidreobasTan mimarTebaSi, romlis mixedviTac ojaxis ufros vaJiSvilsa da qaliSvils ar miuwvedba
xeli mSoblebis uZrav qonebaze, rac mwvave socialur-ekonomikur Sedegs iZleva
116
konvenciis moTxovnaa SeerTebidan erTi wlis da Semdeg yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel konvenciis
ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb perioduli angariSebis momzadeba (muxli 18). saqarTvelom pirveli angariSi 1995
wlis nacvlad sami wlis dagvianebiT 1998 wels waradgina.
117
kombinirebuli meore da mesame perioduli angariSebi komitets saqarTvelos mTavrobam miawoda,
magram maTi ganxilva jer ar Semdgara.
64
49
82
83
50
evropis sxva
maRalia;111
qveynebTan
SedarebiT
dedaTa
sikvdilianobis
maCvenebeli
63
regulireba iyo wina sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 134-e muxli, romelic danaSaulad
miiCnevda qalis colad moyvanis mizniT motacebis tradicias, `es danaSauli zRudavs
qalisTvis arCevanis Tavisuflebas, Tu visze daqorwindes. iseTi qmedeba, rogoric
motacebaa ukve gulisxmobs Zaladobas, fizikurs an fsiqologiurs, [zog SemTxvevaSi
ki seqsualursac].~109 qalis motaceba daqorwinebis mizniT, bolo xanebSi naklebad
popularuli gaxda, rac zogadad qorwinebebis raodenobis SemcirebiTaa gamowveuli,
rac, Tavis mxriv, mZime ekonomikurma situaciam ganapiroba. SeiZleba aq movnaxoT im
faqtis axsna, rom axlandel sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi qirwinebis mizniT Cadenili
motaceba ar aris naxsenebi, garda 144-e muxlisa, romelic motacebas gansazRvravs,
rogorc mZevlad ayvanas, romelic miznad isaxavs pirovnebaze an organizaciaze
zewolas, mis iZulebas ganaxorcielos esa Tu is qmedeba, im pirobiT, rom mZevali
gaTavisufldeba. CamoTvlilia damamZimebeli garemoebebic, xolo daqorwinebis
ganzraxva naxsenebi ar aris. es movlena uyuradRebod darCa qalTa diskriminaciis
yvela formis likvidaciis komitetisadmi wardgenil 2000 wlis seqtembris meore
samTavrobo moxsenebaSi. amas garda, miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom motaceba daqorwinebis
mizniT sabWoTa kanonmdeblobiT dasjadi iyo, aseT SemTxvevaTa umravlesoba
samoqalaqo aqtebis registraciis organoebSi da ara sasamarTloebSi mTavrdeboda.
nawilobriv imitom, rom qalebs surdaT TavianT `gamtaceblebze~ daqorwineba da
nawilobriv imitom, rom qalis reputaciisTvis sarisko iyo ar gaTxoviliyo motacebis
Semdgom. situaciaSi ukeT gasarkvevad saWiroa iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi qorwinebamde
qaliSvilobis SenarCuneba kvlav Zlier tradiciad rCeba. ase, rom motaceba, romelic
qorwinebiT ar dagvirgvinda, Crdils ayenebs qalis reputacias, ara aqvs mniSvneloba
hqonda Tu ara mas seqsualuri urTierToba gamtacebelTan. es aris is SemTxveva, roca
qalTa uflebebis iuridiuli dacva faqtobrivad araefeqturia Zlieri kulturuli
institutebis gamo. gaTxovebamde qalwulebrivi siwmindis dacva da ormagi moraluri
standartebi Sedegia patriarqaluri sazogadoebisa, romelic arRvevs qalTa Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworuflebianobis principebs. es kulturuli sakiTxebia, romlebic
saxelmwifos mxridan efeqturad ar regulirdeba, radgan erTis mxriv, ar miiCneva
aqtualurad da ar ganixileba, xolo, meores mxriv, imitom rom arsebobs zRvari
moqalaqeTa pirad cxovrebaSi saxelmwifos efeqturi CarevisTvis. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, am sferoSi cvlilebaTa ganxorcieleba dawyebulia Tundac maT irgvliv msjelobisa da bevri adamianis qalisa da mamakacis individualuri magaliTis wyalobiT.
qalTa konvenciasTan SeerTebas zogadad dadebiTi Sedegebi mohyva qalTa
uflebrivi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT, Tumca bevri ram saWiroebs
srulyofas, radganac sazogadoeba am problemebisadmi mgrZnobeloba aklia. am
SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebaSi moiazreba asve saqarTvelos xelisuflebac, romelmac ver
moaxerxa genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebze momuSave moqmedi saxelmwifo
struqturis Seqmna.
mcire xniT SevCerdeT saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso valdebulebebze genderuli
Tanasworobis meqanizmis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT da qveyanaSi arsebul viTarebaze,
aseve mimovixiloT am sferoSi dagrovili saerTaSoriso gamocdileba.
1999 wlis 20 Tebervals prezident e. SevardnaZis 48 brZanebulebiT, qalTa
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis politikis SesamuSaveblad Seiqmna saxelmwifo komisia,
romelic, samwuxarod, araefeqturi gamodga, erTis mxriv, adamianuri da finansuri
resursebis naklebobis da meores mxriv, araefeqturi instituciuri dagegmvis gamo.
komisiam SeimuSava qalTa mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad 1998-2004 da qalTa mimarT
109
xaTuna maduraSvili, qalTa uflebebi da maTi dacva saqarTvelos sisxlisa da Sromiis samarTliT,
62
51
qalTa sakiTxebis mimarT Secvla daiwyo, amis dadasturebaa is faqtic, rom `nairobis
samomavlo strategiebi qalTa winsvlisTvis~ 157 wevri qveynis TanxmobiT iqna
miRebuli, maSin, rodesac adreul konferenciebze am tipis dokumentebis miReba
kenWisyriT xdeboda. gaerTianebuli erebis sistemaSi konsensusiT anu TanxmobiT
miRebuli konferenciis saboloo dokumenti ufro metad savaldebuloa mTavrobebisTvis Sesasruleblad, vidre kenWisyris Sedegad xmaTa umravlesobiT miRebuli
dokumenti.
vinaidan dekadam ver Seasrula dasmuli amocanebi `nairobis samomavlo strategiebi qalTa winsvlisTvis~ ar svamda axal amocanebs, aramed saxavda axal, gaumjobesebul
strategiebs dasmul sakiTxTa misaRwevad 2000 wlisTvis. amgvarad, gaeros qalTa
dekada garkveulwilad gagrZelda 2000 wlamde.
gaeros egidiT organizebul qalTa msoflio konferenciebis uSualo monawileebis
gaeros wevr saxelmwifoTa samTavrobo delegaciebi warmoadgendnen, magram aRsaniSnavia, rom qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis aqtiurma monawileobam konferenciis
e.w. paralelur RonisZiebebSi udidesi roli Seasrula da didi gavlena iqonia
konferenciaTa msvelobebsa da daskvnebze. mexikos konferencias 1200 mTavrobis
delegatTan erTad 3800 arasamTavrobo organizaciis wevri daeswro, es iyo
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis yvelaze didi monawileoba gaeros am dromde Catarebul
msoflio konferenciebs Soris. 1980 wels kopenhagenis konferencias 7000 monawile,
nairobis 1985 wlis konferencias 16000 da 1995 wlis beijingis (pekinis) qalTa msoflio
konferenciasa da huairous forums 50000 monawile daeswro.
qalTa meoTxe msoflio konferenciam, romelic pekinSi gaimarTa Tavi mouyara da
konceptualurad gamarTa yvela is sakiTxi, romelic ki, rodesme dasmula qalTa
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT. konferencia 1995 wlis 4-dan 15
seqtembramde CineTis dedaqalaq pekinSi gaimarTa. delegatTa umravlesoba
samarTlianad svamda kiTxvas: xom ar niSnavda pekinSi konferenciis Catareba CineTis
mTavrobisaTvis politikuri mxardaWeris gamocxadebas anu mxardaWeras im reJimisa,
romelsac bevri arc Tu usafuZvlod totalitarul da adamianis uflebaTa
ugulvebelmyof reJimad moiazrebda? am politikuri mosazrebebidan gamomdinare,
bevri monawileobis msurveli qali Tavs ikavebda CineTSi gamgzavrebisgan. qalTa
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis forumis gamarTva pekinSi igegmeboda, magram
sabolood dedaqalaqidan 60 kilometris moSorebiT, SedarebiT patara qalaq
huairouSi gaimarTa. saerTaSoriso SefasebiT beijingis igive pekinis qalTa meoTxe
msoflio konferencia didi warmatebaa Tavisi moculobiTa da SinaarsiT. konfrencias
189 samTavrobo delegacia daeswro, es cifri aRemateboda gaeros odesme Catarebul
konferenciebSi monawile samTavrobo delegaciaTa ricxvs. konfernciis uSualo
monawile 17000 adamiani iyo, aqedan 6000 samTavrobo wreebis warmomadgenlebi, 4000
akreditirebuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi da 4000 Jurnalisti
da kidev bevri gaeros TanamSromeli. arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa huairouSi
gamarTul forumze 30000 monawile Camovida msoflios yvela kuTxidan, plius 5000-mde
Cineli. Tavisi masStabiTa da mravalferovnebiT beijingis konferencia da huairous
forumi Zalian STambeWdavi aRmoCnda rogorc veterani msoflios qalTa
konferenciebis monawileTaTvis aseve axalbedebisTvis.
`beijingis deklaracia da moqmedebaTa platforma Tanasworobis, ganviTarebisa da
mSvidobisaTvis~ qalTa meoTxe msoflio konferenciis oficialuri, saboloo
dokumentia.88 beijingis moqmedebaTa platforma aRwers qalTa mdgomareobas
globalurad, da aqedan gamomdinare, gamokveTs zrunvis, gnebavT, wuxilis 12 kritikul
88
Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action for Equality, Development and Peace.
52
Consideration of Initial Report Submitted by States Parties under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Discrimination against Women, article 2, paragraph 23.
108
moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 137-e muxlis mixedviT gaupatiureba isjeba 3-dan 7 wlamde
patimrobiT. miuxedavad amisa, damamZimebel SemTxvevebSi Cadenili gaupatiureba (magaliTad, rogoricaa
jgufuri gaupatiureba, fexmZmime qalis gaupatiureba, 14 wlamde asakis pirovnebis gaupatiureba) isjeba
5-dan 20 wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT.
61
60
siRaribe;
ganaTleba;
jandacva;
Zaladoba qalebis winaaRmdeg;
SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi;
ekonomika;
Zalaufleba da gadawyvetilebis miRebis doneebi;
instituciuri meqanizmebi;
adamianis uflebebi;
media;
garemos dacva;
gogonaTa mdgomareoba.
53
Political Declaration and Further Actions and Initiatives to Implement the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action.
Commission on the Status of Women.
Report of Non-governmental Organizations on the Status of Women in the Republic of Georgia Under CEDAW Articles,
1998, 6.
102
R.J. Vincent, Human Rights and International Relations, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1986, 10. Citing Jack
Donelly, The Concept of Human Roghts, 16-17.
103
Ibid, 10.
104
saqarTvelos konstitucia, 1995, Tavi I, muxli 6, paragrafi 2.
54
59
gaazrebulad da efeqturad?
1994 wlis 24 seqtembers saqarTvelos parlamentis brZanebulebiT, qveyana rezervaciis gareSe SeuerTda konvencias qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris
Sesaxeb, romelic ZalaSi 1994 wlis 25 noembers Sevida. am movlenam mwvane Suqi aunTo
qalTa uflebebis damcavT, qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebsa Tu kanonmdeblebs,
imisaTvis, rom gaeumjobesebinaT qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi da
aemaRlebinaT maTi cnobiereba am TvalsazrisiT. konvenciasTan mierTeba warmoadgenda
qalTa ganviTarebisTvis da maTi SesaZleblobebis realizaciisTvis myari safuZvelis
Sesaqmneli pirveli mniSvnelovani nabiji iyo.
modiT ganvixiloT qarTvel qalTa samarTlebrivi statusi konvenciis muxlebisa
da misi moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. aseve SevadaroT saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier gaeros
konvenciis komisiisaTvis wardgenili moxseneba adgilobrivi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis moxsenebas. orive moxseneba waredgina gaeros generalur mdivans qalTa
diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb komitetis dainteresebiT, konvenciis me-18 muxlis Tanaxmad, romlis mixedviTac, konvenciis ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg
erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi wevrma saxelmwifoebma unda waradginon TavianTi mixsenebebi
konvenciis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb.96
konvenciis pirvel muxlSi vkiTxulobT: "termini `qalis diskriminacia~ niSnavs
sqesis niSniT nebismier gansxvavebas, gamijnvas an SezRudvas, romelmac SesaZlebelia
Sedegad moitanos an romlis mizania qalis mier, misi ojaxuri mdgomareobis miuxedavad, mamakacisa da qalis Tanasworobis safuZvelze, politikur, ekonomikur, socialur, kulturul, samoqalaqo an nebismier sxva sferoSi, adamianis uflebebisa da
ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa aRiarebis, sargeblobis an gamoyenebis SesaZleblobis Sesusteba, an sruli uaryofa.97 diskriminaciis gansazRvrebis garda konvencia wevrs
saxelmwifoebs avaldebulebs konkretuli RonisZiebebis gatarebas diskriminaciis
aRmosafxvrelad.
qalTa konvenciis mxare saxelmwifoebisTvis konvenciis mier warmodgenil samarTlebriv moTxovnaTa TanmimdevrobiT ganvixilav kanonis winaSe qalTa da mamakacTa
Tanasworobis cnebas, qarTuli samarTlis CarCoebSi. qarTuli kanonmdeblobis
mixedviT, qalebi da mamakacebi Tanabaruflebianebi arian ganaTlebisa da jandacvis
miRebis kuTxiT. "aqvT ufleba gaaformon kontraqtebi da gankargon qoneba, da miiRon
memkvidreoba."98 kanonmdebloba orive sqesis warmomadgenlebisTvis erTnairia
sasamarTlo proceduris yvela etapze. moqalaqeobis miRebis, masze uaris Tqmis,
aRdgenis an Sewyvetis ufleba qalebs da mamakacebs erTnairi aqvT.99 miuxedavad
kanonis winaSe sqesTa Tanasworuflebianobisa, tradiciebi da qalTa dabali
uflebrivi cnobiereba, mamakacebs saxavs meti prioritetebis mqone moqalaqeebad.
qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris komitetSi wardgenil orive
moxsenebaSi vkiTxulobT: "miuxedavad qarTuli kanonmdeblobis aradiskriminaciuli
debulebebisa, mainc arsebobs qalTa da mamakacTa socialur rolebs Soris asimetria,
mamakacebis sasargeblod.100
arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa moxsenebaSi memkvidreobiT de iure da de faqto
uflebebTan dakavSirebiT weria, rom miuxedavad kanonis winaSe Tanasworuflebiano-
96
saqarTvelos pirveli angariSi unda 1995 wels waredgina, magram pirveladi angariSis wardgena
mxolod 1998 wels moxerxda, gaeros komitetma ki igi 1999 wels ganixila.
97
gaero, konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, muxli 1.
98
Report of Non-governmental Organizations on the Status of Women in the Republic of Georgia Under CEDAW Articles, 1998,
5-6.
99
Consideration of Initial Report Submitted by States Parties under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Discrimination against Women, article 9, paragraph 59.
100
Ibid. article 5, paragraph 33.
58
55
kvira 6
1. rogor sruldeba saerTaSoriso valdebulebebi: saqarTvelos
gamocdileba qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareobis kuTxiT 1991-2004
wlebSi
literatura:
Sabedashvili, Tamar, Womens Legal Rights Conditions: the Case of Georgia, Report Delivered at a
Conference Gender Works for the Former Soviet Union Countries, organized by te World Bank and
Swediish International Development Agency, Stockholm, Sweden, April 2004.
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, Initial Report of States Parties, Georgia,
March 10, 1998.
Jaki : kargi maSin. minda, rom gamiZRve...win
maswavlebeli: Zalian kargi, magram saiT aris win?
Jaki: modi erT did saidumlos getyvi,
kacobriobis uZveles xriks.
win aris yvelgan [..] saiTac
gaixedav, yvelgan winaa!
92
Milan Kundera, Jacques and His Master: An Homage to Diderot in Three Acts (New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1985),
89.
93
statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis mixedviTsaqarTvelos mosaxleoba 2002 wlis aRweris
SedegebiT 4,4 milions udris, 1989 wlis aRweris monacemebiT ki 5,5 milionis toli iyo.
56
Websters Unabridged Dictionary: Newer Words Faster (Random House Inc. 1999), s.v. transition.
Adrian Karatnycky, Political and Economic Reform in East Central Europe and New Independent States: A Progress Report,
Nations in Transit 1997: Civil Society, Democracy and Markets in East Central Europe and the Newly Independent States, ed. Adrian
Karatnycky, Alexander Modyl and Boris Shor (New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers, 1998), 9.
95
57
kvira 6
1. rogor sruldeba saerTaSoriso valdebulebebi: saqarTvelos
gamocdileba qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareobis kuTxiT 1991-2004
wlebSi
literatura:
Sabedashvili, Tamar, Womens Legal Rights Conditions: the Case of Georgia, Report Delivered at a
Conference Gender Works for the Former Soviet Union Countries, organized by te World Bank and
Swediish International Development Agency, Stockholm, Sweden, April 2004.
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, Initial Report of States Parties, Georgia,
March 10, 1998.
Jaki : kargi maSin. minda, rom gamiZRve...win
maswavlebeli: Zalian kargi, magram saiT aris win?
Jaki: modi erT did saidumlos getyvi,
kacobriobis uZveles xriks.
win aris yvelgan [..] saiTac
gaixedav, yvelgan winaa!
92
Milan Kundera, Jacques and His Master: An Homage to Diderot in Three Acts (New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1985),
89.
93
statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis mixedviTsaqarTvelos mosaxleoba 2002 wlis aRweris
SedegebiT 4,4 milions udris, 1989 wlis aRweris monacemebiT ki 5,5 milionis toli iyo.
56
Websters Unabridged Dictionary: Newer Words Faster (Random House Inc. 1999), s.v. transition.
Adrian Karatnycky, Political and Economic Reform in East Central Europe and New Independent States: A Progress Report,
Nations in Transit 1997: Civil Society, Democracy and Markets in East Central Europe and the Newly Independent States, ed. Adrian
Karatnycky, Alexander Modyl and Boris Shor (New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers, 1998), 9.
95
57
gaazrebulad da efeqturad?
1994 wlis 24 seqtembers saqarTvelos parlamentis brZanebulebiT, qveyana rezervaciis gareSe SeuerTda konvencias qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris
Sesaxeb, romelic ZalaSi 1994 wlis 25 noembers Sevida. am movlenam mwvane Suqi aunTo
qalTa uflebebis damcavT, qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebsa Tu kanonmdeblebs,
imisaTvis, rom gaeumjobesebinaT qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi da
aemaRlebinaT maTi cnobiereba am TvalsazrisiT. konvenciasTan mierTeba warmoadgenda
qalTa ganviTarebisTvis da maTi SesaZleblobebis realizaciisTvis myari safuZvelis
Sesaqmneli pirveli mniSvnelovani nabiji iyo.
modiT ganvixiloT qarTvel qalTa samarTlebrivi statusi konvenciis muxlebisa
da misi moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. aseve SevadaroT saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier gaeros
konvenciis komisiisaTvis wardgenili moxseneba adgilobrivi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis moxsenebas. orive moxseneba waredgina gaeros generalur mdivans qalTa
diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb komitetis dainteresebiT, konvenciis me-18 muxlis Tanaxmad, romlis mixedviTac, konvenciis ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg
erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi wevrma saxelmwifoebma unda waradginon TavianTi mixsenebebi
konvenciis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb.96
konvenciis pirvel muxlSi vkiTxulobT: "termini `qalis diskriminacia~ niSnavs
sqesis niSniT nebismier gansxvavebas, gamijnvas an SezRudvas, romelmac SesaZlebelia
Sedegad moitanos an romlis mizania qalis mier, misi ojaxuri mdgomareobis miuxedavad, mamakacisa da qalis Tanasworobis safuZvelze, politikur, ekonomikur, socialur, kulturul, samoqalaqo an nebismier sxva sferoSi, adamianis uflebebisa da
ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa aRiarebis, sargeblobis an gamoyenebis SesaZleblobis Sesusteba, an sruli uaryofa.97 diskriminaciis gansazRvrebis garda konvencia wevrs
saxelmwifoebs avaldebulebs konkretuli RonisZiebebis gatarebas diskriminaciis
aRmosafxvrelad.
qalTa konvenciis mxare saxelmwifoebisTvis konvenciis mier warmodgenil samarTlebriv moTxovnaTa TanmimdevrobiT ganvixilav kanonis winaSe qalTa da mamakacTa
Tanasworobis cnebas, qarTuli samarTlis CarCoebSi. qarTuli kanonmdeblobis
mixedviT, qalebi da mamakacebi Tanabaruflebianebi arian ganaTlebisa da jandacvis
miRebis kuTxiT. "aqvT ufleba gaaformon kontraqtebi da gankargon qoneba, da miiRon
memkvidreoba."98 kanonmdebloba orive sqesis warmomadgenlebisTvis erTnairia
sasamarTlo proceduris yvela etapze. moqalaqeobis miRebis, masze uaris Tqmis,
aRdgenis an Sewyvetis ufleba qalebs da mamakacebs erTnairi aqvT.99 miuxedavad
kanonis winaSe sqesTa Tanasworuflebianobisa, tradiciebi da qalTa dabali
uflebrivi cnobiereba, mamakacebs saxavs meti prioritetebis mqone moqalaqeebad.
qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris komitetSi wardgenil orive
moxsenebaSi vkiTxulobT: "miuxedavad qarTuli kanonmdeblobis aradiskriminaciuli
debulebebisa, mainc arsebobs qalTa da mamakacTa socialur rolebs Soris asimetria,
mamakacebis sasargeblod.100
arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa moxsenebaSi memkvidreobiT de iure da de faqto
uflebebTan dakavSirebiT weria, rom miuxedavad kanonis winaSe Tanasworuflebiano-
96
saqarTvelos pirveli angariSi unda 1995 wels waredgina, magram pirveladi angariSis wardgena
mxolod 1998 wels moxerxda, gaeros komitetma ki igi 1999 wels ganixila.
97
gaero, konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, muxli 1.
98
Report of Non-governmental Organizations on the Status of Women in the Republic of Georgia Under CEDAW Articles, 1998,
5-6.
99
Consideration of Initial Report Submitted by States Parties under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Discrimination against Women, article 9, paragraph 59.
100
Ibid. article 5, paragraph 33.
58
55
Political Declaration and Further Actions and Initiatives to Implement the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action.
Commission on the Status of Women.
Report of Non-governmental Organizations on the Status of Women in the Republic of Georgia Under CEDAW Articles,
1998, 6.
102
R.J. Vincent, Human Rights and International Relations, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1986, 10. Citing Jack
Donelly, The Concept of Human Roghts, 16-17.
103
Ibid, 10.
104
saqarTvelos konstitucia, 1995, Tavi I, muxli 6, paragrafi 2.
54
59
60
siRaribe;
ganaTleba;
jandacva;
Zaladoba qalebis winaaRmdeg;
SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi;
ekonomika;
Zalaufleba da gadawyvetilebis miRebis doneebi;
instituciuri meqanizmebi;
adamianis uflebebi;
media;
garemos dacva;
gogonaTa mdgomareoba.
53
qalTa sakiTxebis mimarT Secvla daiwyo, amis dadasturebaa is faqtic, rom `nairobis
samomavlo strategiebi qalTa winsvlisTvis~ 157 wevri qveynis TanxmobiT iqna
miRebuli, maSin, rodesac adreul konferenciebze am tipis dokumentebis miReba
kenWisyriT xdeboda. gaerTianebuli erebis sistemaSi konsensusiT anu TanxmobiT
miRebuli konferenciis saboloo dokumenti ufro metad savaldebuloa mTavrobebisTvis Sesasruleblad, vidre kenWisyris Sedegad xmaTa umravlesobiT miRebuli
dokumenti.
vinaidan dekadam ver Seasrula dasmuli amocanebi `nairobis samomavlo strategiebi qalTa winsvlisTvis~ ar svamda axal amocanebs, aramed saxavda axal, gaumjobesebul
strategiebs dasmul sakiTxTa misaRwevad 2000 wlisTvis. amgvarad, gaeros qalTa
dekada garkveulwilad gagrZelda 2000 wlamde.
gaeros egidiT organizebul qalTa msoflio konferenciebis uSualo monawileebis
gaeros wevr saxelmwifoTa samTavrobo delegaciebi warmoadgendnen, magram aRsaniSnavia, rom qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis aqtiurma monawileobam konferenciis
e.w. paralelur RonisZiebebSi udidesi roli Seasrula da didi gavlena iqonia
konferenciaTa msvelobebsa da daskvnebze. mexikos konferencias 1200 mTavrobis
delegatTan erTad 3800 arasamTavrobo organizaciis wevri daeswro, es iyo
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis yvelaze didi monawileoba gaeros am dromde Catarebul
msoflio konferenciebs Soris. 1980 wels kopenhagenis konferencias 7000 monawile,
nairobis 1985 wlis konferencias 16000 da 1995 wlis beijingis (pekinis) qalTa msoflio
konferenciasa da huairous forums 50000 monawile daeswro.
qalTa meoTxe msoflio konferenciam, romelic pekinSi gaimarTa Tavi mouyara da
konceptualurad gamarTa yvela is sakiTxi, romelic ki, rodesme dasmula qalTa
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT. konferencia 1995 wlis 4-dan 15
seqtembramde CineTis dedaqalaq pekinSi gaimarTa. delegatTa umravlesoba
samarTlianad svamda kiTxvas: xom ar niSnavda pekinSi konferenciis Catareba CineTis
mTavrobisaTvis politikuri mxardaWeris gamocxadebas anu mxardaWeras im reJimisa,
romelsac bevri arc Tu usafuZvlod totalitarul da adamianis uflebaTa
ugulvebelmyof reJimad moiazrebda? am politikuri mosazrebebidan gamomdinare,
bevri monawileobis msurveli qali Tavs ikavebda CineTSi gamgzavrebisgan. qalTa
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis forumis gamarTva pekinSi igegmeboda, magram
sabolood dedaqalaqidan 60 kilometris moSorebiT, SedarebiT patara qalaq
huairouSi gaimarTa. saerTaSoriso SefasebiT beijingis igive pekinis qalTa meoTxe
msoflio konferencia didi warmatebaa Tavisi moculobiTa da SinaarsiT. konfrencias
189 samTavrobo delegacia daeswro, es cifri aRemateboda gaeros odesme Catarebul
konferenciebSi monawile samTavrobo delegaciaTa ricxvs. konfernciis uSualo
monawile 17000 adamiani iyo, aqedan 6000 samTavrobo wreebis warmomadgenlebi, 4000
akreditirebuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi da 4000 Jurnalisti
da kidev bevri gaeros TanamSromeli. arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa huairouSi
gamarTul forumze 30000 monawile Camovida msoflios yvela kuTxidan, plius 5000-mde
Cineli. Tavisi masStabiTa da mravalferovnebiT beijingis konferencia da huairous
forumi Zalian STambeWdavi aRmoCnda rogorc veterani msoflios qalTa
konferenciebis monawileTaTvis aseve axalbedebisTvis.
`beijingis deklaracia da moqmedebaTa platforma Tanasworobis, ganviTarebisa da
mSvidobisaTvis~ qalTa meoTxe msoflio konferenciis oficialuri, saboloo
dokumentia.88 beijingis moqmedebaTa platforma aRwers qalTa mdgomareobas
globalurad, da aqedan gamomdinare, gamokveTs zrunvis, gnebavT, wuxilis 12 kritikul
88
Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action for Equality, Development and Peace.
52
Consideration of Initial Report Submitted by States Parties under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Discrimination against Women, article 2, paragraph 23.
108
moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 137-e muxlis mixedviT gaupatiureba isjeba 3-dan 7 wlamde
patimrobiT. miuxedavad amisa, damamZimebel SemTxvevebSi Cadenili gaupatiureba (magaliTad, rogoricaa
jgufuri gaupatiureba, fexmZmime qalis gaupatiureba, 14 wlamde asakis pirovnebis gaupatiureba) isjeba
5-dan 20 wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT.
61
regulireba iyo wina sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 134-e muxli, romelic danaSaulad
miiCnevda qalis colad moyvanis mizniT motacebis tradicias, `es danaSauli zRudavs
qalisTvis arCevanis Tavisuflebas, Tu visze daqorwindes. iseTi qmedeba, rogoric
motacebaa ukve gulisxmobs Zaladobas, fizikurs an fsiqologiurs, [zog SemTxvevaSi
ki seqsualursac].~109 qalis motaceba daqorwinebis mizniT, bolo xanebSi naklebad
popularuli gaxda, rac zogadad qorwinebebis raodenobis SemcirebiTaa gamowveuli,
rac, Tavis mxriv, mZime ekonomikurma situaciam ganapiroba. SeiZleba aq movnaxoT im
faqtis axsna, rom axlandel sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi qirwinebis mizniT Cadenili
motaceba ar aris naxsenebi, garda 144-e muxlisa, romelic motacebas gansazRvravs,
rogorc mZevlad ayvanas, romelic miznad isaxavs pirovnebaze an organizaciaze
zewolas, mis iZulebas ganaxorcielos esa Tu is qmedeba, im pirobiT, rom mZevali
gaTavisufldeba. CamoTvlilia damamZimebeli garemoebebic, xolo daqorwinebis
ganzraxva naxsenebi ar aris. es movlena uyuradRebod darCa qalTa diskriminaciis
yvela formis likvidaciis komitetisadmi wardgenil 2000 wlis seqtembris meore
samTavrobo moxsenebaSi. amas garda, miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom motaceba daqorwinebis
mizniT sabWoTa kanonmdeblobiT dasjadi iyo, aseT SemTxvevaTa umravlesoba
samoqalaqo aqtebis registraciis organoebSi da ara sasamarTloebSi mTavrdeboda.
nawilobriv imitom, rom qalebs surdaT TavianT `gamtaceblebze~ daqorwineba da
nawilobriv imitom, rom qalis reputaciisTvis sarisko iyo ar gaTxoviliyo motacebis
Semdgom. situaciaSi ukeT gasarkvevad saWiroa iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi qorwinebamde
qaliSvilobis SenarCuneba kvlav Zlier tradiciad rCeba. ase, rom motaceba, romelic
qorwinebiT ar dagvirgvinda, Crdils ayenebs qalis reputacias, ara aqvs mniSvneloba
hqonda Tu ara mas seqsualuri urTierToba gamtacebelTan. es aris is SemTxveva, roca
qalTa uflebebis iuridiuli dacva faqtobrivad araefeqturia Zlieri kulturuli
institutebis gamo. gaTxovebamde qalwulebrivi siwmindis dacva da ormagi moraluri
standartebi Sedegia patriarqaluri sazogadoebisa, romelic arRvevs qalTa Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworuflebianobis principebs. es kulturuli sakiTxebia, romlebic
saxelmwifos mxridan efeqturad ar regulirdeba, radgan erTis mxriv, ar miiCneva
aqtualurad da ar ganixileba, xolo, meores mxriv, imitom rom arsebobs zRvari
moqalaqeTa pirad cxovrebaSi saxelmwifos efeqturi CarevisTvis. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, am sferoSi cvlilebaTa ganxorcieleba dawyebulia Tundac maT irgvliv msjelobisa da bevri adamianis qalisa da mamakacis individualuri magaliTis wyalobiT.
qalTa konvenciasTan SeerTebas zogadad dadebiTi Sedegebi mohyva qalTa
uflebrivi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT, Tumca bevri ram saWiroebs
srulyofas, radganac sazogadoeba am problemebisadmi mgrZnobeloba aklia. am
SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebaSi moiazreba asve saqarTvelos xelisuflebac, romelmac ver
moaxerxa genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebze momuSave moqmedi saxelmwifo
struqturis Seqmna.
mcire xniT SevCerdeT saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso valdebulebebze genderuli
Tanasworobis meqanizmis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT da qveyanaSi arsebul viTarebaze,
aseve mimovixiloT am sferoSi dagrovili saerTaSoriso gamocdileba.
1999 wlis 20 Tebervals prezident e. SevardnaZis 48 brZanebulebiT, qalTa
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis politikis SesamuSaveblad Seiqmna saxelmwifo komisia,
romelic, samwuxarod, araefeqturi gamodga, erTis mxriv, adamianuri da finansuri
resursebis naklebobis da meores mxriv, araefeqturi instituciuri dagegmvis gamo.
komisiam SeimuSava qalTa mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad 1998-2004 da qalTa mimarT
109
xaTuna maduraSvili, qalTa uflebebi da maTi dacva saqarTvelos sisxlisa da Sromiis samarTliT,
62
51
50
evropis sxva
maRalia;111
qveynebTan
SedarebiT
dedaTa
sikvdilianobis
maCvenebeli
63
gamoTqmuli rezervaciebi.
17-22 muxlebi aregulireben konvenciis danergvis monitoringis Semsrulebeli
organos muSaobas. iqmneba komiteti qalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli yvela formis
diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb; dgindeba saxelmwifoebis mier moxsenebebis
wardgenis procedura da komitetis Sexvedris dro da vadebi.
17 muxlis Tanaxmad, es komiteti, romelsac xSirad igive Semoklebuli saxeliT
moixsenieben, riTac konvencias (CEDAW) Seiqmna 1982 wels. igi Sedgeba qalTa
sakiTxebze momuSave eqspertebisagan, romlebic msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxidan arian
warmodgenilni komitetSi. komitetis daarsebidan 2002 wlamde misi wevrebi (sul 69)
iohan nordenfeltis (SvedeTidan) gamoklebiT sul qalebi iyvnen.82 konvenciis wevri
qveynebi irCeven komitetis wevrebs konvenciis moTxovnis mixedviT, wevrTa Tanabari
geografiuli gadanawilebis Sesaxeb.
komitetis mandati iTvaliswinebs konvenciis danergvis Tvalyuris devnebas
dokumentis wevr saxelmwifoebSi. komitetis Sexvedrebi weliwadSi orjer imarTeba, am
Sexvedrebisas komiteti ganixilavs konvenciis wevri qveynebis mier wardgenil
moxsenebebs, imis Sesaxeb Tu ra gakeTda qveynebis masStabiT konvenciis dasanergad.
konvenciis ratificirebidan erTi wlis Semdeg saxelmwifo valdebulia komitets
warudginos moxseneba. am pirveli moxsenebis Semdeg qveynebi valdebulni arian
komitets moxseneba warudginon yovel 4 weliwadSi erTxel. moxsenebis ganxilvisas
komitetis wevrebs SesaZloa gauCndeT damatebiTi kiTxvebi qveynis moxsenebis irgvliv.
ganxilvis dasasruls komiteti amzadebs rekomendaciebs da saboloo komentars im
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, rasac komiteti miiCnevs gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnad
momxsenebeli qveynis qalTa mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad. saboloo anu daskvniTi
komentaris momzadeba komitetma daiwyo mecamete sesiis (1994 wels) gadawyvetilebiT.
mecamete sesia mniSvnelovania kidev imitom, rom mas Semdeg komitetis sxdomebi gaeros
saTao ofisSi niu-iorkSi imarTeba (manamde komiteti xvdeboda monacvleobiT xan
gaeros ofisSi venaSi, xan ki niu iorkSi).83
konvenciis 23-30 muxlebi konvenciis ratificirebisa da ZalaSi Sesvlis
proceduras gansazRvravs.
konvencia generalurma asambleam Tavisi 34/180 rezoluciiT miiRo 1979 wlis 18
dekembers, xelmowerebisa da ratifikaciisaTvis gaixsna 1980 wlis 1 marts. konvencia
ZalaSi Sevida 1981 wlis 3 seqtembers generaluri asambleis 36/131 rezoluciiT.
2002 wlis TebervlisaTvis 170 qveyanaa konvenciis wevri.84 qalTa konvencia gaeros
bavSTa konvenciis Semdeg yvelaze mravalwevriani konvenciaa, magram amave dros wevri
saxelmwifoebi yvelaze metad am konvenciis zogierT muxlebze ikaveben Tavs, rac
qalTa uflbebis damcavebisa da mkvlevrebis azriT, aferxebs konvenciis efeqturobas.
feministi mkvlevarebi ver Tanxmdebian qalTa adamianis uflebebis artikulaciisa
da danergvis strategiebze, zogierTi maTgani, magaliTad, selina romani fiqrobs, rom
qalTa uflebebi ufro Zlieri da mravlismomcveli iqneba Tu, maTi gamoTqma moxdeba
`qalebisave eniT~ da ara adamianis uflebebis arsebul diskursSi, romelic mamakacuri
dominirebis gamo ar aris sakmarisad mgrZnobiare qalebis problemebisadmi. sxvebi,
magaliTad, hilari Carlsvorsi miiCnevs, rom adamianis uflebebis diskursi im formiT
115
iqneba es qaliSvilobis instituti, romelic Sedegad sul mcire adreul qorwinebebsa da dangreuli
ojaxebs iZleva Tu CveulebiTi samarTlis primati kodificirebul samarTalze mSoblebis
memkvidreobasTan mimarTebaSi, romlis mixedviTac ojaxis ufros vaJiSvilsa da qaliSvils ar miuwvedba
xeli mSoblebis uZrav qonebaze, rac mwvave socialur-ekonomikur Sedegs iZleva
116
konvenciis moTxovnaa SeerTebidan erTi wlis da Semdeg yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel konvenciis
ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb perioduli angariSebis momzadeba (muxli 18). saqarTvelom pirveli angariSi 1995
wlis nacvlad sami wlis dagvianebiT 1998 wels waradgina.
117
kombinirebuli meore da mesame perioduli angariSebi komitets saqarTvelos mTavrobam miawoda,
magram maTi ganxilva jer ar Semdgara.
64
49
82
83
Womens Convention). In Women Politics and the United Nations. Anne Winslow ed. Greenwood Press. Westport, Conn. 1995,
85).
79
konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, preambula.
80
arvone s. freizeri konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (qalTa
konvencia), 85. (Arvonne S. Fraser, The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (The
Womens Convention). In Women Politics and the United Nations. Anne Winslow ed. Greenwood Press. Westport, Conn. 1995,
85).
81
soflad mcxovrebi qalebis sakiTxi pirvelad deklaraciis werisas iyo naxsenebi sakvebisa da soflis
meurneobis organizaciis mier, magram es sakiTxi deklaraciis teqstSi ar Sevida, aramed mxolod
konvenciis. (meti detalebisTvis ixileT arvone s. freizeri konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela
formis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (qalTa konvencia), 85. (Arvonne S. Fraser, The Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (The Womens Convention). In Women Politics and the United
Nations. Anne Winslow ed. Greenwood Press. Westport, Conn. 1995, 85).
118
FWCW Platform for Action, Institutional Mechanisms for the Advancement of Women, UN 1995, H, 201. Available on-line,
last visited on August 15 2004. <http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/platform/institu.htm>
119
EU, Treaty of Amsterdam Amending the Treaty of on European Union, the Treaties Establishing European Communities and
Certain Related Acts, Article 2, Article 3, Article 118, Article 119, entered into force on 1st of May 1999.
120
EU, Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Article 23.
48
65
qalTa konvencia
komisiis TxuTmetkaciani samuSao jgufi 1974 wlis 7-dan 17 ianvramde muSaobda.75
mTavrobebTan da arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan konsultaciebis Catarebis Semdeg,
1974 wels, 6-dan 17 dekembramde gamarTul 26-e sxdomaze komisiam qalTa statusis
Sesaxeb miiRo qalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli yvela formis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris
Sesaxeb konvenciis~ teqsti. helvi sifilam, generaluri mdivnis moadgilem socialuri
ganviTarebis da humanitaruli saqmeebis ganxriT, sxdomis Semdeg SeniSna, rom Tu
konvencias generaluri asamblea miiRebs Tavis Semdgom sesiaze, maSin es faqti moxdeba
qalTa 1980 wlis msoflio konferenciamde, gaeros mier gamocxadebuli qalTa
aTwleulis (1975-1985) SuaSi.76 es mizani miRweul iqna qalTa statusis Sesaxeb komisiis
intensiuri Zalisxmevis Sedegad, 1979 wlis 19 dekembers generalurma asambleam miiRo
konvencia.
konvencias qalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli yvela formis diskriminaciis
aRmofxvris Sesaxeb~ xSirad uwideben qalTa konvenciasa~ an bils qalTa uflebebis
Sesaxeb~, radgan igi qalebis uflebebis damcavi kompleqsuri dokumentia warmoadgens,
sadac Tavmoyrilia diskriminaciis aRmofxvrisaTvis saWiro mniSvnelovani elementebi. konvenciis teqsti Sedgeba preambulisa da 30 muxlisagan. preambulis teqsti
waagavs qalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb deklaraciis~ preambulis teqsts, TumcaRa ufro farTo da gabedulia Tavisi SinarsiT.
konvenciis preambulaSi xazgasmulia, rom `siRaribis pirobebSi qalebisaTvis naklebad
xelmisawvdomia sursaTi, janmrTelobis dacvis saSualebebi, ganaTleba, profesiuli
momzadeba da dasaqmeba, agreTve sxva moTxovnilebebi~.77 konvenciis preambula
deklaraciis preambulisgan gansxvavdeba aseve ori erTob politikuri Sinaarsis
abzaciT, rac dokuments Tavisi drois produqtad~ aqcevs.78 oridan erTi abzaci
74
Byrne, Bridget, Julie Kock Laier, Sally Baden, Rachel Marcus, National Machineries for Women in Development:
Experiences, Lessons and Strategies for Institutionalising Gender in Development Policy and Planning, Report N 36, Bridge:
Development-Gender, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, 1996.
arvone s. freizeri konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (qalTa
konvencia), 78. (Arvonne S. Fraser, The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (The
Womens Convention). In Women Politics and the United Nations. Anne Winslow ed. Greenwood Press. Westport, Conn. 1995,
84).
75
adamianis uflebebi: komisia qalTa statusis Sesaxeb, Human Rights: Commission on the Status of Women.
Annual Review of United Nations Affairs 1974. Compiled and edited by: Joseph T. Vambery. Oceana Publications, inc. New York.
1976. 261.
76
qalTa uflebebi da statusi, 260. (Womens Rights and Status. Annual Review of United Nations Affairs 1976.
Compiled and edited by William A. Landskron. Oceana Publications, inc. New York. 1977. 260).
77
konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, preambula.
78
arvone s. freizeri konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (qalTa
konvencia), 85. (Arvonne S. Fraser, The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (The
66
47
121
46
imisaTvis, rom genderuli politikis SemmuSavebeli erovnuli meqanizmi iyos efeqturi, aucilebelia mas hqondes gamarTuli sakanonmdeblo baza, debuleba, romelSic
naTlad iqneba gawerili msgavsi uwyebis struqtura, amocanebi, organizaciis pasuxismgebloba da angariSvaldebuleba. es yovelive unda iyos gamyarebuli dagegmvisa da
marTvis iseTi struqturebiT, romlebsac SeuZliaT gegmebis saqmed gadaqceva.
sxva qveynebis praqtika aCvenebs, rom SeiZleba warmoiSvas konfliqti uwyebis rCeviT, uflebaTa damcav, politikis ganmxorcielebel da monitoringis funqciaTa
gaumijnaobis gamo, radgan TiToeuli maTgani iTxovs gansxvavebul unarCvevebs da
uwyebriv kulturas. saqarTveloSi am etapze, Tu Seiqmna calke genderuli Tanasworobis saxelmwifo erTeuli, igi unda iyos CarTuli politikis SemuSavebasa da Sedegebis monitoringSi da ara uSualod mis ganxorcielebaSi, ganxorcielebaze pasuxismgebeli Sesabamisi saministroebi unda iyvnen. SesaZlebelia gamonaklisis saxiT,
uwyebam inovaciuri, saCvenebeli proeqtebi ganaxorcielos iseT sferoebSi, sadac
erTi konkretuli saministro ar muSaobs da aucilebelia maTi TanamSromloba, magaliTad, wvrTnis organizeba sxvadasxva saministroebis warmomadgenlebis monawileobiT.
interdisciplinaruli da interinstituciuri xasiaTidan gamomdinare, umjobesia,
Tu amgvari organo ganTavsdeba rogorc saTaTbiro organo prezidentis an premierministris uSualo daqvemdebarebis qveS, raTa man gavlena iqonios sxvadasxva saministroebis muSaobaze. aseTi struqturuli ganlageba kargia, radgan amas SesaZloa
mohyves kargi dafinanseba, saqmianobis farTo profili da ukeTesi kavSirebi saerTaSoriso, Tu adgilobriv doneze. riski, rac Tan axlavs amgvar ganlagebas aris is, rom
amgvari instituciuri meqanizmi SeiZleba aRmoCndes zedmetad damokidebuli erT an
ormniSvnelovan, centralur politikur figuraze da maT gadawyvetilebebze.
SesaZlebelia aseTi organo Seiqmnas erT romelime konkretul saministroSi,
magram sxva qveynebis gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom am SemTxvevaSi uwyeba TiTqmis ver
axorcielebs gavlenas sxva seqtorul saministroebze, aseve erT saministroSi yofnisas qalTa sakiTxebi ganixileba sxva marginalizebuli jgufebis (mag: invalidebi,
eTnikuri umciresobebi) sakiTxebTan erTad da SeiZleba dadges resursebis naklebobis
realuri safrTxis winaSe.
mravali qveynis gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom amgvari saxelmwifo struqturis
dafinanseba zogadad mwiria da isini advilad eqvemdebarebian biujetis sekvestrs.
amisgan dasacavad organoebma SeimuSaves Semdegi strategia: grZelvadiani da naklebad
SesamCnevi proeqtebis nacvlad, romlebic instituciur gaZlierebasa da uflebaTa
dacvas eZRvneba, isini muSaoben moklevadian, efeqtur proeqtebze. ganviTarebad
qveynebSi xSirad gamoiyeneba donorebis daxmareba amgvari organoebis dasafinanseblad, TumcaRa dafinansebisTvis umjobesia moinaxos stabiluri saxelmwifo
saxsrebi.
interesebi da saministroebs Soris arsebuli faruli Tu aSkara paeqroba xels
uSlis iseT interseqtorul sakiTxze muSaobas rogoricaa genderuli Tanasworoba,
romelic iTxovs sxvadasxva seqtoruli saministroebis saqmianobebis koordinirebas.
piradi da politkuri winaaRmdegoba da sajaro moxeleTa dabali mgrZnobeloba
genderuli sakiTxebis mimarT damabrkolebelia uwyebis efeqturi muSaobisTvis.
politikuri patronaJi da amomrCevelTa interesebi xSirad did gavlenas axdens
imaze Tu visi daniSvna xdeba ama Tu im postze. genderuli Tanasworobis saministroebi
- uwyebebi xSirad mmarTveli partiis politikur interesebis gatarebas axdenen, maT
saTaveSi iniSnebian cnobil politikur figuraTa meuRleebi an mmarTveli politikur
partiis wevri qalebi, amitom xSirad amgvari saministroebi xdeba mmarTveli partiis
67
genderuli TanasworobisaTvis
aqtivoba adgilze;
Sesabamisi dafinanseba;
mebrZolTa
politikuri
da
ekonomikuri
Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom genderuli politikis SemuSavebisaTvis saWiro ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi da instruqciebi damuSavdes im adamianebTan konsultaciebis
Sedegad, visac mouxdeba am mimarTulebebisa da instruqciebis mixedviT dokumentebis
SemuSaveba da moqmedeba.
genderuli cnobierebis amaRleba da wvrTna gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
biurokratiuli winaaRmdegobis dasaZlevad da damokidebulebebSi cvlilebis misaRwevad.
stereotipebisa da tradiciebis siZlieris gamo, genderuli ganaTleba unda iyos
uwyveti da Seexos yvela rangis sajaro moxeles. treningebisSinaarsobrivi sicxade da
zogadad, maTi maRali done Zalian mniSvnelovania. treningi ver iqneba efeqturi
TavisTavad, Tu mis paralelurad ar moxda instituciuri cvlilebebi, sakanonmdeblo
cvlilebebi da kulturuli cvlilebebi.
sakontaqto pirebi / oficrebi (focal points) es ZiriTadi meqanizmi iqna gamoyenebuli bevri qveynis, radgan damyardes kavSirebi genderul politikaze momuSave
centralur erTeulsa da saministroebsa da departamentebs Soris. praqtikaSi am
meqanizmma ver gaamarTla, radgan sakontaqto pirebad xSirad iniSnebian qali
TanamSromlebi, romlebic Zalian datvirTulebi arian TavianT ZiriTad samuSaoze,
floben mcire resursebs da miRebuli aqvT mwiri wvrTna, aseve ver iReben sakmaris
daxmarebas dakisrebuli saqmianobis Sesasruleblad, naTlad ar aqvT gawerili
TavianTi funqciebi da maTi Sesrulebis meqanizmebi. sakontaqto pirebis meqanizmis
122
wyaro: Byrne, Bridget, Julie Kock Laier, Sally Baden, Rachel Marcus, National Machineries for Women in Development:
Experiences, Lessons and Strategies for Institutionalising Gender in Development Policy and Planning, Report N 36, Bridge:
Development-Gender, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, 1996.
68
statusis Sesaxeb komisiaSi moRvawe qalebisTvis Tavidanve naTeli gaxda, rom saWiro
iyo qalTa uflebebis damcavi sxva meqanizmebis Seqmnac. am mizeziT `adamianis
uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis~ miRebis Semdeg, maleve, kerZod, 1949 wels,
komisiam daiwyo muSaoba `konvenciaze qalTa politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb~.69 erTeul
sakiTxze mimarTul qalTa konvenciebze muSaobis paralelurad gaeroSi
mimdinareobda gacxarebuli kamaTi, imis Sesaxeb saWiro iyo Tu ara erT sakiTxze
mimarTuli konvenciebis garda qalTa uflebebis damcavi ufro kompleqsuri
saerTaSoriso dokumentis Seqmna, qvemoT vixilavT, Tu rogor gadawyda es sakiTxi.
deklaraciis Seqmna
1968 wels qalTa statusis Sesaxeb komisiis Tavmjdomare ani iagre Tavis `qalTa
winaaRnmdeg mimarTuli diskriminaciis aRmofxvris deklaraciis SesavalSi~ werda:
`adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciam ar gamoiwvia qalTa mdgomareobis
sagrZnobi gaumjobeseba mraval qveyanaSi. faqtebi qalTa diskriminaciis Sesaxeb
Semzaravia, amitom generalur asambleas mouwia qalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
diskriminaciis aRmosafxvrelad specialuri deklaraciis miReba~.
gaerTianebuli erebis ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWos moxsenebis Tanaxmad, 1963
wlis 15 noembers, ocdaorma ganviTarebadma da `aRmosavleT evropis~ qveyanam
generaluri asambleis me-18 sxdomaze waradgina rezolucia `qalTa winaaRnmdeg
mimarTuli diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb deklaraciis~ teqstze muSaobis
winadadebiT.70 es qveynebi iyo: 1. avRaneTi, 2. alJiri, 3. argentina, 4. avstria, 5.
kameruni, 6. Cile, 7. kolumbia, 8. Cexoslovakia, 9. gaboni, 10. gvinea, 11. indonezia, 12.
irani, 13. mali, 14. meqsika, 15. monRoleTi, 16. maroko, 17. pakistani, 18. panama, 19.
filipinebi, 20. poloneTi, 21. togo, 22. venesuela.
sainteresoa, rom am22 qveyanaze werisas mkvlevrebi maT nawils ganviTarebad
qveynebad moixseniebs, xolo nawils aRmosavleT evropis qveynebad, roca
geografiulad, CamoTvlili evropuli qveynebi centralur evropas miekuTvnebian
(kerZod: poloneTi, avstria da uwindeli Cexoslovakia). poloneTis da Cexoslovakiis
gaigiveba aRmosavleT evropasTan maTi sabWour banakSi moazrebiT SeiZleba aixsnas.
freizeris mixedviT, deklaraciis momxre qveynebidan arc erTi ar warmoadgenda
mTavar dasavlur Zalas, rac eWvis qveS ayenebs azrs, rom feminizmi an qalis
uflebebisaTvis brZola industrializaciuri ideaa. rezoluciis warmdgeni es 22
qveyana acxadebda, rom qalTa monawileobas erTa ganviTarebis saqmeSi arsebiTi
mniSvneloba aqvs, xolo qalTa diskriminacia Sesabamisad aferxebs ganviTarebis
process~.71 Sesabamisad am 22 qveynis gamaerTianebel idead SeiZleba moviazroT
diskriminaciis aRiareba ganviTarebis Semaferxebel faqtorad.
deklaraciis wera mimdinareobda 1965-1967 wlebSi. dokumentis Seqmnis procedura
69
laura reanda, komisia qalTa statusis Sesaxeb, Laura Reanda The Commission on the Status of Women. The
United Nations and Human Rights: A Critical Uppraisal. Philip Alston ed. Claredon Press. Oxford. 1992. 284.
70
aseve ixileT arvone s. freizeri konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb
(qalTa konvencia), 73, da laura reanda, komisia qalTa statusis Sesaxeb, 284 (Arvonne S. Fraser, The
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (The Womens Convention). In Women Politics and
the United Nations. Anne Winslow ed. Greenwood Press. Westport, Conn.. 1995,78 and Laura Reanda, The Commission on the
Status of Women. The United Nations and Human Rights: A Critical Appraisal. Philip Alston ed. Clarendon Press. Oxford. 1992.
284).
71
ixileT arvone s. freizeri konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (qalTa
konvencia), 78. (Arvonne S. Fraser, The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (The
Womens Convention). In Women Politics and the United Nations. Anne Winslow ed. Greenwood Press. Westport, Conn. 1995,
78).
45
66
qalTa uflebebis Sesaxeb arsebuli saerTaSoriso konvenciebis krebuli11. (Compendium of International
Conventions Concerning the Status of Women. United Nations. New York. 1988, 11).
67
gaeros sazogadeobrivi informaciis departamenti. bolos vixile 2002 wlis 23 Tebervals:
<http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/history.htm>.
68
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia (1948); muxli 16: 1. yovel srulwlovan mamakacsa da qals
rasis, erovnebis an religiis niSniT raime SezRudvis gareSe ufleba aqvs daqorwindes da Seqmnas ojaxi.
isini sargebloben erTnairi uflebebiT SeuRlebis, qorwinebaSi yofnisa da ganqorwinebis dros. 2.
qorwineba SesaZlebelia mxolod orive meuRlis Tavisufali da sruli Tanxmobis safuZvelze. 3. ojaxi
sazogadoebis bunebrivi da ZiriTadi ujredia da ufleba aqvs daculi iyos sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos
mier. muxli 15: 1. yovel adamians aqvs moqalaqeobis ufleba. 2. aravis SeuZlia TviTneburad CamoerTvas
moqalaqeoba an Tavisi moqalaqeobis Secvlis ufleba. muxli 21: 1. yovel adamians ufleba aqvs
monawileobdes Tavisi qveynis marTva-gamgeobaSi uSualod, an Tavisuflad arCeuli warmomadgenlis
meSveobiT. 2. yovel adamians ufleba aqvs Tanabar safuZvelze Sevides Tavisi qveynis sajaro samsaxurSi. 3.
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis safuZvelia xalxis neba; es neba unda gamoixatos periodul da samarTlian
arCevnebSi, romlebic unda tardebodes sayovelTao da Tanaswori saarCevno uflebis saZvelze, faruli
kenWisyriT an sxva TanabarmniSvnelovani formebis meSveobiT, romlebic uzrunvelyofen xmis micemis
Tavisuflebas.
44
69
64
Semdegi detalebisTvis ixileT: jon h. i. fridi. socialuri da humanitaruli sakiTxebi: qalTa
statusi, 100. (John H. E. Fried. Social and Humanitarian Matters: the Status of Women. Annual Review of United Nations
Affairs 1954. Edited by Clyde Eagleton, Waldo Chamberlin, Richard N. Swift. New York University Press. Washington Square. New
York. 1955. 100).
65
Feride Zurikashvili, Internally Displaced Women in Georgia (Tbilisi: Womens Studies Center at Tbilisi State University,
October-November 1999), working paper, 7.
rebeka j. quki, qalTa saerTaSoriso adamianis uflebebis samarTali: winmavali gza,15. (Rebecca J. Cook.
Womens International Human Rights Law: The Way Forward. Human Rights of Women: National and International Perspectives.
Edited by Rebecca J. Cook. University of Pennsylvania Press. Philadelphia. 1994. 15).
70
43
konvencia qalTa politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb (am konvenciis Seqmnis iniciativa wamovida laTinuri amerikis warmomadgeneli komisiis wevrebisgan. generalurma asambleam es konvencia miiRo 1952 wlis 20 dekembers, 640-e (VII) rezoluciiT. xelmowerisa da ratifikaciisTvis gaixsna 31 marts, ZalaSi Sevida 1954
wlis 7 ivliss);
aRmoCnda, rom isini, devnil mamakacTa msgavsad, natroben TavianT Zvel cxovrebas da
undaT sakuTar miwaze dabruneba, Tumca ufro advilad Seeguen axal pirobebs da ufro
meti sicocxlis unarianoba da amtanoba gamoamJRavnes, vidre mamakacebma.
qalebma ufro advilad monaxes samuSao adgilebi da ar Takiloben nebismieri
xelmisawvdomi saqmianobis Sesrulebas, iseTi saqmianobebisac ki, romlebic maTi
profesiul gamocdilebasTan da miRebul ganaTlebasTan SedarebiT dabali
statusisaa. TbilisSi mcxovrebi devnili qalebis gamokiTxviT da maTTan laparakiT
gamovarkvie, rom dedoba gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs devnil qalTa gadarCenisaTvis
swrafvaSi da miuxedavad imisa, rom isini ar arian emigrantebi, aramed iZulebiT
gadaadgilebulni sakuTar miwaze, mainc SegviZlia paraleli gavavloT keit fridmankasabas mier aRweril aSS-Si emigrirebul ebrael da italiel dedaTa da colTa da
saqarTveloSi iZulebiT gadaadgilebul qalebs Soris. am qalTa umravlesoba
amJRavnebs "gmirul Tavganwirvas TavainTi ojaxebis gadarCenisTvis."124 dedoba jabnis
da dominirebs sxva nebismier socialur rols da instinqts, igi gadarCenisTvis yvela
mcdelobis mamoZravebeli Zalaa.
devnili qalebi zrunaven ojaxze, bavSvebze, vaWroben, gamoimuSaveben Tanxas,
magram rogorc feride zurikaSvilis kvlevam aCevena, qalebs mainc miaCniaT, rom kvlav
mamakacebi arian ojaxebze pasuxismgebelni. mouxedavad im faqtisa, rom tradiciuli
genderuli rolebis gadanawileba moxda da ufro da ufro meti qali inaxavs ojaxs
saxlis gareT muSaobiT, maSin roca umuSevari da depresirebuli qmrebi saxlSi rCebian,
qalebi kvlav fiqroben an ubralod qmnian STabeWdilebas, rom isini mamakacebs kvlav
ojaxis meTaurebad miiCneven.
konfliqtis dros qalebze Riad vrceldeboda genderuli Zaladoba da misi
umTavresi forma, gaupatiureba, magram cecxlis Sewyvetas qalTa winaaRmdeg
Zaladobis Sewyveta ar mohyolia. Tomas beki Tavis kvlevaSi `qalebi, omi da
gadaadgileba saqarTveloSi~, wers:
imedgacruebis dros usafuZvlo gaafTreba da ojaxuri Zaladobis SemTxvevebi
ufro xSiri xdeba. qmrebi da ojaxis mamrobiTi sqesis sxva wevrebi cemen colebs
da ojaxis sxva mdedrobiTi sqesis wevrebs, gadaaqvT ra devnilobiT gamowveuli
stresi TvianTi ojaxis wevrebze. bevr devnil qals iZulebiT mouxda
seqsualuri momsaxurebis gaweva sakvebisa, Tu sacxovrebeli adgilis gamo.
zogierTi, ojaxidan zewolis gamo, Semosavlis mopovebis mizniT iZulebuli
gaxda prostituciis gzas dadgomoda.125
ojaxur ZaladobasTan erTad TavianTi ojaxebis umZimesi ekonomikuri pirobebis
gamo devnil gogonebs ufro emuqrebaT trefikingis safrTxe.
devnil qalTa umravlesobas umaRlesi ganaTleba aqvs da afxazeTSi TavianTi
profesiis Sesabamisad muSaobdnen maswavleblebad, eqimebad, buRaltrebad da a.S.
iZulebiT gadaadgilebam ara mxolod CamoaSora isini TavianT saqmianobas, aramed
aiZula im saqmiT dakavebuliyvnen, raSic aranairi gamocdileba ar hqondaT. vaWroba
maTi ZiriTadi saqmianiba gaxda. isini yidian sigarets, purs, namcxvars bazrobebze,
sadgurebSi da a.S. zogierTi maTgani, vinc moaxerxa garkveuli Tanxis dagroveba,
bazrobebze qiraobs savaWro adgilebs, vaWrobs sxvadasxva saxis saqoneliT, ZiriTadad
jon fridi, socialuri da humanitaruli sakiTxebi: qalebis statusi, 99. (Social and Humanitarian
Matters: the Status of Women. Annual Review of United Nations Affairs 1954. Edited by Clyde Eagleton, Waldo Chamberlin,
Richard N. Swift. New York University Press. Washington Square. New York. 1955. 99).
124
Kathie Friedman-Kasaba, Memories of Migration. Gender, Ethnicity, and Work in the Lives of Jewish and Italian Women in
New York, 1870-1924 (New York: State University of New York Press, 1996), 92.
125
Thomas Buck, Women, War, and Displacement in Georgia (Washington, DC: Research and Reference Services Project,
USAID, July 6, 1999), 12.
42
71
63
Thomas Buck, Alice Morton, Susan Allen Nan, Feride Zurikashvili, Aftermath: Effects of Conflict on Internally Displaced
Women in Georgia (Washington: Center for Development Information and Evaluation U.S. Agency for International Development,
September 2000), working paper no. 310, 7.
72
meurveobaze;
41
ganaTlebaze;
sazogadoebriv moRvaweobaze;
54
40
Thomas Buck, Alice Morton, Susan Allen Nan, Feride Zurikashvili, Aftermath: Effects of Conflict on Internally Displaced
Women in Georgia (Washington: Center for Development Information and Evaluation U.S. Agency for International Development,
September 2000), working paper no. 310, 5.
73
kvira 7
1. sqesobrivi diskriminacia samuSao adgilze debatebi
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
literatura:
Catherine A. Mackinnon, Difference and Dominanace: On Sex Discrimination, 1984.
Glendora C. Hughes Sexual Harassment: Then and Now, Maryland Bar Journal May/June, 2000.
Beth Ann Faragher, Petitioner v. City of Boca Ration, Supreme Court of the United States 1998 U.S. LEXIS
4216.
128
Glendora C. Hughes Sexual Harassment: Then and Noa, Maryland Bar Journal May/June, 2000.
74
51
pirveli qalTa saerTaSoriso organizaciebi dasavleT evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi mecxramete
saukunis miwuruls meoce saukunis dasawyisSi, gansakuTrebiT ki, pirveli msoflio omis dros Seiqmna,
maTi arasruli CamonaTvali Semdegia: qalTa saerTaSoriso sabWo (International Council of Women), qalTa
saerTaSoriso aliansi (International Alliance of Women), saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis qalTa gildia
(International Cooperative Womens Guild), universitetis qalTa saerTaSoriso federacia (International Federation of
University Women), biznesisa da profesional qalTa saerTaSoriso federacia (International Federation of Business
and Professional Women), msoflios axalgazrda qalTa qristianuli asociacia (World Young Womens Christian
Association), qalTa saerTaSoriso liga mSvidobisa da TavisuflebisTvis (Womens International League for Peace
and Freedom).
52
Hilkka Pietila, Engendering the Global Agenda: the Story of Women and the United Nations, NGLS, 2002, 1.
53
iqve, 8.
39
47
1945 wlis gaeros wesdebis pirvelive muxlis mesame paragrafSi gaeros misiaze saubrisas aRniSnulia,
rom organizaciam unda xeli Sewyos TanamSromlobas saerTaSoriso masStabis ekonomikuri, socialuri,
kulturuli, Tu humanitaruli problemebis gadaWrisas da uzrunvelyos adamianis uflebebisa da
ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis dacva da pativiscema yvelas sasargeblod, ganurCevlad rasis, sqesis, enis Tu
religiisa. sqesTa Tanabaruflebianobas exeba aseve wesdebis Semdegi muxlebi: 8, 13, 55, 76.
48
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba. (1945). muxli 55. qveparagrafi g).
49
adamianis uflebebis wyaroebi. (Human Rights Sourcebook. Edited by Albert P. Blaustein, Roger S. Clark, Jay A. Sigler.
Paragon House Publishers. New York. 1987. 14).
50
arcerTi Semdegi dokumenti ar moixsniebs da Sesabamisad ar exeba qalebs: kacisa da mamakaci
moqalaqis uflebebis deklaracia (miRebuli safrangeTis erovnuli asambleis mier 1789 wlis 26
agvistos); virjiniis uflebebis deklaracia (Seqmnili jorj meisonis mier da erTxmad miRebuli
virjiniis delegatTa konventis mier 1776 wlis 12 ivniss); amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
damoukideblobis deklaracia (1776, 12 ivlisi); amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis bili uflebebis Sesaxeb
(ratificirebuli 1791 wlis 15 dekembers).
38
75
zomebi. im SemTxvevaSi Tu dazaralebuli ar imoqmedebs damqiraveblis rekomendaciebis Sesabamisad, romelic miznad isaxavs mis dacvas msgavsi Seuracxyofisgan,
pasuxismgebloba momxdarze ukve aRar ekisreba damqiravebels, aramed uSualod
Seuracxmyofelsa da dazaralebuls, romelmac ar Seismina damqiraveblis rCevebi da
ar daeqvemdebara prevenciul RinisZiebebs.
ra SeiZleba warmoadgendes samuSao adgilze sqesobrivi Seuracxhyofis Tavidan
acilebis, prevenciis efeqtur meTods?
SurisZiebisagan dacva;
gaupatiureba samsaxureobrivi mdgomareobis gamoyenebiT isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT vadiT xuTidan TxuTmet wlamde" (muxli 137.3(d))
76
kvira 5
1. qalTa uflebebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi (gagrZeleba)
literatura:
Hilkka Pietila, Engendering the Global Agenda: The Story of Women and thee United Nations, Development
Dossier, UN Non-Governmental liason Service, 2002, 29-105
ani r. iagre qalis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb deklaraciis Sesavali (An Introduction to the
Declaration on Elimination of Discrimination Against Women. Annual Review of United Nations Affairs 1967-1968. Compiled by:
Richard N. Swift. Oceana Publications, Inc. New York. 1969. 57).
37
literatura:
Isabel Marcus, Reframing Domestic Violence: Terrorism in the Home in Fineman, M. A. & Myktruk, R
(eds.), Public Nature of Private Violence the Discovery of Domestic Abuse, New York, Routledge, 1994,
11-35.
proeqti harmonia, ojaxur
saswavlo masalebi, 7-36.
ZaladobasTan
brZolis
sazogadoebrivi
programis
45
Wendy Z. Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, c1993), 343.
36
77
78
35
34
Ronet Bachman Ph.D., U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics, "Violence Against Women: A National Crime
Victimization Survey Report," January 1994, p. iii.
134
iqve, 6.
135
Domestic Violence for Health Care Providers, 3rd Edition, Colorado Domestic Violence Coalition, 1991.
136
American Psychl. Ass'n, Violence and the Family: Report of the American Psychological Association Presidential Task Force
on Violence and the Family (1996), 10.
79
137
Fourth World Conference for Women Platform for Action, D.Violence against Women, 113.
80
33
, : , 1973, 437.
Alexandra Kollontai Archives, ixileT internetSi misamarTze: <http://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/into.htm>
bolo viziti marti 14, 2003.
35
Tamar Sabedashvili, Paper for the course: Research Methods in Gender Studies. Contents Analysis Method and Practice,
Applied to the Abstract from Aleksandra Kollontais Article Communism and the Family (1920), Central European University,
Budapest, 2003, 2.
36
Wendy Z. Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, c1993), 6.
37
Zeev Sternhell, Fascism: Reflections on the Fate of Ideas in Twentieth Century History, in Michael Freeden (ed.),
Reassessing Political Ideologies: the Durability of Dissent, (London, New York: Routledge, 2001), 109.
34
32
81
82
Julia Gradskova, Women and Political System of the Soviet State, Moscow State University, 2004,4.
aleqsandra kolontai (1872 wlis 31 marti-1952 wlis 9 marti) sabWoTa socialisturi moZraobis erT-
31
kvira 4
1. proletariati da genderuli diskriminacia adreuli
bolSevikuri saxelmwifos dros sabWoTa kavSiri 1918-1936 wlebSi
(gagrZeleba).
literatura:
Goldman, Wendy, Z. Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, 59-104.
Kollontai, Allexandra, Communism and the Family, 1920.
1917 wels bolSevikebis sakononmdeblo iniciativebma qalebs samoqalaqo uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis mTeli speqtri mianiWes da axali kanonmdeblobis winaSe qali
da mamakaci uflebrivad gaTanabrda. bolSevikuri revoluciis Semdeg TiTqmis erT
TveSi qalebs moexsnaT gayris SemTxvevaSi uZrav qonebasTan da bavSvebze mzrunvelobasTan dakavSirebuli SezRudvebis mTeli rigi. qalebs miecaT ganaTlebis miRebis,
profesiis Tavisuflad arCevis, sacxovrebeli adgilis arCevis ufleba. qalebs
mieniWaT ufleba mamakacis Tanabari anazRaurebis miRebisa Tanabar SromaSi (Equal pay
for equal work). amgvarad 1918 wlis ivlisSi miRebulma konstituciam gaaZliera qalTa da
mamakacTa politikuri da samoqalaqo Tanasworoba. ruseTis sabWoTa federaciis 1918
wlis samoqalaqo kodeqsma qorwinebis erTaderT formad samoqalaqo qorwineba daadgina, am periodamde ruseTSi iuridiuli Zala mxolod religiur qorwinebas hqonda.
qorwinebis registraciis procedura Zalian gaiolda, aseve gaiolda ganqorwinebis
procedura. am reformis Sedegad moimata qorwinebisa da ganqorwinebis raodenobam,
gansakuTrebiT axalgazrda wyvilebSi. 1920 wels moxda abortis legalizeba.
axalgazrda
bolSevikur
saxelmwifoSi
ganxorcielebuli
sakanonmdeblo
iniciativebi warmoadgenda msoflios masStabiT qalTa emansipaciis yvelaze
progresul da revoluciour cvlilebebs. 1930-iani wlebis meore naxevramde sabWoTa
kavSiri, qalTa samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis TvalsazrisiT, msoflio liderad
rCeboda. am viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sainteresoa, rogor esmodaT bolSevikuri
revoluciis avtorebs Tanaswori uflebebi; Tanamedrove politikuri filosofiis
mixedviT, ufleba warmoadgens `Tanasworobis, Tavisuflebisa da samarTlianobis
sayovelTaod savaldebulo formas~, marqsistuli ideologiis Tanaxmad, ufleba
klasobrivi xasiaTis fenomeni iyo da `klasobrivi Cagvris iaraRad~ gamoiyeneboda.
`muSaTa~ klasis (muSebi da glexebi) qalebis interesebi da moTxovnebi aRiqmedoba
Cagruli umravlesobis saerTo interesebad da moTxovnebad, gabatonebuli
umciresobis interesebisa da moTxovnebis sawinaaRmdegod. xolo is winaaRmdegobebi,
rac arsebobda `muSaTa~ klasis qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris da, miT umetes, qalebis
svadasxva jgufebs Soris igive klasis SigniT (muSa qalebi, muSaTa colebi, glexi
qalebi, Sinamosamsaxureebi) ignorirebuli iyo. imavdroulad sxva fenebis
warmomadgeneli qalebi didgvarovnebi, vaWarTa Svilebi da colebi, sasuliero pirTa
Svilebi da colebi, inteligencia yovelgvar uflebebs moklebuli aRmoCnda. mgvarad,
qalTa Tanasworobis proletarulma koncefciam imTaviTve gariya qalTa sxva jgufebi,
maT Soris liberaluri moZraobis bevri aqtivisti qali.
mZlavri industrializaciis procesma soflis mosaxleobis qalaqSi Camodineba
gamoiwvia, ramac xeli Seuwyo didgvarovanTa kulturis, faseulobebisa da idealebis
(muxli 126) wameba Cadenili: ori an meti piris mimarT; damnaSavisaTvis winaswari SecnobiT orsuli
qalis mimarT; damnaSavisaTvis SecnobiT arasrulwlovanis, umweo mdgomareobaSi myofis an materialurad
an sxvagvarad masze damokidebulis mimarT; SekveTiT da sxv. isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT, vadiT samidan
eqvs wlamde, Tanamdebobis dakavebis an saqmianobis uflebis CamorTmeviT, vadiT sam wlamde an uamisod.
140
(muxli 117) janmrTelobis ganzrax mZime dazianeba Cadenili: ori an meti piris mimarT;
damnaSavisaTvis winaswari SecnobiT orsuli qalis mimarT; damnaSavisaTvis SecnobiT arasrulwlovanis,
umweo mdgomareobaSi myofis an materialurad an sxvagvarad masze damokidebulis mimarT;
gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT; angarebiT an SekveTiT; araerTgzis an sxv. isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT
xuTidan Tormet wlamde.
141
damamZimebeli garemoebebi am muxlisTvis igivea, rac117-e muxlisTvis da am SemTxvevebSi
janrTelobis ganZrax naklebad mZime dazianeba isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT xuT wlamde.
30
83
139
literatura:
Goldman, Wendy, Z. Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, 8-56.
Kollontai, Allexandra, The Soviet Woman a Full and Equal Citizen of Her Country.
142
nino baqaquri, ojaxuri Zaladoba da adamianebis trefikingi: rogor davicvaT Cveni uflebebi,
saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia, Tbilisi 2004 weli, 76-77.
84
29
siuzan b. enToni (1820-1906) 50 welze met xans warmoadgenda qalTa uflebebisaTvis moZraobis erTerT wamyvan mebrZols. siuzan b. enToni da elizabeT qeidi stentoni erTmaneTs 1851 wels monobis
gauqmebisaTvis mebrZolTa wreebidan Sexvdnen da maTi istoriuli megobroba sicocxlis bolomde
gagrZelda. siuzan enTonis safrajistebis moZraobis napoleonsac ki uwodeben, Tavisi organizatoruli
da taqtikuri niWis gamo.
Joan Meier, Introduction, The Public Nature of Private Violence: the Discovery of Domestic Abuse, Martha Albertson
Fineman, Roxanne Mykitiuk (eds.), Routledge: New York, London, 1994, 121.
144
deliqturi samarTali (Tort Law) im SinaarsiT ra SinaarsiTac teqstSia moxseniebuli saqarTveloSi
ar arsebobs, Tumca arsebobs deliqturi valdebuleba, romlis mixedviTac: piri romelic sxva pirs
marTlsawinaaRmdego ganzraxi an gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT miayenebs zians, valdebulia aunazRauros
mas es ziani. (saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, kari mesame).
28
85
30
ojaxis erTi wevris mier meoresTvis ganzrax miyenebuli dazianeba. umetesi qveynebis
samarTali ar aRiarebs qmris mier colis gaupatiurebis faqtebs. meuRlis cema
ganzrax aris gamotovebuli sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulad kvalificirebul
danaSaulTa nusxaSi im motiviT, rom qmars aqvs ufleba aRzardos Tavisi meuRle.
dResac ki, im qveynebis samarTalSi, sadac moxda ojaxuri Zaladobis kriminalizacia
mosamarTleebi, prokurorebi da policiis oficrebi Tavs arideben ojaxur
konteqstSi fizikuri Seuracxyofis Sesaxeb kanonebis gamoyenebas.
sxva amerikeli mkvlevari elizabet rapaporti145 Tavis statiaSi: `sikvdiliT dasja
da SeRavaTi ojaxuri Zaladobisas~ aanalizebs samarTlebrivi normebis qmedebas iseTi
mkvlelobebis mimarT, romlebic sikvdiliT isjeba da ojaxuri Zaladobis Sedegad
Cadenili mkvlelobebis mimarT.
mkvlevris Tvisebrivi analizi aCvenebs, rom sikvdiliT dasjis amerikuli kanoni
seqsisturia, maSin rodesac umetes StatebSi finansuri motiviT adamianis mokvla
SeiZleba iqces mizezad damnaSavisTvis sasikvdilo ganaCenis gamotanisa, e. w. `ojaxis
SenarCunebis~ mizeziT Cadenili mkvleloba damnaSaves garkveul SeRavaTebs aZlevs.
qmris mxridan colis an yofili colis mkvleloba ar ganixileba igive simZimis
danaSaulad rogorc sxva, ojaxs gareT, Cadenili mkvlelobebi, mas amsubuqebs is
garemoeba, rom moZalades emociebisgan `sisxli uduRda~ `civsisxliani~ winaswarganzraxuli mkvleobisgan gansxvavebiT. rapaporti aRniSnavs, rom qmris mier
meuRlis `cxel gulze~, roca mas sayvarelTan erTad naxavs mokvlis ganxilva rogorc
Semamsubuqebeli garemoebisa maCvenebelia mamakacTa upiratesi mdgomareobisa
sazogadoebaSi, vinaidan istoriulad `cxel gulze~ Cadenili meuRlis mkvleloba
colebis mxridan, anu roca qmars sayvarelTan waaswrebda, ar ganixileboda
Semamsubuqebel garemoebad. is, rom qalebi naklebad klaven meuRleebs Ralatis
SemTxvevaSi, gamowveulia imiTac, rom maT qmrebis flobaze ufro naklebi pretenzia
aqvT, Sesabamisad, maTi reaqcia Ralatze an mitovebisas naklebad mwvavea.
saqarTveloSi ojaxSi Zaladobis problema ar dgas im aqtualur problemaTa rigSi,
romlis mogvarebisaTvis saxelmwifo Sesabamis nabijebs gadadgamda. ar aris danaxuli
kavSirebi ojaxur Zaladobasa da siRaribes Soris, ojaxur Zaladobasa da qalTa da
bavSvTa janmrTelobas, zogadad sazogadoebis ganviTarebas Soris, ojaxur
Zaladobasa da kanonmorCilebas, samarTlebrivi normebis nakleb efeqturobas Soris.
ojaxuri Zaladobis problemis daZleva warmoudgenelia am mizez-Sedegobrivi
kavSirebis danaxvis gareSe. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom problemis mosagvareblad
umniSvnelovanesia, ara mxolod xelisuflebis mxridan gadadgmuli nabijebi,
ganxorcielebuli politika, aramed sazogadoebrivi azris transformacia, romelic
am problemisadmi ara Semwynarebluri, aramed Seurigebeli gaxdeba. am
transformaciaSi didi rolis Sesruleba SeuZliaT arasamTavrobo organizaciebisa da
mediis warmomadgenlebs.
msgavsad mimdinareobda, ara marto imitom, rom sabolood am moZraobam Tavis mizans
miaRwia, aramed sxva msgavsi mizezebis gamoc.
magaliTisTvis, qalebi yvelgan xmis uflebas iseT momentSi iTxovdnen, rodesac
xedavdnen warmatebis miRwevis realur Sanss. did britaneTSi pirveli mimarTva
qalebisaTvis xmis micemis moTxovniT iyo `adamianTa erTi modgmis, qalebis mimarTva
adamianTa meore modgmis, mamakacebis pretenziebis winaaRmdeg~ 1825 wels ana vilerisa
da viliam tomfsonis avtorobiT. adreuli moTxovna qalebisaTvis xmis uflebis
miniWebisa ekuTvnoda meri smits, romlis Sesaxebac am faqtis garda TiTqmis araferia
cnobili, igi qalebisaTvis xmis micemas qonebrivi cenzis safuZvelze iTxovda. vinaidan
gaTxovil qalebs erTmeodaT sakuTrebis ufleba, es moTxovna rom gaeTvaliswinebina
TemTa palatas am uflebiT mxolod gauTxovari qalebi isargeblebdnen. misi peticia
win uZRoda 1832 wlis reformis aqts da erTaderTi rasac miaRwia iyo is, rom qalebi
garkveviT da myarad gamoTiSes arCevnebSi monawileobis miRebis procesidan, vinaidan
1832 wlis didi reformis aqti uSualod `mamakac-moqalaqeebs~ Seexeboda. vidre
britaneTSi 1867 wlis meore reformis aqts miiRebdnen, axladSeqmnilma qalTa xmis
uflebisaTvis mebrZolma komitetma 1865 wels moamzada peticia lordTa palatisaTvis, romelsac or kviraSi 1 500-ma qalma moawera xeli. TemTa palatas peticia jon
stiuart milma warudgina, mili iTxovda gauTxovari qalebisTvis miecaT aqtiuri xmis
ufleba igive pirobebiT, ra pirobebiTac mamakacebs hqondaT es ufleba. mili ubralod
iTxovda aqtSi sityva `kaci~ SeecvalaT `pirovnebiT~, magram rogorc zemoT avRniSneT
milis es SeTavazeba ar iqna gaziarebuli.
qalTa politikuri rogorc aqtiuri (arCevnebSi xmis micema), ise pasiuri (kenWis
yra) uuflebobis gancda amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gaamwvava monobis winaaRmdeg
dawyebulma kampaniam. 1840 wels elizabet qeidi stentoni27 da lukrecia moti28, amerikuli monobis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli sazogadoebis wevrebi gaemgzavren londonSi
delegatebad monobis winaaRmdeg gamarTul msoflio Sexvedraze. orive qalbatoni
aRaSfoTa im faqtma, rom Sexvedraze maT britaneli qalebis msgavsad aekrZalaT
sajarod sityviT gamosvla. StatebSi dabrunebisTanave maT ganizraxes wamoewyoT
Zlieri moZraoba qalTa uflebebisaTvis.
am gadawyvetilebis Sedegad, rva wlis Semdeg 1848 wels amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi, seneka folsSi, niu iorkis Stati, Catarda qalTa uflebebis pirveli
konferencia, romlis organizatorebi lukrecia moti da elizabet qeidi stentoni
gaxldnen. `sentimentebis deklaracia~, dokumenti, romelic seneka folsSi gamarTuli
diskusiebis Sedegia amerikis damoukideblobis deklaraciis yaidazea dawerili da
qalebisa da mamakacebis uflebrivi Tanasworobisaken mouwodebs, mas xels
konferenciis wevri 68 qali da 32 mamakaci awers.
`Cven migvaCnia aSkara WeSmaritebad is, rom mamakaci da qali Tanabaruflebianebad
Seiqmnen da maT Semoqmedma mianiWa ZiriTadi da Tandayolili uflebebi; romelTa
Sorisac aris sicocxle, Tavisufleba, da bednierebisaken swrafva,29 naTqvamia
deklaraciis SesavalSi.
Sesavals mohyveba nusxa diskriminaciis im sxvadasxva formebisa, rasac qalTa sqesi
ganicdis. kerZod, arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebis ar qona, im kanonebis morCileba,
145
Elizabeth Rapaport, The Death Penalty and the Domestic Discount, The Public Nature of Private Violence: the Discovery of
Domestic Abuse, Martha Albertson Fineman, Roxanne Mykitiuk (eds.), Routledge: New York, London, 1994, pp. 224-251.
27
elizabet qeidi stentoni iuristisa da politikosis daniel qeidis ojaxSi daibada 1815 wlis 12
noembers. mamis wignebiT elizabetma Seiswavla samarTali, magram iuridiulze Cabareba ver moaxerxa,
vinaidan qalebs umaRlesSi im dros ar iRebdnen. man Tavisi cxovrebis 50 weli miuZRvna qalTa
uflebebisaTvis brZolas da ise gardaicvala 1902 wlis 26 oqtombers, rom ver moeswro 1920 wels,
rodesac amerikis konstituciaSi 19-e damatebis Setanis gziT qalebma moipoves sanukvari xmis ufleba.
28
lukrecia kofin moti (1793-1880) kvakerTa religiuri dajgufebis wevri iyo, elizabet qeidi
stentonTan erTad lukrecia motic ibrZoda monobis gasauqmeblad da qalTa TanabaruflebianobisaTvis.
29
The Declaration of Sentiments, Seneca Falls Conference, 1848.
86
27
Tanabaruflebianobis, Tanabari aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis pirobebSi gaxdeba SesaZlebeli mamakacisa da qalis namdvili saxisa da bunebis danaxva ase swamda qalTa
moZarobis am adreul moazrovnes.
XIX saukunis amerikaSi da evropaSi mcxovreb qalebs ekrZalebodaT ganaTlebis
miReba, roca maTi Zmebis ganaTlebaze ojaxebi daucxromlad zrunavdnen. maT
ekrZalebodaT xmis amoReba sajaro Sekrebebze da Tu aseTi incindenti moxdeboda
eklesia da sazogadoeba maT kicxavda uRirsi aqtivobisaTvis. maTi memkvidreobiT
miRebuli qoneba gaTxovebisas avtomaturad qmris sakuTreba xdeboda da qalic mamis
gavlenidan qmris gavlenaSi, sakuTrebaSi gadadioda. rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania,
qalebs uwevdaT im kanonebisadmi morCileba, romlis avtorebic TviTon ar iyvnen da
verc iqnebodnen, vinaidan maT ar hqondaT, rogorc Tavad miaCndaT, umTavresi,
politikuri uflebebi, ufleba sakanonmdeblo organoSi mosvlisa, rom SeecvalaT
kanonebi da SeeqmnaT iseTi kanonebi, romlebic maT interesebsac daicavda. arsebuli
uuflebo mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT gasakviri ar aris, ratom ganixilavdnen
pirveli talRis feministebi anu qalTa moZraobis adreul liderebi arCevnebSi
monawileobas qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis panacead.
TumcaRa XIX saukuneSi dawyebuli politikuri uflebebisaTvis brZola Tavdapirvelad mamakacTa xmis uflebisaTvis brZolas warmoadgenda. Cveulebriv evropaSi xmis
ufleba eZleodaT qonebrivi cenziT, zog SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad, britaneTSi)
komluri principiT, iSviaT SemTxvevebSi (italia, portugalia) dawyebiTi an umaRlesi
ganaTlebis qonis mixedviT. mecxramete saukune xasiaTdeba arCevnebSi monawileobis
uflebisaTvis sxvadasxva dainteresebuli jgufebis brZoliT, romelsac evropaSi
garkveuli doziT liberalebi, ZiriTadad ki, SromiTi moZraoba axorcielebda.
britaneTSi es moZraoba 1832 wlis didi reformis aqtiT daiwyo (the Great Reform Act of
1832); safrangeTSi burJuaziuli revoluciiT da ganaxlda 1830 wlis ivlisis revoluciiT; belgiaSi 1831 wels damoukideblobis gamocxadebiT; norvegiaSi 1814 wlis
konstituciiT; SveicariaSi 1815 wlis konstituciiT; germaniaSi federaluri miwebis
adreuli konstitucionalizmiT (pirveli badenis 1818 wlis konstitucia iyo) da a. S.
safrajizmi (Suffragism), warmosgeba inglisuri sityvisgan Suffrage rac xmis
micemas, arCevnebSi monawileobas niSnavs. Sesabamisad qalebs, romlebic politikuri
uflebebisaTvis dawyebul moZraobaSi monawileobdnen safrajistebi (suffragists) ewodebodaT. iyo aseve qalTa politikuri uflebebisaTvis mebrZoli radikaluri dajgufeba e.w. safrajetebi (suffragettes), romlebic ZiriTadad safrangeTSi moRvaweobdnen
da TavianTi agresiulobiT gamoirCeodnen. maT agresiuli taqtika (Sexvedrebis
darbeva, fanjrebis lewva) gangeb airCies, rom miepyroT sazogadoebis yuradReba. isini
imdenad gavlenianebi aRmoCndnen TavianT qmedebaSi, rom popularul istoriul
mexsierebaSi xmis uflebisaTvis mebrZoli qalebi swored agresiul qalebTan
asocirdebian, maSin rodesac safrajistebis umetesoba ar iziarebda safrajetebis
meTodebs da surda maTgan gamijvna.
is gza, romelic qalebma ganvles imisaTvis, rom arCevnebSi monawileobis universaluri (aqtiurica da pasiuric) ufleba moepovebinaT gansxvavdeboda sirTulisa da
xangrZlivobis mixedviT. 21 evropul qveyanaSi qalebs arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba
XX saukunis dasawyisSi miecaT, ZiriTadad pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg: pirveli maT
Soris iyo fineTi (1906), Semdeg norvegia (1907), Cvidmet qveyanaSi 1915-1922 wlebSi
miiRes qalebma arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba (1920 wels amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi), espaneTsa da portugaliaSi 1931 wels. safrangeTSi 1944, italiaSi 1945,
saberZneTSi 1952, xolo SveicariaSi 1971 wels. am xangrZlivi gzis miuxedavad, qalTa
istoriis mkvlevari gizela boki miiCnevs, rom `safrajizmi~ sxvadasxva qveyanaSi
26
kvira 8
1. saarCevno kanonmdebloba sakanonmdeblo organoSi qalTa
warmomadgenlobis zrdasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi
literatura:
Matland, R. Enhancing Womens Participation: Legislative Recruitment and Electoral Systems, in Karan
Azza (ed.). Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, International IDEA, 1998, 65-88.
Ndezhda Shvedova. Obstacles to Womens Participation in Parliament, in Karan Azza (ed.). Women in
Parliament: Beyond Numbers, International IDEA, 1998, 19-41.
sabWoTa kavSirisgan damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, saqarTvelo, demokratiul saxelmwifod Camoyalibebas cdilobs. 1991 wlidan moyolebul gardamaval
periods Tan axlda warmatebebi da warumateblobebic. dasawyisSive, samma didma
konfliqtma Seaferxa qveynis ganviTareba; 1991-1993 wlebSi Sida qarTlSi da afxazeTSi
ganviTarebuli eTnikuri konfliqtebis gamo daaxloebiT 300 000 moqalaqe iqca
iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirad. Tbilisis samoqalaqo omi (1991 wlis dekemberi - 1992
wlis ianvari), romelic samxedro opoziciasa da demokratiuli gziT arCeul, pirvel
postkomunistur, prezident gamsaxurdias mTavrobas Soris mimdinareobda am
ukanasknelis marcxiT da eduard SevardnaZis, saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis
yofili Tavmjdomarisa da sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa gadamdgari ministris
saqarTveloSi dabrunebiT dasrulda.
1995 wlis 5 noembris saprezidento arCevnebis dros SevardnaZe xmaTa 75% iqna
arCeuli, misi xelmZRvanelobiT proreformistulma 1995 wels arCeulma parlamentma
imave wlis 24 agvistos axali konstitucia miiRo. 1998 wels pirvelad gaimarTa
adgilobrivi, 1999 wels saparlamento, xolo 2000 wels saprezidento arCevnebi, sadac
isev SevardnaZem gaimarjva.
2003 wlis 2 noembers gaimarTa axali saparlamento arCevnebi, romelmac mniSvnelovani darRvevebiT Caiara da xalxis didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. mSvidobiani
protestis formebiT, saqarTvelos mosaxleobam moaxerxa gaerTianeba SevardnaZis
korufciuli administraciisa da partiis (moqalaqeTa kavSiri) winaaRmdeg. xalxis
nebam gaimarjva da 2003 wlis 23 noembers prezidenti SevardnaZe gadadga. qveyanas
vadamdeli saprezidento arCevnebis Catarebamde parlamentis Tavmjdomare nino
burjanaZe marTavda. 2004 wlis 4 ianvars 96% procentiT saqarTvelos mosaxleobam
axali prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili airCia. saparlamento arCevnebi aseve 2004 wlis 28
marts gaimarTa xelaxla da parlamentis Tavmjdomared kvlav nino burjanaZe airCies.
87
parlamentarTa
raodenoba
saarCevno olqebis
raodenoba
saarCevno olqebis
saSualo sidide
235
85
2.76
saarCevno olqis saSualo sidide mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia im urTierTdamokidebulebis gamo, romelic arsebobs samarTlian warmomadgenlobas da saarCevno olqis
sidides Soris. rac ufro didia olqis zoma da amomrCevelTa raodenoba, ukeTesi
Sansebi arsebobs proporciuli warmomadgenlobisTvis. Tu amomrCevelTa raodenoba
didia, xolo mandatTa raodenoba mcire, miaxloebiTi proporciulobis Sansebi
mcirdeba (rae, hogani, horvili). saarCevno olqebis araTanabari moculobis uaryofiTi zegavlena saqarTvelos saarCevno wesis maJoritarul nawilTan mimarTebaSi,
romelic 85 erTmandatiani olqidan iTvaliswinebs amave raodenobis parlamentaris
arCevas, aRniSnuli iyo euTo-s demokratiuli institutebisa da adamianTa uflebebis
samsaxuris saboloo moxsenebaSi saqarTvelos 1999 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis
Sefasebisas.148
TiToeuli saarCevno olqi iRebs erT saparlamento mandats. miuxedavad amisa,
amomrCevelTa raodenobebs Soris didi gansxvavebis gamo TiToeuli xmis wona
araTanabaria. am gansxvavebis saukeTeso magaliTia yazbegis raionis amomrCevelTa
raodenoba daaxloebiT 4000 registrirebuli xmis micemis uflebis mqone piriT da q.
quTaisi 135000 registrirebuli amomrCevlTa raodenobiT. maikl galaheris mixedviT,
es aris `araswori proporciuloba~. erTmandatian saolqo sistemebSi es ukanaskneli
niSnavs imas, rom olqebSi aris amomrCevelTa mniSvnelovnad araTanabari raodenoba,
ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios araswori proporciuloba didi partiebis sasargeblod an
miiRos gadaWarbebuli regionaluri warmomadgenlobis saxe. saqarTvelos magaliTze
146
A Lijphart, Electoral Systems and Party Systems, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994, 14.
iqve 10.
148
OSCE/ODHIR, Georgia Parliamentary Elections: 31 October & 14 November 1999, Final Report, Warsaw, February 2000, 4.
147
88
25
aman gamoiwvia saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiris (smk), prezidentis partiis mier orive
arCevnebSi adgilebis umetesi raodenobis dakaveba (ix. 1 da 2 cxrili) 1995 wlis
arCevnebSi smk-m parlamentSi moipova 106, 1999 wlis arCevnebSi ki 132 adgili. aseve
2004 wlis 28 martis arCevnebSi nacionaluri moZraobisa da gaerTianebuli
demokratebis saerTo siebiT 93 adgilis mopovebas xeli Seuwyo rogorc TavisTavad
mosaxleobis didma mxardaWeram, aseve garkveulwilad saarCevno sistemamac.
mkvlevarTa mixedviT, saarCevno barieri saarCevno sistemis Semdgomi mniSvnelovani faqtoria. saarCevno barieri aris amomrCevelTa mxardaWeris minimaluri done,
romelic partias parlamentSi mosaxvedrad sWirdeba. 1999 wels miRebuli sakonstitucio damatebis mixedviT: proporciuli arCevnebiT saparlamento warmomadgenlobis
kvalificiur xmaTa raodenoba 5%-idan 7%-mde gaizarda. evropis uSiSroebisa da
TanamSromlobis organizaciis damkvirveblebma aRniSnes, rom 7%-iani saarCevno barieri aris "Zalian maRali euTos wevr sxva saxelmwifoebTan SedareboT."149 saarCevno
olqis saSualo raodenobis dabal sidides igive Sedegi aqvs, rac maRal saarCevno
bariers: orive zRudavs proporciulobas da mcire partiebisTvis adgilebis
mopovebis Sansebs. roca saarCevno olqis saSualo sidideebi izrdeba, xolo barierebi
mcirdeba, proprciulobisa da mcire partiebis arCevis Sansebi umjobesdeba. ase rom,
saarCevno olqis saSualo sididis (2,76) da saarCevno barieris (7%) mixedviT SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom barieris simaRlisa da saSualo sididis simciris gamo mcire
partiebisTvis Zalzed Znelia parlamentSi moxvedra. rac Seexeba qalebs,
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos saarCevno sistemaSi maTi arCevisTvis
saukeTeso saSualebaa didi partiebis saarCevno siebSi pirvel oceulSi CarTva, aseve
Zlieri saarCevno blokebis siebis pirvel oceulSi moxvedra. Tu qals maJoritar
kandidatad waradgens partia an 5 wevrisgan Semdgari sainiaciativi jgufi150 misi
arCevis Sansebi naklebia erTmandatiani maJoritaruli saarCevno olqebis gamo,
vinaidan sazogadoebis politikuri kultura, gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebis garda,
upiratesobas jer kidev mamakac kandidatebs aniWebs. gansakuTrebulia is SemTxvevebi,
roca qali kandidati Zalzed cnobili da sasurveli kandidatia amomrCevelTa didi
raodenobisTvis an Tu wardgenilia didi partiis mier, romelsac mocemul olqSi
amomrCevelTa didi raodenoba uWers mxars.
patara partiebis, maT Soris, qalTa partiebisTvis parlamentSi arCevis sxva Sanss
warmoadgens gaerTianebuli siebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba. saqarTvelos organuli
kanonis, erTiani saarCveno kodeqsis mixedviT, calkeul partiebTan erTad saarCveno
blokebs erT blokSi gaerTianebul ramdenime partias SeuZliaT waradginon
gaerTianebuli sakandidato sia,151 rac udavod zrdis mcire partiebis Sansebs, aseve
iZleva qali kandidatebis dasaxelebis saSualebas gaerTianebuli mcirericxovani
partiebis wevrTa rigebidan.
xelsayreli pirobebi saqarTvelos parlamentSi qalTa arCevisTvis:
Gisela Bock, Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, 2002, 91.
Article: Frauenfrage, in Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, vol.6 (Mahnnheim, 1894), 822. citirebulia: Gisela Bock,
Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, 2002, 84.
iqve, 6.
kandidatis dasaxelebisTvis sainiciativo jgufma unda waradgino amomrCevelTa aranakleb 1 000
xelmowera, registrirebuli Sesabamisi olqis saarCevno komisiis mier, im SemTxvevis garda, Tu
wardgenili kandidati parlamentis wevrad iqna arCeuli bolo saparlamento arCevnebis dros.
151
saqarTvelos organuli kanoni, erTiani saarCveno kodeqsi, muxli 96.
24
89
150
20
21
kvira 3
1. ufleba airCio da iyo arCeuli pirveli talRis feministebis
yvelaze xangrZlivi brZola (gagrZeleba)
literatura:
Gisela Bock, From Social to the Political in Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford,
UK, 127-173.
damarcxeba SeuZlebelia!17
siuzan b. enToni, 1906
XIX saukuneSi evropaSi TvalsaCino gaxda qalTa moZraoba, romelic `berZeni eqimi
maria kalopokaTesis ganmartebiT warmoadgenda qalTa uflebebis gaazrebul
moTxovnas da sistematiur Zalisxmevas am uflebebis misaRebad.18 qalTa moZraobas
mkvlevrebi afaseben rogorc mZlavr socialur moZraobas, romelmac Tavi iCina XVIII
saukuneSi, magram Zala moikriba XIX saukuneSi da formisa da amocanebis cvalebadobiT
grZeldeba vidre dRemde.
XIX saukuneSi moazrovneTa debatebSi dasmuli `qalTa sakiTxi~ (woman question)
warmoadgenda adreuli kiTxvebis `arian Tu ara qalebi adamianebi?~ `rani arian
qalebi?~ Tanamedrove variants. mgvarad, axleburad SefuTuli da warmodgenili
msjeloba `qalTa sakiTxis~ irgvliv ar warmoadgenda msjelobas qalebsa da mamakacebs
Soris arsebul gansxvavebebze sqesTa Tanabaruflebianobis konteqstSi, aramed es iyo
msjeloba sqesebs Soris arsebuli ierarqiuli, daqvemdebarebuli urTierTobebis
Sesaxeb, romelic moicavda gansxvavebebsac. Sesabamisad, rodesac jon stiuart milma19
1867 wlis 20 maiss didi britaneTis TemTa palataSi qalebisTvis xmis uflebis
dakanoneba moiTxova didi gancvifreba da winaaRmdegoba Sexvda. TemTa palatis
warmomadgenlebs gaukvirdaT, rogor iTxova amgvarma sapatio jentlmenma xmis ufleba
imaTTvis, vinc wesiT ojaxis Tavs, mamakacs unda emorCilebodes, vinaidan is masze
16
prezident SevardnaZis 1999 wlis 28 agvistos 511 brZanebuleba qalTa adamianis uflebebis damcavi
meqanizmebis gaZlierebis Sesaxeb.
153
Birgitta Dahl, Speaker of Parliament, Sweden, cited in Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, International Democracy and
Electoral Assistance (IDEA), 1998, 93.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, speech at the Woman's Convention (25th May, 1851). Targmani avtoris.
Tavisi ukanaskneli sajaro gamosvlisas xanSiSesulma siuzan b. enTonim ganacxada: damarcxeba
SuZlebelia (Failure is impossible). Anthony Center for Womens Leadership, ixileT internetSi, misamarTze:
<http://www.rochester.edu/SBA/sbaecs.html>, bolo viziti 1 noemberi 2004.
18
Gisela Bock, Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, 2002, 82.
19
jon stiuart mili (John Stuart Mill 1806-1873) mecxramete saukunis ingliseli ekonomisti, filosofosi
da moazrovne iyo, romlmac TanamoazreebTan erTad ganaviTara utilitarianuli filosofia, romlis
mixedviTac adamianma yvelaferi unda Seafasos individualuri bednierebis motanis SesaZleblobis
kuTxiT oRond ise, rom ar daazaralos sxvani. adamianebi unda iltvodnen bednierebisken da airidon, an
Seimsubuqon ubedureba. vinaidan adamianebs SeswevT azrovnebis unari, isini mxolod xorceuli
siamovnebiT ver kmayofildebian da gonebrivi procesebidan miRebuli siamovnebiskenac iltvian.
90
23
152
17
dadebiTi mxareebi:
uaryofiTi mxareebi
kvotebi
arademokratiulia,
radgan
amomrCevels
aZaleben
kvotebiT
gansazRvruli jgufis arCevas da arTmeven Tavisufali arCevanis uflebas;
bevr qals ar surs iyos arCeuli mxolod imitom, rom isini qalebi arian;
15
154
Drude Dahlerup, Using Quotas to Increase Womens Political Representation, in Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers,
International Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), 1998, 91-106.
22
91
89%
92%
11
11
10%
8%
17
16
65%
69%
40%
52%
2004
nac.
moZraoba
demokratebi
93
77
83%
16
17%
22
73%
33%
partia
95
121
106
132
qalebi
smk
smk
mopovebul adgilTa
raodenoba
1995
1999
arCevnebi
mamakacebi
155
Drude Dahlerup, Using Quotas to Increase Womens Political Representation, in Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers,
International Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), 1998, 95.
92
21
olimpia de guJma saxeli 1789 wels gaiTqva, rodesac man erovnul asambleas
warudgina radikaluri reformis programa. de guJi aRniSnavda, rom aucilebelia
kanoniT iqnes uzrunvelyofili sqesTa sruli Tanabaruflebianoba, dasaqmebis farTo
SesaZleblobebi qalebisTvis, saskolo ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomoba gogonebisTvis da
iseTi Teatris Seqmna, sadac mxolod qalebisTvis da qalebis monawileobiT
daidgmeboda speqtaklebi. olimpia de guJis rwmena qalTa `bunebrivi da Tandayolili~
uflebebis Sesaxeb gamomdinareobda misi zogadad adamianebis, rasisa da sqesis
ganurCevlad, Tanasworobisa da Tanabaruflebianobis Rrma rwmenisgan. igi emxroboda
safrangeTis koloniebSi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gaTavisuflebasa da ibrZoda maTi
uflebebis dasacavad. de guJi Tavisi qveynis patrioti gaxldaT, magram adamianis
uflebebis dacvas ufro win ayenebda, vidre qveynis interesebs, Tundac am fasad
daSliliyo safrangeTis imperia.
olimpia de guJis am mosazrebebis umetesoba aisaxa mis mier Seqmnil deklaraciaSi,
romelic revoluciis mTavari dokumentis `mamakacisa da mamakaci moqalaqis uflebaTa
deklaraciis14 nimuSiT aris Seqmnili, im gansxvavebiT, rom igi aniWebs qalebs igive
uflebebs, rasac es ukanaskneli aniWebs privilegirebul mamakacebs. de guJi iTxovda
qalTa generaluri asambleis daarsebas, romelic wamoWrida qalTa sakiTxebsa da
problemebs da imuSavebda mamakacebis genralur asambleasTan am problemebis
gadasaWrelad. de guJi aseve iTxovda srul sityvis Tavisuflebas qalebisTvis,
asambleaSi gamosvlisas man ganacxada: `Women has the right to mount the scaffold; she must
equally have the right to mount the rostrum qals xaraCoebze (barikadebze) asvlis ufleba
Tu aqvs, mas aseve tribunaze amaRlebis uflebac unda hqondes
olimp de guJis mrwamsis safuZvels, iseve rogorc misi sxva mowinave Tanamedrove
qalbatonebis mrwamsis safuZvels, warmoadgenda adamianis uflebebis universalurobis
rwmena. rwmena imisa, rom adamianis uflebebi unda exebodes da vrceldebodes Tanabrad
yvelaze gamonaklisis gareSe. de guJis Tanamoazreebi miiCnevdnen, rom qalebs bunebisgan
miniWebuli aqvT igive gonebrivi SesaZleblobebi, rac mamakacebs da amitom maT unda
hqondeT Tandayolili ufleba miiRon ganaTleba da ganagon sakuTari bed-iRbali. qalebi
TavianTi inteleqtiT ar Camouvardebian mamakacebs da miuRebelia maTi uflebebis
SezRudva sqesis safuZvelze. miuxedavad, erTi SexedviT, progresuli midgomis qalTa
uflebrivi mdgomareobis mimarT, samwuxarod am drosiaTvis aseve bunebrivad aRiqmeboda
qalTa movaleoba yofiliyvnen mTavari pasuxismgebeli pirebi Svilebis aRzrdasa da saSinao
saqmeebze. Sesabamisad, qalTa uflebrivi winsvlis, maTi emansipaciis moTxovna myardeboda
qalebis ojaxisaTvis ukeT gamodgomis argumentiT da ara maTi rogorc damoukidebeli
pirovnebebis sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis argumentiT. kiTxvis ar dasmam
qalebis bunebrivad `kerZo~ anu ojaxuri sferosTvis mikuTvnebaze da imis Taobaze Tu ra
mdgomareobaSi ayenebda qalebs amgvari `bunebrivi~ movaleobebi, miiyvana safrangeTis
revoluciis qalTa moZraoba kraxamde.
safrangeTis revoluciis umniSvnelovanesi monawile danieli emigranti eta palm
daeldersi sazogadoebriv asparezze 1790-ian wlebSi gamoCnda. igi qalTa politkur
klubSi moRvaweobda. 1790 wels Seiqmna simarTlis megobarTa konfederacia Le Confederation
des Amis la vrit. am polikur gaerTianebas, garda zogadi mimarTulebisa, romelic qalTa
uflebebis dacvas iTvaliswinebda (qalTa ganaTleba, qalebis mxridan gayris inicirebis
ufleba), hqonda specialuri ganyofileba/seqcia, romelsac palmi meTaurobda. palmis
gancxadebiT, qalTa seqcia miznad isaxavda qalebis uflebebis dacvas da sasurvel
14
20
250
200
150
qali
mamakaci
100
50
0
1995
1999
2004
1995
1999
2004
qali
mamakaci
qali
mamakaci
qali
mamakaci
17
218
16
219
22
213
1999 wlis arCevnebSi parlamentSi partiebis mier arCeuli pirebi. 2002 wlis monacemebi.
partia
smk
erovnul-demokratiuli
aliansi
saxalxo partia
aRorZineba
leiboristuli partia
imedi
socialist-maJoritarebi
afxazeTi
mamuli
partiis gareSe
sul
qalebi
mamakacebi
sul
11
1
95
11
106
12
1
2
1
1
17
23
24
12
11
10
10
9
11
216
23
25
14
11
11
10
9
12
233
93
qalebi
11
3
1
1
-
mamkacebi
121
55
14
2
11
16
sul
132
58
15
2
12
16
16
219
235
monacemebi,
adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis
12 000
10 000
saerTo
raodenoba
8 000
mamakacebi
6 000
qalebi
4 000
2 000
0
156
sjeroda, rom maTi adgili saxlSia da nebismieri codna, romelsac isini SeiZenen unda
gamoiyenon imisTvis, rom naklebi qali Caebas prostituciaSi. maT unda asiamovnon
qmrebs, aRzardon Svilebi gonivrulad. aseT midgomaSi ukve naTlad Cans sirTule im
drois da qalTa viTarebisa, rodesac isini elementaruli uflebebis mosapoveblad
(rogoricaa ganaTlebis miRebis ufleba) manevrireben da cdiloben iseTi mizezi
moenaxaT Tavisi moTxovnis dasacavad, rac xelsayreli da pirdapir Znelad
SesawinaaRmdegebi iqneba kacebisaTvis. bevri mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom amgvarma
gaazrebam qalebis mdgomareobisa Tavad qalebis mier xeli SeuSala revoluciuri
safrangeTis qalTa moZraobis warmatebas.
safrangeTis revoluciis istoriis aRwerisas ZiriTadi aqcenti mamakacebis qmedebazea dasmuli, TumcaRa qalebma aseve Seasrules mniSvnelovani roli. am periodis
safrangeTSi gansakuTrebiT ki, parizSi SeiniSneboda ara erTiani, avtonomiuri qalTa
moZraoba, aramed qalTa moZraobebi. revoluciis dReebSi qalebi aqtiurad
moqmedebdnen, 1789 wlis 5-6 oqtombers eqvsma aTasma parizelma qalma erovnuli dacvis
TanxlebiT fexiT gaiara versalamde, rom moeTxova puri lui XVI-isa da dedofal mari
antuanetisaTvis. es msvleloba sxvadasxva socialuri warmomavlobis qalebis erTiani
ZalisxmeviT Sedga. eqvsi aTasidan qalTa udides procents bazarSi momuSave qalebi
warmoadgendnen, aseve maT Soris iyvnen msaxiobebi da diasaxlisebi. maT Seuties
monarqis samyofels da ramdenime misi Svedi damcvelis daRupvis Semdeg bazarSi
momuSave qalTa mcire delegaciam miaRwia audiencias mefesa da erovnul asambleasTan.
maTi saCivari Semdegi iyo: mdidrebi agroveben xorbals, roca xalxs puri enatreba da
Tu iyideba sadme puri, uzomod Zvir fasad. mefe lui XVI Sehpirda qalebs purs da
uflebac misca maT gamohyolodnen mas, mis ojaxsa da samefo kars versalidan parizSi.
revoluciis ukve am adreul stadiaze iyo mcdeloba revoluciaSi qalTa rolisa da
monawileobis dakninebis. oqtombris dReebis samTavrobo kvlevam daiwyo erTgvari
konspiraciis Teoriis propaganda. viTomda versalis svlaSi monawile qalebi mamakacebma
moisyides da kacebi xelmZRvanelobdnen am marSs da ufro metic, rom eqvsi aTas qals Soris
bevri iyo qalad gadacmuli mamakaci. revoluciis adreuli dReebidanve iwyeba masSi qalTa
rolis gaufasureba, TumcaRa es arc unda iyos gasakviri im mentalitetisa da viTarebis
fonze, romelic am drois safrangeTSi sufevda, roca qalebs ganaTlebaze xelmisawvdomobis uflebis moTxovnis gamarTleba im argumentebiT uxdebodaT, rom am gziT ufro metad gamoadgebodnen TavianT ojaxebs da Tan aranair konkurencias ar gauwevdnen mamkacebs.
1789 wlis 5-6 oqtombris parizel qalTa msvleloba versalSi rogorc maTi
Tanamedrove, aseve dRevandeli istoriografebisTvis revoluciis adreul fazaSi
qalTa gamokveTil aqtivobad rCeba. maSin, roca 14 ivlisis bastiliis aReba ZiriTadad
mamakacebis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebaa da revoluciaSi maTi wvlilis
ukvdamyofelad gvevlineba 5-6 oqtombris marSi revoluciaSi qalebis mier gaweuli
wvlilis simbolod iqca.
safrangeTis revoluciis qalTa moZraobis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli
gaxldaT olimpia de guJi, parizeli scenaristi qali, romelmac dawera `qalTa
uflebebis deklaracia~ 1971 wels. es dokumenti warmoadgenda safrangeTis
revoluciis mTavari dokumentis `mamakacisa da mamakaci moqalaqis uflebebis
deklaraciis~ pasuxs, romelmac mosaxleoba aqtiur da pasiur moqalaqeebad dayo,
simdidris, socialuri warmoSobis, klasisa da sqesis mixedviT. am dokumentis
mixedviT, mamakacTa garkveuli fenebis uflebebi SeizRuda da ra gasakviria, rom
qalebi pasiur moqalaqeTa rigebSi aRmoCdnen. de guJi monarqisti gaxldaT, igi ar iyo
tradiciuli franguli monarqiis damxobis momxre. amitom igi ibrZoda qalebis
uflebebis dasacavad da ara revoluciis interesebisaTvis zogadad.
94
19
kvira 2
1. visTvis da vis mier iqmneboda kanonebi?
samarTlis subieqtis sakiTxi, qalebi da safrangeTis revolucia.
16%
14%
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
literatura:
Gisela Bock, The French Revolution: the Dispute is Resumed in Women in European History, Blackwell
Publishers: Oxford, UK. 32-81.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, 1789.
Olympe de Gouges, Declaration of the Rights of the Woman and the Female Citizen, 1791.
safrangeTSi qalTa statusma mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada 1789-1804 wlebSi.
1792-93 wels maT imasac ki miaRwies, rom qorwineba mSoblis nebarTvis gareSe SeeZloT,
SeeZloT aseve gayris procesis wamowyeba, qorwinebis gareT gaCenili bavSvis mamis
saxelis dasaxeleba, Secdenis asanazRaureblad fuladi kompensaciis moTxovna da
sakuTrebis qona. Zalian sainteresoa rogor moaxerxes qalebma am yvelafris mopoveba
da ufro mniSvnelovani, isev dakargva?
parizeli qalebi tradiciulad monawileobdnen quCis politikaSi, gansakuTrebiT
maSin, roca saqme sarCos mopovebas Seexeboda. es aqtiuri parizeli qalebi
gamoTqvamdnen TavianT azrebsa da moTxovnebs, peticiebis, demonstraciebis da TviT
`saxalxo dabegvris~ (taxation populaire) gziTac (rodesac qalebis didi jgufi Tavs
esxmoda movaWres, itacebda mis saqonels an/da samarTlian fasad yidulobda da
Semdgom urigebda gaWirebul parizelebs). revoluciam erTiaTad gaacxara parizel
qalTa politikuri aqtivoba, isini medgrad amoudgnen mxarSi meuRleebs da TavianTi
socialuri klasis Sesabamisi problemuri sakiTxebis mogvarebisaTvis daiwyes brZola.
bazarSi momuSave qalebi iTxovdnen TavianTi uflebebis dacvas, Sua sakuneebSi
arsebuli savaWro gildiebis aRdgenis gziT, Ciodnen TavianTi samuSao pirobebis
gausaZlisobis gamo, binZuri saavadmyofoebis gamo da imis gamo, rom maT gamudmebiT,
Sesvenebis gareSe uxdebodaT Sroma, maSin roca sxvebi gadasaxadebisa da qonebidan
miRebuli procentebis xarjze udardel da fuqsavat cxovrebas eweodnen. muSaTa
klasis warmomadgeneli qalebisagan gansxvavebiT, aristokratiuli klasis warmomadgeneli qalebi moiTxovdnen samoqalaqo uflebebis gazrdas: xmis uflebas, warmomadgenlobas xelisuflebaSi, Tanasworobas qorwinebisas da gayris procesis wamowyebas.
sadac, interesTa ori sfero gadaikveTa am ori sxvadasxva socialuri statusis
mqone qalTa moTxovnebi iyo ganaTlebisa da prostituciis sferoebi. qalebi erTxmad
aRniSnavdnen, rom ganaTlebis miRebis saSualebas moklebuli qalebi iZulebulebi
iyvnen Tavi prostituciiT erCinaT. prostitucias ki uaRresad damakninebel
profesiad miiCnevdnen, romelic imavdroulad ojaxis siwmindes da stabilurobas
uqmnida safrTxes da amis gamoc iyo miuRebeli qalebisaTvis. ase rom qalebma TavianTi
moTxovnebi ganaTlebaze revoluciis Sedegad mosul xelisuflebas Semdegnairad
warudgines: Cven ganaTleba da dasaqmeba imitom ki ar gvinda, rom umaRles sqess
(mamakacebs) SevejibroT, an im qalebisTvis ki ar vzurnavT, vinc uzrunvelyofilia,
visac hyavs ojaxi da bavSvebi visac misi energia da gulisyuri Wirdeba, aramed, im
dacemuli qalebisaTvis, vinc gaunaTleblobisa da gaWirebis gamo irCevs
prostitucias da amiT safrTxes uqmnis ojaxis siwmindesa da stabilurobas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qalebi imsaxurebdnen da SeeZloT ufro argumentirebuladac
wamoeyenebinaT ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis moTxovna, am epoqis qalTa umetesobas
18
qalebis
raodenoba
adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvel
obis
organoebSi
5 didi qalaqi
raionebi
qalaqebi da
dabebi
soflebi
es monacemebi aCvenebs, rom qalebis adgilobriv doneze arCeva ufro maRalia, roca
saarCevno olqi mcirea. am viTarebas ganapirobebs is faqtori, rom naklebi
moasaxleobis mqone, mcire saarCevno olqSi qali kandidati ufro advilad axerxebs
avtoritetis mopovebas, mas mosaxleobis didi nawili icnobs da endoba da amisTvis
naklebi finansuri resursebi sWirdeba, razec Cveulebriv qal kandidatebs naklebad
miuwvdebaT xeli.
politikuri partiebis rolis ukeT Sesafaseblad parlamentSi warmomadgenlobis
TvalsazrisiT, miki kaulis mier SemuSavebuli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT, 4 partiuli
donis faqtors aqvs ramdenadme axsnadi mniSvneloba partiidan arCeul qalTa
proporciasTan mimarTebaSi:
Caul, M. Womens Representation in Parliament: the Role of Political Parties, Party Politics, vol. 5. no.1 (1999): 79-98.
95
Merlin Rueschemeyer, Women in the Politics of Postcommunist Eastern Europe, New York: Armonk, 1994, 294.
nino metreveli, vin yidulobda parlamentis Tavmjdomaris skams: nino burjanaZisgan
prezidentobisaTvis brZolis safrTxe ar modis, sarke, 46 (2001): 6.
11
Galeazzo Flavio Capra, Della eccellenza e dignita delle donne. wyaro: Gisela Bock, Women in European History, Blackwell
Publishers: Oxford, UK. 3.
12
Disputatio nova contra mulieres qua probatur eas hominess non esse.
13
wyaros msjelobisa Suasaukuneebis teqstebis Sesaxeb warmoadgens Gisela Bock, Women in European History,
Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, UK. 1-31.
96
17
158
159
literatura:
Gisela Bock, Querelle des femmes: A European Gender Dispute in Women in European History,
Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, UK. 1-31.
16
dRemde, Zalzed Znelia romelime did qarTul politikur partiaSi ipovo qalTa
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb moqmedebis gansazRvruli gegma. ase, rom politikur partiebis
mdedrobiTi sqesis wevrTa maRalma procentma ver imoqmeda verc politikur
warmomadgenlobaze da verc politikur partiaTa dRis wesrigSi warmodgenil
sakiTxTa speqtrze.
saqarTvelos mosaxleoba daaxloebiT 4,4 milionia, aqedan qalebi naxevarze mets
warmoadgenen, magram gadawyvetilebis mimReb doneebze maTi raodenoba Zalian mcirea.
saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi qalTa warmomadgenlobis simcire ganpirobebulia qalTa
Soris politikuri informirebulobis naklebobiT, politikisadmi undobeli
damokidebulebiT, romelic memkvidreobiT iqna miRebuli komunisturi warsulidan da
im sazogadoebrivi mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, romlis mixedviTac politika
mamakacTa sfero, maTi brZolis arenaa. qalebi politikuri organizaciisa da
finansuri daxmarebis naklebobas ganicdian. zogadi socialuri da ekonomikuri
siZneleebis gamo qalTa sakiTxebi prioritetad ar miiCneva, umetes SemTxvevaSi orive
sqesis politikosTa mier.
zemoT warmodgenili saarCevno sistemis analizi iseve, rogorc partiebis analizi
ganaxlebas saWiroebs amJamad mimdinare sakonstitucio cvlilebelisa da saarCevno
kanonmdeblobaSi Sesatani cvlilebebis fonze, Sesabamisad kursis avtori uflebas
itovebs gadaxedos da gadaaxalisos warmodgenili analizi movlenaTa ganviTarebis
Sesabamisad.
97
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Berman, Harold J. Justice in Russia: an Interpretation of Soviet Law, Cambridge,
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Bustelo. Mara R. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
at the Crossroads. The Future of United Nations Human Rights Treaty Monitoring. Edited by Philip
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Buck, Thomas, Alice Morton, Susan Allen Nan, Feride Zurikashvili, Aftermath: Effects
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Byrne, Bridget, Julie Kock Laier, Sally Baden, Rachel Marcus, National Machineries for
Women in Development: Experiences, Lessons and Strategies for Institutionalising Gender in
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Nations. New York. 1988.
Convention on the Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of
Marriages.
The Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination Against Women.
The Declaration of Sentiments, Seneca Falls Conference, 1848.
Cook. Rebecca J. Womens International Human Rights Law: The Way Forward.
Human Rights of Women: National and International Perspectives. Edited by Rebecca J. Cook.
University of Pennsylvania Press. Philadelphia. 1994.
Dahl, Birgitta, Speaker of Parliament, Sweden, cited in Women in Parliament: Beyond
Numbers, International Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), 1998.
DHericourt, Jenny, La Femme affranchie, Moses and Rabine: Brussels, 2 vols, 1860 Declaration on the
98
15
Zalaufleba
Zalauflebisa da Sromis ganawileba aris socialuri da ekonomikuri cxovrebis
genderuli niSniT gadawyvetili ori umTavresi faqtori. qalTa mdgomareobis nebismieri analizi Zalauflebis asimetriuli gadanawilebis (mamakacebis sasargeblod)analizia. Zalaufleba rCeba feminizmis Teoriis udidesi interesis sagnad.
Tanamedrove msoflmxedveloba gmobs Zalauflebis gamoyenebas batonobisa da
eqspluataciiis gawevis mizniT, maSin rodesac Zalauflebis gamoyeneba imisaTvis, rom
gqondes Tanabari politikuri, samarTlebrivi da ekonomikuri uflebebi qalTa
moZraobisTvis misaRebia.
feministebi xSirad akritikeben `sajaro~ anu sazogadoebriv sferoSi Zalauflebis
borotad gamoyenebas, romelic gamoixateba militarizmSi, ekonomikur eqspluataciaSi, kolonializmSi. aseve akritikeben `kerZo~ sferoSi Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebas, gamoxatuls gaupatiurebaSi, ojaxur ZaladobaSi (fizikuri, fsiqologiuri,
sqesobrivi, ekonomikuri) da incestSi. feministi mkvlevrebi, aseve svamen kiTxvas imis
Taobaze, SesaZlebelia Tu ara Zalauflebis cnebis xelaxali gaazreba, ise, rom
qalebmac miiRon am procesSi monawileoba. maT jerjerobiT warmatebiT moaxerxes is,
rom (Zala)ufleba viRacaze batonobisa SeecvalaT ama Tu im uflebiT sakuTari
Rirsebis dasacavad. iseTi uflebebiT rogorebicaa qmedebis, sityvis, arCevanis,
cvlilebis moTxovnis ufleba.
14
2003.
Kollontai, Alexandra, Archives, ixileT internetSi misamarTze:
<http://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/into.htm> bolo viziti marti 14, 2003.
Kolontai, Aleksandra, Communism and the Family, Selected Writings by Alexandra
Kolontai, (eds. Alison and Busby) 1920.
Kundera, Milan Jacques and His Master: An Homage to Diderot in Three Acts,
New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1985.
Leroux, Pierre and J. Reynaud (eds.), Encyclipedie Nouvelle, vol. 5, col.212, Paris, 1848. La Voix des
femmes 20, (11 April 1848) reprint Geneva, 1991)
Lijphart, A. Electoral Systems and Party Systems, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1994.
maduraSvili, xaTuna `qalTa uflebebi da maTi dacva saqarTvelos
sisxlisa da Sromiis samarTliT~, almanaxi, 1998.
Meier, Joan Introduction, The Public Nature of Private Violence: the Discovery of
Domestic Abuse, Martha Albertson Fineman, Roxanne Mykitiuk (eds.), Routledge: New York,
London, 1994.
metreveli, nino `vin yidulobda parlamentis Tavmjdomaris skams:
nino burjanaZisgan prezidentobisaTvis brZolis safrTxe ar modis~, sarke, 46
(2001).
OSCE/ODHIR, Georgia Parliamentary Elections: 31 October & 14 November 1999,
Final Report, Warsaw, February 2000.
prezident e. SevardnaZis 1999 wlis 28 agvistos 511 brZanebuleba
`qalTa adamianis uflebebis damcavi meqanizmebis gaZlierebis Sesaxeb~.
proeqti harmonia, ojaxur ZaladobasTan brZolis sazogadoebrivi
TanamSromlobis programis saswavlo masalebi.
Pietila, Hilkka, Engendering the Global Agenda: the Story of Women and the United
Nations, NGLS, 2002.
Reanda. Laura. The Commission on the Status of Women. The United Nations and
Human Rights: A Critical Uppraisal. Philip Alston ed. Claredon Press. Oxford.
1992.
Report of Non-governmental Organizations on the Status of Women in the Republic of
Georgia Under CEDAW Articles, 1998.
Sabedashvili, Tamar, Paper for the course: Research Methods in Gender Studies.
Contents Analysis Method and Practice, Applied to the Abstract from Aleksandra Kollontais
Article Communism and the Family (1920), Central European University, Budapest, 2003.
saqarTvelos konstitucia, 1995,
saqarTvelos Sromis kanonTa kodeqsi, Tbilisi: gamocemulia 2003 wlis noembris
mdgomareobiT
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi
saqarTvelos organuli kanoni, erTiani saarCveno kodeqsi.
Rapaport, Elizabeth, The Death Penalty and the Domestic Discount, The Public Nature
of Private Violence: the Discovery of Domestic Abuse, Martha Albertson Fineman, Roxanne
Mykitiuk (eds.), Routledge: New York, London, 1994.
Rueschemeyer, Merlin, Women in the Politics of Postcommunist Eastern Europe, New
York: Armonk, 1994.
Sternhell, Zeev, Fascism: Reflections on the Fate of Ideas in Twentieth Century
History, in Michael Freeden (ed.), Reassessing Political Ideologies: the Durability of Dissent,
(London, New York: Routledge, 2001).
100
13
ena
sityvebi, romlebsac Cven yoveldRiurad viyenebT asaxavs Cvens kulturasa da
Semecnebas da amavdroulad gadaecema momaval Taobas. ena inaxavs da warmoaCens Cvens
warmodgenebs genderze, magaliTisTvis: `kacis tvini aqvs~ niSnavs Wkviania, `kacurad
ar movkalaTdi /gamoviZine a.S.~ niSnavs gemrielad, xarisxianad anu gabatonebuli
arsebisTvis damaxasiaTeblad. `bati~, `Wuki~, `Steruka~, `qalia ra unda moTxovo?~
miuTiTebs naklebi avtoritetisa da ganviTarebis individze. qarTuli ena, sxva enebis
msgavsad, bevrs saubrobs sazogadoebaSi arsebul genderul stereotipebze.
nebismieri teqsti, iqneba es poeturi nawarmoebi Tu samarTlebrivi aqti, SeiZleba
atarebdes genderuli TvalsazrisiT Zalian mniSvnelovan informacias im sociumis
Sesaxeb, saidanac igi gamomdinareobs, amitomac lingvistebs teqstebis genderul
WrilSi gaanalizebis Semdeg sazogadoebaSi arsebuli genderuli stereotipebis
Taobaze didi informaciis mowodeba SeuZliaT.
enis anu ufro farTo gagebiT saTqmelis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania
is garemoebac, rom istoriulad qalebs ar eZleodaT TavianTi pirovnebisa da
saTqmelis pirdapiri, sityvieri Tu werilobiTi gziT gadmocemis saSualeba
(ganaTlebis, sazogadoebaSi sityviT gamosvlis akrZalvis gamo). amitom isini
cdilobdnen TavianTi saTqmelis gaxmaurebas ara sityvieri formebiT, aramed sxva,
xSirad ufro SemoqmedebiTi formebiT: xaliCebis qsova, kerva, qargva, saxlis morTva,
kulinaria. zogjer maTi garemocvisTvis Zalian uCveulo formebiTac, jadoqroba,
mkiTxaoba, xilvebis qona da a.S. ris gamoc inkvizicia maT sastikad uswordeboda.
epistemologiebi
codna aris informacia, faqtebis, Teoriebis, gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, romlis
meSveobiTac sazogadoeba an kultura gansazRvravs ra aris mniSvnelovani da swori, ra
warmoadgens mis warsuls da rogor esmis bunebisa da sazogadoebis sirTuleebi. im
faqtma, rom qalebi da sxva gariyuli, marginalizebuli jgufebi ar monawileobdnen
codnis Seqmnisa da dagrovebis procesSi gamoiwvia is, rom isini cxovroben
`realobaSi~, romelic maT ar ekuTvniT. feministuri epistemologia miznad isaxavs
qalebis codniTa da informaciiT Seavsos msoflioSi saukuneebis manZilze
privilegirebuli mamakacebis mier dagrovili codna. es saWiroa, raTa samyaro ar iqnes
danaxuli da aRqmuli mxolod erTi kuTxidan, calmxrivi, mamakacuri perspeqtividan.
12
101
Tamar Sabedashvili
In order to emphasize the diverse impact law has on men and womens conditions, we will
undertake a historical review of womens human rights development in the West (western Europe
and the United States) as well as in the Soviet Union. In the beginning of the course we will review
those historical aspects that have contributed to womens subjugation and discrimination; inquiring
about the impact that social status and standpoint of a lawmaker has on legal documents. We will
start the review of womens legal rights conditions from French Revolution of the XVIII century and
will finish with the situation in the XX century. During the course special attention will be paid to
womens struggle for the suffrage (first wave feminists) from XIX century till 1930s as a historical
foundation for the improvement of womens human rights conditions.
Than we will turn our attention to the development of womens rights thought within international
organizations, such as the League of Nations and the United Nations, putting special stress on the
aspects of international womens rights protection documents translation and implementation
processes on the local level by the state parties. In this part of the course we will focus on how the
Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) has been
working in Georgias case (the country joined CEDAW in 1994). In the section of the course we will
ask critical questions related to the causes and effects of transitional states governments
accession to the international human rights documents. Setting bare the imbalance that exists
between womens rights de facto and de jure conditions, when due to discriminatory traditions
women remain disadvantaged in comparison with men, irrespective of what do international or
national legislations claim their rights to be. This reality is a vivid example that there are limits to
the authority of law when it comes to its implementation and protection of rights of people with
different ethnic, racial, gender, etc. backgrounds.
The course will provide students with cases from different countries and Georgia on those special
areas of legal regulation, where gender sensitivity of law becomes crucial factor for the protection
of womens human rights such as, for instance, sexual harassment at workplace and domestic
violence. In this regard, we will learn about the existing debates in the West.
By the end of the course we will focus on the interrelation that exists between election systems and
womens political representation; on womens chances to become legislators and on the meaning and
importance of these happening for the improvement of womens political and legal conditions. By the
end of the course we will also summarize the key topics and themes covered during the course.
sxeuli
dasavluri10 azrovneba istoriulad ganasxvavebda sxeuls gonebisagan. gonebas
saxavda privilegirebulad (vazrovneb, maSasadame varsebob) da racionalur
arsebasTan mamakacTan aigivebda, maSin rodesac sxeuli, iracionaluri da emociuri,
9
102
11
Maria Patricia Fernandez-Kelly, maria patricia fernandes-keli, The Silence of Free Trade: Mexican
Maquiladoras and Globalization. dumili Tavisufali vaWrobis irgvliv: meqsikuri makiladorebi da
globalizacia. Rutgers University Press, 2001.
7
LaShawn R. Jefferson, laSaun r. jefersoni, Urge U.S. Companies to Stop Sex Discrimination in Mexican Maquiladoras,
moviwodoT amerikul kompaniebs sqesobrivi diskriminaciis Sewyvetisken, Human Rights Watch Womens Rights
Project, 1997.
8
gaerTianebuli erebis monacemi moyvanili p. arlaCis naSromSi msoflio danaSaulis winaaRmdeg, 2000.
P. Arlacchi, Against all the godfathers: the revolt of the decent people in The World Against Crime, Special Issue of Giornale di
Sicilia, 7.
Course objectives:
The course aims to explain how law, which one might think of being neutral and objective has
been gendered and has affected women and men differently through the course of a history. The
course also aims to increase students awareness of gender aspects of history of law.
For and by who was the law made? The question of the subject of law. Debates of late
middle ages and French Revolution:
After the introduction, it is worthwhile to start discussing concrete topics of the course and the first
theme will help us to start our journey in history of law from a gender perspective. The overview of
the debates existent in the Western Europe of middle ages will allow the partial reconstruction of
those environment and values that stand in the foundation of contemporary Western European
society. This excursion, started in middle ages will be informative of the progress that womens
rights thought and women as a diverse group of society underwent.
The discrimination of women during the Middle Ages as well as long afterwards was embedded in
the fact that both the lawmaker i.e. the subject of the law, as well as its object was man in most of
the cases. Laws were made by men to regulate those aspects of social life where key actors were
also men, and laws mirrored existent gender perceptions and privileges. The recollection of the
French Bourgeois Revolution is highly informative from this viewpoint, therefore special attention
will be paid also to womens role and participation in the French Revolution.
Since late Middle Ages European society at large and intellectuals in particular were engaged in
heated debates over the role and place of men and women in the society. Giovanni Pico in his
epochal work On the Dignity of Man (De dignitate hominis, 1486) outlined that God was speaking
only to Adam, therefore, men were blessed to live according to their desires, while the church
depicted women responsible for the fall as descendants of Eve and as Tertullian picturesquely
expressed women were nothing but the devils gateway (janua diaboli). Augustine regarded both
extramarital and marital sexuality as sinful. Sin could only be avoided, according to St Jerome,
through chaste living, since a mans love for a woman, who embodies evil and temptation, could
not be reconciled with love of god and threatened the salvation of man. Salvation seeking men had
to protect themselves from women; salvation seeking women, from themselves.1
Of course among the medieval thinkers were those who thought higher of women and defended
their interests, but they where a minority in comparison with those who tended to mystify and
1
103
10
degrade femaleness. Legally in many cases married women were declared the property of their
husbands, with close to no rights to divorce and own or inherit property.
In light of such prehistory the brief period of emancipation of women in the course of French
Bourgeois Revolution deserves attention. The womens rights condition in France was dramatically
changed through 1789-1804 years. In 1792-93 women were given the right to enter into marriages
without parental consent. They gained right to initiate divorce, name the father of a child born out of
wedlock, demand compensation for moral damage, and own property. On the lectures we will
discuss how did women manage to gain such rights and more interestingly how did it happen that
by 1804 they were again deprived of these rights and subjugated to severe control.
Participation of women in the early days of the Revolution is not fully reflected in the mainstream
history textbooks, but they did participate and were highly disappointed by the final outcome of the
revolution the Declaration of the Rights of Men and Citizen, which did not mention women.
Critical response from the side of women on this documents was a 1791 Declaration of the Rights
of Women and Female Citizen authored by Olympia de Gouge, in the document women claimed
all those rights that were granted to the group of privileged men by the Declaration of the Rights of
Men and Citizen.
In the period of French Revolution both radical feminists as well as anti-feminists thought that
women belong to the private domain, to their familial roles and obligations and the discourse of
emancipation debates taking place at that time reflected this perception. Women, like men of that
time where highly politicized and agitated by the prospects of the Revolution, but their selfexpression and free behavior was not supported and approved by male political elite, therefore,
gradually women where pushed out from public domain into private one and their legal rights were
limited.
Right to elect and be elected the longest battler of the First Wave feminists.
In the XIX century Europe womens demand for political rights was stated in various manifestations
of the growing womens movement. As Greek doctor Maria Kalopokathes defined, womens
movement was the conscious demand by women for their rights and the systematic efforts to
obtain them.2 The researchers label womens movement as a powerful social activity of womens
groups that occurred in XVIII century and was strengthened in XIX century.
The woman question posed by the intellectuals of the XIX century was a modified version of the
questions are women humans? or what are women? of medieval era. Therefore, the new
debate about womens rights was not focused on differences between men and women but on
inequalities and hierarchy existing between the sexes. Respectively, when John Stuart Mill joined
the demands of womens movement and spoke publicly for granting women political rights the
nobles were surprised how could such a respected gentleman ask rights for those who had to obey
to their superiors, their husbands.
The first wave of Feminism is bound to this first demand of womens movement that was right to
elect and be elected, which was successfully satisfied in the beginning of the XX century
irrespective of the controversies accompanying the process. However, the high hopes that many
women activists attached to the suffrage did not come true and women were to learn that apart
from right to vote and run for election there were many other hindering aspects, some hidden and
2
Gisela Bock, Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, 2002, 82.
genderi da globalizacia4
globalizaciis genderul aspeqtebze saubrisas Sexebis ramdenime ZiriTadi
sakiTxia aRsaniSnavi: (1) saerTaSoriso safinanso organizaciebis zemoqmedebiT
mTavrobebis mier ganxorcielebuli struqturuli cvlilebebis genderulad
disagregirebuli gavlena mosaxleobaze, (2) warmoebebis internacionalizaciiTa da
gafarToebiT gamowveuli qalTa SromiTi pirobebisa da uflebebis sakiTxi da (3) Cveni
drois monoba trefikingi, romelic qarTulad `adamianebiT vaWrobis~ saxeliTaa
cnobili.
kargadaa Seswavlili struqturuli cvlilebebis Sedegebi qalebis mdgomareobaze.
bevr qveynebSi socialuri momsaxurebebis Semcirebis xarjze gazrdilma saeqsportod
momgebianma warmoebam gamoiwvia is, rom gaizarda qalebis Sroma dabalanazRaurebad
dargebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki, soflis meurneobaSi, maSin, roca Sesabamisad Semcirda
qalebisTvis sargebeli da xelmisawvdomoba socialur momsaxurebebze. amis mizezi
isicaa, rom proporciulad msoflios masStabiT mamakacebi akontroleben, warmoebis
momgebian sferoebs, qalebi ki ZiriTadad dabalanazRaurebad samuSaos asruleben.5
globalizaciis seriozuli genderuli aspeqti ukavSirdeba dasaqmebis sferos. es
sakiTxi mravali feministi mkvlevris mieraa Seswavlili da isini erTxmad aRniSnaven,
rom ganviTarebad qveynebSi globalizaciis Sedegad warmoqmnili mxolod is
mravalricxovani samuSao adgilebia qalebisTvis gankuTvnili, romlebic yvelaze
dabalanazRaurebadia. didi saerTaSoriso sawarmoebi, iaf muSa xelze da sawarmoo
resursebze daxarbebulebi Svilobil kompaniebs xsnian ganviTarebad qveynebSi da
Zalian xSirad asaqmeben qalebs, romelTa SromiTi uflebebic, gansakuTrebiT ki
usafrTxo samuSao pirobebis ufleba irRveva da minimaluri anazraurebis gamo isini
vneben TavianT janmrTelobas.
4
globalizaciis rogorc terminis gansazRvrebebi SeiZleba orgvarad davajgufoT erTi, teqnikuri
da meore - politikuri saxis ganmartebebi. teqnikuri ganmartebebi garkveuli saerTaSoriso
ekonomikuri procesebis aRweriT asaxaven Tanamedroveobis iseT procesebs, romlebic saSualebas aZlevs
adamianebs gaadvilebuli gzebiT daukavSirdnen erTmaneTs da awarmoon biznesi saerTaSoriso doneze,
wamebSi gaavrcelon da moipovon informacia. arian iseTi mkvlevrebic, romlebic saerTod ar aRiareben
globalizacias rogorc TanamedroveobisaTvis simptomur, gansakuTrebul movlenas. maTi mtkicebiT
saerTaSoriso doneze informaciis gacvla da sxvadasxva saxis urTierTobebi gansakuTrebiT ki, vaWroba
odiTganve arsebobda, Sesabamisad, Tanamedrove epoqaSi globalizaciaze ki ara, teqnologiis daxvewaze
unda visaubroT mxolod, romelmac amgvari procesebi bevrisTvis xelmisawvdomi da masStaburi gaxada.
TumcaRa, amgvari mosazrebis mqone mecnierebis ricxvi dRiTidRe mcirdeba da sul ufro meti adamiani
aRiarebs globalizaciis, rogorc axali, Tanamedrove fenomenis arsebobas.
globalizaciis ganmsazRvrel meore tipis ganmartebebs maTi ideologiuri datvirTvis gamo, SeiZleba
ufro politikuri ganmartebebi vuwodoT. politikuri ganmartebebis mixedviT, sakmarisi araaa
globalizaciis mxolod, rogorc ekonomikuri, teqnologiuri progresisa da TanamedroveobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli procesebis amsaxveli neitraluri cnebis aRwera, radgan globalizacia warmoadgens
didi politikuri muxtis matarebel processac, romelic saerTaSoriso arenaze myof zogierT qveyanasa
da mis moqalaqeebs ufro xelsayrel viTarebaSi ayenebs, vidre sxvebs. globalizaciis politikur
ganmartebas Cveulebriv antiglobalistebi iZlevian. erT-erTi aseTi ganmartebis mixedviT,
globalizacia aris ekonomikurad susti qveynebis eqspluatireba msoflios ekonomikuri sistemebis
dakavSirebis gziT, da maTi iZuleba daemorCilon da damokidebulic ki gaxdnen dasavlur kapitalistur
weswyobilebaze. antiglobalizmi ki, Sesabamisad warmoadgens xalxis moZraobas, mimarTuls imisaken,
rom daiTrgunos globalizaciuri procesebi, romlebic udavod politikuri niSnis matarebelia da
uTanasworoba moaqvs. (antiglobalizaciis Sesavali, gansazRvreba da resursebi, Introduction to AntiGlobalization Definition and Resources, ixileT internetSi Semdeg misamarTze: <http://www.anti-marketing.com/antiglobalization.html>)
arsebobs adamianTa mTeli rigi vinc antiglobalistobisgan an globalistobisgan gadaixara
alternatiuli igive alterglobalistobisken. am jgufSi erTiandebian is mkvlevrebi, romlebic
miiCneven, rom SeuZlebelia globalizaciis SeCereba an Sewyveta, SesaZlebelia mxolod misi Secvla, ise,
rom igi socialurad orientirebuli da maqsimalurad humanuri anu adamianebisTvis sargeblis momtani
iyos.
5
keri, joana da karolin svitmani (red.), qalebi xelaxla igoneben
globalizacias, gv. 4. Joanna Kerr and Caroline Sweetman, Women Reinventing Globalisation, Oxfam GB 2003, 4.
104
9
Proletariat and gender discrimination the days of the early Bolshevik State Soviet Union in
1918-1936.
Along with the developments taking place in West, students will have an opportunity to understand
womens emancipation processes that have occurred in the Soviet Union, especially at an early
stage of Bolshevik state. One of the goals of the Bolshevik Revolution was to shift household work
to the public sphere, setting women and men free from such occupations. Marriage was viewed
as a union of people based on mutual love and understanding, free from obligations that institute of
family has imposed on them in feudal and capitalist settings. Thus, [t]he abolition of the family,
rather than gender conflict within it, held key to womens emancipation,3 but this abolitionist
attitude towards family or belief in familys withering away, was not expanded towards marriage
as well. On the contrary, early Bolshevik rhetoric aimed to introduce new understanding of
marriage, via institutionalization of civil marriages, easily obtainable divorces, and promotion of the
idea of a union based on mutual affection and ideals rather than on economic dependency. The
ideas related to social, economic, and political organization of the country, expressed in the years
following the Revolution were subversive and radical; The Marxist agenda of Communism
envisioned to change society by altering its economic structure4 and the ideological intention of
Bolsheviks in the years right after the Revolution should be considered with this urge to change not
only economic structure of the society but also change and abolish other forms of existence that
were before treated as a natural ways of being and the institute of family was among them.
According to Wendy Z. Goldman,
In October 1918, barely a year after the Bolsheviks had come to power, the Central
Executive Committee of the Soviet (VtsIK), the highest legislative body, ratified a complete
Code on Marriage, the Family, and Guardianship. The Code captured in law a revolutionary
vision of social relations based on womens equality and withering away (otmiranie) of the
family. [] The Bolsheviks argued that only socialism could resolve the contradiction
between work and family. Under Socialism, household labor would be transferred to the
public sphere: The tasks performed by millions of individual unpaid women in their homes
would be taken over by paid workers in communal dining rooms, laundries, and childcare
centers. 5
The state by taking responsibility for upbringing children, in the era when family is viewed no longer
as a production, but a consumption unit, not only shifts a type of domestic occupation into public
sphere but also deprives family as a social setting of one of its most important functions.
However, abolitionist attitude towards economic and legal responsibilities imposed on individuals
by a family dramatically changed already in late 1920s. The New Economic Policy introduced by
the government limited states capacity to shift domestic occupations in the public sphere.
Problems related to homeless children (bezprisorniki), rapid industrialization and collectivisation of
arc erTi Semdegi dokumenti ar moixsniebs da Sesabamisad ar exeba qalebs: kacisa da mamakaci
moqalaqis uflebebis deklaracia (miRebuli safrangeTis erovnuli asambleis mier 1789 wlis 26
agvistos); virjiniis uflebebis deklaracia (Seqmnili jorj meisonis mier da erTxmad miRebuli
virjiniis delegatTa konventis mier 1776 wlis 12 ivniss); amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
damoukideblobis deklaracia (1776, 12 ivlisi); amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis bili uflebebis Sesaxeb
(ratificirebuli 1791 wlis 15 dekembers).
Wendy Z. Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, c1993), 6.
4
Zeev Sternhell, Fascism: Reflections on the Fate of Ideas in Twentieth Century History, in Michael Freeden (ed.),
Reassessing Political Ideologies: the Durability of Dissent, (London, New York: Routledge, 2001), 109.
5
Wendy Z. Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, c1993), 1, 3.
105
8
the country, introduction of the five-year plans challenged the efficiency of the new civil legislation
and revolutionary ideas about re-organization of traditional forms of existence. However, Wendy
Goldman argues that not only the abovementioned problems posed on the new regime by the
realities of life supported the turn in states policies in relation to women and family, but mostly
changes in the political vision and decisions of the government. Thus, the Civil law of 1936
dramatically altered the radical and subversive regulations of the 1918 and 1926 Codes, formally
maintaining the rhetoric of gender equality it prohibited abortion, introduced fines on divorces,
increased alimonies, introduced punitive measures for people carrying out and undergoing illegal
abortions, people refusing to pay alimony, etc.6
In Harold J. Bermans book published in 1950 the author is referring to Soviet scholars who write
that [t]he family is now [in 1940s] considered to be a prime necessity both for its members and the
state, and, more than that, the state attempts through the law to form the moral and legal
consciousness of the family members in such a way as to promote family stability.7 There were
also attempts to increase the importance of family more than that of marriage and clear proof of it
as underlined by Berman was the regulations that allowed unmarried mother to receive support
during and shortly even after pregnancy from a biological father of the child.
Therefore, the clichd conclusion that the rhetoric of widely practiced gender equality during the
Soviet times has been substituted by traditional, patriarchal attitudes and behaviour patterns
towards women in the majority of the former Soviet republics is partly true. The parts that are
untrue about this wide-spread conceptualisation are related to the pseudo, token, equality of the
sexes practiced during Soviet times, especially since the decline of the early Bolshevik state, in
1930s, when womens equality to men was made declaratory, not actual and in real life women
never managed to be completely freed from domestic occupations as Bolsheviks planned it, but
were burdened with occupations and responsibilities of public sphere alongside with the
occupations and responsibilities of the private one.
For more information on the change in Soviet Policies regarding women, family, and work see Wendy Z. Goldmans
following books: Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1993), and Women at the Gates: Gender and Industry in Stalins Russia, (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2002).
7
Harold J. Berman, Justice in Russia: an Interpretation of Soviet Law, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University
Press, 1950), 236.
genderi
genderi ewodeba socialuri sqess. genderi rogorc termini qalTa kvlevebSi
gamoCnda samociani wlebis miwuruls. igi Semovida laTinur enebSi gramatikuli sqesis
aRmniSvneli sityva gender-isgan da SeiZina socialuri sqesis mniSvneloba. genderis
rogorc terminis Semotana saWiro gaxda imitom, rom analizisas mkvlevrebs
erTmaneTisgan gaemijnaT biologiuri sqesi, romlis mixedviTac adamianebi mamrobiTi
an mdedrobiTi sqesis arsebebad ibadebian (SeisaZloa adamiani orsqesianic daibados,
rac plastikuri CareviT regulirdeba), socialuri sqesisgan (genderisgan) anu
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebisa da faseulobebis sistemisgan, romelic maT qalebad
da mamakacebad ayalibebs.
genderisa da genderuli kvlevebis popularizacias imanac Seuwyo xeli, rom igi ar
fokusirdeba marto qalebze, aramed kacebzec, ara mxolod imitom, rom maTi mdgomareobis qalebis mgomareobisTvis Sedarebis xarjze moxdes qalebis diskriminaciis
demonstrireba, aramed TviT mamakacurobis rogorc socialur-kulturuli fenomenis Sesaswavladac. genderi aris socialuri kategoria, romelic istoriulad
arsebobs da epoqebisa da konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT mudmiv cvlilebas ganicdis.
qalTa adamianis uflebebi
miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianis uflebebis dacva saerTaSoriso aRiarebul
prioritetad iqca meore msoflio omis Semdeg, gansakuTrebiT ki gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciis Seqmnis Sedegad da adamianis uflebebis dasacavad Seiqmna
mravali saerTaSoriso dokumenti, qalebis adamianuroba ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi mizezi
2
106
7
Consideration of Initial Report Submitted by States Parties under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination against Women, Article 5, paragraph 33.
9
Report of Non-governmental Organizations on the Status of Women in the Republic of Georgia under CEDAW Articles,
6.
10
R, J. Vincent, Human Rights and International Relations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986,10 citing Jack
Donelly, The Concept of Human Rights, 16-17
11
Vincent, 10.
107
6
Georgian Constitution is the supreme legislative document of the country. It was adopted in August
1995, when the country was already part of the Convention. According to the article 6, paragraph 2
of the Constitution, The legislation of Georgia corresponds with universally recognized norms and
principles of international law. International treaties or agreements concluded with and by Georgia,
if they do not contradict the Constitution of Georgia, take precedence over domestic normative
acts. Thus, priority is given to the international law over the domestic as long as the country is part
of it and it does not contradict with the Constitution. However, international law cannot be
exercised directly in a country if it is not transformed in the national legislation. Having this in mind I
am going to look at transformation of the Womens Convention in Georgian legislation.
The embodiment of the principle of equality of men and women in the national constitutions is the
first requirement of the Convention (Part I, Article 2, paragraph (a)). In the Constitution of Georgia
we find article 14, which states: Everyone is born free and is equal before the law, regardless of
race, skin color, language, sex, religion, political and other beliefs, national, ethnic and social
origin, property and title of nobility or place of residence. Here sex is listed among other
variables upon which a person cannot be discriminated before the law. There is no special
mentioning of men and women having equal rights and fundamental freedoms, Georgian
Constitution uses person, citizen or individual for both sexes, for instance in the article 18,
paragraph 1: The freedom of a person is inviolable. In the document legislators put person,
citizen or individual as an embodiment of both sexes, with slight indication that there is no need
in separating citizens based on their sex. However, we know from the history of legal thought that
mostly men have been considered as subjects of law and sometimes it is more helpful to state
women and men instead of inclusive names, such as citizen, individual and person.12
sakanonmdeblo organoSi anu imaze, Tu realurad ra Sansebi aqvT qalebs sakanonmdeblo organoSi gawevrianebisaTvis da ras SeiZleba niSnavdes es gawevrianeba qalTa
politikuri da samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT. kursis
bolos aseve SevajamebT kursis mimdinareobisas gamokveTil ZiriTad sakiTxebs.
kursis mizani:
kursis mizania warmoaCinos Tu ra gavlenas axdenda, erTi SexedviT `neitraluri~
da `obieqturi~ kanonmdebloba qalebisa da mamakacebis uflebriv mdgomareobaze
istoriulad, amaRldes studentebis cnobiereba samarTlis istoriuli da genderuli
aspeqtebis Sesaxeb.
In the Constitution women are mentioned only twice; in article 30, paragraph 4: the working
conditions of minors and women are determined by law. This mentioning of women along with
minors underlining the need for the state protection of their labor rights by special legislation
indicates that although it is not explicitly mentioned, the creators of the Constitution acknowledge
that women along with minors need special protection. The second mentioning of women but only
as spouses and mothers in the Constitution is article 36, which defines that: marriage is based
upon equality of rights and free will of spouses and below in the paragraph 3, states: the rights of
mothers and children are protected by law. Here for the second time women are mentioned along
with minors needing state protection. This is the second indication that although there is no
particular attention paid to the equality between the sexes, as if it is implied, women like children
need special protection, in other words in these two fields according to the Constitution state
becomes the guarantee for the protection of the rights and equality among men, women, and
children. These are clear examples of how paternalist attitudes are articulated in the countrys
supreme legal document. The content and style of these two mentioning of women also indicates
that although there is no direct stress put on the issue of equality of sexes the problem of inequality
exists.
Analyzing and comparing the Report of Non-governmental Organizations on the Status of Women
in the Republic of Georgia Under CEDAW Articles with the Initial Report of States Parties one
notices incompliance in the information concerning the protection of equality. NGO report states
that despite the above-mentioned 14th article of the Constitution, there are no specific laws that
feminizmi
12
None of the following historical documents were referring to women explicitly, but to men: Declaration of the Rights of
Men and of the Citizen (Approved by the National Assembly of France, August 26, 1789); Virginia Declaration of Rights
(drafted by George Mason and adopted unanimously on June 12, 1776 by Virginia Convention of Delegates); The US
Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776); The US Bill of Rights (ratified on December 15 1791).
108
5
kvira 1.
1. kursis `qalTa adamianis uflebebi:
samarTlis genderul-istoriuli aspeqtebi~ Sesavali,
mizani, Sinaarsi, moTxovnebi da struqtura.
literatura:
Nicholson, Linda (ed.) Introduction, Early Statements in The Second Wave: A reader in Feminist
Theory, New Yourk, Routledge, 1997, 1-10.
Moscow Center for Gender Studies, Glossary, available on-line at:
<http://www.gender.ru/russian/glossary/index.shtml>, last viewed on 6 February 2005.
kursis aRwera:
samarTlis genderuli aspeqtebis warmosaCenad kursi studentebs sTavazobs
istoriul eqskurss qalTa uflebebis damcavi samarTlebrivi azrovnebis ganviTarebis
Sesaxeb, dasavleTsa (dasavleT evropa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi) da sabWoTa
kavSirSi. kursis dasawyisSi mimovixilavT im istoriul garemoebebs, romlebmac xeli
Seuwyo qalTa uflebriv diskriminacias, davsvamT kanonSemoqmedis obieqturobis,
sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobisa da damokidebulebis sakiTxebs. qalTa samarTlebrivi
mdgomareobis mimoxilvas daviwyebT safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciidan da
davasrulebT XX saukunis miwurulis monacemebiT. qalTa politikuri uflebebisTvis
brZolas (feministTa pirveli talRa), XIX saukunidan moyolebuli vidre XX saukinis
20-ian wlebamde davuTmobT gansakuTrebul yuradRebas, rogorc qalTa uflebrivi
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis istoriul safuZvels.
kursis farglebSi dawvrilebiT SevCerdebiT im Zalisxmevaze, romlebsac
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi (erTa liga da gaero) mimarTavdnen qalTa uflebrivi
mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad, aseve im procesebze, romlebic Tan axlda qalTa
uflebebis damcavi saerTaSoriso dokumentebis adgilobriv kanonmdeblobaSi asaxvasa
da danergvas. kursis am nawilSi CavuRrmavdebiT qalTa konvenciis muSaobis praqtikas
saqarTveloSi (1994 wels Cveni qveyana SeuerTda konvencias qalTa diskriminaciis
yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb). davsvamT kiTxvebs im mizezebisa da Sedegebis
Sesaxeb, rac axlavs tranziciuli saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebis mier saerTaSoriso
adamianis uflebebis damcav samarTlis dokumentebTan mierTebas. gavamaxvilebT
yuradRebas im araxelsayrel Sefardebaze, romelic arsebobs qalTa de faqto da de
iure mdgomareobas Soris sazogadoebaSi fesvgadgmuli diskriminaciuli tradiciebis
gamo da, romelic naTeli dadasturebaa imisa, rom kanonmdebloba ar aris
yovlisSemZle da universaluri sxvadasxva viTarebaSi myofi adamianebis dasacavad.
kursi studentebis yuradRebas miapyrobs samarlebrivi regulirebis iseT
aspeqtebze, sadac kanonmdeblebisa da kanonmdeblobis genderuli mgrZnobeloba
gadamwyvetia qalTa uflebebis dasacavad. aseTi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani sferoebia abortisa da ojaxuri Zaladobis regulireba. gavecnobiT am kuTxiT amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebisa da dasavleTi da centraluri evropis qveynebis mdgomareobas.
kursis bolos SevCerdebiT im urTierTdamokidebulebaze, rac arsebobs saarCevno
kanonmdeblobas, saarCevno sistemasa da qalTa politikur warmomadgenlobas Soris
will prohibit discrimination against women on the basis of sex and marital status. Contrary to this
statement, the Initial Government Report states that the Criminal Code establishes sanctions for
acts that violate the equality of citizens; such sanctions take the form of a fine or imprisonment for
a period of up to two years. If a crime of this nature involved the abuse of ones official position, or
if it had serious consequences, it is punishable by imprisonment for a period of up to three years; in
such cases, the person found guilty may be deprived of the right to hold a specific post for a period
of up to five years. This incompliance between the two reports is not accidental, one thing is to
have such a provision in the Criminal Code13 and another thing is its implementation. The fact that
such an article exists is already a positive happening, however, as it is often the case in Georgia,
problem is not the lack of legislation but the lack of its implementation. If we could have traced
down the number of cases brought before the court under this article we could see better that in
such cases legislation remains firmly on the paper and is rarely put into practice, partly due to the
lack of individuals awareness of their rights and partly because of flourishing syndrome of lack of
punishment, especially during Shevardnadzes administration; When because of corruption
everyone felt that he/she could get away with the wrongdoing and this feeling used to become
securer if one was positioned higher on the official ladder of the government, business or was
simply well connected with those higher positioned. With the change of the government we do
see some principle positive changes in combating corruption, and we hope that these positive
tendencies will ensure the rule of law, the environment where article on violation of equality of
humans will not remain factually stated but will be actually working.
The NGO report repeatedly mentions, Georgian legislation does not protect women from violence.
The crimes against the person defined in the Criminal Code are insult, assault and battery There
is no legal protection from abuse by partners; rape by a husband or partner is not a crime. There is
no specific law banning violence against women.14 In this line the fact that there were only fortyone cases of rape and eighteen cases of attempted rape of women registered in 199715 is
symptomatic, it tells us that many cases of rape go unreported. It also tells us that women have
their reasons not to bring rape cases to the court: these can be distrust to law enforcement,
unwillingness to publicize private matters, fear of public opinion, influence of patriarchal society
resulting in the assumption that rape by a partner or a husband is not an act of violence against
women, womens lack of awareness of their rights, etc. Article 137 of the current Criminal Code
punishes rape from three to seven years of imprisonment. However, rape committed under
aggravated circumstances (such as for instance rape by a group, rape of a pregnant woman, rape
of a person under fourteen years old, etc.) is punishable from five to twenty years of imprisonment.
The Criminal Code of Georgia defines rape as: sexual intercourse through violence, threat of
violence or abusing the helplessness of the victim16, in the Article there is no mentioning of marital
rape, or rape by a spouse or partner, respectively the existing legal culture dictates citizens that
only those wrongdoings count as crimes that are committed in the public domain, while traditions
mark the private domain as inviolable from the side of the state machinery and regulations.
Article 6 of the Convention states that states parties shall take all appropriate measures, including
legislation, to suppress all forms of traffic in women and exploitation of prostitution of women17.
Like the absence of specific law banning violence against women, there exists no specific law
13
Criminal Code of Georgia, CHAPTER XIII, Crime Against Human Rights and Freedoms, Article 142. Violation of
Equality of Humans.
14
Report of Non-governmental Organizations on the Status of Women in the Republic of Georgia under CEDAW
Articles, 2.
15
Consideration of Initial Report Submitted by States Parties under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination against Women, Article 6, Paragraph 46.
16
Criminal Code of Georgia, CHAPTER XXII, Crime Against Sexual Freedom and Inviolability, Article 137.
17
CEDAW, Part I, Article 6.
109
4
regulating trafficking in the country. In 2003, the Ministry of Justice prepared a proposal for
strengthening of anti-trafficking legislation in the country, the Parliament adopted the proposal in
the same year and made changes in the Criminal Code of the country punishing trading with
humans (Paragraph 1, Article 143) and punishing trading with minors (Paragraph 2, Article 143).
Criminal Code of Georgia also provides with the list of punishable activities related to human
trafficking. As for prostitution, under existing legislation, prostitution as such is not considered a
criminal offence. At the same time, setting up and maintaining of brothels, engaging someone into
prostitution are criminal offences.
Another requirement of the Womens Convention to the states parties is stated in article 2,
paragraph (f): [States should] take all appropriate measures, including legislation, to modify or
abolish existing laws, regulations, customs and practices which constitute discrimination against
women. One example of how the state can regulate such customs and practices was Article 134
of the previous Criminal Code that criminalized old tradition of bride kidnapping. According to the
tradition a man with the intention of marriage kidnaps a woman; This crime limits womans
freedom of choice whom to marry. Such an action as kidnapping already implies an act of violence
either physical, or psychological.18 Bride kidnapping has become less popular in the past decade
due to general decrease of marriages as a result of harsh economic conditions. Maybe that serves
as an explanation for the fact that there is no mentioning of the kidnapping with the intention of
marriage in the current Criminal Code but only article 144 that defines kidnapping as hostagetaking which is aimed to coerce an organization or a person to or not to carry out this or that action
by setting a condition that the hostage will be released and lists aggravating circumstances and
intention to marry is not mentioned. This fact remained beyond the attention of the second
governmental report to the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
submitted in September 2000. However, despite the fact that bride kidnapping was punishable by
Soviet legislation the majority of cases were ending in marriage registration bureaus rather than
courts. Partly because women would want to marry the kidnapper and partly because it was risky
for the reputation of a girl not to marry once she has been already kidnapped. Public opinion
makes its point: - many people consider that return of the kidnapped woman to the family is
compromising for the latter as well as for the former.19 To make the situation more understandable
I have to mention that in Georgia the demand for womens virginal purity at marriage is still strong,
so kidnapping that did not end in marriage puts shadow on womans reputation no matter whether
she had any sexual relationship with the kidnapper or not. This is the case when de jure protection
of womens rights is de facto ineffective due to strong cultural institutions. Demand for virginal
purity at marriage and a double moral standard is a result of male-dominated society and violates
principles of womens freedom and equality. These are the cultural issues that are not effectively
regulated by state because they are not considered acute by the political decision-makers and are
unspoken on one hand and because civil society and womens interest groups are not strong and
mobilized enough to put this issues on the policy-makers agenda.
Joining the Convention had, in general, positive effects on womens legal status; it resulted in antitrafficking law, and overall increase of the states international accountability with respect to
womens rights, although much remains to be accomplished, as the society is still male-dominated,
customs and traditions prevail law and womens rights awareness remains low.
Sinaarsi
kvira 1. ................................................................................................................................. 4
1. kursis `qalTa adamianis uflebebi: samarTlis genderul-istoriuli
aspeqtebi~ Sesavali, mizani, Sinaarsi, moTxovnebi da struqtura. ............ 4
2. ZiriTadi terminebis leqsikoni ............................................................................. 5
3. visTvis da vis mier iqmneboda kanonebi? samarTlis subieqtis
sakiTxi, gviani Sua saukuneebis debatebi. ....................................................... 16
kvira 2 ................................................................................................................................ 18
1. visTvis da vis mier iqmneboda kanonebi? samarTlis subieqtis
sakiTxi, qalebi da safrangeTis revolucia................................................... 18
2. ufleba airCio da iyo arCeuli pirveli talRis feministebis
yvelaze xangrZlivi brZola................................................................................ 22
kvira 3 ................................................................................................................................ 23
1. ufleba airCio da iyo arCeuli pirveli talRis feministebis
yvelaze xangrZlivi brZola (gagrZeleba)....................................................... 23
2. proletariati da genderuli diskriminacia adreuli bolSevikuri
saxelmwifos dros sabWoTa kavSiri 1918-1936 wlebSi. ............................. 29
kvira 4 ................................................................................................................................ 30
1. proletariati da genderuli diskriminacia
adreuli bolSevikuri saxelmwifos dros sabWoTa
kavSiri 1918-1936 wlebSi (gagrZeleba). ............................................................ 30
2. qalTa uflebebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi ......................................... 36
kvira 5 ................................................................................................................................ 37
1. qalTa uflebebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi (gagrZeleba) ................ 37
2. qalTa uflebebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi ........................................ 37
kvira 6 ................................................................................................................................ 56
1. rogor sruldeba saerTaSoriso valdebulebebi:
saqarTvelos gamocdileba qalTa uflebrivi
mdgomareobis kuTxiT 1991-2004 wlebSi........................................................... 56
2. qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi:
iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli qalebi.......................................................................... 69
kvira 7 ................................................................................................................................ 74
1. sqesobrivi diskriminacia samuSao adgilze debatebi
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi ............................................................................ 74
2. rogor davareguliroT ojaxuri Zladoba,
gasaTvaliswinebeli gamocdileba..................................................................... 77
kvira 8 ................................................................................................................................ 87
1. saarCevno kanonmdebloba sakanonmdeblo organoSi qalTa
warmomadgenlobis zrdasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi ............................. 87
2. kursis ZiriTadi Temebisa da sakiTxebis Sejameba.
konsultaciebi saboloo esses dasawerad...................................................... 97
bibliografia ................................................................................................................ 98
18
Khatuna Madurashvili, Womens Rights and their Protection by Georgian Criminal and Labour Legislation,
Almanakhi, 1998: 31.
19
Lali Kipshidze, Family Violence and Social Problems of Women, Almanakhi, 1998:21
110
3
mTavari redaqtori:
marine CitaSvili
enobrivi redaqtori:
lia kaWarava
Since 1980s sexual harassment at the workplace has become one of the controversial issues
debated in the United States. The history of identification and naming of the problem has shown
that is was not easy for women, who were sexually harassed at the workplace to protect their
rights. After series of court hearing and cases, employers now are obliged to elaborate policies and
mechanisms addressing cases of sexual harassment. As, the experience shows that if they fail to
do so, employers are as much responsible for the violation of employees rights indirectly as the
direct harasser.
giorgi bagrationi
After having examined the cases of sexual harassment, lawyers have identified two forms:
Quid pro quo occurs when a sexual demand is made as term or Condition of employment and
refusal of the demand leads to adverse employment consequences.
Hostile work environment involves acts of verbal abuse, physical touching, sexual demands or
other conduct of a sexual nature. This behaviour must be so pervasive and persistent as to have
the effect of unreasonably interfering with an individuals work performance or creating an
offensive and intimidating working environment.20
In Georgia there exist certain provisions in the Criminal Code that protect employees only from
extreme forms of sexual harassment at work place: such as rape or forcing to intercourse.
Georgian legislation does not provide protection from such kind of sexual discrimination that are
envisioned under hostile work environment definition, the employers are not requested to elaborate
mechanisms for protection of employees from the instances of sexual harassment, therefore it can
be concluded that Georgian legislation in this regard is not satisfactory.
The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences,
sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education
Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.
In this part of the course students will be introduced to the definition of domestic violence, its forms
and manifestations. We will discuss the cycle of domestic violence and the risks, emotions and
patterns of behaviour attached to the cycle. The students will also learn about the history of
identification of domestic violence as a problem and different mechanisms and approaches to
combating the problem on institutional and legal levels. Special attention will be paid to the
experience of developed countries for solving the problem of domestic violence as well as to the
situation in Georgia.
Although women and men are declared equal before the law, legal system, including laws,
procedures, and representatives of law-enforcement remain insensitive to womens concerns and
difficulties in Georgia. Georgian legislation does not define domestic abuse; respectively there exist
no laws regulating instances of domestic violence. Instead, representatives of law-enforcement
appeal to different provisions in the Criminal Code to punish domestic abuse such as (Chapter
XIX) Crime against Life; (Chapter XX) Crime against Health; (Chapter XXI) Exposing Life or Health
of Human Being to Danger; (Chapter XXII) Crime against Sexual Freedom and Inviolability. There
exists no provision punishing marital rape. The number of women, victims of domestic violence
appealing to the law-enforcement is very low, as they are afraid that the society will disapprove of
their behaviour of publicizing private matters or of being blamed themselves for the aggression
from the side of a spouse.
20
Glendora C. Hughes Sexual Harassment: Then and Noa, Maryland Bar Journal May/June, 2000, 2.
111
Students will be given opportunity to share their ideas and understanding of domestic abuse,
distinguishing among the diverse approaches and methods to overcome the problem those ones
that they think would work best in Georgian environment.
Election legislation questions related to the increase of women in the legislative branches
of government
In this part of the course we will attempt to analyse Georgian parliamentary and local electoral
systems, determining its effects on womens political participation. We will analyse system through
electoral systems dimensional criteria outlined by Lijphart, in Electoral Systems and Party
Systems.21 By looking at electoral formula, district magnitude, malapportionment, electoral
threshold, assembly size, and the possibility of linked lists. Through this analysis we will attempt to
determine the chances of women to get elected in the Parliament of Georgia.
We will also look at history of political parties in Georgia since 1991 from the viewpoint of their
gender sensitivity. Inquiring about the role of political parties as gatekeepers to womens political
activism and participation in decision-making. More specifically, students will learn the criteria
outlined by Miki Caul, that will help them evaluate the role of political parties in womens
representation in parliament. According to Caul, four party-level factors have some explanatory
power [in relation to the proportion of women that get elected from a party]: organizational
structure, ideology, women party activists and gender-related candidate rules.22
We will also discuss pros and cons of quotas for increasing womens participation in the
parliament. Students will be asked to reflect on the well-known female politicians in Georgia and
brainstorm on what do they think hinders the participation of women in politics based on the
readings of the course.
Summery of the key topics and themes covered during the course and consultations for the
final essay
In this concluding part of the course, we will summarize key topics covered during the course,
making sure that students locate these themes and topics rightly with regard to womens rights and
historical events. At this stage, students will be provided also with consultations for the final essay.
qalTa uflebebis
istoriuli
aspeqtebi
saleqcio kursi
socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis
Tamar sabedaSvili
Tbilisi
21
A Lijphart, Electoral Systems and Party Systems, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994, 14.
22
Caul, M. Womens Representation in Parliament: the Role of Political Parties, Party Politics, vol. 5. no.1 (1999): 79-98
112
2006