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Students will be given opportunity to share their ideas and understanding of domestic abuse,

distinguishing among the diverse approaches and methods to overcome the problem those ones
that they think would work best in Georgian environment.

Election legislation questions related to the increase of women in the legislative branches
of government

socialur mecnierebaTa seria

In this part of the course we will attempt to analyse Georgian parliamentary and local electoral
systems, determining its effects on womens political participation. We will analyse system through
electoral systems dimensional criteria outlined by Lijphart, in Electoral Systems and Party
Systems.21 By looking at electoral formula, district magnitude, malapportionment, electoral
threshold, assembly size, and the possibility of linked lists. Through this analysis we will attempt to
determine the chances of women to get elected in the Parliament of Georgia.
We will also look at history of political parties in Georgia since 1991 from the viewpoint of their
gender sensitivity. Inquiring about the role of political parties as gatekeepers to womens political
activism and participation in decision-making. More specifically, students will learn the criteria
outlined by Miki Caul, that will help them evaluate the role of political parties in womens
representation in parliament. According to Caul, four party-level factors have some explanatory
power [in relation to the proportion of women that get elected from a party]: organizational
structure, ideology, women party activists and gender-related candidate rules.22
We will also discuss pros and cons of quotas for increasing womens participation in the
parliament. Students will be asked to reflect on the well-known female politicians in Georgia and
brainstorm on what do they think hinders the participation of women in politics based on the
readings of the course.

Summery of the key topics and themes covered during the course and consultations for the
final essay
In this concluding part of the course, we will summarize key topics covered during the course,
making sure that students locate these themes and topics rightly with regard to womens rights and
historical events. At this stage, students will be provided also with consultations for the final essay.

qalTa uflebebis
istoriuli
aspeqtebi
saleqcio kursi
socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis

Tamar sabedaSvili

Tbilisi

21

A Lijphart, Electoral Systems and Party Systems, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994, 14.
22
Caul, M. Womens Representation in Parliament: the Role of Political Parties, Party Politics, vol. 5. no.1 (1999): 79-98

112

2006

socialur mecnierebaTa seria

Sexual Harassment at work place the United States debate

mTavari redaqtori:

marine CitaSvili

enobrivi redaqtori:

lia kaWarava

Since 1980s sexual harassment at the workplace has become one of the controversial issues
debated in the United States. The history of identification and naming of the problem has shown
that is was not easy for women, who were sexually harassed at the workplace to protect their
rights. After series of court hearing and cases, employers now are obliged to elaborate policies and
mechanisms addressing cases of sexual harassment. As, the experience shows that if they fail to
do so, employers are as much responsible for the violation of employees rights indirectly as the
direct harasser.

dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini:

giorgi bagrationi

After having examined the cases of sexual harassment, lawyers have identified two forms:

socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006


Center for Social Sciences, 2006
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. 10
el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge

wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa


centris~ (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI Zug,
budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis
mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT

Quid pro quo occurs when a sexual demand is made as term or Condition of employment and
refusal of the demand leads to adverse employment consequences.

Hostile work environment involves acts of verbal abuse, physical touching, sexual demands or
other conduct of a sexual nature. This behaviour must be so pervasive and persistent as to have
the effect of unreasonably interfering with an individuals work performance or creating an
offensive and intimidating working environment.20
In Georgia there exist certain provisions in the Criminal Code that protect employees only from
extreme forms of sexual harassment at work place: such as rape or forcing to intercourse.
Georgian legislation does not provide protection from such kind of sexual discrimination that are
envisioned under hostile work environment definition, the employers are not requested to elaborate
mechanisms for protection of employees from the instances of sexual harassment, therefore it can
be concluded that Georgian legislation in this regard is not satisfactory.

How to regulate domestic violence, experiences to consider

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences,
sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education
Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.

ISBN: 99940 - 871 - 0 - X

In this part of the course students will be introduced to the definition of domestic violence, its forms
and manifestations. We will discuss the cycle of domestic violence and the risks, emotions and
patterns of behaviour attached to the cycle. The students will also learn about the history of
identification of domestic violence as a problem and different mechanisms and approaches to
combating the problem on institutional and legal levels. Special attention will be paid to the
experience of developed countries for solving the problem of domestic violence as well as to the
situation in Georgia.
Although women and men are declared equal before the law, legal system, including laws,
procedures, and representatives of law-enforcement remain insensitive to womens concerns and
difficulties in Georgia. Georgian legislation does not define domestic abuse; respectively there exist
no laws regulating instances of domestic violence. Instead, representatives of law-enforcement
appeal to different provisions in the Criminal Code to punish domestic abuse such as (Chapter
XIX) Crime against Life; (Chapter XX) Crime against Health; (Chapter XXI) Exposing Life or Health
of Human Being to Danger; (Chapter XXII) Crime against Sexual Freedom and Inviolability. There
exists no provision punishing marital rape. The number of women, victims of domestic violence
appealing to the law-enforcement is very low, as they are afraid that the society will disapprove of
their behaviour of publicizing private matters or of being blamed themselves for the aggression
from the side of a spouse.
20

Glendora C. Hughes Sexual Harassment: Then and Noa, Maryland Bar Journal May/June, 2000, 2.

111

regulating trafficking in the country. In 2003, the Ministry of Justice prepared a proposal for
strengthening of anti-trafficking legislation in the country, the Parliament adopted the proposal in
the same year and made changes in the Criminal Code of the country punishing trading with
humans (Paragraph 1, Article 143) and punishing trading with minors (Paragraph 2, Article 143).
Criminal Code of Georgia also provides with the list of punishable activities related to human
trafficking. As for prostitution, under existing legislation, prostitution as such is not considered a
criminal offence. At the same time, setting up and maintaining of brothels, engaging someone into
prostitution are criminal offences.
Another requirement of the Womens Convention to the states parties is stated in article 2,
paragraph (f): [States should] take all appropriate measures, including legislation, to modify or
abolish existing laws, regulations, customs and practices which constitute discrimination against
women. One example of how the state can regulate such customs and practices was Article 134
of the previous Criminal Code that criminalized old tradition of bride kidnapping. According to the
tradition a man with the intention of marriage kidnaps a woman; This crime limits womans
freedom of choice whom to marry. Such an action as kidnapping already implies an act of violence
either physical, or psychological.18 Bride kidnapping has become less popular in the past decade
due to general decrease of marriages as a result of harsh economic conditions. Maybe that serves
as an explanation for the fact that there is no mentioning of the kidnapping with the intention of
marriage in the current Criminal Code but only article 144 that defines kidnapping as hostagetaking which is aimed to coerce an organization or a person to or not to carry out this or that action
by setting a condition that the hostage will be released and lists aggravating circumstances and
intention to marry is not mentioned. This fact remained beyond the attention of the second
governmental report to the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
submitted in September 2000. However, despite the fact that bride kidnapping was punishable by
Soviet legislation the majority of cases were ending in marriage registration bureaus rather than
courts. Partly because women would want to marry the kidnapper and partly because it was risky
for the reputation of a girl not to marry once she has been already kidnapped. Public opinion
makes its point: - many people consider that return of the kidnapped woman to the family is
compromising for the latter as well as for the former.19 To make the situation more understandable
I have to mention that in Georgia the demand for womens virginal purity at marriage is still strong,
so kidnapping that did not end in marriage puts shadow on womans reputation no matter whether
she had any sexual relationship with the kidnapper or not. This is the case when de jure protection
of womens rights is de facto ineffective due to strong cultural institutions. Demand for virginal
purity at marriage and a double moral standard is a result of male-dominated society and violates
principles of womens freedom and equality. These are the cultural issues that are not effectively
regulated by state because they are not considered acute by the political decision-makers and are
unspoken on one hand and because civil society and womens interest groups are not strong and
mobilized enough to put this issues on the policy-makers agenda.
Joining the Convention had, in general, positive effects on womens legal status; it resulted in antitrafficking law, and overall increase of the states international accountability with respect to
womens rights, although much remains to be accomplished, as the society is still male-dominated,
customs and traditions prevail law and womens rights awareness remains low.

Sinaarsi
kvira 1. ................................................................................................................................. 4
1. kursis `qalTa adamianis uflebebi: samarTlis genderul-istoriuli
aspeqtebi~ Sesavali, mizani, Sinaarsi, moTxovnebi da struqtura. ............ 4
2. ZiriTadi terminebis leqsikoni ............................................................................. 5
3. visTvis da vis mier iqmneboda kanonebi? samarTlis subieqtis
sakiTxi, gviani Sua saukuneebis debatebi. ....................................................... 16
kvira 2 ................................................................................................................................ 18
1. visTvis da vis mier iqmneboda kanonebi? samarTlis subieqtis
sakiTxi, qalebi da safrangeTis revolucia................................................... 18
2. ufleba airCio da iyo arCeuli pirveli talRis feministebis
yvelaze xangrZlivi brZola................................................................................ 22
kvira 3 ................................................................................................................................ 23
1. ufleba airCio da iyo arCeuli pirveli talRis feministebis
yvelaze xangrZlivi brZola (gagrZeleba)....................................................... 23
2. proletariati da genderuli diskriminacia adreuli bolSevikuri
saxelmwifos dros sabWoTa kavSiri 1918-1936 wlebSi. ............................. 29
kvira 4 ................................................................................................................................ 30
1. proletariati da genderuli diskriminacia
adreuli bolSevikuri saxelmwifos dros sabWoTa
kavSiri 1918-1936 wlebSi (gagrZeleba). ............................................................ 30
2. qalTa uflebebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi ......................................... 36
kvira 5 ................................................................................................................................ 37
1. qalTa uflebebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi (gagrZeleba) ................ 37
2. qalTa uflebebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi ........................................ 37
kvira 6 ................................................................................................................................ 56
1. rogor sruldeba saerTaSoriso valdebulebebi:
saqarTvelos gamocdileba qalTa uflebrivi
mdgomareobis kuTxiT 1991-2004 wlebSi........................................................... 56
2. qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi:
iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli qalebi.......................................................................... 69
kvira 7 ................................................................................................................................ 74
1. sqesobrivi diskriminacia samuSao adgilze debatebi
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi ............................................................................ 74
2. rogor davareguliroT ojaxuri Zladoba,
gasaTvaliswinebeli gamocdileba..................................................................... 77
kvira 8 ................................................................................................................................ 87
1. saarCevno kanonmdebloba sakanonmdeblo organoSi qalTa
warmomadgenlobis zrdasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi ............................. 87
2. kursis ZiriTadi Temebisa da sakiTxebis Sejameba.
konsultaciebi saboloo esses dasawerad...................................................... 97
bibliografia ................................................................................................................ 98

18

Khatuna Madurashvili, Womens Rights and their Protection by Georgian Criminal and Labour Legislation,
Almanakhi, 1998: 31.
19
Lali Kipshidze, Family Violence and Social Problems of Women, Almanakhi, 1998:21

WOMENS HUMAN RIGHTS: GENDER ASPECTS OF HISTORY OF LAW.............. 102

110
3

kvira 1.
1. kursis `qalTa adamianis uflebebi:
samarTlis genderul-istoriuli aspeqtebi~ Sesavali,
mizani, Sinaarsi, moTxovnebi da struqtura.

literatura:
Nicholson, Linda (ed.) Introduction, Early Statements in The Second Wave: A reader in Feminist
Theory, New Yourk, Routledge, 1997, 1-10.
Moscow Center for Gender Studies, Glossary, available on-line at:
<http://www.gender.ru/russian/glossary/index.shtml>, last viewed on 6 February 2005.

kursis aRwera:
samarTlis genderuli aspeqtebis warmosaCenad kursi studentebs sTavazobs
istoriul eqskurss qalTa uflebebis damcavi samarTlebrivi azrovnebis ganviTarebis
Sesaxeb, dasavleTsa (dasavleT evropa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi) da sabWoTa
kavSirSi. kursis dasawyisSi mimovixilavT im istoriul garemoebebs, romlebmac xeli
Seuwyo qalTa uflebriv diskriminacias, davsvamT kanonSemoqmedis obieqturobis,
sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobisa da damokidebulebis sakiTxebs. qalTa samarTlebrivi
mdgomareobis mimoxilvas daviwyebT safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciidan da
davasrulebT XX saukunis miwurulis monacemebiT. qalTa politikuri uflebebisTvis
brZolas (feministTa pirveli talRa), XIX saukunidan moyolebuli vidre XX saukinis
20-ian wlebamde davuTmobT gansakuTrebul yuradRebas, rogorc qalTa uflebrivi
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis istoriul safuZvels.
kursis farglebSi dawvrilebiT SevCerdebiT im Zalisxmevaze, romlebsac
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi (erTa liga da gaero) mimarTavdnen qalTa uflebrivi
mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad, aseve im procesebze, romlebic Tan axlda qalTa
uflebebis damcavi saerTaSoriso dokumentebis adgilobriv kanonmdeblobaSi asaxvasa
da danergvas. kursis am nawilSi CavuRrmavdebiT qalTa konvenciis muSaobis praqtikas
saqarTveloSi (1994 wels Cveni qveyana SeuerTda konvencias qalTa diskriminaciis
yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb). davsvamT kiTxvebs im mizezebisa da Sedegebis
Sesaxeb, rac axlavs tranziciuli saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebis mier saerTaSoriso
adamianis uflebebis damcav samarTlis dokumentebTan mierTebas. gavamaxvilebT
yuradRebas im araxelsayrel Sefardebaze, romelic arsebobs qalTa de faqto da de
iure mdgomareobas Soris sazogadoebaSi fesvgadgmuli diskriminaciuli tradiciebis
gamo da, romelic naTeli dadasturebaa imisa, rom kanonmdebloba ar aris
yovlisSemZle da universaluri sxvadasxva viTarebaSi myofi adamianebis dasacavad.
kursi studentebis yuradRebas miapyrobs samarlebrivi regulirebis iseT
aspeqtebze, sadac kanonmdeblebisa da kanonmdeblobis genderuli mgrZnobeloba
gadamwyvetia qalTa uflebebis dasacavad. aseTi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani sferoebia abortisa da ojaxuri Zaladobis regulireba. gavecnobiT am kuTxiT amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebisa da dasavleTi da centraluri evropis qveynebis mdgomareobas.
kursis bolos SevCerdebiT im urTierTdamokidebulebaze, rac arsebobs saarCevno
kanonmdeblobas, saarCevno sistemasa da qalTa politikur warmomadgenlobas Soris

will prohibit discrimination against women on the basis of sex and marital status. Contrary to this
statement, the Initial Government Report states that the Criminal Code establishes sanctions for
acts that violate the equality of citizens; such sanctions take the form of a fine or imprisonment for
a period of up to two years. If a crime of this nature involved the abuse of ones official position, or
if it had serious consequences, it is punishable by imprisonment for a period of up to three years; in
such cases, the person found guilty may be deprived of the right to hold a specific post for a period
of up to five years. This incompliance between the two reports is not accidental, one thing is to
have such a provision in the Criminal Code13 and another thing is its implementation. The fact that
such an article exists is already a positive happening, however, as it is often the case in Georgia,
problem is not the lack of legislation but the lack of its implementation. If we could have traced
down the number of cases brought before the court under this article we could see better that in
such cases legislation remains firmly on the paper and is rarely put into practice, partly due to the
lack of individuals awareness of their rights and partly because of flourishing syndrome of lack of
punishment, especially during Shevardnadzes administration; When because of corruption
everyone felt that he/she could get away with the wrongdoing and this feeling used to become
securer if one was positioned higher on the official ladder of the government, business or was
simply well connected with those higher positioned. With the change of the government we do
see some principle positive changes in combating corruption, and we hope that these positive
tendencies will ensure the rule of law, the environment where article on violation of equality of
humans will not remain factually stated but will be actually working.
The NGO report repeatedly mentions, Georgian legislation does not protect women from violence.
The crimes against the person defined in the Criminal Code are insult, assault and battery There
is no legal protection from abuse by partners; rape by a husband or partner is not a crime. There is
no specific law banning violence against women.14 In this line the fact that there were only fortyone cases of rape and eighteen cases of attempted rape of women registered in 199715 is
symptomatic, it tells us that many cases of rape go unreported. It also tells us that women have
their reasons not to bring rape cases to the court: these can be distrust to law enforcement,
unwillingness to publicize private matters, fear of public opinion, influence of patriarchal society
resulting in the assumption that rape by a partner or a husband is not an act of violence against
women, womens lack of awareness of their rights, etc. Article 137 of the current Criminal Code
punishes rape from three to seven years of imprisonment. However, rape committed under
aggravated circumstances (such as for instance rape by a group, rape of a pregnant woman, rape
of a person under fourteen years old, etc.) is punishable from five to twenty years of imprisonment.
The Criminal Code of Georgia defines rape as: sexual intercourse through violence, threat of
violence or abusing the helplessness of the victim16, in the Article there is no mentioning of marital
rape, or rape by a spouse or partner, respectively the existing legal culture dictates citizens that
only those wrongdoings count as crimes that are committed in the public domain, while traditions
mark the private domain as inviolable from the side of the state machinery and regulations.
Article 6 of the Convention states that states parties shall take all appropriate measures, including
legislation, to suppress all forms of traffic in women and exploitation of prostitution of women17.
Like the absence of specific law banning violence against women, there exists no specific law
13

Criminal Code of Georgia, CHAPTER XIII, Crime Against Human Rights and Freedoms, Article 142. Violation of
Equality of Humans.
14
Report of Non-governmental Organizations on the Status of Women in the Republic of Georgia under CEDAW
Articles, 2.
15
Consideration of Initial Report Submitted by States Parties under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination against Women, Article 6, Paragraph 46.
16
Criminal Code of Georgia, CHAPTER XXII, Crime Against Sexual Freedom and Inviolability, Article 137.
17
CEDAW, Part I, Article 6.

109
4

Georgian Constitution is the supreme legislative document of the country. It was adopted in August
1995, when the country was already part of the Convention. According to the article 6, paragraph 2
of the Constitution, The legislation of Georgia corresponds with universally recognized norms and
principles of international law. International treaties or agreements concluded with and by Georgia,
if they do not contradict the Constitution of Georgia, take precedence over domestic normative
acts. Thus, priority is given to the international law over the domestic as long as the country is part
of it and it does not contradict with the Constitution. However, international law cannot be
exercised directly in a country if it is not transformed in the national legislation. Having this in mind I
am going to look at transformation of the Womens Convention in Georgian legislation.
The embodiment of the principle of equality of men and women in the national constitutions is the
first requirement of the Convention (Part I, Article 2, paragraph (a)). In the Constitution of Georgia
we find article 14, which states: Everyone is born free and is equal before the law, regardless of
race, skin color, language, sex, religion, political and other beliefs, national, ethnic and social
origin, property and title of nobility or place of residence. Here sex is listed among other
variables upon which a person cannot be discriminated before the law. There is no special
mentioning of men and women having equal rights and fundamental freedoms, Georgian
Constitution uses person, citizen or individual for both sexes, for instance in the article 18,
paragraph 1: The freedom of a person is inviolable. In the document legislators put person,
citizen or individual as an embodiment of both sexes, with slight indication that there is no need
in separating citizens based on their sex. However, we know from the history of legal thought that
mostly men have been considered as subjects of law and sometimes it is more helpful to state
women and men instead of inclusive names, such as citizen, individual and person.12

sakanonmdeblo organoSi anu imaze, Tu realurad ra Sansebi aqvT qalebs sakanonmdeblo organoSi gawevrianebisaTvis da ras SeiZleba niSnavdes es gawevrianeba qalTa
politikuri da samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT. kursis
bolos aseve SevajamebT kursis mimdinareobisas gamokveTil ZiriTad sakiTxebs.

kursis mizani:
kursis mizania warmoaCinos Tu ra gavlenas axdenda, erTi SexedviT `neitraluri~
da `obieqturi~ kanonmdebloba qalebisa da mamakacebis uflebriv mdgomareobaze
istoriulad, amaRldes studentebis cnobiereba samarTlis istoriuli da genderuli
aspeqtebis Sesaxeb.

studentTa Sefasebis meTodebi:


kursi studentebisagan moiTxovs leqciebsa da seminarebze daswrebasa da aqtiur
monawileobas. pirveli saaTi daeTmoba leqciasa da msjelobas. meore saaTi, seminari,
daeTmoba studentebis mier momzadebul ZiriTadi da damxmare sakiTxavi literaturis
zepir prezentaciebs. amas garda. studentebs daevalebaT prezentaciebis Semdgomi
diskusiisaTvis kiTxvebis SemoTavazeba. kursis bolos studentebs moeTxovebaT 10-11 gverdiani saboloo esse. Sefasebisas TiToeuli zemoxsenebuli komponenti ase
ganawildeba:

In the Constitution women are mentioned only twice; in article 30, paragraph 4: the working
conditions of minors and women are determined by law. This mentioning of women along with
minors underlining the need for the state protection of their labor rights by special legislation
indicates that although it is not explicitly mentioned, the creators of the Constitution acknowledge
that women along with minors need special protection. The second mentioning of women but only
as spouses and mothers in the Constitution is article 36, which defines that: marriage is based
upon equality of rights and free will of spouses and below in the paragraph 3, states: the rights of
mothers and children are protected by law. Here for the second time women are mentioned along
with minors needing state protection. This is the second indication that although there is no
particular attention paid to the equality between the sexes, as if it is implied, women like children
need special protection, in other words in these two fields according to the Constitution state
becomes the guarantee for the protection of the rights and equality among men, women, and
children. These are clear examples of how paternalist attitudes are articulated in the countrys
supreme legal document. The content and style of these two mentioning of women also indicates
that although there is no direct stress put on the issue of equality of sexes the problem of inequality
exists.

2. ZiriTadi terminebis leqsikoni

Analyzing and comparing the Report of Non-governmental Organizations on the Status of Women
in the Republic of Georgia Under CEDAW Articles with the Initial Report of States Parties one
notices incompliance in the information concerning the protection of equality. NGO report states
that despite the above-mentioned 14th article of the Constitution, there are no specific laws that

feminizmi

12

None of the following historical documents were referring to women explicitly, but to men: Declaration of the Rights of
Men and of the Citizen (Approved by the National Assembly of France, August 26, 1789); Virginia Declaration of Rights
(drafted by George Mason and adopted unanimously on June 12, 1776 by Virginia Convention of Delegates); The US
Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776); The US Bill of Rights (ratified on December 15 1791).

leqcia-seminarebze daswreba da aqtiuri monawileoba - 25%

zepiri prezentaciebi da diskusiisaTvis SemoTavazebuli kiTxvebis xarisxi 35%

saboloo esse 40%

ZiriTadi terminebis leqsikonSi konteqstualurad ganvmartavT im terminebs,


romlebmac didi gavlena iqonia feminizmis Teoriebis Camoyalibebaze da am Teoriebis
Semadgenel nawilebad iqca. seve, ZiriTadi terminebis leqsikonis mizania studentebs
kursis dasawyisSive Seuqmnas naTeli warmodgena im mniSvnelovani cnebebisa da
terminebis Sesaxeb, romlebic uxvadaa gamoyenebuli kursis ama Tu im TemaSi. TumcaRa,
konteqstidan gamomdinare, Temebis mixedviTac moxdeba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani
terminebis ganmeorebiTi ganmarteba da damatebiTi terminebisa da cnebebis Semotana.

Tavdapirvelad daviwyoT TviT feminizmiT, feminizmi politikuri moZraoba da


doqtrinaa, romelic Caisaxa dasavleT evropasa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. is
miznad isaxavs qalTa da mamakacTa Tanabaruflebianobas da emsaxureba qalTa
uflebebis dacvas.
gamomdinare iqidan, qalTa uflebebis dacvasTan erTad, samyaros kidev rogor

108
5

xedvasa da ideebs iziareben feminizmis ama Tu im frTis warmomadgenlebi. arsebobs


mravali saxis feminizmi: radikaluri, liberaluri, ekofeminizmi, marqsistulsocialisturi da sxva. maTi saerTo maxasiaTebeli da gamaerTianebeli RerZi ki qalTa
da mamakacTa Tanabaruflebianobis moTxovna da zogadad sazogadoebisTvis, maT Soris
TviT qalebisTvisac, cnobierebis amaRlebaa sqesTa Soris arsebuli uTanasworobasa
da am diskriminaciis gamomwvevi istoriuli, socialuri, ekonomikuri Tu politikuri
faqtorebis irgvliv. feminizmis istoriaSi, mkveTrad gamoxatulia pirveli da meore
talRa (mesame talRis raobisa da arsebobis Sesaxeb feministTa wreebSi azrTa
sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs, amitom Cven ZiriTadad kursis farglebSi pirveli da meore
talRis feministTa saqmianobasa da ideebs SevexebiT).
pirveli talRis feministebi, romlebmac TvalsaCino aqtivoba XIX saukuneSi
daiwyes (Tumca XVIII saukuneSic arsebobda qalTa uflebebisaTvis brZolis momentebi)
TavianT amocanad qalebisaTvis politikuri uflebebis anu arCevnebSi (aqtiuri da
pasiuri) monawileobis uflebis mopovebas isaxavdnen.1 vinaidan miaCndaT, rom qalebis
CarTva aucilebeli iyo kanonSemoqmedebiT procesebSi maT es qalTa emansipaciis
umTavres amocanad miaCndaT. marTalia istoriam dagvanaxa, rom politikuri uflebebis mopoveba ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi qalTa mimarT diskriminaciis aRmosafxvrelad,
mainc, pirveli talRis feministTa saqmianoba qalTa uflebebisaTvis brZolis
qvakuTxedia.
feministTa pirvel talRas, romelic XX saukunis ocian wlebSi dasrulda, mohyva
meore, romlis dasawyisad zogierTi mkvlevari 1949 wels miiCnevs, anu wels rodesac
cnobilma frangma moazrovne qalma simon de bovuarma gamoaqveyna Tavisi wigni `meore
sqesi~. mkvelvarTa sxva nawili ar eTanxmeba am TariRs im mosazrebiT, rom Tavad simon
de bovuari ar miiCnevda Tavis naSroms feministTa meore talRis agorebis saTaved da
am arguments amyareben imiT, rom meore talRis feministTa aqtivoba samociani wlebis
dasawyisidan gaxda TvalsaCino. am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa wignis daweridan 27
wlis Semdeg simon de bovuaris Jurnalist jon gerasisTvis micemuli interviu,
romelic 1976 wels Jurnal `sosiaTis~ (Society) ianvar-Tebervlis nomerSi daibeWda.
`gerasi: ukve TiTqmis ocdaxuTi weli gavida `meore sqesis~ gamoqveynebis

Semdeg. bevri adamiani, gansakuTrebiT amerikaSi, miiCnevs am wigns Tanamedrove


qalTa moZraobis dasabamad. Tqven...
bovuari: me ase ar vfiqrob. Tanamedrov feministuri moZraobisaTvis [70-iani
wlebis], romelic mZlavrad sul raRac xuTi eqvsi wlis win daiwyo,
Tavdapirvelad naklebad cnobili iyo es wigni. ukve Semdeg, moZraobis
gaZlierebasTan erTad, moZraobis zogierTma liderma gamoiyena wigni TavianTi
Teoriebis safuZvlad. `meore sqess~, araviTar SemTxvevaSi miucia biZgi da
qalTa moZraobis sawyisi ar yofila. amJamad qalTa moZraobaSi CarTuli qalebis
umetesoba 1949-50 wlebSi anu, roca wigni gamovida Zalian axalgazrdebi iyvnen,
ase rom igi maTze gavlenas ver iqoniebda. me msiamovnebs is, rom maT igi
mogvianebiT aRmoaCines. ra Tqma unda, zogoerT ufros qals magaliTad beti
fridans, romelmac Tavisi wigni `qalurobis mistika~ (The Feminine Mistique) me
momiZRvna wakiTxuli hqondaT wigni da man SesaZloa garkveuli gavlenac ki
iqonia maT Semoqmedebaze, magram sxvebze amas ver vityviT. agaliTad, qeiT
mileTi erTxelac ar axdens Cems citirebas Tavis wignSi. es qalebi SesaZloa
gaxdnen feministebi im mizezebis gamo, romlebsac me aRvwer Cems `meore sqesSi~,
1
meti informacia pirveli talRis feministTa qalTa politikuri uflebebisaTvis brZolis Sesaxeb
ixileT meore da mesame kviris masalebSi.

CEDAW and Georgias experience


The main focus of this part of the course are womens legal rights conditions; presented on the
background of Georgian laws compliance with the requirements of the Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). However, before turning to
the topic of the course, I would like to briefly examine the widespread conceptualization of the
womens experiences in the former Soviet states.
The fact that under the pressure of International Community governments of the Newly
Independent States feel obliged to ratify major human rights and among them womens rights
documents is a positive challenge brought by the period of transition. It is a challenge, as
ratification should be followed by harmonization of international laws provisions in local legislations
and most importantly by its implementation, which has not been the case so far in Georgia.
On September 22, 1994, by the decree of the Georgian Parliament, the country joined the CEDAW
without reservations. It came to force on November 25, 1994. This event gave green light to
womens rights activists, womens NGOs, and legislators further to protect and raise awareness of
womens rights, create steady ground for womens development and self-realization. Below I will
briefly examine how legal status of women in Georgia complies with the requirements of the
Convention. The analysis is based on the comparison of the initial report of the government with
the shadow report of the Georgian NGOs; both reports were submitted to the UN SecretaryGeneral for consideration by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
(CEDAW).
According to Georgian legislation women have equal rights with men in access to education and
healthcare, also with respect to legal capacity to conclude contracts, administer and inherit
property, legislation treats both sexes equally in all stages of procedure in courts and/or tribunals.
However, despite the equality between the sexes before the law, traditions and lack of womens
awareness of their rights still prioritize men. Both reports submitted to the CEDAW Committee
admit, [i]n spite of the non-discriminatory provisions that exist in Georgian legislation, the
asymmetry of mens and womens social roles, with the prevalence of male principle, persists
especially in daily life.8 The NGO report in relation to de jure and de facto inheritance rights states
that despite the legal equality, by tradition women are considered as secondary heirs. In practice,
women have fewer rights than men in the division of inherited property.9 The paradox that we are
witnessing in these cases is the ineffectiveness of more or less advanced legislation in comparison
with customary law. And although the Convention encourages states to regulate discriminatory
customs and traditions, elimination of traditional forms of discrimination against women requires
more than legislative efforts. To analyze this situation further we may borrow the logic of R. J.
Vincent about what happens to human rights if they are not enforced. He himself appeals to Jack
Donelly who introduced the notion of possession-paradox,10 that is when ones car is stolen but
one still has a right to the car. Vincent points out that it is characteristic of human rights to have
a right to something without the right being enforced.11 We have a similar situation in relation to
legal and actual equality of men and women in Georgia, in many fields they are legally equal to
men but data of reality depict different picture.
8

Consideration of Initial Report Submitted by States Parties under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination against Women, Article 5, paragraph 33.
9
Report of Non-governmental Organizations on the Status of Women in the Republic of Georgia under CEDAW Articles,
6.
10
R, J. Vincent, Human Rights and International Relations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986,10 citing Jack
Donelly, The Concept of Human Rights, 16-17
11
Vincent, 10.

107
6

the country, introduction of the five-year plans challenged the efficiency of the new civil legislation
and revolutionary ideas about re-organization of traditional forms of existence. However, Wendy
Goldman argues that not only the abovementioned problems posed on the new regime by the
realities of life supported the turn in states policies in relation to women and family, but mostly
changes in the political vision and decisions of the government. Thus, the Civil law of 1936
dramatically altered the radical and subversive regulations of the 1918 and 1926 Codes, formally
maintaining the rhetoric of gender equality it prohibited abortion, introduced fines on divorces,
increased alimonies, introduced punitive measures for people carrying out and undergoing illegal
abortions, people refusing to pay alimony, etc.6
In Harold J. Bermans book published in 1950 the author is referring to Soviet scholars who write
that [t]he family is now [in 1940s] considered to be a prime necessity both for its members and the
state, and, more than that, the state attempts through the law to form the moral and legal
consciousness of the family members in such a way as to promote family stability.7 There were
also attempts to increase the importance of family more than that of marriage and clear proof of it
as underlined by Berman was the regulations that allowed unmarried mother to receive support
during and shortly even after pregnancy from a biological father of the child.
Therefore, the clichd conclusion that the rhetoric of widely practiced gender equality during the
Soviet times has been substituted by traditional, patriarchal attitudes and behaviour patterns
towards women in the majority of the former Soviet republics is partly true. The parts that are
untrue about this wide-spread conceptualisation are related to the pseudo, token, equality of the
sexes practiced during Soviet times, especially since the decline of the early Bolshevik state, in
1930s, when womens equality to men was made declaratory, not actual and in real life women
never managed to be completely freed from domestic occupations as Bolsheviks planned it, but
were burdened with occupations and responsibilities of public sphere alongside with the
occupations and responsibilities of the private one.

Womens rights and international organisations


During the course students will be provided with the opportunity to understand the development of
womens rights though within such international organizations as League of Nations and United
Nations. Answering the question of what does the term womens human rights mean and why the
concept of universal human rights did not fully embrace and protect rights and freedoms of
women. In the course of the lectures such important international tools for the protection of
womens rights will be paid attention as early UN Conventions on womens rights, the Declaration
for the Elimination of Discrimination against Women and the Convention for the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Attention will be paid also to womens
mobilizing in the frames of the UN through the word conferences of women and their outcome
documents, most of all the Beijing Platform of Action of 1995 and the processes related to its
implementation.

For more information on the change in Soviet Policies regarding women, family, and work see Wendy Z. Goldmans
following books: Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1993), and Women at the Gates: Gender and Industry in Stalins Russia, (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2002).
7
Harold J. Berman, Justice in Russia: an Interpretation of Soviet Law, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University
Press, 1950), 236.

magram maT es mizezebi sakuTar cxovrebiseul gamocdilebaSi aRmoaCines da ara


Cems wignSi.~ 2
feministTa meore talRa, gansakuTrebiT samocdaaTian wlebSi gamoirCeoda
radikalizmiT. feministebi cdilobdnen revoluciuri ideebis agitaciiTa da zogadad
revoluciis gziT daemxoT patriarqaluri sazogadoeba, romelic, maTi azriT,
mxolod mamakacebs aZlevda xels da qalebs imonebda. qalTa diskriminacia universaluria! - ambobdnen meore talRis dasawyisis feministebi.
meore talRis feminizmi ar unda ganvixiloT rogorc erTiani unificirebuli
moZraoba, romelic sxvadasxva drosa da sivrceSi erTgvarad mimdinareobda. piriqiT,
meore talRisTvis damaxasiatebelia azrTa radikluri sxvaoba TviTon feministebs
Soris, gansakuTrebiT oTxmocian da oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi. mosazrebebi gansxvavdeboda aseve dasavlur da aRmosavlur, Crdilour da samxreTul qalTa jgufebs Soris.
rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, feministebi erTiandebian qalTa uflebebisa da zogadad
sazogadoebaSi maTi mgdomareobis gaanalizebisa da gaumjobesebis irgvliv. TumcaRa,
meore talRis postmodernistma feministebma wamoWres qalebisa da qalTa problemebis unificirebis, gaerTianebis problemurobis sakiTxi. vinaidan qalebi rogorc
interesTa jgufi diversificirebulia eTnikuri, religiuri, klasobrivi e.i. socialur-kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis mixevdiT. mgvarad, mniSvnelovania qalTa Soris
gansxvavebebis danaxva da ase brZola feminizmis politikuri miznebis misaRwevad.

genderi
genderi ewodeba socialuri sqess. genderi rogorc termini qalTa kvlevebSi
gamoCnda samociani wlebis miwuruls. igi Semovida laTinur enebSi gramatikuli sqesis
aRmniSvneli sityva gender-isgan da SeiZina socialuri sqesis mniSvneloba. genderis
rogorc terminis Semotana saWiro gaxda imitom, rom analizisas mkvlevrebs
erTmaneTisgan gaemijnaT biologiuri sqesi, romlis mixedviTac adamianebi mamrobiTi
an mdedrobiTi sqesis arsebebad ibadebian (SeisaZloa adamiani orsqesianic daibados,
rac plastikuri CareviT regulirdeba), socialuri sqesisgan (genderisgan) anu
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebisa da faseulobebis sistemisgan, romelic maT qalebad
da mamakacebad ayalibebs.
genderisa da genderuli kvlevebis popularizacias imanac Seuwyo xeli, rom igi ar
fokusirdeba marto qalebze, aramed kacebzec, ara mxolod imitom, rom maTi mdgomareobis qalebis mgomareobisTvis Sedarebis xarjze moxdes qalebis diskriminaciis
demonstrireba, aramed TviT mamakacurobis rogorc socialur-kulturuli fenomenis Sesaswavladac. genderi aris socialuri kategoria, romelic istoriulad
arsebobs da epoqebisa da konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT mudmiv cvlilebas ganicdis.
qalTa adamianis uflebebi
miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianis uflebebis dacva saerTaSoriso aRiarebul
prioritetad iqca meore msoflio omis Semdeg, gansakuTrebiT ki gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciis Seqmnis Sedegad da adamianis uflebebis dasacavad Seiqmna
mravali saerTaSoriso dokumenti, qalebis adamianuroba ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi mizezi
2

Targmani: Tamar sabedaSvili

106
7

imisaTvis, rom maTac efeqturad esargeblaT am saerTaSoriso adamianis uflebaTa


damcavi instrumentebiT. amgvarad, gaeros sistemaSive saWiro gaxda specialuri
saerTaSoriso meqanizmebis Seqmna, romlebic uSualod qalebis adamianuri uflebebis
dacvas moemsaxureboda, kursis msvlelobisas Cven mimovixilavT am meqanizmebs.
sityva `adamiani~ istoriulad imdenad iyo kacuri Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvis
matarebeli. miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom TanamedroveobaSi es sityva orive sqesis
aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba, qalebTan mimarTebaSi misi gaTaviseba ar amowurula. gaeros
`adamianTa uflebebis sayovelTao deklaraciis~ miRebisas qalebs Zalian `gaumarTldaT~, rom isinic moiazres deklaraciis konteqstSi wina saukuneebis mniSvnelovan
dokumentebTan SedarebiT.3 TumcaRa, CarTvam ver uzrunvelyo qalebi adamianis uflebebiTa da maTi dacviT. qalebis CarTva am SemTxvevaSi migvaniSnebs gaeros mier
qalebis adamianebad aRiarebaze, magram es aRiareba ver iZens praqtikul mniSvnelobas,
vinaidan de faqto qalebi dResac ganicdian uflebriv Seviwrovebas kacebTan
SedarebiT.
amgvarad, termini `qalTa adamianis uflebebi~ aqcents svams erTis mxriv, im
istoriul diskriminaciaze, romlis Sedegadac qalTa moazreba warmatebulad ver
moxerxda adamianis uflebaTa koncefciaSi, xolo, meores mxriv xazs usvams adamianis
uflebaTa damcavi meqanizmebis qalebze gavrcelebaze da praqtikulad aregulirebs
qalTa sxvadasxva jgufis (gaTxovili qalebi, eTnikuri umciresobis qalebi, gogonebi
da sxva.) uflebebs.
feministi mkvlevrebi ver Tanxmdebian qalTa adamianis uflebebis artikulaciisa
da danergvis strategiebze, zogierTi maTgani, magaliTad, selina romani fiqrobs, rom
qalTa uflebebi ufro Zlieri da mravlismomcveli iqneba, Tu maT gamoTqvamen qalebis
da ara adamianis uflebebis arsebul diskursSi, romelic mamakacuri dominirebis gamo
ar aris sakmarisad mgrZnobiare qalebis problemebisadmi. sxvebi, magaliTad, hilari
Carlsvorsi miiCnevs, rom adamianis uflebebis diskursi im formiT ra formiTac
arsebobs ukve moicavs berketebs qalTa uflebebis dasacavad, gansakuTrebiT iseT
sazogadoebebSi sadac, qalebis uflebebis mZime darRvevebi xdeba.

some obvious for womens empowerment and full-fledged participation in decision-making


processes. This battle for womens rights initiated by the first wave was carried on by the second
wave of feminists since 1960s and keeps evolving even today.

Proletariat and gender discrimination the days of the early Bolshevik State Soviet Union in
1918-1936.
Along with the developments taking place in West, students will have an opportunity to understand
womens emancipation processes that have occurred in the Soviet Union, especially at an early
stage of Bolshevik state. One of the goals of the Bolshevik Revolution was to shift household work
to the public sphere, setting women and men free from such occupations. Marriage was viewed
as a union of people based on mutual love and understanding, free from obligations that institute of
family has imposed on them in feudal and capitalist settings. Thus, [t]he abolition of the family,
rather than gender conflict within it, held key to womens emancipation,3 but this abolitionist
attitude towards family or belief in familys withering away, was not expanded towards marriage
as well. On the contrary, early Bolshevik rhetoric aimed to introduce new understanding of
marriage, via institutionalization of civil marriages, easily obtainable divorces, and promotion of the
idea of a union based on mutual affection and ideals rather than on economic dependency. The
ideas related to social, economic, and political organization of the country, expressed in the years
following the Revolution were subversive and radical; The Marxist agenda of Communism
envisioned to change society by altering its economic structure4 and the ideological intention of
Bolsheviks in the years right after the Revolution should be considered with this urge to change not
only economic structure of the society but also change and abolish other forms of existence that
were before treated as a natural ways of being and the institute of family was among them.
According to Wendy Z. Goldman,
In October 1918, barely a year after the Bolsheviks had come to power, the Central
Executive Committee of the Soviet (VtsIK), the highest legislative body, ratified a complete
Code on Marriage, the Family, and Guardianship. The Code captured in law a revolutionary
vision of social relations based on womens equality and withering away (otmiranie) of the
family. [] The Bolsheviks argued that only socialism could resolve the contradiction
between work and family. Under Socialism, household labor would be transferred to the
public sphere: The tasks performed by millions of individual unpaid women in their homes
would be taken over by paid workers in communal dining rooms, laundries, and childcare
centers. 5
The state by taking responsibility for upbringing children, in the era when family is viewed no longer
as a production, but a consumption unit, not only shifts a type of domestic occupation into public
sphere but also deprives family as a social setting of one of its most important functions.
However, abolitionist attitude towards economic and legal responsibilities imposed on individuals
by a family dramatically changed already in late 1920s. The New Economic Policy introduced by
the government limited states capacity to shift domestic occupations in the public sphere.
Problems related to homeless children (bezprisorniki), rapid industrialization and collectivisation of

arc erTi Semdegi dokumenti ar moixsniebs da Sesabamisad ar exeba qalebs: kacisa da mamakaci
moqalaqis uflebebis deklaracia (miRebuli safrangeTis erovnuli asambleis mier 1789 wlis 26
agvistos); virjiniis uflebebis deklaracia (Seqmnili jorj meisonis mier da erTxmad miRebuli
virjiniis delegatTa konventis mier 1776 wlis 12 ivniss); amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
damoukideblobis deklaracia (1776, 12 ivlisi); amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis bili uflebebis Sesaxeb
(ratificirebuli 1791 wlis 15 dekembers).

Wendy Z. Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, c1993), 6.
4
Zeev Sternhell, Fascism: Reflections on the Fate of Ideas in Twentieth Century History, in Michael Freeden (ed.),
Reassessing Political Ideologies: the Durability of Dissent, (London, New York: Routledge, 2001), 109.
5
Wendy Z. Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, c1993), 1, 3.

105
8

degrade femaleness. Legally in many cases married women were declared the property of their
husbands, with close to no rights to divorce and own or inherit property.
In light of such prehistory the brief period of emancipation of women in the course of French
Bourgeois Revolution deserves attention. The womens rights condition in France was dramatically
changed through 1789-1804 years. In 1792-93 women were given the right to enter into marriages
without parental consent. They gained right to initiate divorce, name the father of a child born out of
wedlock, demand compensation for moral damage, and own property. On the lectures we will
discuss how did women manage to gain such rights and more interestingly how did it happen that
by 1804 they were again deprived of these rights and subjugated to severe control.
Participation of women in the early days of the Revolution is not fully reflected in the mainstream
history textbooks, but they did participate and were highly disappointed by the final outcome of the
revolution the Declaration of the Rights of Men and Citizen, which did not mention women.
Critical response from the side of women on this documents was a 1791 Declaration of the Rights
of Women and Female Citizen authored by Olympia de Gouge, in the document women claimed
all those rights that were granted to the group of privileged men by the Declaration of the Rights of
Men and Citizen.
In the period of French Revolution both radical feminists as well as anti-feminists thought that
women belong to the private domain, to their familial roles and obligations and the discourse of
emancipation debates taking place at that time reflected this perception. Women, like men of that
time where highly politicized and agitated by the prospects of the Revolution, but their selfexpression and free behavior was not supported and approved by male political elite, therefore,
gradually women where pushed out from public domain into private one and their legal rights were
limited.

Right to elect and be elected the longest battler of the First Wave feminists.
In the XIX century Europe womens demand for political rights was stated in various manifestations
of the growing womens movement. As Greek doctor Maria Kalopokathes defined, womens
movement was the conscious demand by women for their rights and the systematic efforts to
obtain them.2 The researchers label womens movement as a powerful social activity of womens
groups that occurred in XVIII century and was strengthened in XIX century.
The woman question posed by the intellectuals of the XIX century was a modified version of the
questions are women humans? or what are women? of medieval era. Therefore, the new
debate about womens rights was not focused on differences between men and women but on
inequalities and hierarchy existing between the sexes. Respectively, when John Stuart Mill joined
the demands of womens movement and spoke publicly for granting women political rights the
nobles were surprised how could such a respected gentleman ask rights for those who had to obey
to their superiors, their husbands.
The first wave of Feminism is bound to this first demand of womens movement that was right to
elect and be elected, which was successfully satisfied in the beginning of the XX century
irrespective of the controversies accompanying the process. However, the high hopes that many
women activists attached to the suffrage did not come true and women were to learn that apart
from right to vote and run for election there were many other hindering aspects, some hidden and
2

Gisela Bock, Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, 2002, 82.

genderi da globalizacia4
globalizaciis genderul aspeqtebze saubrisas Sexebis ramdenime ZiriTadi
sakiTxia aRsaniSnavi: (1) saerTaSoriso safinanso organizaciebis zemoqmedebiT
mTavrobebis mier ganxorcielebuli struqturuli cvlilebebis genderulad
disagregirebuli gavlena mosaxleobaze, (2) warmoebebis internacionalizaciiTa da
gafarToebiT gamowveuli qalTa SromiTi pirobebisa da uflebebis sakiTxi da (3) Cveni
drois monoba trefikingi, romelic qarTulad `adamianebiT vaWrobis~ saxeliTaa
cnobili.
kargadaa Seswavlili struqturuli cvlilebebis Sedegebi qalebis mdgomareobaze.
bevr qveynebSi socialuri momsaxurebebis Semcirebis xarjze gazrdilma saeqsportod
momgebianma warmoebam gamoiwvia is, rom gaizarda qalebis Sroma dabalanazRaurebad
dargebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki, soflis meurneobaSi, maSin, roca Sesabamisad Semcirda
qalebisTvis sargebeli da xelmisawvdomoba socialur momsaxurebebze. amis mizezi
isicaa, rom proporciulad msoflios masStabiT mamakacebi akontroleben, warmoebis
momgebian sferoebs, qalebi ki ZiriTadad dabalanazRaurebad samuSaos asruleben.5
globalizaciis seriozuli genderuli aspeqti ukavSirdeba dasaqmebis sferos. es
sakiTxi mravali feministi mkvlevris mieraa Seswavlili da isini erTxmad aRniSnaven,
rom ganviTarebad qveynebSi globalizaciis Sedegad warmoqmnili mxolod is
mravalricxovani samuSao adgilebia qalebisTvis gankuTvnili, romlebic yvelaze
dabalanazRaurebadia. didi saerTaSoriso sawarmoebi, iaf muSa xelze da sawarmoo
resursebze daxarbebulebi Svilobil kompaniebs xsnian ganviTarebad qveynebSi da
Zalian xSirad asaqmeben qalebs, romelTa SromiTi uflebebic, gansakuTrebiT ki
usafrTxo samuSao pirobebis ufleba irRveva da minimaluri anazraurebis gamo isini
vneben TavianT janmrTelobas.
4
globalizaciis rogorc terminis gansazRvrebebi SeiZleba orgvarad davajgufoT erTi, teqnikuri
da meore - politikuri saxis ganmartebebi. teqnikuri ganmartebebi garkveuli saerTaSoriso
ekonomikuri procesebis aRweriT asaxaven Tanamedroveobis iseT procesebs, romlebic saSualebas aZlevs
adamianebs gaadvilebuli gzebiT daukavSirdnen erTmaneTs da awarmoon biznesi saerTaSoriso doneze,
wamebSi gaavrcelon da moipovon informacia. arian iseTi mkvlevrebic, romlebic saerTod ar aRiareben
globalizacias rogorc TanamedroveobisaTvis simptomur, gansakuTrebul movlenas. maTi mtkicebiT
saerTaSoriso doneze informaciis gacvla da sxvadasxva saxis urTierTobebi gansakuTrebiT ki, vaWroba
odiTganve arsebobda, Sesabamisad, Tanamedrove epoqaSi globalizaciaze ki ara, teqnologiis daxvewaze
unda visaubroT mxolod, romelmac amgvari procesebi bevrisTvis xelmisawvdomi da masStaburi gaxada.
TumcaRa, amgvari mosazrebis mqone mecnierebis ricxvi dRiTidRe mcirdeba da sul ufro meti adamiani
aRiarebs globalizaciis, rogorc axali, Tanamedrove fenomenis arsebobas.
globalizaciis ganmsazRvrel meore tipis ganmartebebs maTi ideologiuri datvirTvis gamo, SeiZleba
ufro politikuri ganmartebebi vuwodoT. politikuri ganmartebebis mixedviT, sakmarisi araaa
globalizaciis mxolod, rogorc ekonomikuri, teqnologiuri progresisa da TanamedroveobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli procesebis amsaxveli neitraluri cnebis aRwera, radgan globalizacia warmoadgens
didi politikuri muxtis matarebel processac, romelic saerTaSoriso arenaze myof zogierT qveyanasa
da mis moqalaqeebs ufro xelsayrel viTarebaSi ayenebs, vidre sxvebs. globalizaciis politikur
ganmartebas Cveulebriv antiglobalistebi iZlevian. erT-erTi aseTi ganmartebis mixedviT,
globalizacia aris ekonomikurad susti qveynebis eqspluatireba msoflios ekonomikuri sistemebis
dakavSirebis gziT, da maTi iZuleba daemorCilon da damokidebulic ki gaxdnen dasavlur kapitalistur
weswyobilebaze. antiglobalizmi ki, Sesabamisad warmoadgens xalxis moZraobas, mimarTuls imisaken,
rom daiTrgunos globalizaciuri procesebi, romlebic udavod politikuri niSnis matarebelia da
uTanasworoba moaqvs. (antiglobalizaciis Sesavali, gansazRvreba da resursebi, Introduction to AntiGlobalization Definition and Resources, ixileT internetSi Semdeg misamarTze: <http://www.anti-marketing.com/antiglobalization.html>)
arsebobs adamianTa mTeli rigi vinc antiglobalistobisgan an globalistobisgan gadaixara
alternatiuli igive alterglobalistobisken. am jgufSi erTiandebian is mkvlevrebi, romlebic
miiCneven, rom SeuZlebelia globalizaciis SeCereba an Sewyveta, SesaZlebelia mxolod misi Secvla, ise,
rom igi socialurad orientirebuli da maqsimalurad humanuri anu adamianebisTvis sargeblis momtani
iyos.
5
keri, joana da karolin svitmani (red.), qalebi xelaxla igoneben
globalizacias, gv. 4. Joanna Kerr and Caroline Sweetman, Women Reinventing Globalisation, Oxfam GB 2003, 4.

104
9

am TvalsazrisiT, sagulisxmoa meqsikuri eqsportis gadamamuSavebeli zonebis e.w.


makiladorebis gamocdileba, romlebic erTgvari `Tavisufali~ savaWro zonebia
meqsikis teritoriaze, meqsika-amerikis sazRvris gayolebiT, sadac mravali meqsikelia
dasaqmebuli, gansakuTrebiT ki, qalebi. amJamad meqsika amerikis sazRvarze 4 000-mde
makiladoris qarxana-fabrikaa ganlagebuli, romlebSic daaxloebiT erTi milioni
adamiani muSaobs.6 msxvili amerikuli kompaniebi, gansakuTrebiT, `zeniti~, `jonson
kontrolsi~, `karlisl plastiksi~ da sxvebi aiZuleben qalebs orsulobis testi
Caitaron (sisxlisa da Sardis analizTan erTad) samsaxurSi misaRebad, fexmZimoba, ki
ganixileba rogorc dasaqmebaze uaris Tqmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani motivi.
SeiniSneba fexmZimobis gamo qalebis gaTavisuflebis an daqveiTebisa da xelfasis
daklebis SemTxvevebi.7
fabrika-sawarmoebSi qalebis muSaobasTan dakavSirebiT wamoWril debatebSi
xSirad gaismoda mowodeba qalebis am sferodan daTxovis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT,
dasavleTSi, sadac muSebis SromiTi uflebebis dacvis sakiTxebi saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi etapobrivad, ZiriTadad mainc mamakacze morgebulad Camoyalibda,
vinaidan swored mamakaci moiazreboda da bevr qveyanaSi dRemde moiazreba idealur
muSa-mosamsaxured, romelsac Sesabamisad ar mouxdeba dekretSi gasvla, ar Seawuxebs
ojaxuri sazrunavi Svilebze, iqneba fizikurad ufro Zlieri da gonebrivad ufro
koncentrirebuli. TumcaRa, qalebma daamtkices, rom rogorc ganaTlebis aseve
dasaqmebis sferoSi maT SeuZliaT seriozuli warmatebebis miRweva, da is faqti, rom
samuSao pirobebi SesaZloa maTTvis naklebad xelsayreli iyos, vidre mamakacebisTvis
damqraveblisa da SromiTi kanonmdeblobis dauxvewaobis bralia. anu es ukanasknelni
arasakmarisad mgrZnobiareni arian qalebis mdgomareobis mimarT da amis gamo maT
diskrminirebas axdenen mamakacebTan SedarebiT, visze morgebuladac moxda maTi
Camoyalibeba.
globalizaciis uaryofiT Sedegad SeiZleba miviCnioT XX saukunis monobis,
trefikingis problemac. komunikaciis gaadvilebuli sistema xels uwyobs
kriminaluri qselebis Seqmnasa da adamianebis gabmas amgvar qselebSi. trefikingi exeba
rogorc mamakacebs, aseve qalebsac. xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac emigrant mamakacebs
abamen monur SromaSi, arRveven maT SromiT uflebebs da uryeven janmrTelobas. magram
ufro xSiria qalebis trefikingis SemTxvevebi, xolo Sedegad miyenebuli zarali ara
marto janmrTelobis, aramed sicocxlis fasic ki SeiZleba dajdes.
mzardi ekonomikuri uTanasworoba, romelsac gansakuTrebiT uaryofiTi gavlena
aqvs gogonebsa da qalebze, iwvevs ukiduresad Rataki qalebisa da gogonebis
motivacias gaakeTon yvelaferi gadarCenisaTvis. saerTaSoriso doneze qalebi da
bavSvebi iyidebian, raTa daakmayofilon moTxovnileba seqsualuri momsaxurebis da
monuri, uaiafesi Sromis bazarze. gaeros monacemebiT adamianebiT vaWrobis
globaluri industria yovelwliurad 5-7miliard amerikuli dolaris odenobis
mogebas iZleva, yovelwliurad sul mcire 700 000 adamianis damonebis xarjze.8
adgilobrivi seqsualuri industria globalur doneze gavida da dasavleTis
qveynebi aavso yofili sabWoTa qveynebidan, aziidan Tu afrikidan wamosuli gogonebiT.
6

Maria Patricia Fernandez-Kelly, maria patricia fernandes-keli, The Silence of Free Trade: Mexican
Maquiladoras and Globalization. dumili Tavisufali vaWrobis irgvliv: meqsikuri makiladorebi da
globalizacia. Rutgers University Press, 2001.
7
LaShawn R. Jefferson, laSaun r. jefersoni, Urge U.S. Companies to Stop Sex Discrimination in Mexican Maquiladoras,
moviwodoT amerikul kompaniebs sqesobrivi diskriminaciis Sewyvetisken, Human Rights Watch Womens Rights
Project, 1997.
8
gaerTianebuli erebis monacemi moyvanili p. arlaCis naSromSi msoflio danaSaulis winaaRmdeg, 2000.
P. Arlacchi, Against all the godfathers: the revolt of the decent people in The World Against Crime, Special Issue of Giornale di
Sicilia, 7.

Course objectives:
The course aims to explain how law, which one might think of being neutral and objective has
been gendered and has affected women and men differently through the course of a history. The
course also aims to increase students awareness of gender aspects of history of law.

Glossary of frequently used concepts:


First week of studies will be dedicated to the explanation of frequently used terms, such as
feminism, gender, epistemologies, body, essentialism/social construction/difference, intersections
of race, class and gender, language, power, sexual division of labor, private and public domains,
etc. Students will be provided with brief description of each concept, it is not expected that they will
grasp full meaning of these terms but that they initially familiarize themselves with lexicon of the
debates that will be enriched and located in concrete contexts throughout the course. Such an
introductory definition of terms is important to start building common understandings of the
language that constructs the discourse of gender and womens studies.

For and by who was the law made? The question of the subject of law. Debates of late
middle ages and French Revolution:
After the introduction, it is worthwhile to start discussing concrete topics of the course and the first
theme will help us to start our journey in history of law from a gender perspective. The overview of
the debates existent in the Western Europe of middle ages will allow the partial reconstruction of
those environment and values that stand in the foundation of contemporary Western European
society. This excursion, started in middle ages will be informative of the progress that womens
rights thought and women as a diverse group of society underwent.
The discrimination of women during the Middle Ages as well as long afterwards was embedded in
the fact that both the lawmaker i.e. the subject of the law, as well as its object was man in most of
the cases. Laws were made by men to regulate those aspects of social life where key actors were
also men, and laws mirrored existent gender perceptions and privileges. The recollection of the
French Bourgeois Revolution is highly informative from this viewpoint, therefore special attention
will be paid also to womens role and participation in the French Revolution.
Since late Middle Ages European society at large and intellectuals in particular were engaged in
heated debates over the role and place of men and women in the society. Giovanni Pico in his
epochal work On the Dignity of Man (De dignitate hominis, 1486) outlined that God was speaking
only to Adam, therefore, men were blessed to live according to their desires, while the church
depicted women responsible for the fall as descendants of Eve and as Tertullian picturesquely
expressed women were nothing but the devils gateway (janua diaboli). Augustine regarded both
extramarital and marital sexuality as sinful. Sin could only be avoided, according to St Jerome,
through chaste living, since a mans love for a woman, who embodies evil and temptation, could
not be reconciled with love of god and threatened the salvation of man. Salvation seeking men had
to protect themselves from women; salvation seeking women, from themselves.1

Of course among the medieval thinkers were those who thought higher of women and defended
their interests, but they where a minority in comparison with those who tended to mystify and
1

Gisela Bock, Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, UK.2.

103
10

Tamar Sabedashvili

Womens Human Rights:


Gender Aspects of History of Law
Duration and timetable of the course:
The course duration is 8 weeks that is 32 classroom hours, 17 of which will be lectures and 15 will
be seminars. Each week will consist of 4 classroom hours delivered twice a week with 2-hour
sessions, first hour devoted to a lecture and the second hour to a seminar. Only the first week is
the exception to this rule, as there will be 3 lectures and 1 seminar during this first week.

Course description summery:

In order to emphasize the diverse impact law has on men and womens conditions, we will
undertake a historical review of womens human rights development in the West (western Europe
and the United States) as well as in the Soviet Union. In the beginning of the course we will review
those historical aspects that have contributed to womens subjugation and discrimination; inquiring
about the impact that social status and standpoint of a lawmaker has on legal documents. We will
start the review of womens legal rights conditions from French Revolution of the XVIII century and
will finish with the situation in the XX century. During the course special attention will be paid to
womens struggle for the suffrage (first wave feminists) from XIX century till 1930s as a historical
foundation for the improvement of womens human rights conditions.
Than we will turn our attention to the development of womens rights thought within international
organizations, such as the League of Nations and the United Nations, putting special stress on the
aspects of international womens rights protection documents translation and implementation
processes on the local level by the state parties. In this part of the course we will focus on how the
Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) has been
working in Georgias case (the country joined CEDAW in 1994). In the section of the course we will
ask critical questions related to the causes and effects of transitional states governments
accession to the international human rights documents. Setting bare the imbalance that exists
between womens rights de facto and de jure conditions, when due to discriminatory traditions
women remain disadvantaged in comparison with men, irrespective of what do international or
national legislations claim their rights to be. This reality is a vivid example that there are limits to
the authority of law when it comes to its implementation and protection of rights of people with
different ethnic, racial, gender, etc. backgrounds.
The course will provide students with cases from different countries and Georgia on those special
areas of legal regulation, where gender sensitivity of law becomes crucial factor for the protection
of womens human rights such as, for instance, sexual harassment at workplace and domestic
violence. In this regard, we will learn about the existing debates in the West.
By the end of the course we will focus on the interrelation that exists between election systems and
womens political representation; on womens chances to become legislators and on the meaning and
importance of these happening for the improvement of womens political and legal conditions. By the
end of the course we will also summarize the key topics and themes covered during the course.

maT prostituciaSi Casabmelad farTod gamoiyeneba interneti, xSirad gogonebs


sTavazoben xelsayrel samuSaos barebsa da restornebSi, kazinoebSi, an kerZo
momsxurebis sferoSi, bavSvebis momvlelad da sxva, xolo sinamdvileSi ankess
wamogebul msverpls arTmeven passports da piradobis damadasturebel sxva sabuTebs,
xSirad atusaReben da aCveven narkotikebs da rac kidev ufro damangrevelia maTi
fsiqikuri da sulieri mdgomareobisTvis aiZuleben prostitucias da seqsualuri
momsaxurebidan miRebuli Semosavlis mxolod 5%-s Tu ubruneben.
arian iseTi mandilosnebic, vinc nebayofilobiT Tanxmdeba migraciaze
prostituciaSi CarTvis mizniT, TumcaRa maTma umravlesobam ar icis im rTuli
viTarebis Sesaxeb, ra viTarebaSic maT mouwevT cxovreba da muSaoba. arc is ician, rom
prostituciiT miRebuli Semosavlis udidesi nawili maTi ar iqneba. umetes qveynebs,
TviT ganviTarebul qveynebsac, msxverplTa dacvis susti meqanizmebi aqvT, xSirad
trefikingis msxverpls romc mieces saSualeba Zalovan struqturebTan dakavSirebis,
is Tavs Seikavebs, vinaidan zustad ar icis ra uflebebi aqvs da ramdenad SeuZlia
kanons misi dacva, Tu kidev ufro meti zianis miyeneba (aris gamocdileba gogonebis
dapatimrebis, deportaciis, rodesac isini kriminalebis devnisa da SantaJis
msxverplni xdebian).
TumcaRa, globalizacia ara marto negatiur gavlenas axdens qalebis mgomareobaze, TviTon is faqti, rom Cven dRes vsaubrobT genderis da globalizaciis
kveTis aspeqtebze da Sedegad wamoWril sirTuleebze, aseve globalizaciis Sedegia.
globalizaciis Sedegia, aseve is gazrdili yuradReba, rasac adamianis uflebaTa
damcvelebi
uTmoben
igive
globalizaciiT
gamowveul
uflebadarRvevebs.
telekomunikaciisa da internetis swrafma ganviTarebam, msoflio bazrebis da
biznesebis dakavSirebam da urTierTdamokidebulebam SesaZlebeli gaxada meti da
meti informaciis gavrceleba da cnobierebis amaRleba im sazogadoebebSi, visi
interesebic ilaxeba da eqspluatirebac xdeba.
globalizaciis `wyalobiT~ aseve SesaZlebeli gaxda anti-globalizaciuri
qselebisa da adamianis uflebaTa da garemos davciTi organizaciebis gaerTianeba,9
romlebic miznad isaxaven saerTaSoriso doneze daayenon globalizaciis Sedegad
wamoWrili problemebi da sakiTxebi. TumcaRa, erTia sakiTxebis dayeneba, xolo meorea
am sakiTxebis mitana gadawyvetilebis mimReb doneebamde da lobireba sasurveli
Sedegis dadgomisaTvis, rac Zneli misaRwevia, rodesac xSirad procesSi CarTuli
mxareebis mamoZravebel Zalas, maT Soris kriminaluri elementebis mamoZravebel
Zalasac, ekonomikuri daintereseba da sargebelis miRebis survili warmoadgens da
Zalian mciria im adamianebis raodenoba, visac aqvs survilic da SesaZleblobac
globaluri
procesebi
Semoabrunos
adamianebis
uflebrivi
mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebisa da sxva humanuri miznebis miRwevisaken.

sxeuli
dasavluri10 azrovneba istoriulad ganasxvavebda sxeuls gonebisagan. gonebas
saxavda privilegirebulad (vazrovneb, maSasadame varsebob) da racionalur
arsebasTan mamakacTan aigivebda, maSin rodesac sxeuli, iracionaluri da emociuri,
9

globalizaciis ganmarteba, Definition of Globalisation ixileT internetSi Semdeg misamarTze:


<http://www.investorwords.com/2182/globalization.html>
10
dasavleTi, dasavluri naSromSi gamoiyeneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi arsebuli
msoflmxedvelobebisa da tradiciebis aRsaniSnavad

102
11

qalis simbolos warmoadgenda. vinaidan am logikiT qalebi materiasTan ufro


daaxloebul arsebebs warmoadgendnen, maTi ganivTeba ufro advili warmosadgeni da
gansaxorcielebi gaxda, vidre mamakacebisa. vinaidan Tavisi sxeuliT qali bunebasTan
igivdeba iudeo-qristianul azrovnebaSi mamakacebs maTze mflobelobis ufleba aqvT.
penisis arqonis gamo froidis fsiqologia maT moazrebs mamakacebze ufro dabali
moraluri da mentaluri ganviTarebis arsebebad. maTi reproduqciuli funqciis gamo,
maT orsul sxeulebs da menstrualur cikls mravali kultura saxavs rogorc
mistikurs, tabuirebuls an saSiSs.
mgvarad, warsulSi da zogan dResac sazogadoebebi qalebs miakuTvneben `kerZo~ ojaxur da ara `sazogadoebriv~ ojaxs gareT arsebul sferos da uars eubnebian maT
ganaTlebaze, dasaqmebaze, da samoqalaqo cxovrebaze zogadad. mgvarad, anatomiuri,
sxeulebrivi anu sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi qalebsa da kacebs Soris iqca mniSvnelovan
maxasiaTeblebad, romlebmac gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa sqesTa sazogadoebrivi
mdgomareobis (privilegirebuli - mamrobiT sqesis, naklebad privilegirebuli da zog
konteqstSi aSkarad diskriminirebuli mdedrobiT sqesis SemTxvevaSi) Camoyalibebisas.

epistemologiebi
codna aris informacia, faqtebis, Teoriebis, gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, romlis
meSveobiTac sazogadoeba an kultura gansazRvravs ra aris mniSvnelovani da swori, ra
warmoadgens mis warsuls da rogor esmis bunebisa da sazogadoebis sirTuleebi. im
faqtma, rom qalebi da sxva gariyuli, marginalizebuli jgufebi ar monawileobdnen
codnis Seqmnisa da dagrovebis procesSi gamoiwvia is, rom isini cxovroben
`realobaSi~, romelic maT ar ekuTvniT. feministuri epistemologia miznad isaxavs
qalebis codniTa da informaciiT Seavsos msoflioSi saukuneebis manZilze
privilegirebuli mamakacebis mier dagrovili codna. es saWiroa, raTa samyaro ar iqnes
danaxuli da aRqmuli mxolod erTi kuTxidan, calmxrivi, mamakacuri perspeqtividan.

United Nations: Division for the Advancement of Women. bolo viziti 28


Tebervali 2002 <http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/reservations.htm>
United Nations Department of Public Information. bolo viziti 28
Tebervali 2002 <http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/history.htm>.
United Nations Charter.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Vincent, R.J. Human Rights and International Relations, Cambridge:Cambridge
University Press, 1986, 10. Citing Jack Donelly, The Concept of Human Roghts. Websters
Unabridged Dictionary: Newer Words Faster (Random House Inc. 1999)
Womens Rights and Status. Annual Review of United Nations Affairs 1976. Compiled
and edited by William A. Landskron. Oceana Publications, inc. New York. 1977
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady speech at the Woman's Convention (25th May, 1851).
Anthony Center for Womens Leadership, ixileT internetSi, misamarTze:
<http://www.rochester.edu/SBA/sbaecs.html>, bolo viziti 1 noemberi 2004.
Zetkin, Clara, Lenin on the Womens Question: An Interview with Lenin, 4. ixileT
internetSi
misamarTze:
http://www.marxists.org/archive/zetkin/1925/lenin/zetkin2.htm
bolo viziti 17 Tebervali, 2005.
Zurikashvili, Feride, Internally Displaced Women in Georgia, Tbilisi: Womens Studies
Center at Tbilisi State University, 1999.

esenSalizmi/ socialuri ageba / gansxvavebuloba


feminizmis Teoriis gansazRvraSi didi roli Seasrula azrTa Widilma or
mosazreabas Soris; pirveli - arsebobs istoriulad mdgradi da maradi mamakacuri da
qaluri arsi, buneba da meore, sapirispiro mosazreba, rom aranairi mamakacuri da
qaluri sawyisi da arsi ar arsebobs. `mamkacuroba~ da `qaluroba~ socialurad
agebuli anu konstruirebuli procesebia. `qalurobisa~ da `mamakacurobis~ socialuri ageba gulisxmobs kulturuli, socialuri, fizikuri da istoriuli gansxvavebebis rTul sistemas, rac sabolood ayalibebs adamianebis genderul Semecnebasa da
socialur rolebs. maTTvis, visac qaluri da mamakacuri arsisa da bunebrivi sawyisis
swams sqesobrivi gansxvaveba Sinagani, bunebrivi da mdgradia, xolo maT visac
genderuli rolebis socialuri agebadobis swams, miaCniaT, rom adamiani ki ar ibadeba
qalad an kacad, aramed igi aseTad yalibdeba socialuri da kulturuli procesebis
wyalobiT. isini aqve ganasxvaveben biologiur sqessa (mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi) da
socialur sqess anu genders (qali da mamakaci). aqve ar unda daviviwyoT iseTi
adamianebi, romlebic imyofebian rogorc biologiuri, aseve socialuri sqesis
zRvarze, iseTebi rogorebic arian or-sqesiani, transseqsuali da transvevstiti
adamianebi.

12

101

2003.
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<http://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/into.htm> bolo viziti marti 14, 2003.
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Kolontai, (eds. Alison and Busby) 1920.
Kundera, Milan Jacques and His Master: An Homage to Diderot in Three Acts,
New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1985.
Leroux, Pierre and J. Reynaud (eds.), Encyclipedie Nouvelle, vol. 5, col.212, Paris, 1848. La Voix des
femmes 20, (11 April 1848) reprint Geneva, 1991)
Lijphart, A. Electoral Systems and Party Systems, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1994.
maduraSvili, xaTuna `qalTa uflebebi da maTi dacva saqarTvelos
sisxlisa da Sromiis samarTliT~, almanaxi, 1998.
Meier, Joan Introduction, The Public Nature of Private Violence: the Discovery of
Domestic Abuse, Martha Albertson Fineman, Roxanne Mykitiuk (eds.), Routledge: New York,
London, 1994.
metreveli, nino `vin yidulobda parlamentis Tavmjdomaris skams:
nino burjanaZisgan prezidentobisaTvis brZolis safrTxe ar modis~, sarke, 46
(2001).
OSCE/ODHIR, Georgia Parliamentary Elections: 31 October & 14 November 1999,
Final Report, Warsaw, February 2000.
prezident e. SevardnaZis 1999 wlis 28 agvistos 511 brZanebuleba
`qalTa adamianis uflebebis damcavi meqanizmebis gaZlierebis Sesaxeb~.
proeqti harmonia, ojaxur ZaladobasTan brZolis sazogadoebrivi
TanamSromlobis programis saswavlo masalebi.
Pietila, Hilkka, Engendering the Global Agenda: the Story of Women and the United
Nations, NGLS, 2002.
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Human Rights: A Critical Uppraisal. Philip Alston ed. Claredon Press. Oxford.
1992.
Report of Non-governmental Organizations on the Status of Women in the Republic of
Georgia Under CEDAW Articles, 1998.
Sabedashvili, Tamar, Paper for the course: Research Methods in Gender Studies.
Contents Analysis Method and Practice, Applied to the Abstract from Aleksandra Kollontais
Article Communism and the Family (1920), Central European University, Budapest, 2003.
saqarTvelos konstitucia, 1995,
saqarTvelos Sromis kanonTa kodeqsi, Tbilisi: gamocemulia 2003 wlis noembris
mdgomareobiT
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi
saqarTvelos organuli kanoni, erTiani saarCveno kodeqsi.
Rapaport, Elizabeth, The Death Penalty and the Domestic Discount, The Public Nature
of Private Violence: the Discovery of Domestic Abuse, Martha Albertson Fineman, Roxanne
Mykitiuk (eds.), Routledge: New York, London, 1994.
Rueschemeyer, Merlin, Women in the Politics of Postcommunist Eastern Europe, New
York: Armonk, 1994.
Sternhell, Zeev, Fascism: Reflections on the Fate of Ideas in Twentieth Century
History, in Michael Freeden (ed.), Reassessing Political Ideologies: the Durability of Dissent,
(London, New York: Routledge, 2001).

1990-ian wlebSi feminizmis Teoretikosebma, maT Soris, ruT hubardma da tereza de


lauretisma protesti gamoTqves arsebuli dilemis Sesaxeb. hubardi miiCnevs, rom
biologiuri da socialuri faqtorebi adamianis formirebisas araTu erTmaneTs
ewinaaRmdegeba, an erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad arsebobs, aramed gamudmebul
urTierTqmedebaSi imyofeba da avsebs erTmaneTs. etic, biologiuri sqesi gadajaWvulia socialur sqesze. tereza de lauretisma, hubardisgan gansxvavebiT, wamoayena
mosazreba, rom feminizmis sagani aris ara `qali~, aramed `qaluri sxeulis mqone
socialuri arseba~ da is Tavis qalurobas mTeli cxovrebis manZilze imecnebs.

100

13

genderis, rasisa da klasis gadakveTa


yuradRebis gamaxvileba rasaze, klasobriv kuTvnilebaze, erovnebaze, religiasa
da tradiciebze gvaZlevs saSualebas gavaanalizoT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens es
kategoriebi adamianis cxovrebaze sqesisa da genderis paralelurad. adamianTa
uflebrivi mdgomareobis gaanalizebisas, maTi dajgufeba ar SeiZleba mxolod
sqesobrivi niSniT. rasisa da klasis integrirebis sakiTxi feminist mkvlevrebs
aqtiurad daudgaT mas Semdeg, rac afrikuli warmoSobisa da/an muSaTa klasis
warmomadgenelma qalebma isini arasolidarulobaSi da metic, maTi problemebisadmi
sibrmaveSi daadanaSaules, im argumentiT, rom meore talRis adreuli naSromebi
ZiriTadad aJRerebda, mxolod saSualo klasis qalebis problemebs.

ena
sityvebi, romlebsac Cven yoveldRiurad viyenebT asaxavs Cvens kulturasa da
Semecnebas da amavdroulad gadaecema momaval Taobas. ena inaxavs da warmoaCens Cvens
warmodgenebs genderze, magaliTisTvis: `kacis tvini aqvs~ niSnavs Wkviania, `kacurad
ar movkalaTdi /gamoviZine a.S.~ niSnavs gemrielad, xarisxianad anu gabatonebuli
arsebisTvis damaxasiaTeblad. `bati~, `Wuki~, `Steruka~, `qalia ra unda moTxovo?~
miuTiTebs naklebi avtoritetisa da ganviTarebis individze. qarTuli ena, sxva enebis
msgavsad, bevrs saubrobs sazogadoebaSi arsebul genderul stereotipebze.
nebismieri teqsti, iqneba es poeturi nawarmoebi Tu samarTlebrivi aqti, SeiZleba
atarebdes genderuli TvalsazrisiT Zalian mniSvnelovan informacias im sociumis
Sesaxeb, saidanac igi gamomdinareobs, amitomac lingvistebs teqstebis genderul
WrilSi gaanalizebis Semdeg sazogadoebaSi arsebuli genderuli stereotipebis
Taobaze didi informaciis mowodeba SeuZliaT.
enis anu ufro farTo gagebiT saTqmelis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania
is garemoebac, rom istoriulad qalebs ar eZleodaT TavianTi pirovnebisa da
saTqmelis pirdapiri, sityvieri Tu werilobiTi gziT gadmocemis saSualeba
(ganaTlebis, sazogadoebaSi sityviT gamosvlis akrZalvis gamo). amitom isini
cdilobdnen TavianTi saTqmelis gaxmaurebas ara sityvieri formebiT, aramed sxva,
xSirad ufro SemoqmedebiTi formebiT: xaliCebis qsova, kerva, qargva, saxlis morTva,
kulinaria. zogjer maTi garemocvisTvis Zalian uCveulo formebiTac, jadoqroba,
mkiTxaoba, xilvebis qona da a.S. ris gamoc inkvizicia maT sastikad uswordeboda.

Zalaufleba
Zalauflebisa da Sromis ganawileba aris socialuri da ekonomikuri cxovrebis
genderuli niSniT gadawyvetili ori umTavresi faqtori. qalTa mdgomareobis nebismieri analizi Zalauflebis asimetriuli gadanawilebis (mamakacebis sasargeblod)analizia. Zalaufleba rCeba feminizmis Teoriis udidesi interesis sagnad.
Tanamedrove msoflmxedveloba gmobs Zalauflebis gamoyenebas batonobisa da
eqspluataciiis gawevis mizniT, maSin rodesac Zalauflebis gamoyeneba imisaTvis, rom
gqondes Tanabari politikuri, samarTlebrivi da ekonomikuri uflebebi qalTa
moZraobisTvis misaRebia.
feministebi xSirad akritikeben `sajaro~ anu sazogadoebriv sferoSi Zalauflebis
borotad gamoyenebas, romelic gamoixateba militarizmSi, ekonomikur eqspluataciaSi, kolonializmSi. aseve akritikeben `kerZo~ sferoSi Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebas, gamoxatuls gaupatiurebaSi, ojaxur ZaladobaSi (fizikuri, fsiqologiuri,
sqesobrivi, ekonomikuri) da incestSi. feministi mkvlevrebi, aseve svamen kiTxvas imis
Taobaze, SesaZlebelia Tu ara Zalauflebis cnebis xelaxali gaazreba, ise, rom
qalebmac miiRon am procesSi monawileoba. maT jerjerobiT warmatebiT moaxerxes is,
rom (Zala)ufleba viRacaze batonobisa SeecvalaT ama Tu im uflebiT sakuTari
Rirsebis dasacavad. iseTi uflebebiT rogorebicaa qmedebis, sityvis, arCevanis,
cvlilebis moTxovnis ufleba.

Sromis sqesobrivi gadanawileba


Sromis sqesobrivi gadanawileba anu Sromis gadanawileba genderulad gansazRvrul `kerZo~ (saojaxo) da `sazogadoebriv~ (sajaro anu ojaxs gareT) sferoebSi anu
produqciisa da reproduqciis sferoebSi Teoriulad damuSavda gansakuTrebiT
marqsisti, materialisti da socialisti feministebis mier XIX da XX saukuneebSi. maTi
analizi efuZneba fridrix engelsis Sromas `ojaxis, kerZo sakuTrebisa da
saxelmwifos warmoSiba~ (1884), romelmac Semoitana reproduqcia da qalis Sroma
marqsis zogadad genderulad brma Sromis gadanawilebis analizSi. Tanamedrove
feministebis mravalma kvlevam daadastura, rom msoflio masStabiT qalis Sroma
(miuxedavad misi xasiaTisa) naklebad fasobs, vidre mamakacis. engelsis mixedviT,
zedmeti qonebis dagrovebam, ramac kerZo sakuTrebis gaCena ganapiroba, gamoiwvia aseve
qalis seqsualobis kontroli, radgan memkvidreoba ar gadasuliyo sxvis xelSi. aman
qali miajaWva ojaxs. Sromis amdagvari gadanawileba kargad emsaxureba industriul
kapitalizms, radgan kerZo anu ojaxis sferoSi qalis aunazRaurebeli Sromis xarjze
xdeba kapitalis dazogva, muSaxelis Senaxva da gamravleba.

kerZo da sazogado sferoebi


istoriulad adamianuri cxovrebis or `sazogado~ (public) da `kerZo~ (private) sferoebad
gayofa udidesi mniSvnelobis aRmoCnda genderuli kvlevebisTvis sqesTa Soris
arsebuli diskriminaciis gasaanalizeblad. qarTulad ufro kargad rom gaviTavisoT,
Tu ras gulisxmobs `sazogado~ da `kerZo~ sferoebi genderuli analizisaTvis saWiroa
maTi ukeT axsna. `kerZo~ sfero Seexeba ojaxur cxovrebasa da urTierTobebs, romlis
monawile da romelSi, gamomwyvdeuli aRmoCnda qali saukuneebis manZilze. `sazogado~

14

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Eropean Union, Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.
Eropean Union, Treaty of Amsterdam Amending the Treaty of on European Union, the
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FWCW Platform for Action, Institutional Mechanisms for the Advancement of Women,
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Fernandez-Kelly, Maria Patricia The Silence of Free Trade: Mexican Maquiladoras and
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Fraser. Arvonne S. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
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98

sfero ki Seexeba adamianuri cxovrebis im nawils romelic ojaxs gareT mimdinareobs


aq moiazreba politikuri, ekonomikuri da, zogadad, sazogadoebrivi aqtivoba,
romelic tradiciulad mamakacebis saqmianobas warmoadgenda da aseve ufro meti
faseulobis (maT Soris, finansuri anazRaurebis TvalsazrisiT) matarebeli iyo, vidre
ojaxuri saqmeebi, romelsac `kerZo~ sferoSi gamoketili qalebi asrulebdnen (ojaxis
wevrebis movla, saojaxo saqmeebis gaZRola).
aseve tradiciulad samarTliT regulirdeboda is `sazogado~ sfero, romelic
xasiaTdeboda meti monawile pirebiTa da maT Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis mravalferovnebiT. ojaxuri anu `kerZo~ sfero ki, tradiciulad kanonebiT ufro mwirad reguldeboda da ZiriTadad iseT momentebSi, romlebic saWirboroto da mniSvnelovani
iyo `sazogado~ sferos mTavari moqmedi pirisaTvis mamakacisTvis. magaliTad,
saukuneebis manZilze gaTxovebisTanave qali da misi sakuTreba, rogorc iuridiuli
piri qreboda, iseve rogorc Tavad qali, romelic qmris mflobelobaSi gadadioda.
es gayofa `kerZo~ da `sazogado~ sferoebs Soris ufro simboluri gaxlavT, vidre
realuri. vinaidan rac ar unda saxlSi gamoketilad warmovidginoT qali igi, mainc
axerxebda saukuneebis manZilze pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri gzebiT sazogadoebriv
aqtivobas. iRebda aseve monawileobas produqciis warmoebaSi Sida moxmarebisTvis, Tu
ojaxur biznesSi gare moxmarebisTvis. amakaci, aseve ar iyo sruliad mowyvetili
ojaxur sferos, CarTuli gaxldaT ojaxur saqmeebSi da warmoadgenda gadawyvetilebis mimRebs. (TumcaRa, qalebi aseve monawileobdnen gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi
pirdapiri, Tu iribi gziT).
mgvarad, ar arsebobs konkretuli da mkveTri demarkaciis xazi `kerZo~ da `sazogado~ sferoebs Soris. ar arsebobs aseve am sferoebis iseTi gansazRvreba, romelic
universaluri iqneboda droisa da sazogadoebebis mixedviT, es ori simboluri sfero,
romelsac ZiriTadad saxelmwifo gansazRvravs da adamianuri urTierTobebi avsebs
cvalebadia droisa da konteqstis mixedviT da inarCunebs, mxolod zogad
maxasiaTeblebs. am maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT `sazogado~ sferoSi yofna da moRvaweoba
ufro faseuli da mniSvnelovania da aq mTavar moTamaSeebs mamakacebi warmoadgenen,
xolo `kerZo sferoSi gaweuli Sroma naklebad dafasebuli da anazRaurebulia da am
sferoSi gamwev Zalad qalebi rCebian. feministi mkvlevarebi problemurad saxaven am
ori sferos arsebobasa da urTierTqmedebas, Sesabamisad, meore talRis feministTa
lozungma: `ersonal is political!~ `piradi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebi politikuri
mniSvnelobisaa!~ udidesi datvirTva SeiZina, vinaidan am gziT gadawyda `sazogado~
sferos dRis wesrigSi `kerZo~ sferoSi wamoWrili problemebis dayeneba.
aqve unda aRvniSnoT is garemoeba, rom zemo Tqmulidan gamomdinare, kursSi Cven ar
ganvixilavT qalebs rogorc erTian aradiversificirebul kategorias. magaliTad, Sua
saukuneebSi maRali wrisa da mdidari ojaxis wevri qali gacilebiT meti privilegiiTa
da uflebiT sargeblobda, vidre Rataki da dabali fenis warmomadgeneli mamakaci.
aseve, Tu SemovitanT egreT wodebul rasobriv maxasiaTebels davrwmudnebiT, rom
amerikis feradkaniani mosaxleoba rogorc mamakacebi, iseve qalebi istoriulad
gacilebiT meti diskriminaciisa da uuflebobis mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen, vidre
dabali fenis TeTrkaniani qalebi, romlebsac Tavis mxriv, Tavisive fenis TeTrkaniani
mamakacebi jabnidnen. Sesabamisad, klasebs Soris adamianTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba
mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda, magram klasebs SigniT qalebi tradiciulad ufro
SezRudul mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen, vidre mamakacebi.
mniSvnelovania imis gaTvaliswinebac, rom msjelobisas ar vgulisxmobT
konkretul qalebs, aramed ama Tu im epoqisa da sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
qalurobasa da mamakacurobas. moviazrebT genderul rolebs istoriul-

15

samarTlebriv rakursSi. vafasebT miRebuli da sazogadoebrivad gamarTlebuli


genderuli rolebis xelsayrelobasa da uflebriv mdgomareobas qalebisa da
mamakacebisaTvis.

procenti aRmoCnda saqarTvelos sportsmenTa gaerTainebaSi 0,5 %, xolo yvelaze


maRali saqarTvelos qristian-konservatorul partiaSi 60%, ilia marTlis
sazogadoebaSi 60%, qeTevan wamebulis sazogadoebaSi - aseve 60%.
igive arasamTavrobo oragnizaciis mier dasmul SekiTxvaze; "iTvaloswinebT Tu ara
qalTa problemebs partiis programis SemuSavebisas?"

3. visTvis da vis mier iqmneboda kanonebi?


samarTlis subieqtis sakiTxi, gviani Sua saukuneebis debatebi.

literatura:
Gisela Bock, Querelle des femmes: A European Gender Dispute in Women in European History,
Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, UK. 1-31.

zogadi Sesavlis (kursis aRwerisa da ZiriTad terminTa leqsikonze saubris)


Semdeg gadavideT kursis konkretul sakiTxebze. pirveli aseTi Tema dagvexmareba
Cveni genderul-istoriuli eqskursis dawyebaSi. Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi
sqesTa Sesaxeb arsebuli debatebis mimoxilva saSualebas mogvcems warmovidginoT is
garemo da Rirebulebebi, romlis memkvidrec Tanamedrove evropuli sazogadoeba da
azrovnebaa. Sua saukuneebidan dawyebuli istoriuli eqskursi dagvexmareba im gzisa
da progresis gaazrebaSi, rac qalebma rogorc sociumis wevrebma gamoiares.
qalTa uflebrivi SezRudvis mizezs rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, aseve mas Semdeg didi
xnis manZilze warmoadgenda is faqti, rom rogorc kanonmdebeli anu samarTlis
subieqti ise kanondebuli anu samarTlis obieqti gaxldaT mamakaci. Zogadad,
samarTali iqmneboda mamakacebis mier mamakacebisaTvis da is Zalian mkafiod
ireklavda Tanamedrove sazogadoebis genderul warmodgenebsa da privilegiebs.
safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciis gaxseneba, niSandoblivi da mravlismTqmelia
am argumentis gasaZliereblad. am mizniT, Sua saukuneebis debatebis mimoxilvis Semdeg
yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT qalebis rolze safrangeTis burJuaziul revoluciaSi.
gviani Sua saukuneebidan evropul sazogadoebas da moazrovneebs gacxarebuli
kamaTi hqondaT sqesTa raobaze, qalisa da mamakacis adgilsa da rolze sazogadoebaSi.
jovani pikom Tavisi epoqis umniSnelovanes naSromSi `mamakacis Rirsebis Sesaxeb~ 1486
wels aRniSna, rom RmerTi esaubreboda mxolod adams, amitom mamakacebs ufleba
eZleodaT Tavisuflad ganesazRvraT TavianTi buneba da ecxovraT sakuTari
survilebis Sesabamisad. mamakacis Rirsebis postulati daupirispirda Zvel pap
inokent III-is droindel `adamianuri cxovrebis sacodaobis postulats~, romelic
qalebs saxavda, rogorc evas STamomavlebs, romlebsac wvlili miuZRviT mamakacTa
dacemaSi, aigivebda maT seqsualobasa da codvasTan. tertulianisTvis qalebi eSmakis
karibWes warmoadgendnen (janua diaboli), xolo augustine col-qmars Soris sqesobriv
cxovrebasac ki, codvad miiCnevda. sulis gadarCenisaTvis mebrZol mamakacebs unda
daecvaT Tavi qalebisagan, xolo sulis gadarCenisaTvis mebrZol qalebs sakuTari
Tavisagan.
Tu aristotele qalebs bunebis Secdomas uwodebs, toma aqvineli maT dausrulebel, moumTavrebel mamrebad ixseniebs. amgvari moazrovneebi sqesTa sakiTxze
werisas aRiarebdnen, rom qalebs didi roli aqvT saojaxo saqmeebSi, TumcaRa ojaxis
Tavi da meurve mamakacia da qalebs saerTod araferi esaqmebaT sazogadoebriv

16

21-ma partiam konkretulad daasaxela iseTi sakiTxebi, romlebic CarTulia maT


politikur programebSi rogoricaa: qalTa uflebebis dacva, qalTa dasaqmebisa da
samuSao pirobebis gaumjobeseba, martoxela da mravalSvilian dedaTa mxardaWera.
11-ma partiam ganacxada, rom isini ar axdenen qalTa da mamakacTa diferencirebas,
radganac yvelaze erTnairad moqmedebs mZime socialuri da ekonomikuri pirobebi.
es partiebi miiCneven, rom am etapze qalTa problemebis calke ganxilva absurdia,
radgan arsebobs ufro mniSvnelovani problemebi, romlebic unda gadaiWras.
10-ma partiam ganacxada, rom partiul programebSi isini gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas ar uTmoben qalTa problemebs.
9 partiam SekiTxva upasuxod datova.

dRemde, Zalzed Znelia romelime did qarTul politikur partiaSi ipovo qalTa
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb moqmedebis gansazRvruli gegma. ase, rom politikur partiebis
mdedrobiTi sqesis wevrTa maRalma procentma ver imoqmeda verc politikur
warmomadgenlobaze da verc politikur partiaTa dRis wesrigSi warmodgenil
sakiTxTa speqtrze.
saqarTvelos mosaxleoba daaxloebiT 4,4 milionia, aqedan qalebi naxevarze mets
warmoadgenen, magram gadawyvetilebis mimReb doneebze maTi raodenoba Zalian mcirea.
saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi qalTa warmomadgenlobis simcire ganpirobebulia qalTa
Soris politikuri informirebulobis naklebobiT, politikisadmi undobeli
damokidebulebiT, romelic memkvidreobiT iqna miRebuli komunisturi warsulidan da
im sazogadoebrivi mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, romlis mixedviTac politika
mamakacTa sfero, maTi brZolis arenaa. qalebi politikuri organizaciisa da
finansuri daxmarebis naklebobas ganicdian. zogadi socialuri da ekonomikuri
siZneleebis gamo qalTa sakiTxebi prioritetad ar miiCneva, umetes SemTxvevaSi orive
sqesis politikosTa mier.
zemoT warmodgenili saarCevno sistemis analizi iseve, rogorc partiebis analizi
ganaxlebas saWiroebs amJamad mimdinare sakonstitucio cvlilebelisa da saarCevno
kanonmdeblobaSi Sesatani cvlilebebis fonze, Sesabamisad kursis avtori uflebas
itovebs gadaxedos da gadaaxalisos warmodgenili analizi movlenaTa ganviTarebis
Sesabamisad.

2. kursis ZiriTadi Temebisa da sakiTxebis Sejameba.


konsultaciebi saboloo esses dasawerad.
kursis am monakveTSi Cven kidev erTxel gavixsenebT Seswavlil sakiTxebs da
gavaanalizebT, Tu ra SegvZina qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareobis istoriulma
mimoxilvam. am etapze gaimarTeba aseve konsultaciebi saboloo essesTvis Tematikisa
da literaturis SesarCevad.

97

gaerTianebad rCeboda 2003 wlamde, roca vardebis revoluciis Sedegad


ganviTarebuli movlenebis fonze partiam arseboba Sewyvita. kaulis mixedviT,
centralizebuli mmarTveloba qalebisTvis xelsayrel pirobebs qmnis im SemTxvevaSi
Tu mmarTveli Zalebi genderulad mgrZnobiareni arian da qalTa politikur
sarbielze gamoyvanas emxrobian.
saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSirSi ar arsebobda gancalkevebuli Sidapartiuli
qalTa dajgufebebi, qalebi ufro aqtiurebi iyvnen saSualo da adgilobriv elitaTa
doneze. smk-s parlamentSi qalTa wardginebis arc kvotebi da arc gansazRvruli
samizneebi hqonda. aqedan gamomdinare, unda vivaraudoT, rom 1995 wels parlamentSi
smk-s siiT gasuli 106 deputatidan da 1999 wels gasuli 132 deputatidan orivejer
TerTmeti mandilosani qalTa reprezentatiulobis niSniT ar moxvedrilan
parlamentSi. am mxriv, anu raodenobrivi gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT, SeiniSneba 2003
wlis mowvevis parlamentSi mmarTveli politikuri garTianebis mxridan, vinaidan maT
SedarebiT naklebi 93 adgilidan 16 gamoimetes qalebisTvis.
saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiri Tavisi ideologiuri kuTvnilebiT socialdemokratiuli partia gaxldaT. qalTa sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi smk miekuTvneba
merilin roSmaieris mier dayofil partiaTa kategoriis meore jgufs; erTi jgufia
"qristian-demokratiuli, nacionalisturi partiebi" isini mxars "ufro Zlier"
ojaxebs uWeren, axveven ra qalebs Tavs tradiciul rolebs. meore jgufi, romelsac
smk SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT aris "reformirebuli komunisturi, socialisturi da
social-demokratiuli partiebi. [isini] zogadad usvamen zaxs genderul Tanasworobas
minimum dasaqmebisa da socuzrunvelyofis politikis sakiTxebSi".158
saqarTvelos parlamentis amJamindeli Tavmjdomare nino burjanaZe saqarTvelos
moqalaqeTa kavSiris wevri iyo da pirvelad am Tanamdebobaze swored smk-s rigebidan
waradgines. am Tanamdebobamde igi parlamentis sagareo urTierTobebis komitets
xelmZRvanelobda. burjanaZe parlamentis Tavmjdomared pirvelad 2001 wlis 9
noembers airCies, mas Semdeg rac sxva ministrebTan erTad sazogadoebrivi protestis
gamo parlamentis maSindeli Tavmjdomare zurab Jvania gadadga, smk-m da
eqsTavmjdomare Jvaniam mxari dauWires burjanaZis kandidiaturas. 1991 wlidan
moyolebuli es iyo pirveli SemTxveva, roca uzenaes sakanonmdeblo organos saTaveSi
qali Caudga. burjanaZisadmi sazogadoebis damokidebuleba dadebiTi iyo. bevrma
Jurnalistma da politikosma xazi gausva mis qalurobas rogorc parlamentSi ufro
balansirebuli politikis gatarebis garants.
parlamentarma vaxtang xmalaZem, parlamentis Tavmjdomaris droebiTi saarCevno
komitetis Tavmjdomarem, interviuSi ganacxada, rom burjanaZes ZiriTadad mxari
dauWires radgan parlamentma upiratesoba mianiWa iseT kandidaturas, romelsac
SemdgomSi Tanamdebobrivi pretenziebi ar eqneboda premier-ministris an prezidentis
postebze, romelic am Tanamdebobas ar gamoiyenebda, rogorc tramplins ufro maRali
postisken.159 es gancxadeba Zalzed simptomaturia, politikuri Zalebi burjanaZisgan
ar elodnen politikurad karieris Semdgom ganviTarebas, magram 2003 wels
ganviTarebulma movlenebma naTlad daanaxa, rom burjanaZe sulac ar iyo SevardnaZis
an smk-s marioneti, aramed damoukidebeli politikosi, romelmac gadamwyvet momentSi
Tavisi principebisa da Sexedulebemisamebr imoqmeda.
arasamTavrobo organizaciis - samoqalaqo kulturis saerTaSoriso centris
gamokvlevis mixedviT, 1998 wels qarTul politikur partiebSi qalTa yvelaze dabali

cxovrebaSi. Sua saukuneebis mwerlebis umetesoba mamakacebi iyvnen da isini qalebs


adarebnen mamakacebs, privilegirebul da aRmatebul arsebebs. iyo mcire ricxvi iseTi
moazrovneebisa (ramdenime mamakaci, umetesad ki qalebi), romlebic icavdnen qalTa
interesebs; marTalia galeaco flavio kapram 1525 wels dawera naSromi `qalTa
aRmatebulobisa da Rirsebis Sesaxeb~,11 magram miuxedavad amisa, gviani renesansis
naSromTa umetesoba mainc qalTmoZule, mizogenuri teqstebia.
saqme iqamdec ki mivida, rom 1595 wels anonimma avtorma pirvelad germaniaSi
laTinurad gamoaqveyna `axali msjeloba qalebis winaaRmdeg, romelic amtkicebs, rom
isini adamianebi ar arian~.12 am naSromma friad daainteresa maSindeli sazogadoeba. igi
iTargmna da gamoica sxva evropul qveynebSi.13 ukve naSromis saTauri gvaZlevs
saSualebas gaviazroT avtoris Tanamedrove sazogadoebis damokidebuleba sqesTa
Tanasworobisa da Tanabaruflebianobis mimarT anu epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
msjelobis Tematika migvaniSnebs, rom qalebs rogorc kategoriasa da jgufs iudeoqristianuli kultura ukeTes SemTxvevaSi moixseniebda gansxvavebulad, xolo umetes
SemTxvevaSi dabali donisa da ganviTarebis adamianebad. xSirad ki, maTi adamianurobac
kiTxvis niSnis qveS eqceoda.
zemoxsenebuli Sua saukunebrivi debatebi kargi wanamZrvrebia imis gasaazreblad,
Tu vis xelSi iqneboda kanonmdeblis Zalaufleba, anu vis eqneboda Zalaufleba
daewesebina samarTali da moewesrigebina urTierTobebi adreul epoqaSi. monarqiuli
wyobisas samarTlis wyaroebi emsaxureboda arsebuli wyobis SenarCunebasa da ganmtkicebas, magram aseve aregulirebda sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs, sadac xSirad
qali mamakacis sakuTrebad cxaddeboda, romelsac mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi
eZleoda qmarTan gayris ufleba, ekrZaleboda ganaTlebis miReba da aqtiuri monawileoba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. imis gamosavlenad Tu rogor eguebodnen qalebi
amdagvar uuflebo mdgomareobas adreuli Suasaukuneebidan gadmovinacvloT XVIII
saukunis evropaSi da ganvixiloT safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciis peridi.
revoluciaSi monawileobiT qalebma mkveTri ganacxadi gaakeTes sakuTari uflebebis
gafarToebis moTxovnis TvalsazrisiT.

Merlin Rueschemeyer, Women in the Politics of Postcommunist Eastern Europe, New York: Armonk, 1994, 294.
nino metreveli, vin yidulobda parlamentis Tavmjdomaris skams: nino burjanaZisgan
prezidentobisaTvis brZolis safrTxe ar modis, sarke, 46 (2001): 6.

11
Galeazzo Flavio Capra, Della eccellenza e dignita delle donne. wyaro: Gisela Bock, Women in European History, Blackwell
Publishers: Oxford, UK. 3.
12
Disputatio nova contra mulieres qua probatur eas hominess non esse.
13
wyaros msjelobisa Suasaukuneebis teqstebis Sesaxeb warmoadgens Gisela Bock, Women in European History,
Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, UK. 1-31.

96

17

158
159

cxrili 4: 1998 wlis arCevnebis monacemebi, qalebi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis


organoebSi

kvira 2
1. visTvis da vis mier iqmneboda kanonebi?
samarTlis subieqtis sakiTxi, qalebi da safrangeTis revolucia.

16%
14%
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%

literatura:
Gisela Bock, The French Revolution: the Dispute is Resumed in Women in European History, Blackwell
Publishers: Oxford, UK. 32-81.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, 1789.
Olympe de Gouges, Declaration of the Rights of the Woman and the Female Citizen, 1791.
safrangeTSi qalTa statusma mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada 1789-1804 wlebSi.
1792-93 wels maT imasac ki miaRwies, rom qorwineba mSoblis nebarTvis gareSe SeeZloT,
SeeZloT aseve gayris procesis wamowyeba, qorwinebis gareT gaCenili bavSvis mamis
saxelis dasaxeleba, Secdenis asanazRaureblad fuladi kompensaciis moTxovna da
sakuTrebis qona. Zalian sainteresoa rogor moaxerxes qalebma am yvelafris mopoveba
da ufro mniSvnelovani, isev dakargva?
parizeli qalebi tradiciulad monawileobdnen quCis politikaSi, gansakuTrebiT
maSin, roca saqme sarCos mopovebas Seexeboda. es aqtiuri parizeli qalebi
gamoTqvamdnen TavianT azrebsa da moTxovnebs, peticiebis, demonstraciebis da TviT
`saxalxo dabegvris~ (taxation populaire) gziTac (rodesac qalebis didi jgufi Tavs
esxmoda movaWres, itacebda mis saqonels an/da samarTlian fasad yidulobda da
Semdgom urigebda gaWirebul parizelebs). revoluciam erTiaTad gaacxara parizel
qalTa politikuri aqtivoba, isini medgrad amoudgnen mxarSi meuRleebs da TavianTi
socialuri klasis Sesabamisi problemuri sakiTxebis mogvarebisaTvis daiwyes brZola.
bazarSi momuSave qalebi iTxovdnen TavianTi uflebebis dacvas, Sua sakuneebSi
arsebuli savaWro gildiebis aRdgenis gziT, Ciodnen TavianTi samuSao pirobebis
gausaZlisobis gamo, binZuri saavadmyofoebis gamo da imis gamo, rom maT gamudmebiT,
Sesvenebis gareSe uxdebodaT Sroma, maSin roca sxvebi gadasaxadebisa da qonebidan
miRebuli procentebis xarjze udardel da fuqsavat cxovrebas eweodnen. muSaTa
klasis warmomadgeneli qalebisagan gansxvavebiT, aristokratiuli klasis warmomadgeneli qalebi moiTxovdnen samoqalaqo uflebebis gazrdas: xmis uflebas, warmomadgenlobas xelisuflebaSi, Tanasworobas qorwinebisas da gayris procesis wamowyebas.
sadac, interesTa ori sfero gadaikveTa am ori sxvadasxva socialuri statusis
mqone qalTa moTxovnebi iyo ganaTlebisa da prostituciis sferoebi. qalebi erTxmad
aRniSnavdnen, rom ganaTlebis miRebis saSualebas moklebuli qalebi iZulebulebi
iyvnen Tavi prostituciiT erCinaT. prostitucias ki uaRresad damakninebel
profesiad miiCnevdnen, romelic imavdroulad ojaxis siwmindes da stabilurobas
uqmnida safrTxes da amis gamoc iyo miuRebeli qalebisaTvis. ase rom qalebma TavianTi
moTxovnebi ganaTlebaze revoluciis Sedegad mosul xelisuflebas Semdegnairad
warudgines: Cven ganaTleba da dasaqmeba imitom ki ar gvinda, rom umaRles sqess
(mamakacebs) SevejibroT, an im qalebisTvis ki ar vzurnavT, vinc uzrunvelyofilia,
visac hyavs ojaxi da bavSvebi visac misi energia da gulisyuri Wirdeba, aramed, im
dacemuli qalebisaTvis, vinc gaunaTleblobisa da gaWirebis gamo irCevs
prostitucias da amiT safrTxes uqmnis ojaxis siwmindesa da stabilurobas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qalebi imsaxurebdnen da SeeZloT ufro argumentirebuladac
wamoeyenebinaT ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis moTxovna, am epoqis qalTa umetesobas
18

qalebis
raodenoba
adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvel
obis
organoebSi

5 didi qalaqi

raionebi

qalaqebi da
dabebi

soflebi

es monacemebi aCvenebs, rom qalebis adgilobriv doneze arCeva ufro maRalia, roca
saarCevno olqi mcirea. am viTarebas ganapirobebs is faqtori, rom naklebi
moasaxleobis mqone, mcire saarCevno olqSi qali kandidati ufro advilad axerxebs
avtoritetis mopovebas, mas mosaxleobis didi nawili icnobs da endoba da amisTvis
naklebi finansuri resursebi sWirdeba, razec Cveulebriv qal kandidatebs naklebad
miuwvdebaT xeli.
politikuri partiebis rolis ukeT Sesafaseblad parlamentSi warmomadgenlobis
TvalsazrisiT, miki kaulis mier SemuSavebuli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT, 4 partiuli
donis faqtors aqvs ramdenadme axsnadi mniSvneloba partiidan arCeul qalTa
proporciasTan mimarTebaSi:

partia centralurad organizebulia da partiis liders surs xeli Seuwyos qalebs,


Seqmnas kandidatTa diversificirebuloba, aseve moaxdinos kandidatis dasaxeleba
adgilobriv doneze;

partia memarcxene ideologiisaa, Tumca "memarcxene partiebi aRar SeiZleba


CaiTvalos erTaderT qalTa mxardamWer partiebad, radganac aseTi mxardaWera
scildeba ideologiis farglebs;

arseboben Zlieri Sida partiuli qalTa jgufebi, romlebic mxars uWeren da


lobirebas uweven qal kandidatebs.

partiebi regulirebas ukeTeben qal kandidatTa nominirebas iseTi formaluri


wesebiT rogoric kvotebi an samizneebia (nominirebul qalTa sasurveli
procenti).157

am kriteriumebis mixedviT, gadavwyvite Semeswavla SevardnaZis adminisrtaciis


mmarTveli partia saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiri. zurab Jvanias xelmZRvanelobiT
1993 wels dafuZnebuli saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiri socialur-demokratiuli
ideologiis partiad miiCneoda, romlis lideri prezidenti SevardnaZe iyo. partias
didi regionaluri warmomadgenloba hyavda, magram mkacrad centralizebul
157

Caul, M. Womens Representation in Parliament: the Role of Political Parties, Party Politics, vol. 5. no.1 (1999): 79-98.

95

erovnul doneze saarCevno sistemis ganxilvis Semdeg yuradReba gavamaxviloT


adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis saarCevno sistemis maxasiaTeblebze. adgilobriv
doneze kandidatTa arCeva xdeba mravalmandatian saarCevno olqebSi maJoritaruli
saarCevno wesiT. `amomrCevlebs adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiTi
organos sakrebulos arCevnebSi, romelic efuZneba maJoritarul saarCevno
sistemas, aqvT imdenive xmis ufleba Sesabamisad ramdeni wevricaa sakrebuloSi.~156
Tbilisis TviTmmarTvelobis garda, sadac arCevnebi proporciuli saarCevno sistemis
safuZvelze tardeba da sadac, Sesabamisad, TiToeul amomrCevels erTi xmis ufleba
aqvs. ase, rom saarCevno sistemis ori mniSvnelovani ganzomileba, saarCevno wesi da
olqis sidide, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi didi partiebis
sasargeblod moqmedebs, mcire partiebisTvis mravalmandatiani olqebi ufro
saxarbieloa mxolod proporciul saarCevno sistemaSi. erTmandatian olqebSi
SedarebiT mcire partiebs ufro meti Sansebi aqvT Tu saarCveno wesi maJoritarulia.
saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi didi partiebi absolutur sakanonmdeblo upiratesobas
floben. arsebuli didi partiebisTvis xelsayreli saarCevno sistemis Tanmdevi
faqtoria qalTa warmomadgenlobis simcire, radganac qali-kandidatebi ZiriTadad
damokidebulni arian didi partiebis mier mopovebul adgilebze, xolo mcire partiebi
adgilebis mopovebas ZiriTadad mamakacebisTvis cdiloben, radgan isini minimaluri
warmomadgenlobisTvis ibrZvian da prioritets mamkacebs aniWeben, rac tradiciuli
politikuri kulturiTaa ganpirobebuli.
cxrili 3: 1998 wlis arCevnebis
organoebis warmomadgenloba

monacemebi,

adgilobrivi

TviTmmarTvelobis

12 000
10 000

saerTo
raodenoba

8 000

mamakacebi

6 000

qalebi

4 000
2 000
0

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi qalTa warmomadgenlobis Seswavlam,


romelic arasamTavrobo organizaciis, samoqalaqo kulturis saerTaSoriso centrma
Caatara, aCvena, rom arCeul qalTa raodenoba ufro naklebia did administraciul
erTeulebSi da ufro maRali mcire erTeulebSi.

156

sjeroda, rom maTi adgili saxlSia da nebismieri codna, romelsac isini SeiZenen unda
gamoiyenon imisTvis, rom naklebi qali Caebas prostituciaSi. maT unda asiamovnon
qmrebs, aRzardon Svilebi gonivrulad. aseT midgomaSi ukve naTlad Cans sirTule im
drois da qalTa viTarebisa, rodesac isini elementaruli uflebebis mosapoveblad
(rogoricaa ganaTlebis miRebis ufleba) manevrireben da cdiloben iseTi mizezi
moenaxaT Tavisi moTxovnis dasacavad, rac xelsayreli da pirdapir Znelad
SesawinaaRmdegebi iqneba kacebisaTvis. bevri mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom amgvarma
gaazrebam qalebis mdgomareobisa Tavad qalebis mier xeli SeuSala revoluciuri
safrangeTis qalTa moZraobis warmatebas.
safrangeTis revoluciis istoriis aRwerisas ZiriTadi aqcenti mamakacebis qmedebazea dasmuli, TumcaRa qalebma aseve Seasrules mniSvnelovani roli. am periodis
safrangeTSi gansakuTrebiT ki, parizSi SeiniSneboda ara erTiani, avtonomiuri qalTa
moZraoba, aramed qalTa moZraobebi. revoluciis dReebSi qalebi aqtiurad
moqmedebdnen, 1789 wlis 5-6 oqtombers eqvsma aTasma parizelma qalma erovnuli dacvis
TanxlebiT fexiT gaiara versalamde, rom moeTxova puri lui XVI-isa da dedofal mari
antuanetisaTvis. es msvleloba sxvadasxva socialuri warmomavlobis qalebis erTiani
ZalisxmeviT Sedga. eqvsi aTasidan qalTa udides procents bazarSi momuSave qalebi
warmoadgendnen, aseve maT Soris iyvnen msaxiobebi da diasaxlisebi. maT Seuties
monarqis samyofels da ramdenime misi Svedi damcvelis daRupvis Semdeg bazarSi
momuSave qalTa mcire delegaciam miaRwia audiencias mefesa da erovnul asambleasTan.
maTi saCivari Semdegi iyo: mdidrebi agroveben xorbals, roca xalxs puri enatreba da
Tu iyideba sadme puri, uzomod Zvir fasad. mefe lui XVI Sehpirda qalebs purs da
uflebac misca maT gamohyolodnen mas, mis ojaxsa da samefo kars versalidan parizSi.
revoluciis ukve am adreul stadiaze iyo mcdeloba revoluciaSi qalTa rolisa da
monawileobis dakninebis. oqtombris dReebis samTavrobo kvlevam daiwyo erTgvari
konspiraciis Teoriis propaganda. viTomda versalis svlaSi monawile qalebi mamakacebma
moisyides da kacebi xelmZRvanelobdnen am marSs da ufro metic, rom eqvsi aTas qals Soris
bevri iyo qalad gadacmuli mamakaci. revoluciis adreuli dReebidanve iwyeba masSi qalTa
rolis gaufasureba, TumcaRa es arc unda iyos gasakviri im mentalitetisa da viTarebis
fonze, romelic am drois safrangeTSi sufevda, roca qalebs ganaTlebaze xelmisawvdomobis uflebis moTxovnis gamarTleba im argumentebiT uxdebodaT, rom am gziT ufro metad gamoadgebodnen TavianT ojaxebs da Tan aranair konkurencias ar gauwevdnen mamkacebs.
1789 wlis 5-6 oqtombris parizel qalTa msvleloba versalSi rogorc maTi
Tanamedrove, aseve dRevandeli istoriografebisTvis revoluciis adreul fazaSi
qalTa gamokveTil aqtivobad rCeba. maSin, roca 14 ivlisis bastiliis aReba ZiriTadad
mamakacebis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebaa da revoluciaSi maTi wvlilis
ukvdamyofelad gvevlineba 5-6 oqtombris marSi revoluciaSi qalebis mier gaweuli
wvlilis simbolod iqca.
safrangeTis revoluciis qalTa moZraobis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli
gaxldaT olimpia de guJi, parizeli scenaristi qali, romelmac dawera `qalTa
uflebebis deklaracia~ 1971 wels. es dokumenti warmoadgenda safrangeTis
revoluciis mTavari dokumentis `mamakacisa da mamakaci moqalaqis uflebebis
deklaraciis~ pasuxs, romelmac mosaxleoba aqtiur da pasiur moqalaqeebad dayo,
simdidris, socialuri warmoSobis, klasisa da sqesis mixedviT. am dokumentis
mixedviT, mamakacTa garkveuli fenebis uflebebi SeizRuda da ra gasakviria, rom
qalebi pasiur moqalaqeTa rigebSi aRmoCdnen. de guJi monarqisti gaxldaT, igi ar iyo
tradiciuli franguli monarqiis damxobis momxre. amitom igi ibrZoda qalebis
uflebebis dasacavad da ara revoluciis interesebisaTvis zogadad.

saqarTvelos organuli kanoni, erTiani saarCveno kodeqsi, muxli 111.

94

19

olimpia de guJma saxeli 1789 wels gaiTqva, rodesac man erovnul asambleas
warudgina radikaluri reformis programa. de guJi aRniSnavda, rom aucilebelia
kanoniT iqnes uzrunvelyofili sqesTa sruli Tanabaruflebianoba, dasaqmebis farTo
SesaZleblobebi qalebisTvis, saskolo ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomoba gogonebisTvis da
iseTi Teatris Seqmna, sadac mxolod qalebisTvis da qalebis monawileobiT
daidgmeboda speqtaklebi. olimpia de guJis rwmena qalTa `bunebrivi da Tandayolili~
uflebebis Sesaxeb gamomdinareobda misi zogadad adamianebis, rasisa da sqesis
ganurCevlad, Tanasworobisa da Tanabaruflebianobis Rrma rwmenisgan. igi emxroboda
safrangeTis koloniebSi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gaTavisuflebasa da ibrZoda maTi
uflebebis dasacavad. de guJi Tavisi qveynis patrioti gaxldaT, magram adamianis
uflebebis dacvas ufro win ayenebda, vidre qveynis interesebs, Tundac am fasad
daSliliyo safrangeTis imperia.
olimpia de guJis am mosazrebebis umetesoba aisaxa mis mier Seqmnil deklaraciaSi,
romelic revoluciis mTavari dokumentis `mamakacisa da mamakaci moqalaqis uflebaTa
deklaraciis14 nimuSiT aris Seqmnili, im gansxvavebiT, rom igi aniWebs qalebs igive
uflebebs, rasac es ukanaskneli aniWebs privilegirebul mamakacebs. de guJi iTxovda
qalTa generaluri asambleis daarsebas, romelic wamoWrida qalTa sakiTxebsa da
problemebs da imuSavebda mamakacebis genralur asambleasTan am problemebis
gadasaWrelad. de guJi aseve iTxovda srul sityvis Tavisuflebas qalebisTvis,
asambleaSi gamosvlisas man ganacxada: `Women has the right to mount the scaffold; she must
equally have the right to mount the rostrum qals xaraCoebze (barikadebze) asvlis ufleba
Tu aqvs, mas aseve tribunaze amaRlebis uflebac unda hqondes
olimp de guJis mrwamsis safuZvels, iseve rogorc misi sxva mowinave Tanamedrove
qalbatonebis mrwamsis safuZvels, warmoadgenda adamianis uflebebis universalurobis
rwmena. rwmena imisa, rom adamianis uflebebi unda exebodes da vrceldebodes Tanabrad
yvelaze gamonaklisis gareSe. de guJis Tanamoazreebi miiCnevdnen, rom qalebs bunebisgan
miniWebuli aqvT igive gonebrivi SesaZleblobebi, rac mamakacebs da amitom maT unda
hqondeT Tandayolili ufleba miiRon ganaTleba da ganagon sakuTari bed-iRbali. qalebi
TavianTi inteleqtiT ar Camouvardebian mamakacebs da miuRebelia maTi uflebebis
SezRudva sqesis safuZvelze. miuxedavad, erTi SexedviT, progresuli midgomis qalTa
uflebrivi mdgomareobis mimarT, samwuxarod am drosiaTvis aseve bunebrivad aRiqmeboda
qalTa movaleoba yofiliyvnen mTavari pasuxismgebeli pirebi Svilebis aRzrdasa da saSinao
saqmeebze. Sesabamisad, qalTa uflebrivi winsvlis, maTi emansipaciis moTxovna myardeboda
qalebis ojaxisaTvis ukeT gamodgomis argumentiT da ara maTi rogorc damoukidebeli
pirovnebebis sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis argumentiT. kiTxvis ar dasmam
qalebis bunebrivad `kerZo~ anu ojaxuri sferosTvis mikuTvnebaze da imis Taobaze Tu ra
mdgomareobaSi ayenebda qalebs amgvari `bunebrivi~ movaleobebi, miiyvana safrangeTis
revoluciis qalTa moZraoba kraxamde.
safrangeTis revoluciis umniSvnelovanesi monawile danieli emigranti eta palm
daeldersi sazogadoebriv asparezze 1790-ian wlebSi gamoCnda. igi qalTa politkur
klubSi moRvaweobda. 1790 wels Seiqmna simarTlis megobarTa konfederacia Le Confederation
des Amis la vrit. am polikur gaerTianebas, garda zogadi mimarTulebisa, romelic qalTa
uflebebis dacvas iTvaliswinebda (qalTa ganaTleba, qalebis mxridan gayris inicirebis
ufleba), hqonda specialuri ganyofileba/seqcia, romelsac palmi meTaurobda. palmis
gancxadebiT, qalTa seqcia miznad isaxavda qalebis uflebebis dacvas da sasurvel
14

istoriul teqstebSi am dokuments adamianisa da moqalaqis deklaraciis saxeliT vicnobT, magram


mamakacisa da mamakaci moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia dokumentis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare ufro
dazustebul Targmans warmoadgens.

20

wlebis mixedviT sakanonmdeblo organoSi qalTa raodenoba:

250
200
150
qali
mamakaci

100
50
0
1995

1999

2004

1995

1999

2004

qali

mamakaci

qali

mamakaci

qali

mamakaci

17

218

16

219

22

213

1999 wlis arCevnebSi parlamentSi partiebis mier arCeuli pirebi. 2002 wlis monacemebi.
partia
smk
erovnul-demokratiuli
aliansi
saxalxo partia
aRorZineba
leiboristuli partia
imedi
socialist-maJoritarebi
afxazeTi
mamuli
partiis gareSe
sul

qalebi

mamakacebi

sul

11
1

95
11

106
12

1
2
1
1
17

23
24
12
11
10
10
9
11
216

23
25
14
11
11
10
9
12
233

1995 wlis arCevnebSi parlamentSi partiebis mier arCeuli pirebi. (statistikis


saxelmwifo departamentis 1999 wlis monacemebi.
partiebi da blokebi
smk
aRorZineba
mrewveloba gadaarCens saqarTvelos
leiboristuli partia
1992w. arCeuli afxazeTis parlamentarebi
damoukidebeli kandidatebi
sul

93

qalebi
11
3
1
1
-

mamkacebi
121
55
14
2
11
16

sul
132
58
15
2
12
16

16

219

235

89%
92%

11
11

10%
8%

17
16

65%
69%

40%
52%

2004

nac.
moZraoba
demokratebi

93

77

83%

16

17%

22

73%

33%

partia

didi partiis siiT gasul


mamakacTa procentuli
wili

qalTa saerTo raodenoba


parlamentSi

95
121

didi partiis siiT gasul


qalTa procentuli wili

106
132

qalebi

smk
smk

mopovebul adgilTa
raodenoba

1995
1999

arCevnebi

mamakacebi

ganmartebis momxreTa azriT, sinamdvileSi Tanabari SesaZleblobebi ar iqmneba


mxolod imiT, rom formaluri barierebis mocileba xdeba. pirdapiri diskriminacia,
iseve, rogorc dafaruli barierebisa da SezRudvebis mTeli kompleqsi uSlis qalebs
xels maTTvis kuTvnili politikuri warmomadgenloba moipovon. kvotebi amgvarad
warmoadgens saSualebas `Tanaswori Sedegis~ dadgomisaTvis. am arguments aZlierebs
is faqti, rom Tanasworoba rogorc Sedegi ar dadgeba mxolod xelovnuri `Tanabari
mopyrobis~ uzrunvelyofiT formaluri barierebis moSorebis gziT.155
parlamentSi moxvedris Sansebi, rogorc zemoT iqna aRniSnuli, Teoriulad ar
gansxvavdeba mamakac kandidatTa Sansebisgan, magram Zalzed bevria damokidebuli
partiebze: faqti, rom qalebi saqarTvelos parlamentSi mxolod 9,4% arian
warmodgenilni (wina arCevnebis parlamentSi qalebi Seadgendnen Sesabamisad 6,4% da
7%) mianiSnebs, rom ZiriTad damabrkolebel Zalas partiebi warmoadgenen. aseve
aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom saqarTvelos parlamentSi qalTa umetesoba xvdeba
mxolod wamyvani partiis siebiT, rac igive partiis siebiT moxvedril mamakac
kandidatTa
procentul
maCvenebels
sagrZnoblad
Camouvardeba,
magram
parlamentarTa saerTo raodenobaSi wamyvani partiebis siebiT moxvedri qalTa
procentuli wili (qalTa saerTo raodenobis simciris gamo) aRemateba mamakacTa
procentul wils. sami ukanaskneli saparlamento arCevnebis monacemebi ase
gamoiyureba:

155
Drude Dahlerup, Using Quotas to Increase Womens Political Representation, in Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers,
International Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), 1998, 95.

92

reformaTa Soris iyo mSoblebis gardacvalebis Semdeg maTi sakuTrebis ufrosi


vaJebisaTvis gadacemis gauqmeba, colebis dacva qmrebis mxridan fizikuri Zaladobisagan,
qalebisaTvis xelsayreli gayris kanoni da sqesTa Soris politikuri Tanasworoba.
palmma gadawyvita, rom ubralod qalebis seqcia ar iyo sakmarisi misi amocanebis
Sesasruleblad da 1971 wels, mas Semdeg rac warmoTqva sityva yvela qalis SesaZleblobaze revoluciis Sedegebis gaRrmavebisa sakuTar ojaxebSi, man daarsa qalTa
klubi `lez ami de verite~ (simarTlis megobrebi Les Amies de la vrit). klubSi
wevrobisaTvis gadasaxadi xelmisawvdomi mxolod maRali fenis qalbatonebisTvis iyo.
klubs hqonda rogorc socialuri, aseve politikuri mandate, qalebi did drosa da
saxsrebs xarjavdnen RaribTa daxmarebisTvis.
`lez ami de veritem~, rogorc pirvelma qalebis klubma safuZveli moumzada
franguli revoluciis periodis ufro radikalur qalTa klubs Les Citoyennes
republicaines revolutionaries (respublikel revolucioner qalTa sazogadoeba). es
sazogadoeba daafuZnes 1793 wlis TebervalSi gauTxovarma Sokoladis damamzadebelma
paulin leonma da provincielma msaxiobma qalma, kler lakombma. es iyo qalTa kargad
organizebuli aqtiuri liga, romelic mxars uWerda iakobinelTa ajanyebas da
moiTxovda moqalaqeTa dacvas. sazogadoebis wevrebi `Tavisuflebis wiTel qudebSi~
gamowyobilebi eweodnen patrulirebas quCebsa da bazrebSi, da miuxedavad kanonisa,
romelic qalebs ukrZalavda iaraRis tarebas, araTu SeiaraRebulni iyvnen, aramed
aqtiuradac iyenebdnen iaraRs da ar eridebodnen kontrrevoluciur saqmianobaSi
eWvmitanil pirTa dakavebasa da sasamarTlosTvis gadacemas. am sazogadoebis wevr
qalebs naklebad awuxebdaT qalTa uflebebis dacva, maTi saqmianobis mTavar motivsa
da amocanas revoluciis ideebis zeimi da misi monapovaris dacva warmoadgenda.
1793 wels sazogadoebis wevri qalebi Seecaden TavianTi revoluciuri ideologia Tavs
moexviaT sxva qalebisaTvisac da erovnul asambleas mosTxoves qudebze safrangeTis
respublikis droSis samferiani simbolos, broSis, tareba savaldebulo gaexadaT yvela
qalisaTvis. rodesac erovnulma asambleam ar daakmayofila sazogadoebis arc es moTxovna
da arc moTxovna prostituciaSi Cabmuli qalebis reabilitaciis Sesaxeb, `respublikel
revolucioner qalTa sazogadoebam~ gawyvita Tavisi megobruli kavSirebi iakobinelTa
partiasTan. iakobinelebTan dapirispirebam maT daukarga sazogadoebrivi mxardaWera, rac
sazogadoebis saboloo ganadgurebis gamomwvevi mizezi gaxda.
1793 wlis oqtomberSi sazogadoebis wevrma qalebma Seuties bazris qalebs im
mizeziT, rom es ukanasknelebi qudebze ar atarebdnen samferian broSs. bazris qalebma,
Tavis mxriv, upasuxes sazogadoebis Sexvedris darbeviTa da ramdenime wevris
galaxviT, xolo Semdeg erovnul asambleaSi saCivaric Seitanes sazogadoebis mxridan
Seviwrovebis Sesaxeb. erovnulma asambleam, sadac umravlesobas `respublikel
revolucioner qalTa sazogadoebis~ mimarT ukve mtrulad ganwyobili iakobinelebi
warmoadgendnen, gamosca gankarguleba yvela qalTa politikuri organizaciis daSlis
Sesaxeb. rodesac sazogadoebis wevrebi gamocxadnen galereaSi am gankargulebis gamo
protestis gamosaTqmelad maT sityva ar misces, ufro metic, kenWi uyares
gadawyvetilebas imis Taobaze, rom aRarasodes miecaT gamosvlis ufleba qalTa
delegaciisaTvis. qalebs usayvedures TavianTi ojaxebis mitoveba da Seaxsenes, rom
maTi adgili saxlSia da ara quCaSi. aseve Seaxsenes olimp de guJis bedi, romelsac
kontrrevoluciuri qmedebis braldebiT giliotinaze mokveTes Tavi ramdenime TviT
adre. am damarcxebis Semdeg qalebs aRarafris gakeTeba SeeZloT, garda peticiebis
gavrcelebisa da erovnuli asambleis saqmianobisaTvis galereebidan mdumared Tvalis
midevnebisa. maT informaciis misaRebad da TavianTi amocanebis misaRwevad moqmedebis
mxolod iribi gzebi rCebodaT da TavianTi mamebis, Zmebisa, meuRleebisa Tu

21

sayvarlebis daxmarebis imedze unda yofiliyvnen.


ori wlis Semdeg qalebi kidev erTxel Seecadnen politikuri qmedebisaTvis ZalTa
mobilizebas, amis mizezi gaxda RaribTa dasaqmebis samsaxuris gauqmeba da maTTvis
gankuTvnili puris racionis dReSi 2 unciamde Semcireba. amas parizelma qalebma
tradiciuli gaficvebiTa da areulobiT upasuxes. Sedegad maisSi asambleam gamosca
kanoni, romelic qalebis saxlSi yofnas moiTxovda da policias uflebas aZlevda
daerbia da daepatimrebina xuTze meti erTad Sekrebili qali. qalebs aekrZalaT aseve
asambleis sxdomebis mosmena galereebSi. mgvarad, dasrulda qalTa politikuri
aqtivoba safrangeTis revoluciis periodSi.
im periodSi qalebis rolis Sesaxeb uamravi mosazreba arsebobda; feministurad
moazrovne folosofosebic (mag. markiz de kondorse), iseve rogorc, antifeministurad
ganwyobilni (mag. Jan Jak ruso) Tanxmdebodnen imaze, rom qalis adgili ojaxSia da man unda
izrunos ojaxis keTildReobisaTvis, uTanxmoeba iwyeboda im sakiTxis irgvliv, Tu rogor
unda momzadnen qalebi am rolisaTvis. ruso miiCnevda, rom qali Tavisi bunebiT
mgrZnobiare da nazi arsebaa, romelsac bednierebisTvis ojaxSi fusfusi da Svilebze
zrunva yofnis. qali moraluri RirsebebiT jabnis mamakacs, swored amitomac mas
amaRlebuli da poeturi Saravandedi mosavs, maSin roca mamakaci iRwvis sazogadoebriv
asparezze, iRebs ganaTlebas, informacias da moralurad iryvneba. amgvari saqmianobebiT
gadaRlil kacs meuRlem unda erTgvari samoTxe Seuqmnas ojaxSi, romelic misi saqmianobis
sferoa. am msjelobis Sesabamisad, Tu qals ar uxdeba sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba, misvis ar
aris saWiro politikuri uflebebis qona da arc amis pretenzia unda hqondes. ganaTlebas
axalgazrda gogonebi dedebisgan ojaxSi da ara skolaSi unda iRebdnen. qalis uzenaes
daniSnulebad rusos mamakacis gabedniereba da dedoba miaCnda, sxva danarCeni ki harmoniis
damrRvevad da sazogadoebisaTvis sirTuleebis momtanad esaxeboda.
rusosgan gansxvavebiT kondorses miaCnda, rom qalebs da mamakacebs identuri
politikuri uflebebi unda hqondeT. rusos msgavsad kondorses15 miaCnda, rom qalis
adgili ojaxSia, TumcaRa politikuri uflebebis qona maT araTu Camoacilebs ojaxs,
aramed, piriqiT, aqcevs ukeTes moqalaqeebad da TavianTi meuRleebis ukeTes kompanionebad.
im droisaTvis yvelaze radikalurad moazrovne qalbatonebic ki eTanxmebodnen kondorses
mosazrebebs, amgvarad revoluciis droindeli safrangeTis idealuri qali iyo
ganaTlebuli meuRle da deda, romelsac SeeZleboda Tanabar doneze saubari meuRlesTan
da aRzrdida Svilebs respublikis da revoluciis patriotebad. samwuxarod qalis rolis
moazreba ar gacda diasaxlisis rolsa da ojaxis CarCoebs, magram samwuxarod am
farglebSic ki ver moxerxda qalTa uflebebis gafarToeba.

2. ufleba airCio da iyo arCeuli pirveli talRis feministebis


yvelaze xangrZlivi brZola
literatura:
Rendall, Jane, The Citizenship of Women and the Reform Act of 1867, in Catherine Hall, Keith
McClelland & Jane Rendall, Defining the Victorian Nation: Class, Race, Gender and the Reform Act of
1867, Cambridge 2000, 119-78.

drud dalerupi, politologiis profesori ganixilavs qalTa kvotirebis dadebiT


da uaryofiT mxareebs sxvadasxva qveynebis gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT.154

dadebiTi mxareebi:

kvotebi ar axdenen qalebis diskriminacias, piriqiT, exmarebian maT barierebis


gadalaxvaSi kuTvnili adgilebis mopovebaSi;

kvotebis sistema gulisxmobs qalTa gundis, qalTa garkveuli raodenobis


arsebobas, es aZlierebs qalebis poziciebs da amcirebs stress, romelsac
saCveneblad warmodgenili qalebi ganicdian;

qalebs aqvT ufleba Tanabari raodenobiT iyvnen warmodgenilni politikur


asparezze;

qalTa gamocdileba saWiroa politikur cxovrebaSi;

arCevnebSi yvelaze mTavaria proporciuli warmomadgenloba da mere


kvalifikacia da ganaTleba; mTavaria, rom sazogadoebis yvela jgufi iyos
SeZlebisdagvarad warmodgenili da maT Soris ra Tqma unda qalebi;

qalebs iseTive kvalifikacia da ganaTleba aqvT rogorc mamakacebs, magram


mamakacebis mier dominirebul politikur sistemaSi qalebis kvalifikaciis
xelovnuri daknineba xdeba. maT gacilebiT meti Zalisxmeva sWirdebaT
politikaSi karieris gasakeTeblad, vidre mamakacebs;

politikuri partiebi sazRvraven vis amoirCevs xalxi, radgan isini asaxeleben


kandidatebs, amitom mniSvnelovania maT daasaxelon qali kandidatebi;

kvotebis SemoRebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios konfliqtebi, magram mxolod droebiT.

uaryofiTi mxareebi

kvotebis sistema ewinaaRmdegeba Tanabari SesaZleblobebis princips, vinaidan


qalebs privilegia eniWebaT;

kvotebi
arademokratiulia,
radgan
amomrCevels
aZaleben
kvotebiT
gansazRvruli jgufis arCevas da arTmeven Tavisufali arCevanis uflebas;

kvotebi gulisxmobs, rom politikosebs irCeven maTi sqesis gamo, xolo


kvalificirebul kadrebs yuradRebas ar aqceven;

bevr qals ar surs iyos arCeuli mxolod imitom, rom isini qalebi arian;

kvotebis SemoReba iwvevs Sidapartiul konfliqtebs.

kvotebis SemoReba ukavSirdeba sxvaobas Tanasworobis or koncefcias Soris;


klasikuri libreluri ganmartebiT Tanasworoba mdgomareobs yvelasTvis `Tanabari
SesaZleblobebis~ miniWebaSi, magaliTad, qalebisTvis aqtiuri da pasiuri politikuri
uflebebis miniWebaSi, xolo danarCeni ukve calkeuli qalis individualur
SesaZleblobebzea damokidebuli.
bolo aTwleulSi feministTa Zlieri wnexis wyalobiT Tanasworobis meore
koncefcia ikrebs met Zalas, romelic `Sedegis TanasworobaSi~ mdgomareobs. am

15

markiz de kondorse (Marquis de Condorcet 1743-1794) frangi filosofosi, maTematikosi, socialuri


mecnieri, ekonomisti da politikosi. am da sxva progresuli mosazrebebis gamo igi iakobinelebma Seipyres
1794 wels. oficialuri versiiT man sakanSi Tavi moikla, Tumca mravali mkvlevari ganzrax mkvlelobis
verias iziarebs.

154
Drude Dahlerup, Using Quotas to Increase Womens Political Representation, in Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers,
International Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), 1998, 91-106.

22

91

partiasa da Tavad kandidats mravalricxovani mxardamWerebi hyavs;

sainiaciativo jgufis mier maJoritar kandidatad wardgineba im raionSi, sadac


kandidats amomrCevelTa umravlesoba uWers mxars.

saqarTvelos parlamentis saarCevno sistemis analizidan gamomdinare SeiZleba


davaskvnaT, rom kanonmdebloba gansakuTrebulad xelsayrel pirobebs ar uqmnis mcire
partiebs an individualurad, qal kandidatebs, rac erTmandatiani maJoritaruli
sistemis arsebobiTaa gamowveuli. ar arsebobs aseve specialuri wesdeba, romelic
mxars dauWerda qalTa wardginebas prezidentis 1999 wlis 28 agvistos 511-e gankargulebis garda, romelic mouwodebs saqarTvelos parlaments "ganixilon droebiTi
specialuri RonisZiebebi gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesSi qalTa monawileobis
gasazrdelad, kvotebis SemoRebis CaTvliT".152 saqarTveloSi sakanonmdeblo organoSi
qalTa warmomadgenlobis gasazrdelad kvotebi ar SemouRiaT, magram aqve mniSvnelovnad mimaCnia yuradRebis SeCereba kvotebze rogorc meqanizmze, mis raobaze,
dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebze.
Cvens sazogadoebaSi xSirad erT-erT stereotipul feministur moTxovnad
xelisuflebaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebaSi, qalTa warmomadgenlobis gasazrdelad kvotebis SemoReba moiazreba. raoden moulodnelic ar unda iyos,
kvotireba rogorc droebiTi zoma qalTa warmomadgenlobis gasazrdelad an mudmivi
zoma sqesTa Soris Tanasworobis misaRwevad ar aris sasurveli saSualeba yvela
feministisTvis. birgita dalis, SvedeTis parlamentis spikeris TqmiT, `mxolod
kvotebis sistema ar warmoadgens qalTa dabali politikuri warmomadgenlobis problemis gadaWris gzas. politikurma partiebma, ganaTlebis sistemam, arasamTavrobo
organizaciebma, profesiulma kavSirebma, eklesiam Tavisi organizaciebis farglebSi
yvelam unda sistematiurad waaxalisos qalebis politikuri monawileoba, qvemodan
zemoT. amas dro dasWirdeba, arc erTi weli, arc xuTi, aramed erTi an ori Taoba, rom
sasurvel Sedegs mivaRwioT.153
xelisuflebaSi qalebisTvis kvotis qona niSnavs qalTa kvotiT mier gansazRvruli
raodenobiT warmodgenis dakanonebul moTxovnas. kvotebi SeiZleba arsebobdes
rogorc qalebisTvis, ise mamakacebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT iseT sferoebSi (ganaTleba,
pirveladi jandacva), sadac mamakacebi SedarebiT naklebad arian warmodgenilni.
arsebobs egreT wodebuli neitraluri kvotebi, rodesac arc erTi sqesi ar SeiZleba
iyos warmodgenili 40%-ze naklebad an 60%-ze metad. politikaSi kvotebis sistemis
safuZvels qalTa CarTulobisa da monawileobis uzrunvelyofa qmnis. vinaidan qalebi
mosaxleobis 50%-s da zog qveyanaSi mets warmoadgenen, aucilebelia maTi integrireba
politikur cxovrebaSi da ara izolireba.
gansakuTrebiT faqizaT mosapyrobia es sakiTxi postsabWoTa sivrceSi, sadac
aTwleulebis manZilze qalebisTvis 30%-iani dakanonebuli kvota arsebobda, romelic
rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris dacemam gamoaaSkarava sakmaod xelovnuri gaxldaT, vinaidan
qalebis procentulma Semadgenlobam yofili sabWoTa respublikebis parlamentebSi
saSualod 10-14%-mde daiwia, calkeul qveynebSi 3%-mdec ki Semcirda. sabWouri
warsulis gamo kvotebis moTxovna nakleb efeqturobiT sargeblobs Cvens
sazogadoebaSi da xSirad qalTa politikuri reprezentaciis diskreditaciis
safuZvelic SeiZleba gaxdes.

kvira 3
1. ufleba airCio da iyo arCeuli pirveli talRis feministebis
yvelaze xangrZlivi brZola (gagrZeleba)

literatura:
Gisela Bock, From Social to the Political in Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford,
UK, 127-173.

mxdal sicocxlesa da uunarobas Tanmxlebi mamakacis gareSe


gaiaro quCaSi, gacilebiT sjobia xSiri Seuracxyofis atana
an gariyulad sikvdili. qalis yvelaze kargi mcveli da is
vinc mas yovelTvis moemsaxureba misi gambedaobaa, romelic
man gamocdilebidan unda SeiZinos, xolo gamocdilebas
sazogadoebrivi cxovreba iZleva.16
elizabet qeidi stentoni, 1851

damarcxeba SeuZlebelia!17
siuzan b. enToni, 1906
XIX saukuneSi evropaSi TvalsaCino gaxda qalTa moZraoba, romelic `berZeni eqimi
maria kalopokaTesis ganmartebiT warmoadgenda qalTa uflebebis gaazrebul
moTxovnas da sistematiur Zalisxmevas am uflebebis misaRebad.18 qalTa moZraobas
mkvlevrebi afaseben rogorc mZlavr socialur moZraobas, romelmac Tavi iCina XVIII
saukuneSi, magram Zala moikriba XIX saukuneSi da formisa da amocanebis cvalebadobiT
grZeldeba vidre dRemde.
XIX saukuneSi moazrovneTa debatebSi dasmuli `qalTa sakiTxi~ (woman question)
warmoadgenda adreuli kiTxvebis `arian Tu ara qalebi adamianebi?~ `rani arian
qalebi?~ Tanamedrove variants. mgvarad, axleburad SefuTuli da warmodgenili
msjeloba `qalTa sakiTxis~ irgvliv ar warmoadgenda msjelobas qalebsa da mamakacebs
Soris arsebul gansxvavebebze sqesTa Tanabaruflebianobis konteqstSi, aramed es iyo
msjeloba sqesebs Soris arsebuli ierarqiuli, daqvemdebarebuli urTierTobebis
Sesaxeb, romelic moicavda gansxvavebebsac. Sesabamisad, rodesac jon stiuart milma19
1867 wlis 20 maiss didi britaneTis TemTa palataSi qalebisTvis xmis uflebis
dakanoneba moiTxova didi gancvifreba da winaaRmdegoba Sexvda. TemTa palatis
warmomadgenlebs gaukvirdaT, rogor iTxova amgvarma sapatio jentlmenma xmis ufleba
imaTTvis, vinc wesiT ojaxis Tavs, mamakacs unda emorCilebodes, vinaidan is masze
16

prezident SevardnaZis 1999 wlis 28 agvistos 511 brZanebuleba qalTa adamianis uflebebis damcavi
meqanizmebis gaZlierebis Sesaxeb.
153
Birgitta Dahl, Speaker of Parliament, Sweden, cited in Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, International Democracy and
Electoral Assistance (IDEA), 1998, 93.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, speech at the Woman's Convention (25th May, 1851). Targmani avtoris.
Tavisi ukanaskneli sajaro gamosvlisas xanSiSesulma siuzan b. enTonim ganacxada: damarcxeba
SuZlebelia (Failure is impossible). Anthony Center for Womens Leadership, ixileT internetSi, misamarTze:
<http://www.rochester.edu/SBA/sbaecs.html>, bolo viziti 1 noemberi 2004.
18
Gisela Bock, Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, 2002, 82.
19
jon stiuart mili (John Stuart Mill 1806-1873) mecxramete saukunis ingliseli ekonomisti, filosofosi
da moazrovne iyo, romlmac TanamoazreebTan erTad ganaviTara utilitarianuli filosofia, romlis
mixedviTac adamianma yvelaferi unda Seafasos individualuri bednierebis motanis SesaZleblobis
kuTxiT oRond ise, rom ar daazaralos sxvani. adamianebi unda iltvodnen bednierebisken da airidon, an
Seimsubuqon ubedureba. vinaidan adamianebs SeswevT azrovnebis unari, isini mxolod xorceuli
siamovnebiT ver kmayofildebian da gonebrivi procesebidan miRebuli siamovnebiskenac iltvian.

90

23

152

17

dabla mgdomi ganviTarebisa da SesaZleblobebis adamians warmoadgens.


1869 wels stiuart milma gamoaqveyna Sroma `qalTa daqvemdebareba~ (The Subjecttion
of Women), romelSic man aRniSna, rom qalTa daqvemdebarebuli mdgomareobis istoriulad didi xnis manZilze arseboba, TavisTavad ar warmoadgens arguments, romelic
gaamarTlebda am mdgomareobis SenarCunebas momavalSic. mili saubrobs qorwinebaSi
myof qalTa uuflebobaze, aseve qalTa SesaZleblobaze da unarze xarisxianad
Seasrulos is mravali samuSao, romlis Sesrulebac maT tradiciulad da xSirad
kanoniTac ekrZalebodaT. mecxramete saukunis qalTa moZraobisaTvis es naSromi da
jon stiuart milis mxardaWera Zalian bevrs niSnavda ara marto TviT qalebisaTvis,
aramed zogadad sazogadoebrivi azris transformirebis dasawyebad da qalTa
emansipaciis argumentebis gasamyareblad. naSromi gadaiTargmna TiTqmis yvela
evropul enaze da mis irgvliv arsebuli azrTa sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad, iTvleboda
aucilebel sakiTxavad yvela ganaTlebuli adamianisTvis rogorc qalebis aseve
mamakacebisTvis, rusuli inteligenciis CaTvliT. debatebi mis irgvliv gamoqveynebisTanave daiwyo.20
dedofal viqtorias mmarTvelobis xana, e.w. viqtorianuli epoqa (1837-1901 wlebi)
miCneulia dasabamad genderul rolebs Soris mkveTri xazis gavlebisa da maTi
araorazrovani gadanawilebisa anu sazogadoebrivi da msoflio saqmeebi mamakacebs,
xolo ojaxuri saqmeebi qalebs: `kacebs saxelmwifo, qalebs ojaxi21 amgvarma lozungma
mecxramete saukunis miwuruls germanul statiaSi gaiJRera. TumcaRa rogorc
mecxramete ise meoce saukuneebis qronika cxadyofs, rom es zRvari didi simboluri
mniSvnelobis matarebeli iyo, xolo realur cxovrebaSi sazRvari sazogadoebriv da
kerZo sferoebs Soris arc iseTi mkveTri gaxldaT da Zneli gansasazRvric aRmoCnda.
marTalia mamakacis umTavres movaleobas Sroma, ojaxis rCena da sazogadoebrivi
saqmeebi warmoadgenda, is mainc rCeboda ojaxis meTaurad da gadawyvetilebis
mimRebad mniSvnelovan saSinao saqmeebSi. iyo iseTi SemTxvevebic, sadac es dominireba
simboluri, sazogadoebrivi miznebisTvis xdeboda, xolo realurad qali marTavda,
ara mxolod ojaxur saqmeebs, aramed meuRlis da sxva mamakaci ojaxis wevrebis
meSveobiTa da saSualebiT ereoda sazogadoebriv cxovrebasa da gadawyvetilebebSi.
dabali fenebis qalebi asrulebdnen mZime fizikur samuSaos ojaxs gareT maRaroebsa
da saamqroebSi da qmrebTan erTad arCendnen ojaxebs. viqtorianuli xanis simboluri
zRvari sqesebis gavlenis sferoebsa da genderul rolebs Soris realur cxovrebaSi
udidesi datvirTvis matarebeli iyo, pirvel rigSi uflebrivi TvalsazrisiT.
sazogadoebrivi da kerZo anu ojaxuri cxovreba da sferoebi urTierTqmedebdnen
da gadajaWvulni iyvnen erTmaneTze, magram aRiarebul, aSkara da uflebebiT
aRWurvil moqmed pirad mxolod mamakacebi gvevlinebian. lavirebis is faruli
modelebi, romlebsac qalebi mimarTavdnen gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom arsebuli
viqtorianuli stereotipi genderuli rolebis Sesaxeb amarTlebda maT uuflebobas
da ar aZlevda maT aSkara qmedebis saSualebas.
dedofali viqtoria, romelsac xSirad imis magaliTadac moiSveliebdnen, rom
qalebs marTva SeeZloT ar itkivebda Tavs qalTa uflebebze zrunviT, piriqiT Tavisi
sazogadoebrivi qmedebiT, da mkacri Savi samosiT, romelsac meuRlis gardacvalebis
Semdeg atarebda, igi viqtorianizmis simbolodac ki iqca. magram cxovrebaSi dedofali
viqtoria sulac ar iyo tkivilTmTmeni, mokrZalebuli da morCili qali anu
gansaxiereba qalis im stereotipisa, romelic misi mefobisas gabatonda, aramed

aman gamoiwvia saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiris (smk), prezidentis partiis mier orive
arCevnebSi adgilebis umetesi raodenobis dakaveba (ix. 1 da 2 cxrili) 1995 wlis
arCevnebSi smk-m parlamentSi moipova 106, 1999 wlis arCevnebSi ki 132 adgili. aseve
2004 wlis 28 martis arCevnebSi nacionaluri moZraobisa da gaerTianebuli
demokratebis saerTo siebiT 93 adgilis mopovebas xeli Seuwyo rogorc TavisTavad
mosaxleobis didma mxardaWeram, aseve garkveulwilad saarCevno sistemamac.
mkvlevarTa mixedviT, saarCevno barieri saarCevno sistemis Semdgomi mniSvnelovani faqtoria. saarCevno barieri aris amomrCevelTa mxardaWeris minimaluri done,
romelic partias parlamentSi mosaxvedrad sWirdeba. 1999 wels miRebuli sakonstitucio damatebis mixedviT: proporciuli arCevnebiT saparlamento warmomadgenlobis
kvalificiur xmaTa raodenoba 5%-idan 7%-mde gaizarda. evropis uSiSroebisa da
TanamSromlobis organizaciis damkvirveblebma aRniSnes, rom 7%-iani saarCevno barieri aris "Zalian maRali euTos wevr sxva saxelmwifoebTan SedareboT."149 saarCevno
olqis saSualo raodenobis dabal sidides igive Sedegi aqvs, rac maRal saarCevno
bariers: orive zRudavs proporciulobas da mcire partiebisTvis adgilebis
mopovebis Sansebs. roca saarCevno olqis saSualo sidideebi izrdeba, xolo barierebi
mcirdeba, proprciulobisa da mcire partiebis arCevis Sansebi umjobesdeba. ase rom,
saarCevno olqis saSualo sididis (2,76) da saarCevno barieris (7%) mixedviT SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom barieris simaRlisa da saSualo sididis simciris gamo mcire
partiebisTvis Zalzed Znelia parlamentSi moxvedra. rac Seexeba qalebs,
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos saarCevno sistemaSi maTi arCevisTvis
saukeTeso saSualebaa didi partiebis saarCevno siebSi pirvel oceulSi CarTva, aseve
Zlieri saarCevno blokebis siebis pirvel oceulSi moxvedra. Tu qals maJoritar
kandidatad waradgens partia an 5 wevrisgan Semdgari sainiaciativi jgufi150 misi
arCevis Sansebi naklebia erTmandatiani maJoritaruli saarCevno olqebis gamo,
vinaidan sazogadoebis politikuri kultura, gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebis garda,
upiratesobas jer kidev mamakac kandidatebs aniWebs. gansakuTrebulia is SemTxvevebi,
roca qali kandidati Zalzed cnobili da sasurveli kandidatia amomrCevelTa didi
raodenobisTvis an Tu wardgenilia didi partiis mier, romelsac mocemul olqSi
amomrCevelTa didi raodenoba uWers mxars.
patara partiebis, maT Soris, qalTa partiebisTvis parlamentSi arCevis sxva Sanss
warmoadgens gaerTianebuli siebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba. saqarTvelos organuli
kanonis, erTiani saarCveno kodeqsis mixedviT, calkeul partiebTan erTad saarCveno
blokebs erT blokSi gaerTianebul ramdenime partias SeuZliaT waradginon
gaerTianebuli sakandidato sia,151 rac udavod zrdis mcire partiebis Sansebs, aseve
iZleva qali kandidatebis dasaxelebis saSualebas gaerTianebuli mcirericxovani
partiebis wevrTa rigebidan.
xelsayreli pirobebi saqarTvelos parlamentSi qalTa arCevisTvis:

didi partiebis an Zlieri saarCveno blokebis partiul siebSi CarTva pirvel


oceulSi;

partiis mier maJoritar kandidatad wardgineba im raionSi, sadac warmdgen


149

Gisela Bock, Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, 2002, 91.
Article: Frauenfrage, in Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, vol.6 (Mahnnheim, 1894), 822. citirebulia: Gisela Bock,
Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, 2002, 84.

iqve, 6.
kandidatis dasaxelebisTvis sainiciativo jgufma unda waradgino amomrCevelTa aranakleb 1 000
xelmowera, registrirebuli Sesabamisi olqis saarCevno komisiis mier, im SemTxvevis garda, Tu
wardgenili kandidati parlamentis wevrad iqna arCeuli bolo saparlamento arCevnebis dros.
151
saqarTvelos organuli kanoni, erTiani saarCveno kodeqsi, muxli 96.

24

89

150

20
21

sididisa da gaerTianebuli siebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobaTa irgvliv.146 analizis


safuZvelze Sevecdebi ganvsazRvro qalTa arCevis Sansebi erovnul da adgilobriv
doneebze.
saqarTvelos konstitucia da organuli kanoni, saqarTvelos erTiani saarCevno
kodeqsi is ZiriTadi dokumentebia, romlebic akanoneben arCevnebis samarTlebriv
CarCoebs. lijphartis mier SemuSavebuli saarCevno sistemebis kriteriumebis
mixedviT, pirvel rigSi SevafasoT deputatTa arCevis wesebi, iqneba es maJoritaruli,
proporciuli, Tu Sualeduri. radganac partiuli siebiT proporciuli
warmomadgenlobis safuZvleze airCeva parlamentis 150 wevri, xolo 85 wevri amdenive
erTmandatiani saarCevno olqidan oretapiani maJoritaruli arCevnebis safuZvelze
saqarTvelos saarCevno sistema miekuTvneba Sualedur sistemebs, romelic moicavs
Sereul, maJoritarul da proporciul saarCveno wess.
`saarCevno olqis saSualo sidide ganisazRvreba TiToeul saarCevno olqSi
arCeuli warmomadgenlebis raodenobiT.~147 lijphartis mixedviT, saarCevno olqis
sididis gamoangariSeba SeiZleba sakanonmdeblo organos wevrTa saerTo raodenobis
gayofiT saarCevno olqebis raodenobaze. am formulis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi
saarCevno olqis saSualo sidide 2,76 mandatia:

parlamentarTa
raodenoba

saarCevno olqebis
raodenoba

saarCevno olqebis
saSualo sidide

235

85

2.76

saarCevno olqis saSualo sidide mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia im urTierTdamokidebulebis gamo, romelic arsebobs samarTlian warmomadgenlobas da saarCevno olqis
sidides Soris. rac ufro didia olqis zoma da amomrCevelTa raodenoba, ukeTesi
Sansebi arsebobs proporciuli warmomadgenlobisTvis. Tu amomrCevelTa raodenoba
didia, xolo mandatTa raodenoba mcire, miaxloebiTi proporciulobis Sansebi
mcirdeba (rae, hogani, horvili). saarCevno olqebis araTanabari moculobis uaryofiTi zegavlena saqarTvelos saarCevno wesis maJoritarul nawilTan mimarTebaSi,
romelic 85 erTmandatiani olqidan iTvaliswinebs amave raodenobis parlamentaris
arCevas, aRniSnuli iyo euTo-s demokratiuli institutebisa da adamianTa uflebebis
samsaxuris saboloo moxsenebaSi saqarTvelos 1999 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis
Sefasebisas.148
TiToeuli saarCevno olqi iRebs erT saparlamento mandats. miuxedavad amisa,
amomrCevelTa raodenobebs Soris didi gansxvavebis gamo TiToeuli xmis wona
araTanabaria. am gansxvavebis saukeTeso magaliTia yazbegis raionis amomrCevelTa
raodenoba daaxloebiT 4000 registrirebuli xmis micemis uflebis mqone piriT da q.
quTaisi 135000 registrirebuli amomrCevlTa raodenobiT. maikl galaheris mixedviT,
es aris `araswori proporciuloba~. erTmandatian saolqo sistemebSi es ukanaskneli
niSnavs imas, rom olqebSi aris amomrCevelTa mniSvnelovnad araTanabari raodenoba,
ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios araswori proporciuloba didi partiebis sasargeblod an
miiRos gadaWarbebuli regionaluri warmomadgenlobis saxe. saqarTvelos magaliTze
146

A Lijphart, Electoral Systems and Party Systems, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994, 14.
iqve 10.
148
OSCE/ODHIR, Georgia Parliamentary Elections: 31 October & 14 November 1999, Final Report, Warsaw, February 2000, 4.
147

88

piriqiT. istoriisTvis cnobilia, rom igi mSobiarobisas tkivilebis gayuCebis mizniT


iyenebda qloroforms. arsebobs versia, rom mSobiarobisas anesTezia swored misi
magaliTebidan damkvidrda.
dedofali Tavisi cxovrebis wesiT arc im mosazrebas amtkicebda, rom dedoba
qalis umaRlesi daniSnulebaa, erT-erT pirad werilSi igi wers Tavis orsul
qaliSvils,22 rom `orsulobisa da mSobiarobis dros mgonia Zroxebs an ZaRlebs
vemsgavsebiT; roca Cveni ubadruki arseba cxovelis msgavsi da araesTeturi xdeba [...]
Cveni sqesis yvelaze naklebad unda Surdes kacs.~ xolo, roca cxra mSobiarobis Semdeg
dedofals aukrZales Semdgomi orsulobebi, man Tavis eqims SesCivla: `eh, eqimo, nuTu
CemTvis sarecelis yvela siamovneba damTavrda?23 raoden ironiulic ar unda iyos ase
msjelobda monarqi, romlis pirovnebamac waruSleli kvali datova sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi qalis monawileobisa da rolis Sesaxeb gabatonebul mosazrebebze. mas
Tavad naklebad aviwrovebda is genderuli stereotipebi, romelsac misi mefobis
xanaSi Caeyara myari safuZveli, vinaidan dedofali viqtoria ubralod
privilegirebuli iyo Tavisi klasobrivi mdgomareobis gamo. mis msgavsad maRali
fenebis sxva qalebsac SeeZloT met-naklebi warmatebiT gadmosuliyvnen maTTvis
gankuTvnili mwiri sazogadoebrivi kalapotidan, magram saboloo jamSi yvela qali
meti uflebebiT tkbobas sakuTari warmomavlobis an didi niWis wyalobiT axerxebda da
ara imitom, rom maTi Tanamedrove samarTali, Sesabamisad samarTalSemoqmedni da
zogadad politika aZlevda maT emansipaciis saSualebas.
qalis raobaze da misi rolis dadgenaze didi debatebi imarTeboda aseve safrangeTSi, qalTa istoriis mkvlevari gizela boki aRniSnavs, rom 1843 wels gamocemuli
Encyclopedie Nouvelle werda: `es viTareba ar warmoadgenda debatebs mecnierebs Soris,
aramed Seexeboda Tanamedrove qalebis bed-iRbals~.24 qalTa uflebebisaTvis mebrZoli
frangi qalbatoni eugeni niboi (ugenie Niboyet) iTxovda qalebisTvis xmis uflebis
micemas 1848 wels, `Cven ar gvinda gavxdeT kargi mamakaci moqalaqeebi, Cven ubralod
gvsurs gavxdeT kargi moqalaqeebi, da Tu Cven viTxovT uflebebs rogorc qalebi, Cven
viTxovT qalebis uflebebs da ara mamakacebis uflebebs.
nibois Jurnali La Voix des femmes (qalTa xma) kidev ufro gaTamamda 1848 wlis
aprilSi, radgan werda: `qalma ki ar unda ganicados emansipacia da daemsgavsos
mamakacs, aramed mamakaci unda emansipirdes da gaxdes qali.~ 25 aTi wlis Semdeg jeni
dheriko (Jenny dHericout) bebiaqali (1870 wlamde safrangeTSi qalebs ekrZalebodaT
medicines Seswavla) qalTa xmaSi werda: `qalebma unda moiTxovon TavianTi uflebebi,
ara rogorc qalebma, aramed rogorc adamianebma da sociumis wevrebma.26 swored am
mizeziT, mas miaCnda, rom qalebis mxridan xmis uflebis moTxovna naadrevi iyo,
vinaidan arsebul situaciaSi qalebi imasve dauWerdnen mxars, rasac mamakacebi. xmis
uflebis moTxovnis aucilebel winapirobad mas qorwinebaSi qalTa Tanabaruflebianoba, gayrisa da ganaTlebis miRebis uflebis qona miaCnda. 1863 wels am azrebis
avtori emigraciaSi wavida amerikis SeerTwebul StatebSi, sadac ukve inglisur enaze
agrZelebda weras, saxlis saqme iseTive Sroma da saqmea rogorc sxva nebismieri,
mamakacebma aages da gamoigones qalis buneba, romelsac sinamdvileSi Cven verasdros
SevicnobT Tu ar movaSorebT arsebul SezRudvebs. mxolod Tavisuflebisa da
22
1858 wels, rodesac es werili daiwera, dedofali viqtorias ufrosi qaliSvili viqtoria gaTxovili
iyo prusiaSi da fexmZimed iyo vilhelm II-ze.
23
Gisela Bock, Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, 2002, 93.
24
Riot-Sarcey, 48; Pierre Leroux and J. Reynaud (eds.), Encyclipedie Nouvelle, vol. 5, col.212 (Paris, 1848; reprint Geneva,
1991)
25
La Voix des femmes 20, (11 April 1848), pp1f.; Riot-Sarcey, 81, 194;
26
Jenny dHericourt, La Femme affranchie, 2 vols (Brussels, 1860), vol.2, 209; Moses and Rabine, 13.

25

Tanabaruflebianobis, Tanabari aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis pirobebSi gaxdeba SesaZlebeli mamakacisa da qalis namdvili saxisa da bunebis danaxva ase swamda qalTa
moZarobis am adreul moazrovnes.
XIX saukunis amerikaSi da evropaSi mcxovreb qalebs ekrZalebodaT ganaTlebis
miReba, roca maTi Zmebis ganaTlebaze ojaxebi daucxromlad zrunavdnen. maT
ekrZalebodaT xmis amoReba sajaro Sekrebebze da Tu aseTi incindenti moxdeboda
eklesia da sazogadoeba maT kicxavda uRirsi aqtivobisaTvis. maTi memkvidreobiT
miRebuli qoneba gaTxovebisas avtomaturad qmris sakuTreba xdeboda da qalic mamis
gavlenidan qmris gavlenaSi, sakuTrebaSi gadadioda. rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania,
qalebs uwevdaT im kanonebisadmi morCileba, romlis avtorebic TviTon ar iyvnen da
verc iqnebodnen, vinaidan maT ar hqondaT, rogorc Tavad miaCndaT, umTavresi,
politikuri uflebebi, ufleba sakanonmdeblo organoSi mosvlisa, rom SeecvalaT
kanonebi da SeeqmnaT iseTi kanonebi, romlebic maT interesebsac daicavda. arsebuli
uuflebo mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT gasakviri ar aris, ratom ganixilavdnen
pirveli talRis feministebi anu qalTa moZraobis adreul liderebi arCevnebSi
monawileobas qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis panacead.
TumcaRa XIX saukuneSi dawyebuli politikuri uflebebisaTvis brZola Tavdapirvelad mamakacTa xmis uflebisaTvis brZolas warmoadgenda. Cveulebriv evropaSi xmis
ufleba eZleodaT qonebrivi cenziT, zog SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad, britaneTSi)
komluri principiT, iSviaT SemTxvevebSi (italia, portugalia) dawyebiTi an umaRlesi
ganaTlebis qonis mixedviT. mecxramete saukune xasiaTdeba arCevnebSi monawileobis
uflebisaTvis sxvadasxva dainteresebuli jgufebis brZoliT, romelsac evropaSi
garkveuli doziT liberalebi, ZiriTadad ki, SromiTi moZraoba axorcielebda.
britaneTSi es moZraoba 1832 wlis didi reformis aqtiT daiwyo (the Great Reform Act of
1832); safrangeTSi burJuaziuli revoluciiT da ganaxlda 1830 wlis ivlisis revoluciiT; belgiaSi 1831 wels damoukideblobis gamocxadebiT; norvegiaSi 1814 wlis
konstituciiT; SveicariaSi 1815 wlis konstituciiT; germaniaSi federaluri miwebis
adreuli konstitucionalizmiT (pirveli badenis 1818 wlis konstitucia iyo) da a. S.
safrajizmi (Suffragism), warmosgeba inglisuri sityvisgan Suffrage rac xmis
micemas, arCevnebSi monawileobas niSnavs. Sesabamisad qalebs, romlebic politikuri
uflebebisaTvis dawyebul moZraobaSi monawileobdnen safrajistebi (suffragists) ewodebodaT. iyo aseve qalTa politikuri uflebebisaTvis mebrZoli radikaluri dajgufeba e.w. safrajetebi (suffragettes), romlebic ZiriTadad safrangeTSi moRvaweobdnen
da TavianTi agresiulobiT gamoirCeodnen. maT agresiuli taqtika (Sexvedrebis
darbeva, fanjrebis lewva) gangeb airCies, rom miepyroT sazogadoebis yuradReba. isini
imdenad gavlenianebi aRmoCndnen TavianT qmedebaSi, rom popularul istoriul
mexsierebaSi xmis uflebisaTvis mebrZoli qalebi swored agresiul qalebTan
asocirdebian, maSin rodesac safrajistebis umetesoba ar iziarebda safrajetebis
meTodebs da surda maTgan gamijvna.
is gza, romelic qalebma ganvles imisaTvis, rom arCevnebSi monawileobis universaluri (aqtiurica da pasiuric) ufleba moepovebinaT gansxvavdeboda sirTulisa da
xangrZlivobis mixedviT. 21 evropul qveyanaSi qalebs arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba
XX saukunis dasawyisSi miecaT, ZiriTadad pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg: pirveli maT
Soris iyo fineTi (1906), Semdeg norvegia (1907), Cvidmet qveyanaSi 1915-1922 wlebSi
miiRes qalebma arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba (1920 wels amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi), espaneTsa da portugaliaSi 1931 wels. safrangeTSi 1944, italiaSi 1945,
saberZneTSi 1952, xolo SveicariaSi 1971 wels. am xangrZlivi gzis miuxedavad, qalTa
istoriis mkvlevari gizela boki miiCnevs, rom `safrajizmi~ sxvadasxva qveyanaSi
26

kvira 8
1. saarCevno kanonmdebloba sakanonmdeblo organoSi qalTa
warmomadgenlobis zrdasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi
literatura:
Matland, R. Enhancing Womens Participation: Legislative Recruitment and Electoral Systems, in Karan
Azza (ed.). Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, International IDEA, 1998, 65-88.
Ndezhda Shvedova. Obstacles to Womens Participation in Parliament, in Karan Azza (ed.). Women in
Parliament: Beyond Numbers, International IDEA, 1998, 19-41.
sabWoTa kavSirisgan damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, saqarTvelo, demokratiul saxelmwifod Camoyalibebas cdilobs. 1991 wlidan moyolebul gardamaval
periods Tan axlda warmatebebi da warumateblobebic. dasawyisSive, samma didma
konfliqtma Seaferxa qveynis ganviTareba; 1991-1993 wlebSi Sida qarTlSi da afxazeTSi
ganviTarebuli eTnikuri konfliqtebis gamo daaxloebiT 300 000 moqalaqe iqca
iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirad. Tbilisis samoqalaqo omi (1991 wlis dekemberi - 1992
wlis ianvari), romelic samxedro opoziciasa da demokratiuli gziT arCeul, pirvel
postkomunistur, prezident gamsaxurdias mTavrobas Soris mimdinareobda am
ukanasknelis marcxiT da eduard SevardnaZis, saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis
yofili Tavmjdomarisa da sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa gadamdgari ministris
saqarTveloSi dabrunebiT dasrulda.
1995 wlis 5 noembris saprezidento arCevnebis dros SevardnaZe xmaTa 75% iqna
arCeuli, misi xelmZRvanelobiT proreformistulma 1995 wels arCeulma parlamentma
imave wlis 24 agvistos axali konstitucia miiRo. 1998 wels pirvelad gaimarTa
adgilobrivi, 1999 wels saparlamento, xolo 2000 wels saprezidento arCevnebi, sadac
isev SevardnaZem gaimarjva.
2003 wlis 2 noembers gaimarTa axali saparlamento arCevnebi, romelmac mniSvnelovani darRvevebiT Caiara da xalxis didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. mSvidobiani
protestis formebiT, saqarTvelos mosaxleobam moaxerxa gaerTianeba SevardnaZis
korufciuli administraciisa da partiis (moqalaqeTa kavSiri) winaaRmdeg. xalxis
nebam gaimarjva da 2003 wlis 23 noembers prezidenti SevardnaZe gadadga. qveyanas
vadamdeli saprezidento arCevnebis Catarebamde parlamentis Tavmjdomare nino
burjanaZe marTavda. 2004 wlis 4 ianvars 96% procentiT saqarTvelos mosaxleobam
axali prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili airCia. saparlamento arCevnebi aseve 2004 wlis 28
marts gaimarTa xelaxla da parlamentis Tavmjdomared kvlav nino burjanaZe airCies.

saqarTvelos saarCevno sistemis analizi: Sansebi qalTa warmomadgenlobisTvis


mocemul qveTavSi Sevecdebi gavaanalizo saqarTvelos saparlamento da
adgilobrivi saarCevno sistemebi da ganvsazRvro maTi gavlena qalTa politikaSi
mosvlis SesaZleblobebze. saarCevno sistemis analizisTvis gamoviyeneb profesor
lijphartis mier SemuSavebul kriteriumebs deputatTa arCevis wesis, saarCevno
olqis sididis, arasawori proporciulobis, saarCevno barieris, parlamentis

87

ojaxis erTi wevris mier meoresTvis ganzrax miyenebuli dazianeba. umetesi qveynebis
samarTali ar aRiarebs qmris mier colis gaupatiurebis faqtebs. meuRlis cema
ganzrax aris gamotovebuli sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulad kvalificirebul
danaSaulTa nusxaSi im motiviT, rom qmars aqvs ufleba aRzardos Tavisi meuRle.
dResac ki, im qveynebis samarTalSi, sadac moxda ojaxuri Zaladobis kriminalizacia
mosamarTleebi, prokurorebi da policiis oficrebi Tavs arideben ojaxur
konteqstSi fizikuri Seuracxyofis Sesaxeb kanonebis gamoyenebas.
sxva amerikeli mkvlevari elizabet rapaporti145 Tavis statiaSi: `sikvdiliT dasja
da SeRavaTi ojaxuri Zaladobisas~ aanalizebs samarTlebrivi normebis qmedebas iseTi
mkvlelobebis mimarT, romlebic sikvdiliT isjeba da ojaxuri Zaladobis Sedegad
Cadenili mkvlelobebis mimarT.
mkvlevris Tvisebrivi analizi aCvenebs, rom sikvdiliT dasjis amerikuli kanoni
seqsisturia, maSin rodesac umetes StatebSi finansuri motiviT adamianis mokvla
SeiZleba iqces mizezad damnaSavisTvis sasikvdilo ganaCenis gamotanisa, e. w. `ojaxis
SenarCunebis~ mizeziT Cadenili mkvleloba damnaSaves garkveul SeRavaTebs aZlevs.
qmris mxridan colis an yofili colis mkvleloba ar ganixileba igive simZimis
danaSaulad rogorc sxva, ojaxs gareT, Cadenili mkvlelobebi, mas amsubuqebs is
garemoeba, rom moZalades emociebisgan `sisxli uduRda~ `civsisxliani~ winaswarganzraxuli mkvleobisgan gansxvavebiT. rapaporti aRniSnavs, rom qmris mier
meuRlis `cxel gulze~, roca mas sayvarelTan erTad naxavs mokvlis ganxilva rogorc
Semamsubuqebeli garemoebisa maCvenebelia mamakacTa upiratesi mdgomareobisa
sazogadoebaSi, vinaidan istoriulad `cxel gulze~ Cadenili meuRlis mkvleloba
colebis mxridan, anu roca qmars sayvarelTan waaswrebda, ar ganixileboda
Semamsubuqebel garemoebad. is, rom qalebi naklebad klaven meuRleebs Ralatis
SemTxvevaSi, gamowveulia imiTac, rom maT qmrebis flobaze ufro naklebi pretenzia
aqvT, Sesabamisad, maTi reaqcia Ralatze an mitovebisas naklebad mwvavea.
saqarTveloSi ojaxSi Zaladobis problema ar dgas im aqtualur problemaTa rigSi,
romlis mogvarebisaTvis saxelmwifo Sesabamis nabijebs gadadgamda. ar aris danaxuli
kavSirebi ojaxur Zaladobasa da siRaribes Soris, ojaxur Zaladobasa da qalTa da
bavSvTa janmrTelobas, zogadad sazogadoebis ganviTarebas Soris, ojaxur
Zaladobasa da kanonmorCilebas, samarTlebrivi normebis nakleb efeqturobas Soris.
ojaxuri Zaladobis problemis daZleva warmoudgenelia am mizez-Sedegobrivi
kavSirebis danaxvis gareSe. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom problemis mosagvareblad
umniSvnelovanesia, ara mxolod xelisuflebis mxridan gadadgmuli nabijebi,
ganxorcielebuli politika, aramed sazogadoebrivi azris transformacia, romelic
am problemisadmi ara Semwynarebluri, aramed Seurigebeli gaxdeba. am
transformaciaSi didi rolis Sesruleba SeuZliaT arasamTavrobo organizaciebisa da
mediis warmomadgenlebs.

msgavsad mimdinareobda, ara marto imitom, rom sabolood am moZraobam Tavis mizans
miaRwia, aramed sxva msgavsi mizezebis gamoc.
magaliTisTvis, qalebi yvelgan xmis uflebas iseT momentSi iTxovdnen, rodesac
xedavdnen warmatebis miRwevis realur Sanss. did britaneTSi pirveli mimarTva
qalebisaTvis xmis micemis moTxovniT iyo `adamianTa erTi modgmis, qalebis mimarTva
adamianTa meore modgmis, mamakacebis pretenziebis winaaRmdeg~ 1825 wels ana vilerisa
da viliam tomfsonis avtorobiT. adreuli moTxovna qalebisaTvis xmis uflebis
miniWebisa ekuTvnoda meri smits, romlis Sesaxebac am faqtis garda TiTqmis araferia
cnobili, igi qalebisaTvis xmis micemas qonebrivi cenzis safuZvelze iTxovda. vinaidan
gaTxovil qalebs erTmeodaT sakuTrebis ufleba, es moTxovna rom gaeTvaliswinebina
TemTa palatas am uflebiT mxolod gauTxovari qalebi isargeblebdnen. misi peticia
win uZRoda 1832 wlis reformis aqts da erTaderTi rasac miaRwia iyo is, rom qalebi
garkveviT da myarad gamoTiSes arCevnebSi monawileobis miRebis procesidan, vinaidan
1832 wlis didi reformis aqti uSualod `mamakac-moqalaqeebs~ Seexeboda. vidre
britaneTSi 1867 wlis meore reformis aqts miiRebdnen, axladSeqmnilma qalTa xmis
uflebisaTvis mebrZolma komitetma 1865 wels moamzada peticia lordTa palatisaTvis, romelsac or kviraSi 1 500-ma qalma moawera xeli. TemTa palatas peticia jon
stiuart milma warudgina, mili iTxovda gauTxovari qalebisTvis miecaT aqtiuri xmis
ufleba igive pirobebiT, ra pirobebiTac mamakacebs hqondaT es ufleba. mili ubralod
iTxovda aqtSi sityva `kaci~ SeecvalaT `pirovnebiT~, magram rogorc zemoT avRniSneT
milis es SeTavazeba ar iqna gaziarebuli.
qalTa politikuri rogorc aqtiuri (arCevnebSi xmis micema), ise pasiuri (kenWis
yra) uuflebobis gancda amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gaamwvava monobis winaaRmdeg
dawyebulma kampaniam. 1840 wels elizabet qeidi stentoni27 da lukrecia moti28, amerikuli monobis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli sazogadoebis wevrebi gaemgzavren londonSi
delegatebad monobis winaaRmdeg gamarTul msoflio Sexvedraze. orive qalbatoni
aRaSfoTa im faqtma, rom Sexvedraze maT britaneli qalebis msgavsad aekrZalaT
sajarod sityviT gamosvla. StatebSi dabrunebisTanave maT ganizraxes wamoewyoT
Zlieri moZraoba qalTa uflebebisaTvis.
am gadawyvetilebis Sedegad, rva wlis Semdeg 1848 wels amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi, seneka folsSi, niu iorkis Stati, Catarda qalTa uflebebis pirveli
konferencia, romlis organizatorebi lukrecia moti da elizabet qeidi stentoni
gaxldnen. `sentimentebis deklaracia~, dokumenti, romelic seneka folsSi gamarTuli
diskusiebis Sedegia amerikis damoukideblobis deklaraciis yaidazea dawerili da
qalebisa da mamakacebis uflebrivi Tanasworobisaken mouwodebs, mas xels
konferenciis wevri 68 qali da 32 mamakaci awers.
`Cven migvaCnia aSkara WeSmaritebad is, rom mamakaci da qali Tanabaruflebianebad
Seiqmnen da maT Semoqmedma mianiWa ZiriTadi da Tandayolili uflebebi; romelTa
Sorisac aris sicocxle, Tavisufleba, da bednierebisaken swrafva,29 naTqvamia
deklaraciis SesavalSi.
Sesavals mohyveba nusxa diskriminaciis im sxvadasxva formebisa, rasac qalTa sqesi
ganicdis. kerZod, arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebis ar qona, im kanonebis morCileba,

145
Elizabeth Rapaport, The Death Penalty and the Domestic Discount, The Public Nature of Private Violence: the Discovery of
Domestic Abuse, Martha Albertson Fineman, Roxanne Mykitiuk (eds.), Routledge: New York, London, 1994, pp. 224-251.

27
elizabet qeidi stentoni iuristisa da politikosis daniel qeidis ojaxSi daibada 1815 wlis 12
noembers. mamis wignebiT elizabetma Seiswavla samarTali, magram iuridiulze Cabareba ver moaxerxa,
vinaidan qalebs umaRlesSi im dros ar iRebdnen. man Tavisi cxovrebis 50 weli miuZRvna qalTa
uflebebisaTvis brZolas da ise gardaicvala 1902 wlis 26 oqtombers, rom ver moeswro 1920 wels,
rodesac amerikis konstituciaSi 19-e damatebis Setanis gziT qalebma moipoves sanukvari xmis ufleba.
28
lukrecia kofin moti (1793-1880) kvakerTa religiuri dajgufebis wevri iyo, elizabet qeidi
stentonTan erTad lukrecia motic ibrZoda monobis gasauqmeblad da qalTa TanabaruflebianobisaTvis.
29
The Declaration of Sentiments, Seneca Falls Conference, 1848.

86

27

romlis SeqmnaSic qalebs ar miuRiaT monawileoba. gaTxovebis SemTxvevaSi yvelanairi


uflebis dakargva, qmris morCilebaSi gadasvla, romelsac ufleba eZleva gankargos
colis sakuTreba da Semosavali, aseve aRzardos da Tu saWiroa dasajos igi. qalebs ar
aqvT ganaTlebis miRebis ufleba, ar aqvT ufleba aqtiuri eklesiuri cxovrebisa, maT
mamakacebma moralis sxvanairi ufro mkacri kodi dauweses da gaakeTes yvelaferi, rom
qalebs daekargaT sakuTari Zalebis rwmena, sakuTari Tavis pativiscema da gasCenodaT
survili ecxovrad damokidebulebs TavianT keTilismyofel mamakacebze. am mTavari
argumentebis safuZvelze deklaracia iTxovs qalTa uuflebo mdgomareobis
aRmofxvras da maTTvis yvela im uflebisa da privilegiis aRdenas rac amerikis mamakac
moaqalaqeebs aqvT.
1866 wels stentonma, motma, siuzan b. anTonim30 da maTma Tanamoazreebma daarses
`amerikis Tanabari uflebebis asociacia~, SemdgomSi `erovnuli qalTa xmis uflebis
asociacia~, romelic ibrZoda qalTa politikuri uflebebisaTvis, aseve gayris
gaadvilebis, dasaqmebisa da Sromis anazRaurebisas diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg.
lukrecia mots ekuTvnis azri, romlis xorcSesxmasac dRemde cdiloben amerikeli
qalebi: `kacebsa da qalebs, mTels amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Tanabari uflebebi
unda hqondeT~.
amerikaSi dawyebuli moZraobis miuxedavad, britaneTSi qalTa politikuri
uflebebisaTvis brZola mecxramete saukunis 60-iani wlebidan daiwyo, magram 1885
wlis warumateblobam, rodesac britaneTis reformis aqtis safuZvelze xmis ufleba
miwaze momuSaveebs miecaT da qalebs kidev ara, frTebi Sekveca qalTa moZraobas. am
droisaTvis, amerikaSi feministuri moZraoba enTuziazmiTaa aRsavse da sul ufro met
da met StatSi izrdeba qalebisaTvis politikuri uflebebis micemis momxreTa ricxvi.
1902 wels siuzan b. enToni ewvia ingliss da cxovrobda manCesterSi qristabel
pankhurstTan, swored am vizitis StabeWdilebebis qveS ganacxada siuzanis
gamgzavrebis Semdeg misma maspinZelma qristabel pankhurstma: `gausaZlisia imaze
fiqric ki, rom qalTa kidev erTma Taobam unda daxarjos TavianTi cxovreba xmis
uflebis TxovniT. Cven drois kargvis ufleba ar gvaqvs, Cven unda vimoqmedoT~.
am sityvebma STaagona britanel qalTa proaqtiuri moZraoba politikuri
uflebebis mosapoveblad, romelic pirveli msoflio omis dawyebam Seayovna 1914 wels,
Tumca 1918 welsve nawilobrivi warmatebiT dagvirgvinda.
am periodis amerikaSi, ukve 1912 wlisaTvis mraval StatSi moipoves qalebma
arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba da kidev rva wlis debatebisa da gacxarebuli brZolis Sedegad miaRwies saboloo gamarjvebas srul politikur Tanabaruflebianobas
elis polis (lice Paul) TaosnobiT. am gamarjvebiT TavisTavad ver gadawyda yvela
arsebuli problema, romelic sqesTa ierarqiuli urTierTobidan gamomdinareobs. am
gamarjvebis Semdeg pirveli talRis amerikeli feministebi daubrundnen 1848 wlis
lukrecia motis (ucretia Mott) `sentimentebis deklaracias~, da iq dasmuli sxva
sakiTxebis, kerZod, ganqorwinebis gaadvilebis, memkvidreobisa da Sromis anazRaurebis sakiTxebis gadaWrisaTvis brZola wamoiwyes.
mizanSewonilad miviCnie kursis am monakveTSi gavixsenoT aseve qalTa saerTaSoriso dRis 8 martis istoria. 8 marts sxvadasxva qveynis moqalaqeebis TiTqmis mTeli
msoflios masStabiT aRniSnaven. am dRes aRniSnavs aseve gaerTianebuli erebis

kodificirebul samarTalze, mTavar memkvidred umcros vaJs moiazrebs. Sesabamisad,


tradiciis Tanaxmad, ufros vaJiSvils ojaxi xels uwyobs uZravi qonebis SeZenaSi, Tu
amis saSualeba aqvs, xolo gaTxovebis Semdeg ojaxis qaliSvili iRebs mziTvs da
aranair uflebas aRar acxadebs ded-mamis danarCen qonebaze. gansakuTrebuli
mniSvnelobisaa qaliSvilis mier uaris Tqma uZrav qonebaze mSoblebis saxlze,
vinaidan xSirad moZalade qmars coli ver Sordeba im martivi mizezis gamo, rom mas
wasasvleli ar aqvs da igi ekonomikuradac damokidebulia meuRleze. dedmamiseul
saxlSi Cveulebriv Zma da rZali cxovoben da ukan dabrunebisas ojaxis qaliSvili Tavs
sul mcire uxerxulad grZnobs. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qalma xma aimaRla da moiTxova
Tavisi kuTvnili qoneba mSoblebis memkvidreobidan, mas sazogadoebrivi azri kicxavs.
es stereotipuli magaliTi ar gamoxatavs universalurad mTeli Cveni sazogadoebisa da yvela ojaxis mdgomareobas, aramed im tendenciebsa da normebs,
romlebic samwuxarod jerjerobiT rCebian ZiriTadad da wamyvanad Cveni
sazogadoebis umetesisTvis.
qarTuli enac inaxavs gasaRebs ojaxuri urTierTobis saidumlosi, sityva
`gaTxoveba~ da iseTi gamoTqma rogoricaa `patrons Cavabaro~, miuTiTebs im
obieqtivizaciaze, rac qals qorwinebaSi moelis. marTalia veravin midis ise Sors, rom
qali qmris sakuTrebad gamoacxados rogorc es adre xdeboda, magram qmris
imperatiulobis, aRmatebulobis momenti SenarCunebulia. aseT viTarebaSi qalis
fizikuri Seuracxyofa qmris mxridan moiazreba rogorc meTodi akontrolo da
morCilebaSi gyavdes SenTvis daqvemdebarebuli adamiani, miTumetes, Tu amgvari qceva
sazogadoebrivi moraliT gamarTlebulia da metic xSirad msxverpls miiCneven
damnaSeved, romelmac damsaxurebulad miiRo amgvari sasjeli. samwuxarod arsebobs
uamravi miTi ojaxur ZaladobasTan dakavSirebiT, romlebsac TviTon qalebic uwyoben
xels, magaliTad: `mcems imitom, rom eWviania da Zalian vuyvarvar; `kacia da ase unda
moiqces, Torem coli Tavze daajdeba~ da sxva. amgvari damokidebuleba metyvelebs
sazogadoebis mier problemisadmi Tvalis daxuWvis survilze, araRiarebaze im
faqtisa, rom ojaxuri Zaladoba iwvevs janmrTelobis porblemebs qalebSi, fsiqikur
moSlilobas qalebsa da bavSvebSi, rom nebismieri garemo, sadac batonobs Zaladoba
adre Tu gvian savalalo anarekls povebs da aisaxeba im sazogadoebis cxovrebaze,
romlmac misi daTmena da araRiareba gadawyvita.
amerikeli mkvlevari joan maieri wers: `amJamindeli amerikuli sakanonmdeblo da
socialuri normebi [...] orazrovania: maSin roca ojaxuri Zaladoba nominalurad
aralegaluria da metic, kriminalizebulia, samarTlebrivi da socialuri
dawesebulebebis umetesobas dRemde mcire aRiarebasa da daxmarebas uCenen amgvari
Zaladobis msxverpl adamianebs, urCevniaT ra, rom es sakiTxi ganixilon rogorc kerZo
ojaxuri dava da ara rogorc danaSauli~.143
deliqturi samarTali,144 romelic Cveulebriv aregulirebs fizikuri zianis
miyenebis faqtebs, tradiciulad arafers ambobda fizikuri dazianebis SemTxvevebze
ojaxis wevrebs Soris. meuRleTaSorisi da mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris urTierTobebis
imunitetis doqtrinis gamo kanonSemoqmedni da sasamarTloebi tradiciulad gverds
uvlidnen ojaxSi Cadenili iseTi dazianebiTi danaSaulebis dasjas, rac ojaxs gareT
ar darCeboda maTi yuradRebis miRma. samarTliT praqtikaSi Zalian iSviaTad isjeba
143

siuzan b. enToni (1820-1906) 50 welze met xans warmoadgenda qalTa uflebebisaTvis moZraobis erTerT wamyvan mebrZols. siuzan b. enToni da elizabeT qeidi stentoni erTmaneTs 1851 wels monobis
gauqmebisaTvis mebrZolTa wreebidan Sexvdnen da maTi istoriuli megobroba sicocxlis bolomde
gagrZelda. siuzan enTonis safrajistebis moZraobis napoleonsac ki uwodeben, Tavisi organizatoruli
da taqtikuri niWis gamo.

Joan Meier, Introduction, The Public Nature of Private Violence: the Discovery of Domestic Abuse, Martha Albertson
Fineman, Roxanne Mykitiuk (eds.), Routledge: New York, London, 1994, 121.
144
deliqturi samarTali (Tort Law) im SinaarsiT ra SinaarsiTac teqstSia moxseniebuli saqarTveloSi
ar arsebobs, Tumca arsebobs deliqturi valdebuleba, romlis mixedviTac: piri romelic sxva pirs
marTlsawinaaRmdego ganzraxi an gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT miayenebs zians, valdebulia aunazRauros
mas es ziani. (saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, kari mesame).

28

85

30

Sewydes braldebulTan dazaralebuli SerigebiT. marTalia, kerZo sajaro braldebis


saqmeebi zogadad braldebulisa da dazaralebulis Serigebis gamo ar wydeba, magram
kanonmdebeli aqac uSvebs gamonakliss da iTvaliswinebs SerigebiT Sewyvetis
SesaZleblobas, roca saqmis Semdgomma gamoZiebam SeiZleba ziani miayenos, rogorc
dazaralebulis, ise braldebulis interesebs.
es erTi SexedviT, arc Tu ise mniSvnelovani aspeqtebi, sxva faqtorebTan erTad
arsebiT uaryofiT zegavlenas axdens ojaxur ZaladobasTan dakavSirebuli saqmeebis
warmoebaze sagamoZiebo organosa, Tu sasamarTloSi.
kanonmdeblis mier aRniSnul danaSaulebze sisxlis samarTlis saqmis aRZvrisaTvis
dazaralebulis saCivris arsebobis aucileblobis daweseba iwvevs imas, rom aRniSnuli
saqmeebis aRZvra an saerTod ar xdeba, an aRniSnuli saqmeebis aRZvris Semdeg ixureba
dazaralebulis mier saCivris ukan waRebis, braldebulisa da dazaralebulis viTom
`Serigebis~ Sedegad.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverplis fsiqologiur mdgomareobas,
mis SiSs, damnaSavisadmi misi solidarobis sindroms, misi usafrTxoebis meqnizmebis
ararsebobas, naTeli gaxdeba, rom msxverplTa umetesoba mraval faqtorTa zegavleniT
sruliadac ver iqneba ganwyobili moZaladis winaaRmdeg saCivlelad.
msxverplis iniciativaze dayrdnoba ojaxuri Zaladobis danaSaulebTan
dakavSirebiT sisxlis samarTlis saqmis aRZvrisas kanonmdeblis Secdomaa, rac
dadasturda mravali qveynis gamocdilebiT. ojaxur ZaladobasTan dakavSirebuli
saqmeebis warmoebas sagamoZiebo organosa Tu sasamarTloSi xels uSlis agreTve,
winaswari gamoZiebisa da sasamarTlo procesis msvlelobisas ojaxuri Zaladobis
Sedegad dazaralebulTa da mowmeTa usafrTxoebis dacvis meqanizmis gaumarTaoba.
kanonmdeblobiT aseve gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverplTaTvis
ufaso samedicino, fsiqologiuri da iuridiuli daxmarebis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi. saTanado samarTlebrivi safuZveli ar arsebobs, agreTve ojaxuri Zaladobis
msxverplTa daxmarebis specializebuli dawesebulebebis TavSesafrebisa da
reabilitaciis centrebis mosawyobad.142
sakanonmdeblo xarvezebis paralelurad mtkivneulia is faqti, rom ojaxuri
Zaladoba saTanadod ar aris aRiarebuli sazogadoebis mier, es sakiTxi aris
ukiduresad tabuirebuli da miiCneva, rom ojaxis, kerZo saqmea da gareSe pirebi ar
unda Caerion.
Tu cema, gaupatiureba, Seuracxyofa, fsiqologiuri da ekonomikuri Zaladoba
Cadenili ojaxs gareT araTu gasakicxi, aramed, xSir SemTvevaSi, samarTliT dasjadi
qmedebebia, ratom aRiqvams sazogadoeba igive saqciels Cadenils ojaxis wevrebs Soris
sxvanairad? nuTu Suasaukuneobrivi gamoTqma `Cemi saxli, Cemi cixesimagrea~ kvlav
ZalaSi rCeba? amis mizezi is xom ar aris, rom Cveni sociumi, iseve rogorc mravali sxva
sazogadoeba qalebs ar moiazrebs ojaxis iseTive srulfasovan wevrebad, rogorc
mamakacebs?
vinaidan samarTali tradiciulad sazogadoebriv sferosa da iq arsebul
urTierTobebs aregulirebda, Znelad xdeba misi damkvidreba ojaxuri cxovrebis
gamomxatveli e.w. `kerZo~ sferoSi, romelic samwuxarod rCeba imunuri sakanonmdeblo
regulirebisagan da ufro metad eqvemdebareba CveulebiT samarTals. miuxedavad
imisa, rom egalitaruli sabWoTa samarTlis memkvidre Tanamedrove qarTuli
memkvidreobiTi samarTali ojaxis memkvidred Tanabar uflebebs aniWebs rogorc
gogo, aseve biW Svils, CveulebiTi samarTali, romelic upiratesia am sakiTxSi

organizacia, zogierT qveyanaSi ki (maT Soris saqarTveloSi dedaTa dRes 3 martTan


erTad), erovnul dResaswauladaa gamocxadebuli.
qalTa saerTaSoriso dRis dawesebis idea pirvelad meoce saukunis damdegs gaCnda.
1909 wels, amerikis socialisturi partiis deklaraciis safuZvelze amerikis StatebSi
pirveli qalTa erovnuli dRe 28 Tebervals aRiniSna. 1913 wlamde amerikaSi qalTa
dRes Tebervlis bolo kvira dRes aRniSnavdnen. 1910 wels socialisturi internacionalis Sexvedraze kopenhagenSi qalTa dRis daarseba qalTa moZraobis Rvawlis
dasafaseblad da aseve imis saCveneblad, qalebisaTvis arCevnebSi monawilebis uflebis
miniWbis moTxovnisadmi mxardaWeris gamosaxatavad. konferenciis 100-ma monawile
qalma 17 qveynidan (romelTa Sorisac iyo pirveli sami qali, romelic fineTis
parlamentSi airCies) erTxmad miiRo es SemoTavazeba, TumcaRa konkretuli TariRi ar
daudgeniaT. am gadawyvetilebis Sesasruleblad 1911 wels qalTa saerTaSoriso dRe
avstria, dania, germaniasa da SveicariaSi 19 marts aRiniSna. am qveynebSi milionze metma
qalma da mamakacma miiRo monawileoba msvlelobebSi, romelTa moTxovnebi
qalebisTvis arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebisa da gadawyvetilebis mimReb doneebze
maTi raodenobis gazrdis garda, qalebisTvis muSaobis uflebis, profesiul wvrTnis
saSualebisa da samuSao adgilze diskriminaciis aRmofxvras Seadgenda.
1913-1914 wlebSi rusma qalebma aRniSnes TavianTi pirveli qalTa saerTaSoriso
dRe 1913 wlis Tebervlis ukanasknle kvira dRes. ruseTSi qalTa dRis aRniSvna pirveli
msoflio omis safrTxis acilebisaTvis mebrZoli samSvidobo moZraobis RonisZiebaTa
farglebSi moxda. momaval wels evropis sxvadsxva qveynebSi qalebma 8 marts gamarTes
msvleloba omis winaaRmdeg.
1917 wels, maSin, rodesac ruseTis droSi qveS mebrZoli 2 milioni jariskaci
daiRupa pirveli msoflio omis brZolebSi, ruseTis imperiis qalebma isev Tebervlis
bolo kvira dRe airCies gaficvisaTvis `puri da mSvidoba~. politikuri liderebi
ewinaaRmdegebodnen am gaficvas, magram qalebma Tavisi ar daiSales. gaficvidan oTxi
dRis Semdeg mefe Camoagdes da droebiTma mTavrobam qalebs arCevnebSi monawileobis
ufleba misca. es istoriuli kvira dRe, rodesac gaficva gaimarTa daemTxva 23
Tebervals iulianuri kalendriT (romelic im Jamad gamoiyeneboda ruseTSi), xolo
grigorianuli kalendriT es iyo 8 marti.
am movlenaTa Semdeg qalTa saerTaSoriso dRe msoflios masStabiT damkvidrda,
rasac xelis aseve Seuwyo gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis farglebSi gamarTulma
qalTa oTxma msoflio konferenciam, romlebzec qvemoT visaubrebT.

2. proletariati da genderuli diskriminacia adreuli


bolSevikuri saxelmwifos dros sabWoTa kavSiri 1918-1936 wlebSi.

literatura:
Goldman, Wendy, Z. Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, 8-56.
Kollontai, Allexandra, The Soviet Woman a Full and Equal Citizen of Her Country.

142
nino baqaquri, ojaxuri Zaladoba da adamianebis trefikingi: rogor davicvaT Cveni uflebebi,
saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia, Tbilisi 2004 weli, 76-77.

84

29

kvira 4
1. proletariati da genderuli diskriminacia adreuli
bolSevikuri saxelmwifos dros sabWoTa kavSiri 1918-1936 wlebSi
(gagrZeleba).
literatura:
Goldman, Wendy, Z. Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, 59-104.
Kollontai, Allexandra, Communism and the Family, 1920.

gamokveTon `tradiciuli~, `gavrcelebuli~ kanonmdeblobis mamakacuri xelwera da is


Tu ra gavlena aqvs amgvar kanonebs qalebis cxovrebaze. ojaxuri Zaladobis sferoSi
arsebuli samarTali istoriulad warmoadgenda aSkara gamovlinebas sazogadoebaSi
arsebuli socialur-kulturuli normebisa, romlebic saukuneebis manZilze ojaxis
mamakaci wevrebis mier ojaxis wevri qalebisa da bavSvebis mimarT Zaladobis
gamoyenebas misaReb praqtikad, wesrigisa da morCilebis miRwevis gavrcelebul
formad moiazrebda.
ukve aRiniSna, rom saqarTveloSi kanoni konkretulad ojaxuri Zaladobis Sesaxeb
ar arsebobs, TumcaRa arsebobs rigi samarTlebrivi meqanizmebisa, romlebic pasuxoben
ojaxur Zaladobas. magaliTad, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi arsebuli muxlebi: cema
(muxli 125), isjeba jarimiT an sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo SromiT, vadiT, asocidan
as oTxmoc saaTamde an gamosasworebeli samuSaoebiT vadiT TxuTmet Tvemde anda
tusaRobiT, vadiT or Tvemde. wameba (muxli 126) isjeba Tavisuflebis SezRudvis
vadiT, or wlamde an Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT vadiT - sam wlamde.139 janmrTelobis
ganzrax dazianeba (muxli 117) damamZimebeli garemoebebis gareSe isjeba Tavisuflebis
aRkveTiT erTidan rva wlamde.140 janmrTelobis ganzrax naklebad mZime dazianeba
(muxli 118) damaZimebeli garemoebebis gareSe isjeba gamosasworebeli samuSaoTi
vadiT - 18 Tvemde an Tavisuflebis SezRudviT vadiT, sam wlamde an tusaRobiT, sam
Tvemde an Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT - sam wlamde.141 janmrTelobis dazianeba sasikvdilo
SedegiT (muxli 119) isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT samidan Tormet wlamde.
janmrTelobis ganzrax msubuqi dazianeba (muxli 120) isjeba jarimiT an gamasworebeli
samuSaoebiT, vadiT eqvs Tvemde an Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT, vadiT erT wlamde. ganzrax
mkvleloba (muxli 108) isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT Svididan TxuTmet wlamde.
ganzrax mkvleloba damamZimebel garemoebaSi (muxli 109) isjeba Tavisuflebis
aRkveTiT aTidan oc wlamde an uvado Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT da sxva iseTi muxlebi
rogorebicaa iZuleba (muxli 150), muqara (muxli 151), gaupatiureba (muxli 137),
seqsualuri xasiaTis ZalmomreobiT qmedeba (muxli 138) da sxva.
mkvlevarma nino baqaqurma gaanaliza saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ojaxuri
Zaladobis faqtebze reagirebis kuTxiT. baqaquris analizis mixedviT, `ojaxur
ZaladobasTan dakavSirebul danaSaulTa umetesoba, Tu isini gansakuTrebiT mZime
danaSauliT ar sruldeba, miekuTvneba naklebad mZime danaSaulTa kategorias,
romelTa CadenisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli maqsimaluri sasjeli ar aRemateba xuTi
wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTas. ufro xSirad am danaSaulebis CadenisaTvis damnaSave
isjeba jarimiT, Tavisuflebis SezRudviT an tusaRobiT ramdenime TviT an
Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT araumetes erTi wlisa. amasTan, damkvidrebuli sasamarTlo
praqtikis analizis Sedegad irkveva, rom aRniSnul danaSaulTa umetesobis CadenaSi
damnaSave pirebs ZiriTadad pirobiTi sasjeli eniSnebaT. amave dros zemoaRniSnul
danaSaulTa umetesoba miekuTvneba kerZo an kerZo-sajaro braldebis danaSaulebs,
rac imas niSnavs, rom maT Sesaxeb sisxlis samarTlis saqme aRiZvreba mxolod
dazaralebulis saCivriT. amasTan erTad, kerZo braldebis saqmeebi SesaZlebelia

1917 wels bolSevikebis sakononmdeblo iniciativebma qalebs samoqalaqo uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis mTeli speqtri mianiWes da axali kanonmdeblobis winaSe qali
da mamakaci uflebrivad gaTanabrda. bolSevikuri revoluciis Semdeg TiTqmis erT
TveSi qalebs moexsnaT gayris SemTxvevaSi uZrav qonebasTan da bavSvebze mzrunvelobasTan dakavSirebuli SezRudvebis mTeli rigi. qalebs miecaT ganaTlebis miRebis,
profesiis Tavisuflad arCevis, sacxovrebeli adgilis arCevis ufleba. qalebs
mieniWaT ufleba mamakacis Tanabari anazRaurebis miRebisa Tanabar SromaSi (Equal pay
for equal work). amgvarad 1918 wlis ivlisSi miRebulma konstituciam gaaZliera qalTa da
mamakacTa politikuri da samoqalaqo Tanasworoba. ruseTis sabWoTa federaciis 1918
wlis samoqalaqo kodeqsma qorwinebis erTaderT formad samoqalaqo qorwineba daadgina, am periodamde ruseTSi iuridiuli Zala mxolod religiur qorwinebas hqonda.
qorwinebis registraciis procedura Zalian gaiolda, aseve gaiolda ganqorwinebis
procedura. am reformis Sedegad moimata qorwinebisa da ganqorwinebis raodenobam,
gansakuTrebiT axalgazrda wyvilebSi. 1920 wels moxda abortis legalizeba.
axalgazrda
bolSevikur
saxelmwifoSi
ganxorcielebuli
sakanonmdeblo
iniciativebi warmoadgenda msoflios masStabiT qalTa emansipaciis yvelaze
progresul da revoluciour cvlilebebs. 1930-iani wlebis meore naxevramde sabWoTa
kavSiri, qalTa samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis TvalsazrisiT, msoflio liderad
rCeboda. am viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sainteresoa, rogor esmodaT bolSevikuri
revoluciis avtorebs Tanaswori uflebebi; Tanamedrove politikuri filosofiis
mixedviT, ufleba warmoadgens `Tanasworobis, Tavisuflebisa da samarTlianobis
sayovelTaod savaldebulo formas~, marqsistuli ideologiis Tanaxmad, ufleba
klasobrivi xasiaTis fenomeni iyo da `klasobrivi Cagvris iaraRad~ gamoiyeneboda.
`muSaTa~ klasis (muSebi da glexebi) qalebis interesebi da moTxovnebi aRiqmedoba
Cagruli umravlesobis saerTo interesebad da moTxovnebad, gabatonebuli
umciresobis interesebisa da moTxovnebis sawinaaRmdegod. xolo is winaaRmdegobebi,
rac arsebobda `muSaTa~ klasis qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris da, miT umetes, qalebis
svadasxva jgufebs Soris igive klasis SigniT (muSa qalebi, muSaTa colebi, glexi
qalebi, Sinamosamsaxureebi) ignorirebuli iyo. imavdroulad sxva fenebis
warmomadgeneli qalebi didgvarovnebi, vaWarTa Svilebi da colebi, sasuliero pirTa
Svilebi da colebi, inteligencia yovelgvar uflebebs moklebuli aRmoCnda. mgvarad,
qalTa Tanasworobis proletarulma koncefciam imTaviTve gariya qalTa sxva jgufebi,
maT Soris liberaluri moZraobis bevri aqtivisti qali.
mZlavri industrializaciis procesma soflis mosaxleobis qalaqSi Camodineba
gamoiwvia, ramac xeli Seuwyo didgvarovanTa kulturis, faseulobebisa da idealebis

(muxli 126) wameba Cadenili: ori an meti piris mimarT; damnaSavisaTvis winaswari SecnobiT orsuli
qalis mimarT; damnaSavisaTvis SecnobiT arasrulwlovanis, umweo mdgomareobaSi myofis an materialurad
an sxvagvarad masze damokidebulis mimarT; SekveTiT da sxv. isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT, vadiT samidan
eqvs wlamde, Tanamdebobis dakavebis an saqmianobis uflebis CamorTmeviT, vadiT sam wlamde an uamisod.
140
(muxli 117) janmrTelobis ganzrax mZime dazianeba Cadenili: ori an meti piris mimarT;
damnaSavisaTvis winaswari SecnobiT orsuli qalis mimarT; damnaSavisaTvis SecnobiT arasrulwlovanis,
umweo mdgomareobaSi myofis an materialurad an sxvagvarad masze damokidebulis mimarT;
gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT; angarebiT an SekveTiT; araerTgzis an sxv. isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT
xuTidan Tormet wlamde.
141
damamZimebeli garemoebebi am muxlisTvis igivea, rac117-e muxlisTvis da am SemTxvevebSi
janrTelobis ganZrax naklebad mZime dazianeba isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT xuT wlamde.

30

83

139

Sercxvenili, damcirebuli da degradirebulia, Sokirebulia. amasTanave msxverpli


aris gabrazebuli da SesaZloa gaamwvavos kidec konfrontacia SiSis daZlevis
surviliT.
moZalade afeTqebis etapze ukontroloa, adanaSaulebs msxverpls Zaladobis
provocirebaSi. survili aqvs gaakontrolos gaakritikos da dasajos msxverpli.
etaneba alkohols, raTa simTvraliT gaamarTlos Tavis qceva da miiCnevs, rom
ZaladobiT moagvara problemebi.

mesame etapi: simSvidis xana (TaflobisTve)


es faza dgeba Zaladobis faqtis Semdeg da gamoirCeva simSvidiT da siyvaruliT. am
fazaSi moZalade inaniebs Tavis saqciels da msxverpls gamosworebis imeds aZlevs.
patiebas iTxovs, pirobas iZleva, rom msgavsi Zaladoba aRar gameordeba. cdilobs ise
moiqces, viTom araferi momxdara, asaCuqrebs msxverpls.
Tu am fazaSi moZalade ar miiRebs kvalificiur daxmarebas `TaflobisTve~,
mxolod garkveuli periodi gagrZeldeba da Semdeg daZabuloba kvlav daiwyebs
matebas, vidre ar miaRwevs maqsimums da cikli isev gameordeba.
Taflobis periodSi msxverpls surs Tavi daaRwios moZalades, Tan itanjeba
moZaladis mitovebis azris gamo, Tavs damnaSaved grZnobs, axla xom ase kargadaa
yvelaferi. surs daujeros meuRlis dapirebebs, magram wyenasac ver iviwyebs, umweo da
uimedo mdgomareobaSia.
am periodSi moZalade grZnobs, rom garkveuli periodi SeuZlia Tavis
gakontroleba, eSinia ar miatovos meuRlem. Tavis TavTan cdilobs gaamarTlos Tavisi
saqcieli da amcirebs Seuracxyofis mniSvnelobas. pirobas debs, rom Zaladobis faqti
aRarasodes ganmeordeba.
gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom am periodSi Tu moZalade kvalificirebul daxmarebas
miiRebs SesaZloa Zaladobis Semdgomi faqti aRar gameordes, Tumca daxmarebis
aRmoCena ar iZleva Zaladobis Sewyvetis garantias.
rac ufro metad ganicdis qali Zaladobas, miT ufro metad eqvemdebareba igi
Semdeg daxasiaTebas.
qals uyalibdeba Tavisi SesaZleblobebis dabali TviTSefaseba, mas hgonia, rom
arakompetenturia da TavisTavs abralebs momxdars. rogorc wesi, qals Seuracxyofis
Sedegad erRveva Zili, ewyeba Tavis tkivili, depresia, SiSebi, eWviT uyurebs daxmarebis
miRebis SesaZleblobas. cdilobs uaryos Zaladoba, daabralos qmris zedmet
siyvaryuls an sxva problemebs. Zaladoba msxverpls umweos xdis da rac ufro did xans
egueba igi Zaladobas, miT ufro naklebad esaxeba gza Tavis gadasarCenad, igi itanjeba
naswavli umweobis sindromiT.
me Sevecade warmomedgina ojaxuri Zaladobis problemisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
urTierTobis etapebi da gancdebi. aqve minda aRvniSno, rom mkvlevrebi Tanxmdebian
imazec, rom ver iarsebebs erTi universaluri formula ojaxuri Zaladobis yvela
faqtis aRsawerad, aramed umetesoba faqtebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saerTo
tendenciebi, rac iqna warmodgenili.
feministebi sakanonmdeblo sferos mamakacTa sarbielad ganixilaven. rogorc wina
TavebSi aRvwereT, kanonebi iqmneboda mamakacebis mier im sazogadoebrivi
urTierTobebis dasareguleblad, romelic patriarqalur sazogadoebaSi arsebobda,
sadac mTavar moqmed pirebsa da privilegirebul moqalaqeebs swored mamakacebi
warmoadgendnen. sakananomdeblo sferos ganxilvisas feministebi cdiloben

82

Canacvlebas axali `proletaruli~ ideebiTa da RirebulebebiT, romelTa mixedviT


qalis roli ojaxSi da sazogadoebSi unda gatoleboda mamakacis rols. TumcaRa am
TvalsazrisiT, gadadgmulma pirvelive nabijebma aCvena, rom mxolod Tanaswori
politikuri uflebebis miniWeba qalebisTvis ar iyo sakmarisi sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi qalTa monawileobisa da rolis gasazrdelad. TviT bolSevikuri partiis
xelmZRvaneloba ar miiCnevda qalebs sakmarisad kvalificiurad imisaTvis, rom maT
iseve efeqturad esargeblad TavianTi uflebebiT, rogorc amas akeTebdnen mamakacebi.
1926 wels, qalTa 26% jer kidev wera-kiTxvis ucodinari iyo.31
muSaTa klasis warmomadgenel qalTa monawileoba proletarul moZraobaSi
minimaluri iyo, rac bolSevikuri partiis mesveurT saSualebas aZlevda qalTa sakiTxi
ganexilaT rogorc `kulturulad CamorCenili mosaxleobis~ sakiTxi. bolSevik
liderTa werilebsa da gamosvlebSi igrZnoba qalTa obieqtivizacia anu maTi rogorc
ganviTarebis dabal safexurze myofi arsebebis ganviTarebisaTvis zrunva, romlebsac
Tavad ar SeswevdaT ganviTarebis unari. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom xelisuflebas
surda sqesTa Tanasworobis ideis Semotana da ideologiuri gamtkiceba, raTa ufro
meti da meti qali CarTuliyo ojaxs gareT SromaSi anu momxdariyo maTi energiisa da
Sromis eqspluatacia, xolo imas, rom isini did cvlilebas Seitanen politikur
wyobasa da azrovnebaSi xelisufleba ar moeloda. xelisufleba varaudobda, rom werakiTxvis Seswavlis Semdeg qalebi moiqceodnen swored ise, rogorc es aRwerili
iqneboda ideologiur bukletebsa da sxva publikaciebSi, vinaidan muSaTa klasis
warmomadgeneli qalis interesebi da survilebi unda ganuxrelad Seesabamebodes
klasis interesebsa da survilebs. Tu dRes amgvari azrovnebisa da ideologiis
utopiuroba bevrisTvisaa TvalSi sacemi, im periodSi amas Zalian cota adamiani
amCnevda da aRiarebda kidec.
am umciresobas miekuTvneboda adreuli bolSevikuri sazogadoebis erT-erTi
TvalSisacemi figura da bolSevikuri partiis xelmZRvanelobaSi erTaderTi
avtoriteruli qali aleqsandra kolontai.32 kolontais saxels winaaRmdegobebiT
aRsavse cnobebi ukavSirdeba. revoluciis dasrulebisTanave aleqsandra kolontai,
romelic warsulSi cnobili iyo, rogorc menSevikebis partiis aqtivisti da
socialisturi feminizmis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli bolSevikebis rigebSi gadadis
da socialuri uzrunvelyofis saxalxo komisariatis saTaveSi dgeba. am
Tanamdebobidan, igi aqtiurad axorcielebs bolSevikuri partiis politikas muSaTa
klasis qalebTan mimarTebaSi. miuxedavd imisa, rom kolontai mxars uWerda partiis
ZiriTad mimarTulebas qalTa gaTavisuflebisa maTi sazogadoebriv warmoebaSi
CarTvis gziT da xedavda qalTa did rols kulturul revoluciaSi, kolontai,
gansxvavebiT mamakaci bolSeviki liderebisa, miiCnevda, rom mxolod wera-kiTxvis
SeswavliT ver gadawydeboda qalTa Cagruli mdgomareobis sakiTxi, aramed im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu qalebi sxvagvarad daiwyebdnen fiqrs sakuTar Tavze, sakuTar
SesaZleblobebsa da pasuxismgeblobebze. kolontai ar moiazrebda qalebs rogorc
obieqtebs, romlebze zemoqmedebiTac unda momxdariyo maTive ganviTareba da
gaaqtiureba, aramed rogorc subieqtebs, romelTa gadawyvetilebebze da qmedebazec
iyo damokidebuli kulturuli revoluciis bedi da sakuTari mdgomareoba
sazogadoebaSi. TumcaRa TviT kolontais Sexedulebebic qalebis dawinaurebis Sesaxeb
emyareboda tradiciuli `qaluri~ Tvisebebisa da qcevis normebis Canacvlebas
`mamakacuri~ TvisebebiTa da qcevis normebiT da ar ismeboda kiTxva mamakacurobis
31
32

Julia Gradskova, Women and Political System of the Soviet State, Moscow State University, 2004,4.
aleqsandra kolontai (1872 wlis 31 marti-1952 wlis 9 marti) sabWoTa socialisturi moZraobis erT-

erTi gadamwyveti figura, diplomati da agitatori iyo.

31

avkargianobis Sesaxeb. kolontai mamakacur Tvisebebsa da mamakacebs ubralod ufro


srulyofil da Tavisufal arsebebad moiazrebda axali socialuri wyobis Sesaqmnelad
da qalebis ganviTarebisa da gaTavisuflebis gzad maT mier mamakacebis unar-Cvevebis
gadaReba esaxeboda.
kolontai gaxldaT axalgazrda sabWoTa saxelmwifos qalebTan dakavSirebuli
kanonmdeblobis avtori. Tavisi xangrZlivi da aqtiuri politikuri karieris manZilze
kolontaim socialur politikaze zegavlenis moxdena mxolod karieris dasawyisSi
SeZlo. didi sabWoTa enciklopedia kolontais ixseniebs rogorc pirvel qal elCs,
romelic sabWoTa mTavrobam norvegiaSi 1923 wels miavlina.33 kolontais erT-erTi
biografis tom konditis azriT, 1920-iani wlebidan, rodesac kolontai sabWoTa kavSiris oficialur warmomadgenlad dainiSna norvegias, SvedeTsa da meqsikaSi `1945
wlamde, vidre man uari ar ganacxada diplomatiur saqmianobebze janmrTelobis gamo,
kolontai imyofeboda erTgvar gadasaxlebaSi da rogorc diplomati Camocilebuli
iyo aqtiur Sida poliikas. Sesabamisad, misi Sexedulebebi ojaxisa da qalTa statusis
Sesaxeb sabWoTa kavSirSi gaxunda. rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris elCi SvedeTsa da norvegiaSi, savaWro delegati meqsikaSi da delegati erTa ligaSi aseve fineTisa da sabWoTa kavSiris samSvidobo molaparakebis monawile 1940 wels, aleqsandra kolontai didi
gulmodginebiT emsaxura xelisuflebas da 1946 wlidan gardacvalebamde (1952 weli)
gaxldaT sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa saministros mrCeveli~.34 kolontais gadarTvam sagareo politikasa da fizikurad sazRvargareT yofnam iqonia gavlena qalTa
sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi 1920-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ganviTarebuli kolontaiseburi
xedvis dakninebasa da araefeqtur ganxorcielebaze sabWoTa kavSirSi.
bolSevikuri revoluciis erT-erT amocanas warmoadgenda ojaxuri saqmeebis
kerZo sferodan sazogadoebriv sferoSi gadmotana da am gziT mamakacebisa da qalebis
`gaTavisufleba~. qorwineba ganixileboda rogorc ori adamianis urTierTsiyvarulsa
da gagebaze dafuZnebuli kavSiri, Tavisufali im movaleobebisgan, rasac ojaxis
instituti akisrebda maT feodalur da kapitalistur formaciebSi.35 amgvarad,
`ojaxis gauqmeba da ara ojaxSi arsebuli konfliqtebis mogvareba warmoadgenda qalTa
emansipaciis gasaRebs~,36 magram ojaxisadmi amgvari damokidebuleba, rwmena da survili
misi gauqmebisa ar vrceldeboda qorwinebaze. piriqiT, adreuli bolSevikuri
saxelmwifos ritorika cdilobda qorwinebis axali cnebis Semotanasa da damkvidrebas,
samoqalaqo qorwinebis SemoRebiT, gayris procedures gaiolebiT, agitirebiT imgvari
kavSirisa, romelic siyvarulsa da arCevanis Tavisuflebas emyareba da ara ekonomikur
damokidebulebas. komunizmis marqsistuli dRis wesrigi iTvaliswinebda `sazogadoebis Secvlas, misi ekonomikuri struqturis Secvlis xarjze37 da savaraudoa, rom
revoluciis Semdgom bolSevikTa ideologiuri zraxvebi ar izRudeboda mxolod
ekonomikuri formaciis SecvliT, aramed socialurisac da ojaxis institutisac maT
Soris. mkvlevar vendi goldmanis mixedviT:
1998 wlis oqtomberSi, bolSevikebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlidan sul raRac erTi
33

, : , 1973, 437.
Alexandra Kollontai Archives, ixileT internetSi misamarTze: <http://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/into.htm>
bolo viziti marti 14, 2003.
35
Tamar Sabedashvili, Paper for the course: Research Methods in Gender Studies. Contents Analysis Method and Practice,
Applied to the Abstract from Aleksandra Kollontais Article Communism and the Family (1920), Central European University,
Budapest, 2003, 2.
36
Wendy Z. Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, c1993), 6.
37
Zeev Sternhell, Fascism: Reflections on the Fate of Ideas in Twentieth Century History, in Michael Freeden (ed.),
Reassessing Political Ideologies: the Durability of Dissent, (London, New York: Routledge, 2001), 109.
34

32

SemTxvevebis dasaxasiaTeblad, aramed saerTo da ganzogadebul tendenciebs.138

pirveli etapi: mzardi daZabuloba


nebismieri urTierTobis dasawyisSi Zaladoba naklebad aris gamoxatuli,
urTierToba usazRvro siyvarulis xasiaTs atarebs. am periodis ganmavlobaSi
partniorebs Soris daZabuloba TiTqmis ar arsebobs da moZaladis qceva pozitiuria.
es is periodia, roca TiToeuli partniori saukeTesod iqceva, vinaidan am stadiaze
erT-erTi partnioris mier Zaladobis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi didi Sansia maTi
urTierTobis Sewyvetisa. urTierTobis gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSi, moTxovnebTan erTad
Zlierdeba stresi. imatebs agresiuli qceva, Cveulebriv es sagnebTan mimarTebaSi
gamoixateba da ara partnioris mimarT. agaliTad, fexis mirtyma an muStis dartyma
karze, kedelze. daZabuloba ar neitraldeba amgvari qmedebiT da zrdasTan erTad
inacvlebs sagnebidan partniorze da gamoixateba dasawyis etapze sityvier
SeuracxyofaSi. coli yvelanairad cdilobs Tavidan aicilos sityvieri Seuracxyofa:
gulmodgined asufTavebs saxls, ise iqceva rogorc meuRles moswons, magram amgvari
kompromisebi ar aris sakmarisi moZaladisTvis gaRizianebis da konfliqtis mizezi
yovelTvis moiZebneba.
moZalade awyobs eWvianobis scenebs, cdilobs sruli kontroli daamyaros
meuRleze, gaakontrolos misi drois gadanawileba, sad da visTan erTad wava igi, aseve
Seecados meuRlis izolirebas misi mSoblebis ojaxisa da megobrebisgan, gamudmebiT
umtkicebs mas, rom uyvars da sxva adamianebi zedmetebi arian da mxolod xels uSlian
bednierebaSi da, rom marto orni unda iyvnen erTad da aravin sxva.
daZabulobis zrdis etapze msxverpli grZnobs, rom rac ar unda gaakeTos
moZaladebs araferi akmayofilebs. grZnobs, rom uZluria SeaCeros mzardi
daZabuloba, miuxedavad imisa, rom cdilobs daTmos da ar gaaRizianos meuRle,
grZnobs rom ar icis ra aris swori saqcieli daZabulobis gansamuxtavad. magram
msxverpli, ara marto pasiuri damTmobis rolSia, is aseve gabrazebulia, radgan mas ar
endobian da usafuZvlod aviwroveben, ayeneben Seuracxyofas. gabrazebulia aseve, rom
mxolod misi mxridan xdeba daTmobebi da moZalade ar asrulebs danapirebs.
daZabulobis zrdis etapze moZalade Tavs gariyulad grZnobs, misi aravis esmis,
amarTlebs Tavis qmedebas, uaryofs danaSauls, gulnatkeni da dabneulia, sjera, rom
meuRle ar akeTebs sakmariss, raTa ukeTesad agrZnobinos Tavi, sasmels etaneba da
yvelas adanaSaulebs sakuTari Tavis garda Seqmnil viTarebaSi.

meore etapi: umwvavesi Zaladobis faqti (afeTqebis, kulminaciis etapi)


am fazaSi daZabuli urTierTobebi Zaladobis konkretul incidentSi vlindeba.
moZalade irCevs Zaladobis formas, adgils, dros, winaswar icis ra unda Tqvas,
rogori Zaladoba Caidinos. es is etapia, romelSic xSirad samarTaldamcavi organoebi
erTvebian. Zaladobis faqtis Semdeg moZalades stresi da daZabuloba exsneba. amis
gamoa, rom moZalade xSirad wynari da Tanmimdevrulia samarTaldamcavebTan
Sexvedrisas. msxverpli ki, sapirispirod dabneuli da isteriulia incindentis gamo.
afeTqebis etapze msxverpli SeSinebulia, Tavs adanaSaulebs ZaladobaSi,
138
ojaxuri Zaladobis ciklebis aRweris wyaroa: amerikis monacemi: proeqti harmonia, ojaxur
ZaladobasTan brZolis sazogadoebrivi TanamSromlobis programis saswavlo masalebi, 14-17.

81

`termini `Zaladoba qalebis winaaRmdeg~ niSavs genderis safuZlvelze Cadenil


Zaladobas, romelmac qalebs fizikuri, seqsualuri an fsiqologiuri ziani an tanjva
moutana, muqaris, iZulebis, Tavisuflebis SezRudvis CaTvliT, ganurCevlad imisa
amgvari qmedeba sazogadoebriv Tu kerZo sferoSi iqneba Cadenili. amgvarad Zaladoba
qalebis winaaRmdeg moicavs, magram ar izRudeba Semdegi gansazRvrebebiT:
a. ojaxSi Cadenili fizikuri, seqsualuri da fsiqologiuri Zaladoba, cema,
gogonebis
seqsualuri
Seuracxyofis,
mziTvTan
dakavSirebuli
Zaladoba,
gaupatiureba ojaxSi, gogonaTa windacveTa, da sxva tradiciuli Cveulebebi rac
sazianoa qalebisTvis, Zaladoba dakavSirebuli eqspluataciasTan [...]137
problemisadmi gaeros yuradReba da problemis saerTaSoriso rangis definicia,
kidev erTxel adasturebs mis aqtualobas sxvadasxva religiis, kulturisa da
politekonomikuri ganviTarebis mqone saxelmwifoebisTvis.
ojaxuri Zaladobis ganmartebisas aseve unda visaubroT problemis gavrcelebul
formebze, ojaxuri Zaladoba fizikuri, seqsualuri da fsiqologiuri Seuracxyofis
kombinaciaa.
fizikuri Zaladobis formebia: cema, xelis kvra, wixlis Cartyma, Tmis moqaCva, kbena,
fizikuri tkivilis miyeneba sxvadasxva nivTebis gamoyenebiT (wameba), saxlSi gamoketva,
dawva, genitaliebis damaxinjeba / mokveTa, cecxlsasroli an civi iaraRiT daWra,
mokvla.
seqsualuri
Zaladobis
formebia:
gaupatiureba,
seqsualuri
xasiaTis
Seuracxmyofeli replikebi, komentarebi, SemoTavazebebi, pornografiuli masalis
yurebis an/da gameorebis iZuleba, incesti, iZulebiTi fexmZimoba, cemis Semdeg
seqsualuri urTierTobis iZuleba, dasjis mizniT seqsisa da alersisgan Tavis
Sekaveba, da sxva.
fsiqologiuri Zaladobis formebia: dacinva, damamcirebeli SeniSvnebi, replikebi,
komentarebi, SemoTavazebebi, gineba, zizRis gamomxatveli qmedeba, akrZalva,
izolireba, sazogadoebaSi Seuracxyofa, yvirili, muqara, eWvianoba, RamiT Zilis
saSualebis mospoba, SantaJi da sxva.
ojaxuri Zaladobis formaa aseve ekonomikuri Zaladoba, rac saerTo ekonomikur
saxsrebze xelmisawvdomobis SezRudvaSi an akrZalvaSi, muSaobis, swavlis daSlaSi,
colis sakuTrebis miTvisebaSi vlindeba.
Zaladobis es formebi ar aris ojaxuri ZaldobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli qmedebebis
sruli nusxa. Tu erTi SexedviT, fizikuri Zaladobis SemTxvevebi ufro TvalsaCinoa
da SesaZloa qalis fizikuri likvidaciiT dasruldes, Zaladobis sxva formebs
aranaklebi zianis motana SeuZliaT. ojaxuri ZaladobisTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli
erTi romelime konkretuli formis sistematiuri, sxva formebisgan izolirebuli,
ganmeoreba, ojaxuri Zaladoba Cveulebriv Zaladobrivi qmedebebis mTeli kompleqsiTaa warmodgenili da grZelvadianad avadmyofobebs, nevrozs, depresias,
fsiqikur moSlilobas da sxva mraval ubedurebas iwvevs.
ojaxuri Zaladobis kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom ojaxur Zaladobas cikluri xasiaTi aqvs.
mkvlevar lenon valkeris da mineapolisis ojaxuri Zaladobis proeqtis gamokvlevebis
safuZvelze es cikli gayofilia sam etapad. TiToeul etaps aqvs gansakuTrebuli
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, romlebic qvemoTaa aRwerili. aRwerili etapebi da maTi
maxasiaTeblebi ar warmoadgenen absolitur kanonzomierebas ojaxuri Zaladobis

137

Fourth World Conference for Women Platform for Action, D.Violence against Women, 113.

80

wlis gasvlis Semdeg centralur aRmasrulebeli komitetis anu uzenaesi


sakanonmdeblo organos gadawyvetilebiT, miRebul iqna axali kodeqsi
qorwinebas, ojaxsa da meurveobaze. kodeqsma sakanonmdeblo eniT asaxa
socialuri urTierTobebis revoluciuri xedva, romelic emyareboda qalTa
Tanasworobas da ojaxis fenomenis kvdomas. bolSevikebis azriT, mxolod
socializms SeeZlo daeZlia samuSaosa da ojaxs Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegoba.
socializmis pirobebSi saxlis samuSao gadavidoda sazogado sferoSi da is
saqme, romelsac milionebiT qali asrulebda aunazRaureblad Sesruldeboda
daqiravebuli adamianebis mier, romlebic amaSi gasamrjelos miiRebdnen,
iqneboda es muSaoba sasadiloebSi, samrecxaoebSi, Tu sabavSvo baRebSi.38
aleqsandra kolontais mier 1920 wels gamoqveynebuli statia `komunizmi da ojaxi~
(statia pirvelad daibeWda rusulad `komunistkas~ 1920 wlis meore nomerSi, xolo
imave wells mogvianebiT inglisurad, JurnalSi `vorqer~ (the Worker)) am epoqis
suliskveTebiTaa gaJRenTili da Sesabamisadac unda aRviqvaT. statiis mixedviT,
saxelmwifo iRebs pasuxismgeblobas bavSvebis aRzrdaze, xolo ojaxs CamoerTmeva
mwarmoeblis funqcia da mxolod momxmareblis funqcia rCeba:
`mSromelma dedebma araferze unda idardon; komunisturi sazogadoeba ar
waarTmevs mSoblebs Svilebs, ar moswyvets bavSvs dedis mkerds, ar Caidens
ZalmomreobiT saqciels, rom daangrios ojaxi, msgavsi araferi moxdeba!
komunisturi sazogadoebis miznebi gansxvavebulia. komunisturi sazogadoeba
xedavs, rom Zveli yaidis ojaxi irRveva da ojaxs ecleba yvela is sayrdeni, rac
mas rogorc socialur erTeuls inarCunebda. Sinameurneoba kvdeba, muSaTa
klasis mSoblebs ar SeswevT Zala mouaron bavSvebs, uzrunvelyon isini
ganaTlebiTa da arsebobis saSualebebiT. bavSvebi da mSoblebi erTnairad
itanjebian am situaciiT.
komunist sazogadoebas amis Tqma SeuZlia mSromeli qalisa da mamakacisTvis:
`Tqven xarT axalgazrdebi da giyvarT erTmaneTi. yvelas aqvs ufleba iyos
bednieri. icxovreT Tqveni cxovrebiT, nu gaurbixarT bednierebas. nu geSiniaT
qorwinebis, miuxedavad imisa, rom kapitalizmis pirobebSi qorwineba marTlac
rom ubedurebis saTave iyo. nu geSiniaT bavSvebis gaCena, sazogadoebas sWirdeba
muSakebi da uxaria yvela bavSvis dabadeba. Tqven ar unda inerviuloT Tqveni
bavSvis momavalze, mas arc sicive da arc SimSili Seawuxebs.39
qalTa cnobierebis amaRlebisa da emansipaciis kulturuli proeqtis mTeli
sirTule da winaaRmdegobrioba politikur gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi qalTa
monawileobis gansakuTrebiT ki, qalTa ganyofilebebis (Jenotdelebis) saqmianobis
gamoikveTa. qalTa ganyofilebebi iyo qalTa politikuri aqtivobis erTaderTi uwyeba
da 1920-iani wlebidan 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisamde arsebobda. qalebTan muSaobis
pirveli departamentis xelmZRvaneli 1919 wels inesa armandi gaxda, Semdgom qalTa
ganyofilebas aleqsandra kolontai da aleqsandra samoilova xelmZRvanelobdnen.
qalTa ganyofileba miznad isaxavda qalTa politikuri cnobierebis amaRlebas da
sazogadoebriv sferoSi maT gaaqtiurebas. igegmeboda qal delegatTa aqtiuri
monawileoba socialuri uzrunvelyofis, Sromis, saxalxo ganaTlebisa da jandacvis
sferoebSi. qali delegatebis arCeva xdeboda ara mxolod muSaTa rigebidan, aramed
38
Wendy Z. Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, c1993), 1, 3.
39
Aleksandra Kolontai, Communism and the Family, Selected Writings by Alexandra Kolontai, (eds. Alison and Busby) 1920.
Targmani Tamar sabedaSvili.

33

diasaxlisebs muSaTa colebs Sorisac, qal delegatebs Tvalyuri unda edevnebinaT


sasadiloebisa da klubebis, sabavSvo baRebis muSaobisTvis, daecvaT qalTa da bavSvTa
uflebebi. delegatad arCevam pirvelad misca aTasobiT qals saSualeba Tavi moesinja
sazogadoebriv sferoSi. dasavleTelma mkvlevrebma didi yuradReba dauTmes qalTa
ganyofilebebis saqmianobas, maSin, rodesac sabWoTa kavSiris enciklopediebsa da
istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebSi qalTa ganyofilebebis muSaoba gamotovebulia.
Jurnal `delegatkas40 mixedviT, qalTa ganyofilebaSi momuSave qalebi monawileobdnen wiTelarmielTaTvis saWmlis ulufis gadanawilebaSi, akontrolebdnen
skolis moswavleTaTvis tansacmlisa da fexsacmlis gacemis procesebs, ebrZodnen
mwerebsa da parazitebs sacxovrebel saxlebSi, aswavlidnen glexebs jiSiani qaTmebis
moyvanas. Tavis mxriv qalTa aqtivobas ar SeeZlo gavlena ar moexdina qalebis
TviTSefasebaze da maT irgvliv arsebul socialur realobaze. amis dasturia
trockis 1923 wlis 13 ivliss gazeT `pravdaSi~ gamoqveynebuli sityvebi, rom qalTa
ganyofilebebs ukavSirdeba mravali ojaxuri krizisi: qalTa ganyofilebaSi muSaobis
Semdeg qalebs win eSlebaT axali samyaro, ojaxi yuradRebis gareSe rCeba, rac
aRizianebs mamakacs da iwvevs ojaxis ngrevas. 41
miuxedavad imisa, rom qalTa sazogadoebrivma aqtivobam garkveuli zegavlena
iqonia qalTa TviTSefasebis zrdasa da gaaqtiurebaze, unda aRiniSnos, rom qalTa
sazogadoebrivi saqmianobebis sferoebi, Zalian axlos idga maT saojaxo saqmianobebTan, xolo ideologiis, finansebisa da Tavdacvis sakiTxebi, romelTa
mniSvneloba da Sefaseba gacilebiT ufro maRalia, mamakacebis pasuxismgeblobis qveS
rCeboda. im faqtma, rom qalTa ganyofilebebis saqmianobis koncentrireba moxda
qalebis tradiciul rolebsa da funqciebze, moaklo qalebs saSualeba gavlena
moexdinaT mniSvnelovani saxelmwifo gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesze. 1934 wels
miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT qalTa ganyofilebebi gauqmda da gorbaCovis perestroikis
periodamde, roca Seiqmna qalTa sabWoebi, mgavsi tipis specializebul qalTa erTeuls
sabWoTa kavSirSi ar uarsebia. 1934 wels qalTa ganyofilebis gauqmebas safuZvlad
daedo mosazreba, rom ukve droa qali dawinaurdes ara rogorc qali, aramed rogorc
muSaki, sazogadoebis sruluflebiani da ganviTarebuli wevri.
bolSevikuri revoluciis adreul etapze imdenad mZlavri iyo Zvelis dangrevisa
da daviwyebis survili, rom qalis gaTansworebisa da gaTavisuflebis erT-erT
saSualebad, rogorc aRvniSneT, ojaxis institutTan brZola aRiqmeboda. im
periordSi bevri iwereboda imis Sesaxeb, rom monogamiuri qorwineba burJuaziis
gadmonaSTia, romelic muSaTa klass ar sWirdeba. ojaxi ar aris kargi adgili Svilebis
aRsazrdelad, bavSvebis aRzrdaze pasuxismgebloba saxelmwifom unda aiRos.
`Tavisufali siyvarulis~ ideis winaaRmdeg gamovida lenini, misi Sexedulebebi
asaxulia inesa armanisadmi miweril werilebSi. lenini aviTarebda marqsis Sexedulebebs da miiCnevda, rom qalTa sruli gaTavisuflebisTvis saWiroa sazogadoebrivi
meurneobis arseboba, rom saWiroa qali gaTavisufldes saxlis saqmeebisgan da
monawileobdes saerTo warmoebaSi.
klara cetkinisadmi micemul interviuSi `lenini qalTa sakiTxebze~ lenini
aRniSnavs: `me meCveneba, rom sqesis Sesaxeb TeoriebiT zedmetad gataceba da maTTvis
zedmeti yuradRebis daTmoba adamianebis pirovnuli saWiroebebidan gamomdinareobs.
am Teoriebis umetesoba ubralo hipoTezebia. maT iseTi adamianebi ewafebian, visac
surT sakuTari aranormaluri, zRvarsgadasuli seqsualuri cxovreba gaamarTlon
burJuaziuli moralis TvalSi da sakuTari pirovnebis mimarT tolerantuli
40
41

Jurnali delegatka gamoicemoda 1920-1931 wlebSi.


Julia Gradskova, Women and Political System of the Soviet State, Moscow State University, 2004,7.

34

mimarT Cadenili cema, wameba, daSineba, gaupatiureba iseTive sastiki danaSaulebia


rogorc `sazogadoebriv~ sferoSi, ojaxs gareT Cadenili danaSaulebebi. Sesabamisad
ojaxuri Zaladobis gakicxva da dasja ar warmoadgens adamianis pirad saqmeSi Careva,
aramed danaSaulze reagireba aris.
intensiurad ojaxuri Zaladobis problemis Seswavla daiwyo meoce saukunis
samociani wlebidan daiwyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom am problemam mecnierTa yuradReba
arc ise didi xania miiqcia, mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadaidga ojaxuri Zaladobis
simptomatikis, msxverplisa da moZaladis protretebis Sesaqmnelad. ganviTarebul
qveynebSi daixvewa da gaanalizda samarTlebrivi normebi, romelTa umetesoba ar
iZleoda ojaxuri Zaladobis faqtebze reagirebis saSualebas. SemuSavda msxverplTa
dacva-reabilitaciisa da moZaladeebTan muSaobis meTodebi, Tumca umetes qveynebSi am
saqmianobiT arasamTavrobo seqtoria dakavebuli da ar xdeba am sakiTxisadmi
mTavrobis mxridan saTanado yuradRebis gamovlena, aramed formaluri,
deklarirebuli aRiareba da mwiri reagireba. unda aRiniSnos, rom aSS-Si jer kidev me19 saukuneSi bavSvebis mimarT cudi mopyroba sazogadoebrivi SeSfoTebis sagnad iqca,
rac Seexeba ojaxur Zaladobas, misi problemad Camoyalibeba da gaazreba ar aRmoCnda
advili damkvidrebuli kulturuli normebisa da tradiciabis fonze, romlebic or
zrdasrul adamians Soris arsebul usiamovnebas, maT Soris, ufro Zlierisa da
avtoritetulis kontrolisa da pasuxismgeblobis sferod saxavda.
samociani wlebis sazogadoebrivi moZraobebidan moyolebuli amerikasa da
evropaSi farTod gavrcelda qalTa da mamakacTa Tanasworobis ideebi qorwinebasa da
samsaxurSi. 70-80-ian wlebSi izrdeba sazogadoebis gaTviTcnobierebis done ojaxuri
Zaladobis sakiTxSi, colqmruli Zaladoba aRiarebul iqna dauSvebel qmedebad. aSS-Si
ukve samocdaaTian wlebSi
sazogadoebis mxridan zewolis Sedegad daiwyo
saxelmwifos mxridan krizisuli centrebisa da TavSesafrebis subsidireba Zaladobis
msxverpli qalebisaTvis. pirveli aseTi TavSesafari 1974 wels san paulSi, minesotas
StatSi gaixsna da es programa dRemde arsebobs. amJamad amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
1 500-mde qalTa TavSesafaria (maSin, rodesac imave a.S.S.-Si 3800 cxovelTa TavSesafari
funqcionirebs).
kvlevebma aCvena, rom 1994 wels aSS-Si saSualod samidan ori msxverpli qali
icnobda Tavdamsxmels.133 qalTa 31%-ma ganacxada rom Tavdamsxmeli iyo ucxo adamiani,
28%-ma ganacxada, rom Seuracxyofas iRebda meuRlis an Seyvarebulisagan, 35%
nacnobebisagan, xolo 5% sxva naTesavebisagan. wliurad amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
kacebTan SedarebiT qalebi 10-jer met Zaladobis faqts ganicdian nacnobebis,
meuRleebis, Seyvarebulebisa Tu naTesavebisagan. 134 yovelwliurad ojaxuri
Zaladobis tramvebis mosaSuSeblad 3-5 miliardi dolari ixarjeba, 100 miliardi
dolari ki ikargeba miuRebeli xelfasebis, araproduqtiulobisa da avadmyofobis
mizeziT gacdenili samuSao saaTebis gamo.135 1993 wels 575 000 kaci daapatimres qalebis
winaaRmdeg Cadenili Zaladobis gamo, maSin, rodesac imave wells 49 000 qali
daapatimres mamakacebis mimarT Cadenili Zaladobis gamo.136
1995 wlis gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis qalTa meoTxe saerTaSoriso
konferenciis daskvniTi, dokumenti `pekinis moqmedebaTa platforma~ ganmartavs
Zaladobas qalebis winaaRmdeg:
133

Ronet Bachman Ph.D., U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics, "Violence Against Women: A National Crime
Victimization Survey Report," January 1994, p. iii.
134
iqve, 6.
135
Domestic Violence for Health Care Providers, 3rd Edition, Colorado Domestic Violence Coalition, 1991.
136
American Psychl. Ass'n, Violence and the Family: Report of the American Psychological Association Presidential Task Force
on Violence and the Family (1996), 10.

79

urTierTobaSi imyofeba partniorTan.129


sxva, SedarebiT gamartivebuli ganmartebebis mixedviT, ojaxuri Zaladoba
warmoadgens ojaxis erTi wevris mier meoris mimarT Cadenil Zaladobas, romlis
msxverpli xSir SemTxvevaSi qalebi da bavSvebi arian, xolo moZaladeebi mamakacebi.130
mocemuli ganmarteba ojaxuri Zaladobis yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli scenarebs
Seesabameba, TumcaRa ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverpli SeiZleba gaxdnen moxucebica da
mamakacebic. miuxedavad imisa, rom yvelaze xSirad ojaxuri Zaladobis SemTxvevebSi
moZaladed mamakaci (qmari, mamamTili, Zma) gvevlineba, arsebobs ojaxuri Zaladobis
iseTi faqtebi, sadac dedamTili an muli, an piriqiT, rZalia moZalade. ojaxuri
Zaladobis SemTxvevebi, sadac mamakacebi arian msxverplis rolSi Zalian mcire
masStabebis mqonea, maSin rodesac amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac uamravi
meqanizmi arsebobs ojaxur ZaladobasTan brZolis, jer kidev 22 dReSi erxel erTi
qali iRupeba moZalade qmrebisgan. xolo SvedeTSi, am ojaxur ZaladobasTan brZolis
sanimuSo qveyanaSi saSualod 10 dReSi erTi qali kvdeba.131 ojaxur Zaladobaze
statistika saqarTveloSi ararsebobs, statistikis ar arseboba problemis ar
arsebobaze ar miuTiTebs, aramed mis gamoumJRavneblobasa da miCumaTebze. ojaxur
Zaladobaze momuSave arasamTavrobo organizaciebis monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi
ojaxuri Zaladoba mwvave problemaa. arasamTavrobo organizacia `saxli~, romelic
ufaso iuridiul da fsiqologiur konsultacias uwevs ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverpl
qalebs weliwadSi 300-350 qals emsaxureba TbilisSi.132 2004 wels saqarTveloSi gaixsna
ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverplTa pirveli TavSesafari, romelmac 5 Tvis manZilze 15
ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverpli qali da bavSvi Seifara. msxverplTa cifri gacilebiT
didi iqneboda arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, rom hyofnideT saxsrebi TavianTi
saqmianobis Sesaxeb meti informaciis gasavrceleblad da moziduli kontingentis
mosamsaxureblad.
sxva qveynebis gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom rac ufro meti efeqturi meqanizmi
iwyebs muSaobas ojaxuri Zaladobis dasamarcxeblad, miT ufro izrdeba
gamoaaSkaravebuli ojaxuri Zaladobis SemTvevebis ricxvi anu meti msxverpli
acxadebs sajarod Tavis problemas dacvis imediT. swored imitomaa SvedeTis ojaxuri
Zaladobis msxverpl qalTa sikvdilianobis monacemi TvalSi sacemi da SemaSfoTebeli,
rom ojaxuri Zaladobis faqtebis aRricxvianoba, problemasTan brZola, aTwleulebis
ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobs, xolo Cvens qveyanaSi es sakiTxi mTlianad arasamTavrobo
seqtoris mxrebze wevs, sazogadoebrivad gaumarTleblad iTvleba ojaxuri Zaladobis
faqtebze saubari, msxverpl qalebs ar aqvT ndoba samarTaldamcavi organoebis da
sazogadoebrivi azris, radgan didia riski ojaxur ZaladobaSi maTive dadanaSaulebis
da ufro metic ojaxis damangrevlad gamocxadebis. saWiroa daiwyos msjeloba Cvens
sazogadoebaSi ojaxuri Zaladobis problemis irgvliv, radgan igi ar aris
TviTregulirebadi, `kerZo~ sferoSi arsebul problema, aramed danaSaulia. Cven unda
gaviazroT da vaRiaroT, rom saxlis kedlebs SigniT ojaxis erTi wevris mier meoris
129

proeqti harmonia, ojaxur ZaladobasTan brZolis sazogadoebrivi TanamSromlobis programis


saswavlo masalebi, 7.
130
Merriam-Webster Dictionary of Law, 1996 Merriam-Webster, Inc - violence committed by one family or household member
against another; WordNet 2.0, 2003 Princeton University - violence or physical abuse directed toward your spouse or domestic
partner; usually violence by men against women.
131
amerikis monacemi: proeqti harmonia, ojaxur ZaladobasTan brZolis sazogadoebrivi
TanamSromlobis programis saswavlo masalebi, 11. SvedeTis monacemi ekuTvnis SvedeTis ojaxur
ZaladobasTan brZolis policiis sammarTvelos monacemebi.
132
saxlis saqmianobis Sedegebma aCvena, rom centrSi konsultirebulTa 73%- is problema ukavSirdeba
ojaxur Zaladobas. ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverplebTan individualurma Tu jgufurma muSaobam,
momsvlelTa raodenobis zrdam (weliwadSi saSualod 8-10%-iT) naTeli gaxada, rogorc TviT problemis
aqtualoba, aseve msxverplTa dacvis sakiTxis mogvarebis aucilebloba.

78

damokidebuleba daimsaxuron. burJuaziuli moralis es SeniRbuli pativiscema Cemi


azriT, SeiniSneba yvelaferSi rac Seexeba seqss, saboloo analizi aCvenebs, rom
safuZvelSi es yvelaferi erTob burJuaziulia. inteleqtualebi da sva maTi msgavsni
gansakuTrebiT ixiblebian amiT. partiaSi ki klasobriv TviTSegnebasa da mebrZol
proletariats Soris amgvari Teoriebi ar arsebobs.42
meore Teoria, romelic intimuri sferos reformas isaxavda miznad ekuTvnoda
profesor a. zalkinds da Camoyalibebuli iyo rogorc `revoluciuri proletariatis
sqesobrivi cxovrebis Tormeti mcneba~. am Teoriis mixedviT, Tavisuflebis ideis
sawinaaRmdegod seqsualuri survilebi unda eqvemdebarebodes klasobriv interesebsa
da survilebs da araviTar SemTxvevaSi sawinaaRmdegod. qalis umweo sinaze ar
gamodgeba. ekonomikurad, politikurad da fiziologiuradac qali unda dauaxlovdes
mamakacs. `qaluroba~ rogorc koncefcia Sedegia qalTa aTaswliani monobisa da
minimalurad pasuxobs revoluciisa da revoluciis sqesobrivi SerCevis saWiroebebs.
sagulisxmoa, rom ojaxis mier moqalaqeebze dakisrebuli ekonomikuri da
samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobebis gauqmebis, ojaxis koncefciis kvdomis ideam
maleve ganicada kraxi. 1920-iani wlebis bolos axali ekonomikuri politikis
SemoRebisas mTavrobam SezRuda saxemwifos SesaZlebloba kerZo sferoSi arsebuli
saqmianobebis sazogadoebriv sferoSi gadatanisa. upatrono bavSvebTan dakavSirebulma problemebma, qveynis swrafma industrializaciama da koleqtivizaciam,
xuTwliani gegmebis SemoRebam didi gamocda mouwyo axali samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis
efeqturobasa da im revoluciur ideebs, romlebic arsebobis tradiciuli formebis
Secvlas isaxavda miznad. TumcaRa mkvlevar vendi goldmanis azriT, ara mxolod am
problemebma ganapiroba saxelmwifos politikis Secvla qalebTan da bavSvebTan
mimarTebaSi, aramed cvlilebebma kadrebis mmarTvelobaSi, romlebsac am sakiTxebisadmi sxvagvari politikuri xedva hqondaT. amgvarad 1936 wlis samoqalaqo kanonma
dramatulad Secvala 1918 da 1926 wlebis radikaluri da revoluciuri kodeqsebi,
formalurad SeinarCuna genderuli Tanasworobis ritorika, magram imavdroulad
akrZala aborti, SemoiRo jarimebi gayris SemTxvevaSi, gazarda alimentis raodenoba,
SemoiRo damsjeli zomebi im adamianebisTvis, vinc ikeTebda an akeTebda aborts
aralegalurad, aseve maTTvis vinc ar ixdida aliments da sxva.43
harold j. bermanis 1950 wels dabeWdil wignSi avtors mohyavs sabWoTa mkvlevris
citata, romelic wers `ojaxi axla [1940-iani wlebi] umniSvnelovanesia, rogorc misi
wevrebis, aseve saxelmwifosaTvis. metic, saxelmwifo cdilobs kanonis meSveobiT
Seqmnas ojaxis wevrTa imgvari moraluri da samarTlebrivi cnobiereba, romelic
stabilurobas Seuwyobs xels.44 iyo mcdelobebi ojaxis mniSvneloba ufro gaezardaT,
vidre qorwinebis mniSvneloba da amis naTeli magaliTi bermanis azriT, iyo is kanonebi,
romlebic qorwinebaSi ar myof fexmZime qals aZlevda saSualebas garkveuli daxmareba
mieRo bavSvis biologiuri mamisgan.
mosazrebebi qalTa sakiTxis gadaWris Sesaxeb, rogorc davinaxeT ar iyo erTgvarovani meoce saukunis axalgazrda bolSevikur saxelmwifoSi. qalTa emansipaciisadmi
klasobrivi midgoma anu rwmena imisa, rom kerZo sakuTrebis mospobasTan erTad sqesTa
Soris arsebuli uTansworobac moispoboda ver iTvaliswinebda arsebul viTarebas
42
Zetkin, Clara, Lenin on the Womens Question: An Interview with Lenin, 4. ixileT internetSi misamarTze:
<http://www.marxists.org/archive/zetkin/1925/lenin/zetkin2.htm>bolo viziti 17 Tebervali, 2005.
43
meti informaciisaTvis am procesebze ixileT: Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social
Life, 1917-1936 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), and Women at the Gates: Gender and Industry in Stalins Russia,
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
44
Harold J. Berman, Justice in Russia: an Interpretation of Soviet Law, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,
1950), 236.

35

srulad. formaluri Tanasworoba, romelic damyarda sakanonmdeblo sferoSi da


aisaxa kidec qalebisTvis miniWebuli SesaZleblobebis didi speqtriT ar aRmoCnda
sakmarisi sqesTa Soris arsebuli diskriminaciis dasaZlevad, vinaidan qalebis
gamoTavisufleba ojaxuri saqmianobebisgan rogorc es igegmeboda revoluciis
Semdgom wlebSi ver moxerxda, sanacvlod miviReT iseTi sazogadoebrivi molodinebi,
romlebic qals avaldebulebda Sromas sazogadoebriv sferoSi, maSin roca
tradiciebis gavlena asaqmebda qals ojaxSi ufro metad, vidre mamakacs da amgvarad
sabWoTa periodis qalebi erTgvari emansipaciis paraleurad ormagad datvirTulni
(double burdained) aRmoCndnen.
kursis farglebSi Cven ZiriTadad mimovixileT sabWoTa kavSiris adreuli wlebi 19171936, vinaidan swored am ori aTwleulis manZilze moxda Zireuli transformacia sabWoTa
mTavrobis xedvaSi qalTa uflebebis mimarT, romelic daiwyo radikaluri liberaluri
xedviT qalTa individualuri Tavisuflebisa da uflebebebis, ojaxis institutis
gauqmebis Sesaxeb da dasrulda imgvari saxelmwifo politikiT, romelic ojaxis aRdgena
ganmtkicebaze iyo orientirebuli da iTvaliswinebda qalTa ormag Sromas (ojaxSi da
ojaxs gareT). pirvel aTwleulSi wamowyebuli inteleqtualuri msjeloba qalTa
uflebebis Sesaxeb sworxazovanma da mkacrma gadawyvetilebebma Secvala. ojaxis mimarT
stalinis politika warmoadgenda erTgvar hibrids, romelic sawyiss adreuli
socialisturi xedvidan iRebda, magram amave dros damaxinjda da dauZlurda
saxelmwifoSi arsebuli siRaribiTa da SimSiliT da sabolood deformirda saxelmwifos
mzardi damokidebulebiT terorze. am ideologiur gardatexaSi tragikuli mxolod is ar
iyo, rom Sedegad ganadgurda axali socialuri wyobis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba, miT ufro,
rom aTasobiT adamiani ibrZoda da itanjeboda swored amisaTvis. tragedia is iyo, rom
partia Tavs adreuli socialisturi xedvebis gamgrZeleblad da memkvidred
warmoadgenda, maSin, roca mTavrobis qalTa emansipaciis cariel ritorikas Tan axlda
sworxazovani
politika, romelic qalTa Sromis gamoyenebas isaxavda miznaT.
xelisuflebam daiviwya dapireba saSinao saqmeebis socializaciis, sazogadoebriv
sferoSi gatanis da qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris Tanaswori urTierTobebis damyarebis
Sesaxeb. yvelaze tragikuli ki is iyo, rom sabWoTa qalebis Semdgom Taobebs, romlebic
mowyvetili aRmoCndnen revoluciis adreuli wlebis moazrovneebisa da ideebisagan, am
cru emansipaciis pirobebSi mouxdaT cxovreba, rac sinamdvileSi am sakiTxze adreuli
socialistur xedvis mxolod damaxinjebuli da ganuxorcielebeli Canafiqri iyo.45
vinaidan es istoriuli periodi naTlad gansazRvravs qalTa uflebebis TvalsazrisiT sabWoTa kavSiriSi Semdgom aTwleulebSi arsebul tendenciebsa da viTarebas
kursis farglebSi amiT SemovifarglebiT. mogvianebiT am Temas erTgvarad davubrundebiT saqarTvelos magaliTze postsabWoTa sazogadoebSi qalTa uflebriv
mdgomareobaze saubrisas.

2. qalTa uflebebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi


literatura:
Hilkka Pietila, Engendering the Global Agenda: The Story of Women and thee United Nations, Development
Dossier, UN Non-Governmental liason Service, 2002, 1-29.
Miller, Carol, Geneva the Key to Equality: Inter-war feminists and the League of Nations, in Womens
History Review, Volume 3, Number 2, 1994, 218 245.

seqsualuri xasiaTis ZalmomreobiTi moqmedeba samsaxurebrivi mdgomareobis


gamoyenebiT - isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT vadiT xuTidan TxuTmet wlamde
(muxli 138.3(e))

sqesobrivi kavSiris, mamaTmavlobis, lesbianobis an sxvagvari seqsualuri


kontaqtis iZuleba saxelgamtexi cnobis gaxmaurebis an qonebrivi dazianebis
muqariT anda materialuri, samsaxurebrivi an sxvagvari damokidebulebis
gamoyenebiT - isjeba jarimiT an gamasworebeli samuSaoTi vadiT erT wlamde
anda Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT vadiT or wlamde. (muxli 139.1)

rogorc vxedavT, sakanonmdeblo baza ar aris Raribi, magram erTia sakanonmdeblo


bazis arseboba da meore misi praqtikaSi danergva da gamoyeneba. samuSao adgilze
sqesobrivi niSniT Seviwroebis mxolod ukideuresi formebi (gaupatiureba,
Zalmomreoba, seqsualuri kontaqtis iZuleba) aqvs saqarTveloSi kanonmdebels
gaTvaliswinebuli reagirebisaTvis. rac Seexeba, sxvagvari tipis sqesobriv
Seviwroebas, rogoricaa mtruli samuSao garemos Seqmna, anu Seuracxmyofeli
komentarebi, Sexeba da sxva, amgvari qmedebaze arsebuli kanonebi samarTlebrivi
gzebiT reagirebis saSualebas ar iZleva.
aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs standartebi samuSao
adgilze sqesis niSniT Seviwroebisagan moqalaqeTa dasacavad. amerikis magaliTze
davinaxeT, Tu ra didi pasuxismgebloba da roli eniWeba damqiravebels am
TvalsazrisiT daqiravebulTa uflebebis dacvis saqmeSi, xolo saqarTveloSi amgvari
meqanizmebi ararsebulia. saqarTvelos bevri moqalaqe dasaqmebulia araformalur
SromiT seqtorSi, maT Soris ekonomikurad aqtiuri qalebis didi nawili (quCis
movaWreebi, ZiZebi, saxlis damlageblebi), romelTa samuSao pirobebi da riskebi
rogorc sqesis niSniT diskriminaciis, iseve zogadad cudi samuSao pirobebis gamo
janmrTelobis gauaresebis Zalian maRalia.

2. rogor davareguliroT ojaxuri Zladoba, gasaTvaliswinebeli


gamocdileba

literatura:
Isabel Marcus, Reframing Domestic Violence: Terrorism in the Home in Fineman, M. A. & Myktruk, R
(eds.), Public Nature of Private Violence the Discovery of Domestic Abuse, New York, Routledge, 1994,
11-35.
proeqti harmonia, ojaxur
saswavlo masalebi, 7-36.

ZaladobasTan

brZolis

sazogadoebrivi

programis

45
Wendy Z. Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, c1993), 343.

mocemul qveTavSi SevexebiT ojaxuri Zaladobis raobas, misi problemad aRiarebis


istorias da efeqtur strategiebs ojaxuri Zaladobis dasaZlevad.
ojaxuri Zaladoba aris ganmeorebadi da xSiri cikli fizikuri, fsiqologiuri,
seqsualuri an ekonomikuri Seuracxyofisa, romelsac ojaxis erTi wevri axorcielebs
meoreze, masze konktrolisa da Zalauflebis mopovebis mizniT. Zaladoba ojaxSi aris
konkretuli qmedeba an muqara pirovnebis mxridan, romelic sqesobriv an sxva

36

77

zomebi. im SemTxvevaSi Tu dazaralebuli ar imoqmedebs damqiraveblis rekomendaciebis Sesabamisad, romelic miznad isaxavs mis dacvas msgavsi Seuracxyofisgan,
pasuxismgebloba momxdarze ukve aRar ekisreba damqiravebels, aramed uSualod
Seuracxmyofelsa da dazaralebuls, romelmac ar Seismina damqiraveblis rCevebi da
ar daeqvemdebara prevenciul RinisZiebebs.
ra SeiZleba warmoadgendes samuSao adgilze sqesobrivi Seuracxhyofis Tavidan
acilebis, prevenciis efeqtur meTods?

naTlad gawerili sqesobrivi Seuracxyofis amkrZalavi Sida ganawesi;

am Sida ganawesis efeqqturi komunikacia yvela TanamSromlisTvis;

SurisZiebisagan dacva;

efeqturi Civilis procesi;

gamoZiebis procesSi konfidencialobis SeZlebisdagvaradad maqsimaluri dacva;

efeqturi gamoZiebis procesi;

Sesabamisi da dauyovnebeli gamasworebeli qmedebis uzrunvelyofa;

yvela zemoT CamoTvlili elementi unda iyos kombinirebuli ufrosebisa da


zedamxedvelebis/xelmZRvanelebis periodul xarisxian treiningTan. treiningis meSveobiT TanamSromlebma unda SeiZinon unar Cvevebi msgavs situaciebTan gamklavebisa da
maTi efeqturi daZlevisaTvis.
im SemTxvevaSi Tu damsaqmebeli, xelmZRvaneli momswrea sqesobrivi Seuracxyofebis faqtebisa man unda moaxdinos reagireba dazarelebulisgan oficialuri
werilobiTi ganacxadis miRebamde.
samuSao adgilze sqesobrivi Seuracxyofa xSir SemTxvevaSi TanamSromlebs Soris
warumatebeli romanebis safuZvelze yalibdeba. samwuxarod ar arsebobs aranairi
gegma an RonisZieba, romelic amgvar risks agvacilebda Tavidan. amgvari SemTxvevebis
monitoringic Zalian Znelia, imitom rom erTi SexedviT SeiZleba Seiqmnas STabeWdileba, rom xelmZRvaneli TanamSromlebis pirad cxvorebaSi ereva. arsebobs ori gza,
erTi viTarebis ignorireba, vidre realuri problemebi ar gaCndeba da meore,
samuSaoze miRebisas informireba TanamSromlebis, rom sasiyvarulo urTierTobebis
wamowyeba xelmZRvanelsa da daqvemdebarebul TanamSromlebs Soris ikrZaleba.
gansakuTrebiT didi riskis mqonea TanamdebobiT maRali mamakacisa da masze
daqvemdebarebuli qalis urTierToba, vinaidan xSir SemTxvevaSi swored am dros
SeiZleba garTuldes saqme. problemebis Tavidan asacileblad, xelmZRvanels evaleba
xSiri saubari da treningi Cautaros Tavis moadgileebs, departamentebis ufrosebs da
sxva TanamdebobiT maRal safexurze myof TanamSromlebs.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi samuSao adgilas dawyebuli romani
qorwinebiT mTavrdeba da moraluri TvalsazrisiT araswori iqneboda romantiuli
epizodebisa da Semdgari urTierTobebis Seuracxyofis potenciuri riskis matareblad ganxilva. damqiravebelma unda gaakeTos Tavisi maqsimumi TanamSromelTa
uflebrivi ganaTlebis TvalsazrisiT, unda daawesos xelmisawvdomi da efeqturi
meqanizmebi amgvari problemebis dasaZlevad, magram am niadagze ar unda Seqmnas
arajansaRi garemo, romelmac SeiZleba provocirebac ki gaukeTos arajansaR
braldebebsa da qmedebas.
saqarTveloSi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT:

gaupatiureba samsaxureobrivi mdgomareobis gamoyenebiT isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT vadiT xuTidan TxuTmet wlamde" (muxli 137.3(d))
76

kvira 5
1. qalTa uflebebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi (gagrZeleba)

literatura:
Hilkka Pietila, Engendering the Global Agenda: The Story of Women and thee United Nations, Development
Dossier, UN Non-Governmental liason Service, 2002, 29-105

2. qalTa uflebebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi (gagrZeleba)


literatura:
Frazer, Arvonne, S. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
(The Womens Convention), in Women, Politics and the United Nations, Anne Winslaw (ed.), Greenwood
Press, London 1995, 77-94.
Women Law and Development, United Nations Human Rights Systems, in Womens Human Rights Stepby-Step, Logos Press, 1997, 28-62.

qalebma unda iswavlon Tavis gaTavisufleba


crurwmenisa da tradiciuli damokidebulebebis
xundebisagan. maT unda iswavlon Tavis aRmoCena
da sakuTari talantisa da Zalis ganviTareba.
unda iswavlon TavianTi iniciativebis, unarebisa
da niWebis gamoyeneba da almasebis msgavsad
unda imgvarad daixvewon,
rom elvareba da brwyinva daiwyon... 46
ani r. iagre
gaeTianebuli erebis qalTa statusis
Semswavleli komisiis Tavmjdomare
1967
miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianis uflebebis dacva saerTaSorisod aRiarebul
prioritetad iqca meore msoflio omis Semdeg gansakuTrebiT ki, gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciis Seqmnis Sedegad da adamianis uflebebis dasacavad Seiqmna
mravali saerTaSoriso dokumenti, qalebis adamianuroba ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi mizezi
imisaTvis, rom maTac efeqturad esargeblaT am saerTaSoriso adamianis uflebaTa
damcavi instrumentebiT. amgvarad, gaeros sistemaSive saWiro gaxda specialuri
saerTaSoriso meqanizmebis Seqmna, romlebic uSualod qalebis uflebebis dacvas
moemsaxureboda. kursis am monakveTSi mimovixilavT qalTa uflebebis damcavi
46

ani r. iagre qalis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb deklaraciis Sesavali (An Introduction to the
Declaration on Elimination of Discrimination Against Women. Annual Review of United Nations Affairs 1967-1968. Compiled by:
Richard N. Swift. Oceana Publications, Inc. New York. 1969. 57).

37

instrumentebis ganviTarebas gaeros sistemaSi 1945-2005 wlebSi, dawyebuli adreuli


konvenciebidan `qalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli yvela formis diskriminaciis
aRmofxvris Sesaxeb konvenciis~ CaTvliT (mas xSirad moixsenieben `qalTa konvenciis~
saxeliTac), aseve gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis qalTa msoflio konferenciebsa
da qalTa mdgomareobis Sesaxeb komisiis sxdomebis Sedegebs.
warmoudgenelia qalTa uflebebis damcav konvenciebze saubari gaeros wesdebis
moxseniebis gareSe.47 wesdebis 55-e muxlSi xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli, rom gaerTianebuli
erebis organizacia xels Seuwyobs `adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa
pativiscemas da dacvas sayovelTaod, ganurCevlad rasis, sqesis, enisa da religiisa~.48
Sesabamisad gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mier miRebul yvela Semdgom
dokumentSi gatarebulia wesdebaSi xazgasmuli diskriminaciis sawinaaRmdego
principebi.
wesdebas mosdevs adamianis uflebebis damcavi sami umniSvnelovanesi dokumenti:
`adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia~ (1948), `saerTaSoriso konvencia
ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebebze~ (1966) da `saerTaSoriso konvencia
samoqalaqo da politikur uflebebze~ (1966). samives xSirad moixsenieben koleqtiuri
saxeliT `saerTaSoriso bili adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb~,49 vinaidan isini erTad
uyrian safuZvels adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao dacvas. `adamianis uflebebis
universaluri deklaracia~ kanonis winaSe yvelas Tanabaruflebianad acxadebs,
miuxedavad maTi sqesisa (muxli 2). zemoxsenebuli ori konvencia deklaraciis muxlebs
avrcobs da valdebulebiT xasiaTs sZens. am dokumentebSi xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli, rom
ar SeiZleba adamianebis Cagvra sqesis safuZvelze da amave dros iseTi sityvebi
rogoricaa `adamianebi~, `yvela~, `xalxebi~, TavisTavad moicaven rogorc qalebs, aseve
kacebs. maSin sainteresoa raRatom gaCnda qalebis uflebebis damcavi dokumentebis
Seqmnis saWiroeba? ratom ar aRmoCnda `saerTaSoriso bili adamianis uflebebis
Sesaxeb~ sakmarisad efeqturi qalebis uflebebis dacvisaTvis?
sityva `adamiani~ istoriulad imdenad metad iyo kacuri Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvis
matarebeli, rom miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom TanamedroveobaSi es sityva orive sqesis
aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba qalebTan mimarTebaSi misi gaTaviseba ar amowurula.
`adamianTa uflebebis sayovelTao deklaraciis~ miRebisas qalebs Zalian
`gaumarTlaT~, rom isinic moiazres deklaraciis teqstSi wina saukuneebis
mniSvnelovan dokumentebTan SedarebiT.50 TumcaRa CarTvam ver uzrunvelyo qalebi
adamianis uflebebiTa da maTi dacviT. qalebis CarTva am SemTxvevaSi migvaniSnebs
gaeros mier qalebis adamianebad aRiarebaze, magram es aRiareba ver iZens praqtikul
mniSvnelobas. `adamianis uflebebis saerTaSoriso bilis~ mixedviT, de iure ar
SeiZleba admianebis Cagvra sqesis niSniT de faqto ki, qalebi dResac ganicdian
uflebriv siviwroves kacebTan SedarebiT.

47

1945 wlis gaeros wesdebis pirvelive muxlis mesame paragrafSi gaeros misiaze saubrisas aRniSnulia,
rom organizaciam unda xeli Sewyos TanamSromlobas saerTaSoriso masStabis ekonomikuri, socialuri,
kulturuli, Tu humanitaruli problemebis gadaWrisas da uzrunvelyos adamianis uflebebisa da
ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis dacva da pativiscema yvelas sasargeblod, ganurCevlad rasis, sqesis, enis Tu
religiisa. sqesTa Tanabaruflebianobas exeba aseve wesdebis Semdegi muxlebi: 8, 13, 55, 76.
48
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba. (1945). muxli 55. qveparagrafi g).
49
adamianis uflebebis wyaroebi. (Human Rights Sourcebook. Edited by Albert P. Blaustein, Roger S. Clark, Jay A. Sigler.
Paragon House Publishers. New York. 1987. 14).
50
arcerTi Semdegi dokumenti ar moixsniebs da Sesabamisad ar exeba qalebs: kacisa da mamakaci
moqalaqis uflebebis deklaracia (miRebuli safrangeTis erovnuli asambleis mier 1789 wlis 26
agvistos); virjiniis uflebebis deklaracia (Seqmnili jorj meisonis mier da erTxmad miRebuli
virjiniis delegatTa konventis mier 1776 wlis 12 ivniss); amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
damoukideblobis deklaracia (1776, 12 ivlisi); amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis bili uflebebis Sesaxeb
(ratificirebuli 1791 wlis 15 dekembers).

38

1. Quid pro quo (momsaxureba momsaxurebis sanacvlod)


- amgvari sqesobrivi
diskriminacia xdeba maSin, rodesac seqsualuri xasiaTis moTxovnis dakmayofilebis
sanacvlod adamiani miiRebs samsaxurs an dawinaurdeba samsaxurSi, xolo
daukmayofileblobis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa dakargos samsaxuri.
2. mtruli samuSao garemo - sqesobrivi diskriminaciis meore formaa da
iTvaliswinebs sityvier Seuracxyofas, fizikur Sexebas, seqsualur moTxovnebs an
sqesobrivi xasiaTis sxvagvar qcevas. es qmedeba imdenad daJinebuli da xSiri unda iyos,
rom xels uSlides adamianis muSaobis process, adablebdes saqmianobis xarisxss an
qmnides Seuracxmyofel garemos muSaobisaTvis.
dasaqmebis Tanabari SesaZleblobebis komisiis mier ganmartebebis gamocemidan sami
wlis Semdeg maTi gamoyeneba saWiro gaxda katci doulis winaaRmdeg saqmeSi (1983).
saqmis ganxilvis Semdeg sasamarTlom daadgina, rom damqiravebeli pasuxs agebda
samuSao adgilze sqesobrivi diskriminaciis braldebiT. adgili hqonda diskriminaciis
quid pro quo saxes, damqiravebelma ar miiRo Sesabamisi zomebi, mas Semdeg, rac werilobiT Seityo TanamSromeli qalis misi xelmZRvanelis mier sqesobrivi diskriminaciis
Sesaxeb. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis uzenasma sasamarTlom pirveli ganaCeni
sqesobrivi diskriminaciis braldebiT 1986 wels gamoitana saqmeSi meriton seivings
banki vinsonis winaaRmdeg. sasamarTlo ganaCenma mniSvnelovani safuZveli Cauyara
samuSao adgilze sqesobrivi niSniT diskriminaciis braldebiT saqmeebis Semdgom
ganxilvas. meritonis saqmeSi dadginda, rom sqesobrivi niSniT Seviwroveba `mtruli
samuSao garemo~ marTlac sqesobrivi diskriminaciis formaa. aseve dadginda, rom
sakiTxSi garkvevis swori formaa kiTxva imisa iyo Tu ara sqesobrivi xasiaTis moTxovnebi miuRebeli momCivanisTvis da ara is nebayobilobiT daTanxmda igi sqesobriv
kavSirs Tu ara.
1990-ianma wlebma samuSao adgilze sqesobrivi Seviwrovebis problema gasagebi
gaxada amerikuli sazogadoebis didi nawilisaTvis da dasaqmebasTan dakavSirebuli
sakiTxebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan sferod iqca. sazogadoebrivi yuradReba gaamaxvila
im faqtma, rom 1991 wels senatis iuridiuli komiteti ganixilavda mosamarTle
klarens tomasis nominacias uzenaes sasamarTloSi mosamarTled. mosmenebisas daisva
sakiTxi mosamarTle klarens tomasis mier Tavisi asistentis anita hilis Seviwrovebis
Sesaxeb, maSin, rodesac mosamarTle muSaobda dasaqmebis Tanabari SesaZleblobebis
komisiis Tavmjdomared. am mosmenebs televiziiT gadascemdnen da mosaxleoba rogorc
serials ise uyurebda da rac ufro mniSvnelovania bevr saubrobda Caidina Tu ara
mosamarTlem amgvari qmedeba da ra aris sqesobrivi niSniT adamianis Seuracxyofa
samuSao adgilas. am gaxmaurebul saqmes mohyva bil klintonisa da monika levinskis
saqme, presam da televiziam didi roli Seasrula sazogadoebrivi interesis gaRvivebasa da SenarCunebaSi da Sedegad amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxlebisaTvis
samuSao adgilze sqesobrivi Seuracxyofis problematika friad aqtualuri gaxda.
samuSao adgilze sqesobrivi niSniT Seuracxyofaze saubrisas unda aRiniSnos, rom
Seuracxyofis faqti ufro xSirad xdeba mamakacsa da qals Soris, magram SesaZlebelia,
rom amgvari problema wamoiWras qalebs Soris an mamakacebs Soris. amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi calkeuli saqmeebis ganxilvam am braldebiT Seqmna precendentebi da
garkveulwili pasuxebi gasca am xasiaTis problemebis irgvliv arsebul davebs, Tumca
mravali sakiTxi kvlav gaurkveveli da bundovania. kerZod, damqiravebels evaleba
saWiro zomebis miReba imisaTvis, rom sqesobrivi niSniT Seuracxyofis SemTxvevebi
samuSao adgilze ailagmos, magram ar konkretdeba ras SeiZleba gulisxmobdes es

75

kvira 7
1. sqesobrivi diskriminacia samuSao adgilze debatebi
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
literatura:
Catherine A. Mackinnon, Difference and Dominanace: On Sex Discrimination, 1984.
Glendora C. Hughes Sexual Harassment: Then and Now, Maryland Bar Journal May/June, 2000.
Beth Ann Faragher, Petitioner v. City of Boca Ration, Supreme Court of the United States 1998 U.S. LEXIS
4216.

meoce saukunis 1980-iani wlebidan moyolebuli sqesobrivi diskriminacia samuSao


adgilze iqca erT-erT sayuradRebo da winaaRmdegobiT aRsavse problemad. ra aris
sqesobrivi diskriminacia samuSao adgilze? am kiTxvaze pasuxis mosaZebnad bevri
iuristi, damqiravebeli Tu muSaki imtvrevs Tavs. samuSao adgilze sqesobrivi
diskriminaciis, sqesis niSniT Seviwrovebis koncefciis gansazRvreba bevr SemTxvevaSi
subieqturia da mxolod kerZo SemTxvevebs ergeba. am TvalsazrisiT, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom terminis gansazRvreba grZelvadiani procesia, romelic iwrToba axalaxali informaciiTa da codniT. Tu miRebuli informaciis komunikacia ar moxdeba
koreqtulad, sworad, dabneulobama da gaugebrobam SeiZleba riskis qveS daayenos
rogorc damqiravebeli, aseve daqiravebuli.
dasavleTSi damqiraveblebi Tavs grZnoben movaled reagireba moaxdinon TavianTi
TanamSromlebis romantikul Tu seqsualur qcevaze, Tu es gavlenas axdens samuSao
garemoze. samuSao adgilze sqesobrivi diskriminacia aRqmulia rogorc aw ukve
gamJRavnebuli saidumlo, romelic bevr mamakacsa da qals aerTianebda da isini an
gaurbodnen msgavs faqtebs, icvlidnen samsaxurs an rCebodnen da itandnen
Seviwrovebas. am problemis dagvianebulma aRiarebam gamoiwvia samuSao adgilis iseTi
Sefaseba da samuSao adgilas iseTi qceva, rogoric manamade ar iyo cnobili.
dasavleTSi, mkvlevar glendora hiugis azriT, dasrulda epoqa, rodesac `aravin
araferi icoda da aravin arafers imCnevda da momavali iTxovs pasuxismgeblobasa da
prevencias~.128 im SemTxvevaSi, Tu damqiravebeli Seityobs samuSao adgilze, erTi
TanamSromlis mier meoris sqesobrivi niSniT SezRudvis, diskriminaciis Sesaxeb da ar
moaxdens saTanado reagirebas, igi mkacrad agebs pasuxs adaminis uflebis darRvevaze
Tvalis daxuWvis, e.i. Tavisi funqciebis Seusruleblobisa da borotmoqmedisTvis
xelsayreli garemos Seqmnis braldebebiT.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 1980-ian wlebamde dabali instanciis federalur
sasamarTloSi ramdenjerme moxda samuSao adgilas sqesobrivi diskriminaciis
SemTxvevebis ganxilva. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom samuSao adgilze sqesobrivi
diskriminacia aris qali TanamSromlis mamakaci TanamSromlis mier (SesaZloa ufrosic
iyos) Seviwroveba da sqesobrivi kavSiris moTxovna. 1980 wels dasaqmebis Tanabari
SesaZleblobebis komisiam (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)) daadgina
samuSao adgilze sqesobrivi diskriminaciis SemTxvevebi. gamoikveTa samuSao adgilas
sqesobrivi diskriminaciis ori ZiriTadi forma:

128

Glendora C. Hughes Sexual Harassment: Then and Noa, Maryland Bar Journal May/June, 2000.

74

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciamde, erTa liga Seecada qalTa statusis


Seswavlas. axladSqmnil qalTa saerTaSoriso organizaciebs51 Zalian kargi urTierToba hqondaT am pirvel mTavrobaTaSoris organizaciasTan, romelic pirveli
msoflio omis mware gamocdilebis Sedegad Seiqmna da miznad isaxavda msoflio
usafrTxoebisa da mSvidobis dacvas, Tumca erTa ligam ver SeZlo Tavisi misiis
Sesruleba da ver daicva msoflio axali omisgan. qalTa organizaciebis TanamSromlobam erTa ligasTan safuZveli moumzada meore msoflio omis Semdgom Seqmnili
axali farTomasStabiani mTavrobaTaSorisi organizaciis, gaerTianebuli erebis
organizaciis sistemaSi qalTa sakiTxebze muSaobas. mcire xniT davubrundeT erTa
ligas; erTa liga warmoadgenda pirvel organizacias, romelsac mTavrobaTa
TanamSromlobis gziT msoflioSi mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis SenarCunebaze unda
ezruna. qalebma imTaviTve gaiazres erTa ligis mandatis mniSvneloba, gansakuTrebiT
imis gamo, rom qalTa organizaciebi ukve karga xania ibrZodnen da emxrobodnen erTa
Tanacxovrebis mSvidobian gzebs. amas garda, qalebis enTuziazmi amgvari
mTavrobaTaSorisi organizaciis mimarT gamomdinareobda maTi rwmenidan, rom qalTa
uflebrivi mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba da gaZliereba didadaa damokidebuli
mTavrobaTa gadawyvetilebebze da politikaze.52 swored mTavrobebze zemoqmedebis
saSualebas iZleoda erTa ligis tipis organizacia. rogorc britanelma feministma da
pacifistma vera britanma 1920-ian wlebSi dasZina: `dadga dro, rodesac erovnulidan
saerTaSoriso doneze unda gadavinacvloT da SevecadoT saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebiT
mivaRwioT imas, rasac ver miaRwia erovnulma kanonmdeblobam.53
pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg 1919 wels mTavrobaTa warmomadgenlebi
Seikribnen parizSi, raTa daearsebinaT erTa liga da Sromis saerTaSoriso
organizacia. qalTa saerTaSoriso organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi aseve eswrebodnen
konferencias da Sekrebil sazogadoebas sTavzobdnen TavianT mosazrebas ligis
damfuZnebeli dokumentis Sesaxeb. qalebi gansakuTrebiT lobirebdnen maTTvis
aqtualuri sakiTxebs, iseTebs rogorebic iyo qalTa warmomadgenlobisa da
monawileobis gazrda gadawyvetilebis mimReb doneebze da arCevnebSi monawileobis
uflebis mopoveba. ufro konkretulad, qalebi iTxovdnen, rom erTa ligas Tavisi
wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis qalebisTvis politikuri uflebebis micema aucilebel
pirobad waeyenebina. aseve iTxovdnen, ucxoelze gaTxovili qalisTvis Tavisi qveynis
moqalaqeobis SenarCunebis uflebis miniWebas, qalTa da bavSvTa trefikingis da
saxelmwifos mxridan prostituciis xelSewyobis aRmofxvras. qalebis moTxovna iyo
aseve saerTaSoriso saganmanaTleblo da jandacvis biuros Seqmna da SeiaraRebis
Seneleba. am sakiTxTagan umetesobis konceptualuri gaazrebac ki ar dascalda erTa
ligas, TumcaRa sxva dainteresebul mxareebTan erTad, qalTa moZraobis miRwevad unda
CaiTvalos is faqti, rom gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis farglebSi moxerxda

51
pirveli qalTa saerTaSoriso organizaciebi dasavleT evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi mecxramete
saukunis miwuruls meoce saukunis dasawyisSi, gansakuTrebiT ki, pirveli msoflio omis dros Seiqmna,
maTi arasruli CamonaTvali Semdegia: qalTa saerTaSoriso sabWo (International Council of Women), qalTa
saerTaSoriso aliansi (International Alliance of Women), saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis qalTa gildia
(International Cooperative Womens Guild), universitetis qalTa saerTaSoriso federacia (International Federation of
University Women), biznesisa da profesional qalTa saerTaSoriso federacia (International Federation of Business
and Professional Women), msoflios axalgazrda qalTa qristianuli asociacia (World Young Womens Christian
Association), qalTa saerTaSoriso liga mSvidobisa da TavisuflebisTvis (Womens International League for Peace
and Freedom).
52
Hilkka Pietila, Engendering the Global Agenda: the Story of Women and the United Nations, NGLS, 2002, 1.
53
iqve, 8.

39

ganaTlebaze da jandacvaze momuSave saerTaSoriso organizaciebis dafuZneba.54


am winadadebebis zegavleniT erTa ligis damfuZnebel dokumentSi55 naTqvamia, rom
ligis wevr qveynebs moeTxovebaT qalTa, mamakacTa da bavSvTa Sromis adamianuri
pirobebis uzrunvelyofa da qalebisa da bavSvebis trefikingis aRmofxvra. teqstSi
aseve naTqvami iyo, rom ligis Tanamdebobebi Tanabrad xelmisawvdomi iqneba
yvelasTvis ganurCevlad sqesisa.
maSin rodesac Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis konstitucia iwereboda qalebma
amerikuli da britanuli profesiuli kavSirebidan moiTxoves dokumentSi
daefiqsirebinaT rva saaTiani samuSao dRe, bavSvTa Sromis aRmofxvra, socialuri
dazRvevebis gaZliereba, pensiebi da sadekreto SeRavaTebi da umTavresi: Tanabari
Sromis sanacvlod Tanabari anazRaureba qalebisa da mamakacebisaTvis. maT aseve
moiTxoves minimaluri anazRaureba saxlis saqmisTvis. qalTa am SemoTavazebebs
TanemedroveTa SefasebiT, radikalurobis gamo, Tavaziani uari eTqva.
Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciisa da erTa ligis daarsebis Semdeg qalTa
organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi regularulad adevnebdnen Tvals maT muSaobas.
qalebma daarses qalTa saerTaSoriso organizaciebis damakavSirebeli komiteti,56
romelic regularulad afiqsirebda qalebis poziciasa da Sexedulebebs JenevaSi erTa
ligisa da Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis farglebSi gamarTul maRali donis
Sexvedrebze.
1935 wels ligis asambleam mimarTa mTavrobebs da qalTa saerTaSoriso organizaciebs, TxovniT SeeswavlaT qalebis mdgomareoba TavianTi gavlenisa da pasuxismgeblobis farglebSi. 1937 wels ligam daarsa qalTa samarTlebrivi statusis Semswavleli komiteti,57 romelsac daevala `sxvadasxva qveynebSi qalTa samarTlebrivi
statusis Sesaxeb vrceli gamokvlevis Catareba~.58 laura reandas mixedviT, komitetis
mandati Semoifargleboda informaciis SegrovebiTa da analiziT. samwuxarod
komitetma ver iarseba didxans meore msoflio omis dawyebis gamo da jamSi samjer
moaxerxa Sekreba.59
erTa ligis mier 1938 wels gamocemuli memorandumi eqspertebis komitets
avalebda yuradReba gaemaxvilebinaT sxvadasxva qveynebSi qalebis samarTlebriv
statusze, Semdeg sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi:
Tu ramdenad miuwvdebaT qalebs xeli:

ganaTlebaze;

sazogadoebriv moRvaweobaze;

samoqalaqo da samarTlebrivi Tanamdebobebis dakavebaze;

samarTlebriv da adgilobriv sabWoebSi gawevrianebaze;

saparlamento Tu adgilobriv arCevnebSi monawileobaze;

qonebis memkvidreobiT miRebaze, flobaze, gankargvaze, marTvaze;

54

kerZod iseTi organizaciebisa, rogorebicaa: gaeros ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da kulturis


organizacia (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)), da jandacvis msoflio
organizacia (World Health Organization (WHO)).
55
es dokumentia: Covenant of the League of Nations.
56
The Liason Committee of Womens International Organizations.
57
komiteti funqcionirebda 1938-1940 wlebSi. doroTi qenionze, a.S.S.-s warmomadgenelze erTa ligis am
komitetSi da a.S.S-s pirvel delegatze gaeros komisiaSi qalTa statusis Sesaxeb 1947-1950 wlebSi, meti
informaciisTvis ixileT: Agents of Social Change: Dorothy Kenyon. bolos vixile 2002 wlis 24 Tebervals:
<http://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/ssc/exhibit/kenyon.html>
58
laura reanda, komisia qalTa statusis Sesaxeb, 265. (Laura Reanda The Commission on the Status of Women.
The United Nations and Human Rights: A Critical Uppraisal. Philip Alston ed. Claredon Press. Oxford. 1992. 265).
59
iqve, 266.

40

devnilTa 85% cxovrobs, amis naTeli magaliTia. sxva moqalaqeebisgan gansxvavebiT


devnilebi am adgilebSi saSineli sacxovrebeli pirobebis gamo gansxvavebulad da
damcirebulad gamoiyurebian. qveyanaSi aris devnilTa daaxloebiT 3,600 kompaqturi
dasaxlebis centri da maTi umravlesoba naklebad Tu akmayofilebs sacxovrebeli
pirobebis standartebs. TiToeul oTaxSi macxovrebel adaminTa saSualo raodenoba
oTxia `samzareulo da tualeti xSirad saerToa da sanitaruli pirobebi mZime.~127
amitomac aris, rom infeqciuri daavadebebi rogoricaa tuberkuliozi da hepatiti
Zalzed gavrcelebulia iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa Soris. mouSuSebeli tramvebi
da mZime sacxovrebeli pirobebi angreven devnil qalTa janmrTelobas. feride
zurikaSvilis mier gamokiTxul 105 devnil qalTagan 15% awuxebda gulis daavadebebi,
20,2% maRali wneva, 13% revmatizmi, 6% tuberkuliozi, 21% nevrozi, 18% saWmlis
monelebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi.
bevr SemTxvevaSi devnil qalTa diskriminacia ormagia, isini diskriminacias
ganicdian rogorc qalebi da imavdroulad rogorc iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi.
"Cven yvlanairi ufleba gvaqvs CamorTmeuli, Cemi miwidan da saxlidan moSorebuls
sul iseTi grZnoba maqvs, rom TbilisSi aravis vundivar, aravis vWirdebi. Tavs
srulfasovan moqalaqed ukve veRar aRviqvam" ganacxada pirad saubrSi 43 wlis
devnilma qalma. `mombezrda imis yureba, Tu rogor ecvlebaT saxis gamometyveleba,
roca igeben, rom ltolvili var, es Sebralebaa, TanagrZnobaa, Tu zizRi, mniSvneloba
aRar aqvs ukve. daviRale imisgan, rom Cemi politikuri statusidan gamomdinare
meqcevian da ara imis mixedviT, Tu vin var me. saqarTveloSi, sadac yvelgan Znelia
cxovreba, sxva sirTuleebTan erTad ufro Znelia ltolviloba~ miTxra 23 wlis
iZulebiT gadaadgilebulma gogom.
aseve pirad saubarSi erTma devnilma qalbatonma ganacxada: rom miuxedavad imisa,
rom dakarga mTeli qoneba, saxli, ezo, samsaxuri, mainc bednieria, radgan misi Svilebi
gadarCnen da igi ufro iRbliania, vidre sxva devnilebi, romlebmac konfliqtSi ojaxis wevrebi da naTesavebi dakarges. `yvelafers vakeTeb, rac ki SeiZleba gavakeTo Cemi
bavSvebisTvis, ar maintresebs ras ifiqreben sxvebi, vis moewoneba da visTvis miuRebeli
iqneba Cemi saqcieli, me Cemi sakuTari movaleobebi da pasuxismgeblobebi maqvs.~
qalebi ar laparakoben imaze ra Znelia saaTebis ganmavlobaSi mzeSi, qarSi Tu
wvimaSi idge gzebze da yidde gamagrilebel sasmels, sigarets, purs, da a.S. rasac isini
amJRavneben aris gadarCenisadmi ltolva. SeiZleba vinmem isini daqancul da sust
arsebebad warmoidginos, magram es yvelaferi uferuldeba maTi sicocxlisadmi
swrafvis Semxedvare.
qveTavis am monakveTSi Sevecade warmomedgina, Tu rogor aisaxa gardamavali e.w.
`tranziciis~ periodi mosaxleobis erT garkveul jgufsa da mis cxovrebaze.
Sesabamisad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom aranairi politikuri Tu ekonomikuri procesi,
gansakuTrebiT transformaciasTan dakavSirebuli, ar mimdinareobs ganyenebulad, ise,
rom gavlena ar iqonios ubralo moqalaqeebze da ar aisaxos maT yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi. aseve, SegviZlia imis Tqmac, rom es gavlena ar aris erTgvarovani da
diferencirdeba, sqesis, asakis, socialuri da politikuri kuTvnilebis, religiuri
Tu eTnikuri niSnis mixedviT. albaT, Cveni, rogorc mkvlevrebis, valia ara marto
sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi procesebis aRwera da maT xasiaTSi wvdoma, aramed im
problemuri sakiTxebis Seswavla da gamomzeureba, rac ama Tu im procesebs
adamianebisTvis moaqvT.
127

Thomas Buck, Alice Morton, Susan Allen Nan, Feride Zurikashvili, Aftermath: Effects of Conflict on Internally Displaced
Women in Georgia (Washington: Center for Development Information and Evaluation U.S. Agency for International Development,
September 2000), working paper no. 310, 5.

73

tansacmliT, romelic umeteswilad TurqeTidan, iranidan da poloneTidan Semoaqvs.


vaWrobiT dakaveba simptomaturia qalaqebSi mcxovrebi devnili qalebisTvis, xolo
soflad mcxovrebi devnili qalebi ZiriTadad soflis meurneobiT arian dakavebulni.
vaWrobiT qalebs saSualeba eZlevaT gamoimuSaon gadarCenisTvis sakmarisi Tanxa,
magram isini iSviaTad amayoben am saqmianobiT, rac gamowveulia vaWrobaSi monawile
pirovnebebze saqarTveloSi negatiuri kulturuli stereotipis arsebobiT.
eqspertebma, romlebic swavlobdnen qarTevel devnil qalTa mdgmareobas Semdegi
daaskvnes:
savaWro saqmianoba iSviaTad iTvleba `samuSaod~ Tavad qalebis mier. marTlac
bevrma gamokiTxulma qalma Tavisi Tavi umuSevrad miiCnia, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini
did dros atareben quCebsa da bazrobebze. zogierTma ubralod damala es faqti,
Tumca gasayidi produqciiT savse yuTebi aSkarad Canda maT sacxovrebelSi. mizezebi
mdumarebisTvis aris sircxvili da SiSi imisa, rom arsebuli humanitaruli daxmareba
ar ganawildeba `momuSave~ qalebsa da maT ojaxebze.126
iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi saqarTvelos mTavrobisgan mizerul finansur
daxmarebas iReben. rac Seexeba saerTaSoriso humanitarul daxmarebas, amJamad aseTi
tipis daxmareba minimaluramdea Semcirebuli, radganac donorma organizaciebma
TavianTi humanitaruli daxmarebis politika TviTdafinansebis da ganviTarebis
politikiT Secvales. Tumca iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi naklebad informirebulni arian donorTa priortetebis cvlilebis Sesaxeb da xSir SemTxvevaSi isini
kvlav elian humanitarul daxmarebas da Civian misi ararsebobis gamo.
devnil qalTa sxvadasxva kvlevebze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia gamovyoT devnil qalTa
saqmianobis sami ZiriTadi tipi:
1. vaWroba (Tbilisi, gori, quTaisi);
2. soflis meurneoba qalebi, romlebic muSaoben Cais plantaciebSi, mindvrad
(wyaltubos, zugdidis raionebi);
3. sezonurad momuSave devnili qalebi, romlebic gadadian galis raionSi da
malulad muSaoben TavianT mitovebul baRebSi, xolo Semdeg yidian miRebul
mosavals. (ZiriTadad Txils);
yvela es saqmianoba did riskTan da mZime SromasTan aris dakavSirebuli. iZulebiT
gadaadgilebul qalTa sezonuri muSaobisTvis ar arsebobs usafrTxoebis garantiebi,
radganac isini sademarkacio xazs kveTen, romelic erTamaneTisgan yofs afxazur da
qarTul mxareebs. qalebi iZulebulni arian moqrTamon rusi mSvidobismyofeli
jariskacebi, (qrTami daaxloebiT 5 lars udris), magram Tu maT es Tanxa ar gaaCniaT an
Tanxis gadauxdelobis mizezebi aqvT, mdinare enguris navebiT, an sxva saSualebebiT
gadakveTiT isini sicocxles seriozul safrTxeSi igdeben. SemTxveviTi araa, rom
iZulebiT gadaadgilebul qalTagan sezonuri muSaobiT ZiriTadad asakovani qalebi
arian dakavebulni. faqti, rom maT ufro naklebi safrTxe emuqrebaT seqsualuri
Zaladobis mxriv, stimuls aZlevs maT gadavidnen `meore mxares~. mamakacebisTvis
saxifaToa demarkaciis xazis gadakveTa, radgan eTnikuri SuRli da angariSsworeba maT
fizikur usafrTxoebas emuqreba.
SevardnaZis mTavrobis politikuri tendenciebi iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa
danarCen mosaxleobasTan asimilaciisgan Tavis aridebas isaxavda miznad, am politikam
Sedegad devnilTa marginalizacia gamoiwvia saqarTvelos danarCeni mosaxlebisagan.
e.w. kompaqturi dasaxlebis adgilebi an koleqtiuri centrebi, sadac daaxloebiT
126

Thomas Buck, Alice Morton, Susan Allen Nan, Feride Zurikashvili, Aftermath: Effects of Conflict on Internally Displaced
Women in Georgia (Washington: Center for Development Information and Evaluation U.S. Agency for International Development,
September 2000), working paper no. 310, 7.

72

meurveobaze;

qorwinebasTan dakavSirebul uflebebze.

qorwinebis gavlena qalebis statusze zemoT CamoTvlil uflebebTan mimarTebaSi


gansakuTrebiT iyo xazgasmuli memorandumSi; dawyebuli qalis asakisa da qorwinebaze
mSoblebis Tanxmobis aucileblobis sakiTxidan damTavrebuli gaTxovili da
gasaTxovari qalebis mimarT saemigracio samarTalSi dafiqsirebuli gansakuTrebuli
regulaciebis SeswavliT:
a) meuRleebis urTierToba (saqorwino kontraqti; kontraqtis dacva; calcalke
cxovreba; mitoveba; gayra; alimenti)
b) gaTxovili da gasaTxovari dedis urTierToba bavSvTan (meurveoba, meurveobis
unarianoba)
g) qorwinebis gavlena: sacxovrebel adgilze; erovnebaze; dabegvraze;
pasportebze; vaWrobis uflebaze; gakotrebisas; zaralis anazRaurebisas.
komitets aseve evaleboda gadaexeda SromiTi samarTlisaTvis qalebTan mimarTebaSi, xelfasebisaTvis, dazRvevebisa da pensiebisaTvis, aseve qalebis mimarT sisxlis
samarTlebrivi regulaciebisaTvis.
erTi sityviT, ligis memorandumi komitetisadmi moicavda TiTqmis srul CamonaTvals im sakiTxebisa,60 rac mogvianebiT gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis qalebis
uflebebze miRebuli samarTlebrivi dokumentebis mTavar sakiTxebad iqca. miuxedavad
im faqtisa, rom komiteti Semoifargleboda mxolod informaciis SegrovebiTa da
analiziT da ver iarseba imden xans, rom Tavi gaerTva Tundac am misiisTvis,
memorandumSi qalebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebisaTvis Tavis moyra msgavsi formiT
unda SevafasoT rogorc progresuli nabiji qalebis uflebebis aRiareba - dacvis
gzaze, radgan maTi aucilebloba aRiara erTa ligis msgavsma mniSvnelovanma
mTavrobaTaSorisma organizaciam.
gaeros struqturaSi adamianis uflebebis komisiis daqvemdebarebaSi, Tavdapirvelad, 1946 wels daarsda qvekomisia qalebis statusis Sesaxeb.61 qvekomisia maleve
gadakeTda sruluflebian komisiad qalTa statusis Sesaxeb (Commission on the Status of
Women, CSW), romelic warmoadgens ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWos erT-erT
komisias.62 komisiis mandati iTvaliswinebs qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisa da
sqesTa Tanabaruflebianobis principis gatarebisaken mimarTuli rekomendaciebisa da
winadadebebis momzadebas. konkretuli winadadebebis momzadebis prerogativa arsobrivi sxvaobaa gaerTianebuli erebis komisiasa da erTa ligis komitets Soris, radgan am
ukanasknels ar SeeZlo informaciis Segrovebaze iqiT wasuliyo.
TumcaRa gaeros qalebis statusis komisiis funqciebis gafarToeba-Camoyalibebac
ar momxdara erTbaSad. 1954 wlis gaerTianebuli erebis yovelwliuri mimoxilvidan
nasesxebi es abzaci dagvexmareba ormocdaaTian wlebSi gaeros struqturaSi qalTa
Sesaxeb komisiis rolisa da mdebareobis gasagebad:
60
qalTa trefikingis garda. 1927 wels da Semdgom 1932 wels erTa ligam daniSna mrCevlebi, romlebsac
evalebodaT trefikingis SemTxvevebis gamokvleva amerikis, evropisa da Sua aziis qveynebis konteqstSi.
61
gaeros sazogadeobrivi informaciis departamenti. bolos vixile 2002 wlis 23 Tebervals:
<http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/history.htm>
62
amJamad komisia Sedgeba 45 wevrisagan, romlebsac gaeros wevri saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebi niSnaven
oTxi wlis vadiT. komisiis wevrebi Semdeg geografiuli proporciiT irCevian: 13 wevri afrikis
qveynebidan, 11 aziis, 4 aRmosavleT evropis, 9 laTinuri amerikisa da karibiis auzis qveynebidan, 8
dasavleT evropisa da danarCeni qveynebidan. komisia ikribeba yovelwliurad, sul mcire rva dRiT mainc.

41

universalur deklaraciaze muSaoba SeiZleba SevadaroT damoukideblobis


deklaraciaze muSaobis process miTumetes, rom orive es dokumenti
programuli saxis ganacxadia; kovenantebis momzadeba SeiZleba SevadaroT
konstituciuri asambleis komitetis muSaobas uflebebis Sesaxeb bilze. maSin,
rodesac gaeros qalebis statusis komisiis muSaoba analogiuria kongresis im
komitetisa, romelic specifikur sakiTxebze amzadebda kanonebs. es analogi
samarTliania imdenad, ramdenadac orive [gaeros komisiac da kongresis romeliRac konkretuli komitetic] amuSavebs teqstebsa da gamoscems rezoluciebs
garkveul sferoSi, rom isini Semdgom Sesabamisma zemdgomma organoebma
ganixilon.63
miuxedavad qalebis statusis Sesaxeb komisiis amgvari Semofargvlisa garkveuli,
specifikuri sakiTxebiT~, Seqmnis Semdeg man Seasrula unikaluri roli saerTaSoriso
arenaze qalebis uflebebis gamotanisa da gamoTqmis TvalsazrisiT. 1949-1959 wlebSi
komisiam daamuSava Semdegi specifikur sakiTxebze~ orientirebuli qalebis uflebebis saerTaSoriso konvenciebi:

konvencia qalTa politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb (am konvenciis Seqmnis iniciativa wamovida laTinuri amerikis warmomadgeneli komisiis wevrebisgan. generalurma asambleam es konvencia miiRo 1952 wlis 20 dekembers, 640-e (VII) rezoluciiT. xelmowerisa da ratifikaciisTvis gaixsna 31 marts, ZalaSi Sevida 1954
wlis 7 ivliss);

konvencia gaTxovili qalis erovnebis Sesaxeb (generalurma asambleam es


konvencia miiRo 1957 wlis 29 ianvars, 1040-e (XI) rezoluciiT. ZalaSi Sevida 1958
wlis 11 agvistos);

konvencia qorwinebaze Tanxmobis, qorwinebis daSvebisaTvis minimaluri asakisa


da qorwinebis registrirebis Sesaxeb (generalurma asambleam es konvencia miiRo
1962 wlis 7 noembers, 1763-e A (XVII) rezoluciiT. xelmowerisa da ratifikaciisTvis gaixsna 1962 wlis 10 dekembers, ZalaSi Sevida 1964 wlis 9 dekembers);

mimovixiloT es adreuli konvenciebi:

konvencia qalTa politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb


konvencia qalTa politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb gaerTianebuli erebis mier miRebuli pirveli dokumenti iyo qalebTan dakavSirebiT, romelic savaldebulo xasiaTs
atarebda xelmomweri mxareebisaTvis. konvenciis ZiriTadi moTxovnaa politikuri
uflebebis kuTxiT sqesebs Soris Tanabaruflebianobis danergva. 1954 wlisaTvis
konvencias SeuerTda 18 qveyana, ramac igi adamianis uflebebis dargSi, genocidis

aRmoCnda, rom isini, devnil mamakacTa msgavsad, natroben TavianT Zvel cxovrebas da
undaT sakuTar miwaze dabruneba, Tumca ufro advilad Seeguen axal pirobebs da ufro
meti sicocxlis unarianoba da amtanoba gamoamJRavnes, vidre mamakacebma.
qalebma ufro advilad monaxes samuSao adgilebi da ar Takiloben nebismieri
xelmisawvdomi saqmianobis Sesrulebas, iseTi saqmianobebisac ki, romlebic maTi
profesiul gamocdilebasTan da miRebul ganaTlebasTan SedarebiT dabali
statusisaa. TbilisSi mcxovrebi devnili qalebis gamokiTxviT da maTTan laparakiT
gamovarkvie, rom dedoba gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs devnil qalTa gadarCenisaTvis
swrafvaSi da miuxedavad imisa, rom isini ar arian emigrantebi, aramed iZulebiT
gadaadgilebulni sakuTar miwaze, mainc SegviZlia paraleli gavavloT keit fridmankasabas mier aRweril aSS-Si emigrirebul ebrael da italiel dedaTa da colTa da
saqarTveloSi iZulebiT gadaadgilebul qalebs Soris. am qalTa umravlesoba
amJRavnebs "gmirul Tavganwirvas TavainTi ojaxebis gadarCenisTvis."124 dedoba jabnis
da dominirebs sxva nebismier socialur rols da instinqts, igi gadarCenisTvis yvela
mcdelobis mamoZravebeli Zalaa.
devnili qalebi zrunaven ojaxze, bavSvebze, vaWroben, gamoimuSaveben Tanxas,
magram rogorc feride zurikaSvilis kvlevam aCevena, qalebs mainc miaCniaT, rom kvlav
mamakacebi arian ojaxebze pasuxismgebelni. mouxedavad im faqtisa, rom tradiciuli
genderuli rolebis gadanawileba moxda da ufro da ufro meti qali inaxavs ojaxs
saxlis gareT muSaobiT, maSin roca umuSevari da depresirebuli qmrebi saxlSi rCebian,
qalebi kvlav fiqroben an ubralod qmnian STabeWdilebas, rom isini mamakacebs kvlav
ojaxis meTaurebad miiCneven.
konfliqtis dros qalebze Riad vrceldeboda genderuli Zaladoba da misi
umTavresi forma, gaupatiureba, magram cecxlis Sewyvetas qalTa winaaRmdeg
Zaladobis Sewyveta ar mohyolia. Tomas beki Tavis kvlevaSi `qalebi, omi da
gadaadgileba saqarTveloSi~, wers:
imedgacruebis dros usafuZvlo gaafTreba da ojaxuri Zaladobis SemTxvevebi
ufro xSiri xdeba. qmrebi da ojaxis mamrobiTi sqesis sxva wevrebi cemen colebs
da ojaxis sxva mdedrobiTi sqesis wevrebs, gadaaqvT ra devnilobiT gamowveuli
stresi TvianTi ojaxis wevrebze. bevr devnil qals iZulebiT mouxda
seqsualuri momsaxurebis gaweva sakvebisa, Tu sacxovrebeli adgilis gamo.
zogierTi, ojaxidan zewolis gamo, Semosavlis mopovebis mizniT iZulebuli
gaxda prostituciis gzas dadgomoda.125
ojaxur ZaladobasTan erTad TavianTi ojaxebis umZimesi ekonomikuri pirobebis
gamo devnil gogonebs ufro emuqrebaT trefikingis safrTxe.
devnil qalTa umravlesobas umaRlesi ganaTleba aqvs da afxazeTSi TavianTi
profesiis Sesabamisad muSaobdnen maswavleblebad, eqimebad, buRaltrebad da a.S.
iZulebiT gadaadgilebam ara mxolod CamoaSora isini TavianT saqmianobas, aramed
aiZula im saqmiT dakavebuliyvnen, raSic aranairi gamocdileba ar hqondaT. vaWroba
maTi ZiriTadi saqmianiba gaxda. isini yidian sigarets, purs, namcxvars bazrobebze,
sadgurebSi da a.S. zogierTi maTgani, vinc moaxerxa garkveuli Tanxis dagroveba,
bazrobebze qiraobs savaWro adgilebs, vaWrobs sxvadasxva saxis saqoneliT, ZiriTadad

jon fridi, socialuri da humanitaruli sakiTxebi: qalebis statusi, 99. (Social and Humanitarian
Matters: the Status of Women. Annual Review of United Nations Affairs 1954. Edited by Clyde Eagleton, Waldo Chamberlin,
Richard N. Swift. New York University Press. Washington Square. New York. 1955. 99).

124
Kathie Friedman-Kasaba, Memories of Migration. Gender, Ethnicity, and Work in the Lives of Jewish and Italian Women in
New York, 1870-1924 (New York: State University of New York Press, 1996), 92.
125
Thomas Buck, Women, War, and Displacement in Georgia (Washington, DC: Research and Reference Services Project,
USAID, July 6, 1999), 12.

42

71

63

politikur ekonomikuri procesebisa da tranziciisaTvis normad miwerili


zemoqmedebis warmoCenas mosaxleobis konkretul jgufze, aqcevs ra afxazeTidan
iZulebiT gadaadgilebul qalebs analizis ZiriTad erTeulad.
ssrk-s daSlis Semdeg, saqarTvelos pirveli nabijebs saxelmwifoebriobis
aRsadgenad Tan axlda sami SeiaraRebuli konfliqti: qarTul-afxazuri da qarTulosuri eTnikuri konfliqtebi da Tbilisis samoqalaqo omi. am konfliqtTa gavlena
udidesi iyo; maT Rrma kvali daamCnies qveynis ganviTarebas. uSualo msxverplis garda
dramatuli Sedegi iyo is, rom afxazeTis da samxreT oseTis eTnikurad qarTveli an
qarTvelebTan axlo naTesaur kavSirSi myofi mosaxleoba eTnikuri wmendis msxverpli
gaxda da iZulebuli iyo daetovebina mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgilebi. 1993 wlis
oqtomberSi, roca aTasobiT adamiani gamorboda afaxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikidan, umetesobam fexiT gadmokveTa svaneTis uReltexili, radgan transportis
aranair saSualebaze ar miuwvdeboda xeli. `200-dan 350 mde devnili bavSvi da qali
daiRupa am mgzavrobisas. zogierTma araadamianur pirobebSi imSobiara, xolo zogierTi mSobiarobas gadayva.123 saqarTveloSi iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa 55% qalia,
devnilTa saerTo raodenobis 36% bavSvia da 11,5% ki 63 wels aris gadacilebuli.
qarTul-afxazuri konfliqti 1992-1993 wlebSi mimdinareobda, romlis Sedegadc
240 000 250 000 adamiani gaxda iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli. maTi absolituri
umravlesoba eTnikuri qarTvelia. Tu am konfliqtSi romelime mxares gamarjvebuls an
damarcxebuls davarqmevT, maSin qarTuli mxare ukansknelia, Tumca konfliqti jer ar
aris sabolood mogvarebuli. afxazeTis yofili avtonomiuri respublikis statusi
kvlav gaurkvevlia, miuxedavad imisa, rom saomari qmedebebi oficialurad aT welze
metia rac Sewyda. konfliqtis gadaWris gaWianurebuli procesi devnilTa mdgomareobas arTulebs, radganac aranairi politikuri gadawyvetileba ar aris miRebula
maTi statusis gasaumjobeseblad; unda asimilirdnen da dafuZndnen isini gadanacvlebis adgilebSi (saqarTvelos didi qalaqebi da regionebi) Tu yovelTvis mzad unda
iyvnen saxlebSi dasabruneblad? da mesame yvelaze mniSvnelovani, ra undaT Tavad maT?
am Zalze saWiro kiTxvas samTavrobo doneze iSviaTad svamen. am mxriv, devnili qalebi
yvelaze metad arian ignorirebulni, 1992-1997 wlebSi prezident SevardnaZis mier
miRebuli 50-ze meti normatiuli aqtidan, romlebic iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebs
exebaT, arc erTi gansakuTrebulad ar exeba qalTa da bavSvTa sakiTxebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom afxazeTidan devnili qalebi zemoT movixsenie rogorc erTi
konkretuli jgufi, CemTvis kargad nacnobia is faqtic, rom es jgufi ar aris
erTgvarovani, aramed mravalferovania ganaTlebis, ojaxuri mdgomareobis,
ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis, asakisa da Tundac eTnikuri SemadgenlobiT, amitom am
jgufis warmomadgenelTa Tu maTTvis aqtualur sakiTxTa sruli speqtris
warmodgenas, cxadia, ver movaxerxebT da mxolod ramdenimeTi Semovifarglebi.
materialuri keTildReobis mixedviT, iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli qalebi SeiZleba
or ZiriTad jgufad Rarib da siRaribis zRvars odnav maRla myof jgufebad daiyos,
Tumca umetesoba is qalia, romelTa ojaxebma TiTqmis yvelaferi dakarges konfliqtis
dros. ase, rom axla maT yoveldRiuri brZola uwevT gadarCenisaTvis genderul
Zaladobisa da sicocxlisTvis saSiS situaciebSi.
1999 wlebSi feride zurikaSvilis mier Catarebulma kvlevam iZulebiT
gadaadgilebul qalTa Sesaxeb saintereso Sedegebi gamoavlina. mocemuli gamokvlevis
CarCoebSi devnili qalebi saqarTvelos 7 qalaqSi da 2 sofelSi iqna gamokiTxuli.
123

konvenciis Semdeg gaeros im drois yvelaze metad miRebul dokumentad aqcia64.


konvenciis mTavari amocanaa sqesTa Soris Tanabaruflebianobis miRweva
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileobisas. konvencia qalebs kacebis msgavsad aniWebs
srul politikur uflebebs: arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebas, kenWisyris uflebas,
sazogadoebriv samsaxurSi Cadgomis da Sesabamisi funqciebis Sesrulebis uflebas.
ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWo adevnebda Tvalyurs konvenciis implementacias.
gaeros 1953 wlis 23 ivlisis 504 (XVI) rezoluciiT, konvencias SeerTebul qveynebs
evalebodaT sabWosTvis yovel or weliwadSi erTxel waredginaT moxseneba konvenciis
danergvis kuTxiT Catarebuli samuSaos Sesaxeb. 1968 wlidan moyolebuli qalTa
politikuri uflebebis sakiTxis monitoringi ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWos 1325
(XIV) rezoluciis Tanaxmad, qalTa statusis Sesaxeb komisias daevala qalTa
winaaRnmdeg mimarTuli diskriminaciis aRmofxvris deklaraciis~ danergvis
monitoringis paralelurad. rogorc vxedavT, deklaraciis miRebam ara marto
konceptualuri,
aramed
praqtikuli
cvlilvebebic
moitana
monitoringis
TvalsazrisiT, miTumetes, rom deklaraciaSi gaerTianebuli iyo is sakiTxebi,
romlebsac eZRvneboda konvencia qalTa politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb. xolo mas
Semdeg, rac Seiqmna da miiRes konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis
aRmofxvris Sesaxeb~ qalebTan dakavSirebuli gaerTianebuli erebis dokumentebis
monitoringi daevala komitets qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris
Sesaxeb (CW), romelic 1982 wels Seiqmna rogorc konvenciis monitoringis organizacia.

konvencia gaTxovili qalis erovnebis Sesaxeb


es konvencia qalis uflebebis erT-erT yvelaze winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse sakiTxs
aregulirebs, romelic mogvianebiT, jer `deklaraciaSi qalTa winaaRnmdeg mimarTuli
diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb~, xolo Semdeg `qalTa winaaRnmdeg mimarTuli
yvela formis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb konvenciaSi~ aisaxa. TumcaRa, dRemde
qalTa konvenciis wevri qveynebis umetesoba Tavs ikavebs mecxre muxlis (qalis
erovnebis Sesaxeb) miRebaze.65
konvenciis mixedviT, qalebs kacebis msgavsad eZlevaT ufleba miiRon, Seicvalon an
SeinarCunon erovneba. konvenciis ganxorcielebaze zedamxedvelobas Tavdapirvelad
gaeros ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWo awarmoebda, specialuri moxsenebiTi
proceduris saSualebiT (es procedura dadginda sabWos 1954 wlis 12 ivlisis 547 (VII)
rezoluciiT). qalTa konvenciis miRebis Semdeg, `gaTxovili qalis erovnebis Sesaxeb
konvenciis~ ganxorcielebis monitoringi qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis
aRmofxvris Sesaxeb komitets daevala.

konvencia qorwinebaze Tanxmobis, qorwinebis daSvebisaTvis minimaluri asakisa da


qorwinebis registrirebis Sesaxeb

64
Semdegi detalebisTvis ixileT: jon h. i. fridi. socialuri da humanitaruli sakiTxebi: qalTa
statusi, 100. (John H. E. Fried. Social and Humanitarian Matters: the Status of Women. Annual Review of United Nations
Affairs 1954. Edited by Clyde Eagleton, Waldo Chamberlin, Richard N. Swift. New York University Press. Washington Square. New
York. 1955. 100).
65

Feride Zurikashvili, Internally Displaced Women in Georgia (Tbilisi: Womens Studies Center at Tbilisi State University,
October-November 1999), working paper, 7.

rebeka j. quki, qalTa saerTaSoriso adamianis uflebebis samarTali: winmavali gza,15. (Rebecca J. Cook.
Womens International Human Rights Law: The Way Forward. Human Rights of Women: National and International Perspectives.
Edited by Rebecca J. Cook. University of Pennsylvania Press. Philadelphia. 1994. 15).

70

43

konvencia miznad isaxavs qorwinebis, rogorc qalis cxovrebaze mniSvnelovani


gavlenis mqone faqtoris, regulirebas. konvenciaSi naTqvamia, rom qveynebma,
romlebic
SeuerTdebian
am
dokuments
unda
uzrunvelyon
meuRleTa
Tanabaruflebianoba TavianT erovnul kanonmdeblobebSi. dokumentis, mixedviT
mxolod Tavisufal da srul Tanxmobaze dafuZnebuli qorwineba SeiZleba CaiTvalos
kanonierad. konvenciis wevrma saxelmwifoebma aseve unda daadginon minimaluri asaki
qorwinebisaTvis. dokumentSi ar aris aRniSnuli sasurveli asaki qalisaTvis ojaxis
Sesaqmnelad, magram konvenciis ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg gadawyda, rom unda arsebobdes
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saerTaSoriso standarti. Sesabamisad, generaluri
asambleis mier 2018 (XX) rezoluciiT 1965 wlis 1 noembers miRebuli rekomendaciis
Tanaxmad qalis qorwinebis asaki ar unda iyos 15 welze naklebi.66 konvenciis moTxovnaa,
aseve qorwinebis Sesabamis organoSi registrireba.
konvenciis monitorings Tavidan generaluri mdivani axorcielebda; saxelmwifoebs evalebodaT misTvis moxsenebis wardgena konvenciis ratifikaciidan mesame
wlis bolos, Semdeg ki, yovel xuT weliwadSi erTxel. `qalTa winaaRnmdeg mimarTuli
diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb deklaraciis~ miRebis Semdeg konvenciis
ganxorcielebaze monitoringi daevala komisias qalTa statusis Sesaxeb, kidev ufro
mogvianebiT `qorwinebaze Tanxmobis, qorwinebis daSvebisaTvis minimaluri asakisa da
qorwinebis registrirebis Sesaxeb konvenciis~ Zireuli sakiTxebi qalTa konvenciis me16 muxlSi aisaxa, da maT ganxorcielebaze Tvalyuris devneba Sesabamisad qalTa
diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb komitets daevala.
rogorc aRiniSna, zemoT CamoTvlili konvenciebis principebi da sakiTxebi aisaxa
Tavdapirvelad `qalTa winaaRnmdeg mimarTuli diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb
deklaraciaSi~ (1967), xolo mogvianebiT `qalTa winaaRnmdeg mimarTuli yvela formis
diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb konvenciaSi~ (1979). qalTa adreuli konvenciebi,
rogorc vnaxeT qalebTan dakavSirebul erT sakiTxze orientirebuli dokumentebia
radgan `zogadi rwmenis mixedviT, am konkretuli sferoebis garda qalebis uflebebi
saukeTesod iyo daculi zogadi adamianis uflebebis damcavi dokumentebiT~.67
TumcaRa es saTiTaod SerCeuli sakiTxi adreul konvenciebamde daculi iyo gaeros
wesdebiTa da `adamianis uflebenis universaluri/sayovelTao deklaraciiT~. magaliTad, `adamianis uflebeTa sayovelTao deklaraciis~ me-16 muxli icavs orive sqesis
warmomadgenlebis Tanabaruflebianobas qorwinebisas da qorwinebaSi; me-15 muxlis
Tanaxmad `yvelas aqvs ufleba erovnebaze; 21-e muxli yvelas, ganurCevlad sqesisa,
aniWebs politikur uflebebs.68 amgvarad, `adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia~ qmnis saWiro safuZvels sqesTa Soris TanabaruflebianobisaTvis, magram qalTa

66
qalTa uflebebis Sesaxeb arsebuli saerTaSoriso konvenciebis krebuli11. (Compendium of International
Conventions Concerning the Status of Women. United Nations. New York. 1988, 11).
67
gaeros sazogadeobrivi informaciis departamenti. bolos vixile 2002 wlis 23 Tebervals:
<http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/history.htm>.
68
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia (1948); muxli 16: 1. yovel srulwlovan mamakacsa da qals
rasis, erovnebis an religiis niSniT raime SezRudvis gareSe ufleba aqvs daqorwindes da Seqmnas ojaxi.
isini sargebloben erTnairi uflebebiT SeuRlebis, qorwinebaSi yofnisa da ganqorwinebis dros. 2.
qorwineba SesaZlebelia mxolod orive meuRlis Tavisufali da sruli Tanxmobis safuZvelze. 3. ojaxi
sazogadoebis bunebrivi da ZiriTadi ujredia da ufleba aqvs daculi iyos sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos
mier. muxli 15: 1. yovel adamians aqvs moqalaqeobis ufleba. 2. aravis SeuZlia TviTneburad CamoerTvas
moqalaqeoba an Tavisi moqalaqeobis Secvlis ufleba. muxli 21: 1. yovel adamians ufleba aqvs
monawileobdes Tavisi qveynis marTva-gamgeobaSi uSualod, an Tavisuflad arCeuli warmomadgenlis
meSveobiT. 2. yovel adamians ufleba aqvs Tanabar safuZvelze Sevides Tavisi qveynis sajaro samsaxurSi. 3.
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis safuZvelia xalxis neba; es neba unda gamoixatos periodul da samarTlian
arCevnebSi, romlebic unda tardebodes sayovelTao da Tanaswori saarCevno uflebis saZvelze, faruli
kenWisyriT an sxva TanabarmniSvnelovani formebis meSveobiT, romlebic uzrunvelyofen xmis micemis
Tavisuflebas.

44

efeqturobis uzrunvelsayofad aucilebelia uwyebebSi maRali Tanamdebobis pirTa


dakaveba am saqmianobiT. maT unda mieces saqmianobis mokle da naTeli aRwera,
Cautardes Sesabamisi momzadeba, anazRaureba da aucilebelia maT daqvemdebarebaSi
arsebobdes erTeuli dakompleqtebuli profesionali kadrebiT.
uwyebaTaSorisi sakooridnacio komitetebis Seqmna es aris kidev erTi meqanizmi,
raTa daiZlios biurokratiuli winaaRmdegoba da moxdes genderuli politikis
ganxorcielebis koordinacia. aseTi komitetebi Sedgeba sxvadasxva uwyebebis
warmomadgenlebisa
da
arasamTavrobo
seqtoris
eqspertebisagan,
romlis
koordinirebas, xelmZRvanelobas axdens genderuli Tanasworobis erovnuli uwyeba
(mag. ministrTa kabineti). amitom ervonuli meqanizmis statusi Zalian mniSvnelovania,
imisaTvis rom man SeZlos am maRal Cinosan pirTa mowveva da marTva.
kavSirebi qalTa organizaciebTan da arasamTavrobo seqtorTan zogadad
erovnuli meqanizmis legitimuroba da efeqturoba damokidebulia misi kavSirebis
xarisxze qalTa da zogadad arasamTavrobo seqtorTan. formaluri reprezentaciis
sistema TiSavs patara da sust qalTa organizaciebs amitom sazogadoebrivi mosmenebi,
romlebic kombinirebuli iqneba ufro farTo sakonsultacio samuSaosTan da
samoqalaqo seqtoris CarTulobis moqnil sistemasTan SeiZleba ukeTesi Sedegi
gamoiRos.
rc erTi konkretuli strategia ar warmoadgens yvelaze swor gamosavals, aramed
saWoroa maTi kombinireba da koordinireba, aliansebis mSeneblobis gziT mTavrobis
SigniT da gareT. vfiqrobT, zemoaRniSnuli sakontaqto pirebis/oficrebis meqanizmi,
saqarTveloSic ver daaRwevs Tavs profesiuli kadrebis naklebobis problemas da
dRis wesrigSi aucileblad dadgeba sxvagvari ufro efeqturi instituciuri
meqanizmis Seqmnis aucileblebloba.

2. qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi:


iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli qalebi

"imis naxevari var, rac viyavi. Cemi saxli da ezo minda,


Cemi Zveli mezoblebi. Cemi qmris gverdiT minda davimarxo. "
devnili qali oCamCiredan
sasurvelia kursis am monakveTSi aseve visaubroT iZulebiT gadaadgilebul qalTa
mdgomareobaze saqarTveloSi, vinaidan es jgufi warmoiSva swored damoukideblobis
mopovebis Semdeg periodSi da maT mier gancdili problemebi (uflebrivi,
janmrTelobis,
ekonomikur
mdgomareobasTan
dakavSirebuli)
gansakuTrebiT
TvalsaCino da imavdroulad simptomuria saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi qalTa sxva
jgufebisaTvisac.
1991 wlis Semdgom ganviTrebulma movlenebma gavlena iqonia da mniSvnelovnad
gansazRvra qalTa mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas eTnikuri
konfliqtebis Sedegad iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli qalebi imsaxureben maTi mZime
socialuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT. ursis am komponentSi
ganxilulia, Tu ra gavlena iqonia qalTa mdgomareobaze eTnikurma konfliqtma, ra
cvlilebebi moxda devnil qalTa cxovrebaSi socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikur
aspeqtebis TvalsazrisiT. sakiTxis amgvari dasmiT naSromi cdilobs zogadi

69

interesebis damkanonebeli da gamtarebeli erTeuli, rac arTulebs maT kavSirs qalTa


damoukidebel moZraobasTan da efeqtur saqmianobas.
saerTaSoriso gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom genderuli politikis SemmuSavebeli
uwyebis efeqturi muSaobis uzrunvelyofa Semdegi strategiebis gamoyenebiTaa
SesaZlebeli:122
genderis integrireba ganviTarebis gegmebSi am amocanis Sesasruleblad ori
ZiriTadi strategia arsebobs, romelic erTmaneTTan tandemSi unda ganxorcieldes:
(1) erovnuli politikis an/da moqmedebaTa gegmis SemuSaveba genderuli Tanasworobis
miRwevisaTvis da (2) Sesabamisi genderuli sakiTxebis integracia (mainstreaming) ganviTarebis proeqtebis dagegmvisas. Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom pirvelis koordinireba
da asaxva moxdes meoreSi, genderis efeqturi integraciisaTvis ganviTarebis gegmebSi
aucilebelia:

saxelmwifoSi genderuli politikis arseboba;

genderuli TanasworobisaTvis
aqtivoba adgilze;

maRali Tanamdebobis pirTa politikuri neba;

Sesabamisi dafinanseba;

sqesis mixedviT disagregirebuli monacemebi da indikatorebi iseT sakiTxebze,


rogorebicaa Zaladoba, reproduqciuli janmrTeloba;

konkretuli amocanebi rogorc mikro aseve seqtorul doneebze;

sabiujeto procesis monitoringi da misi genderuli analizi;

mebrZolTa

politikuri

da

ekonomikuri

Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom genderuli politikis SemuSavebisaTvis saWiro ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi da instruqciebi damuSavdes im adamianebTan konsultaciebis
Sedegad, visac mouxdeba am mimarTulebebisa da instruqciebis mixedviT dokumentebis
SemuSaveba da moqmedeba.
genderuli cnobierebis amaRleba da wvrTna gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
biurokratiuli winaaRmdegobis dasaZlevad da damokidebulebebSi cvlilebis misaRwevad.
stereotipebisa da tradiciebis siZlieris gamo, genderuli ganaTleba unda iyos
uwyveti da Seexos yvela rangis sajaro moxeles. treningebisSinaarsobrivi sicxade da
zogadad, maTi maRali done Zalian mniSvnelovania. treningi ver iqneba efeqturi
TavisTavad, Tu mis paralelurad ar moxda instituciuri cvlilebebi, sakanonmdeblo
cvlilebebi da kulturuli cvlilebebi.
sakontaqto pirebi / oficrebi (focal points) es ZiriTadi meqanizmi iqna gamoyenebuli bevri qveynis, radgan damyardes kavSirebi genderul politikaze momuSave
centralur erTeulsa da saministroebsa da departamentebs Soris. praqtikaSi am
meqanizmma ver gaamarTla, radgan sakontaqto pirebad xSirad iniSnebian qali
TanamSromlebi, romlebic Zalian datvirTulebi arian TavianT ZiriTad samuSaoze,
floben mcire resursebs da miRebuli aqvT mwiri wvrTna, aseve ver iReben sakmaris
daxmarebas dakisrebuli saqmianobis Sesasruleblad, naTlad ar aqvT gawerili
TavianTi funqciebi da maTi Sesrulebis meqanizmebi. sakontaqto pirebis meqanizmis
122

wyaro: Byrne, Bridget, Julie Kock Laier, Sally Baden, Rachel Marcus, National Machineries for Women in Development:
Experiences, Lessons and Strategies for Institutionalising Gender in Development Policy and Planning, Report N 36, Bridge:
Development-Gender, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, 1996.

68

statusis Sesaxeb komisiaSi moRvawe qalebisTvis Tavidanve naTeli gaxda, rom saWiro
iyo qalTa uflebebis damcavi sxva meqanizmebis Seqmnac. am mizeziT `adamianis
uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis~ miRebis Semdeg, maleve, kerZod, 1949 wels,
komisiam daiwyo muSaoba `konvenciaze qalTa politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb~.69 erTeul
sakiTxze mimarTul qalTa konvenciebze muSaobis paralelurad gaeroSi
mimdinareobda gacxarebuli kamaTi, imis Sesaxeb saWiro iyo Tu ara erT sakiTxze
mimarTuli konvenciebis garda qalTa uflebebis damcavi ufro kompleqsuri
saerTaSoriso dokumentis Seqmna, qvemoT vixilavT, Tu rogor gadawyda es sakiTxi.

deklaraciis Seqmna
1968 wels qalTa statusis Sesaxeb komisiis Tavmjdomare ani iagre Tavis `qalTa
winaaRnmdeg mimarTuli diskriminaciis aRmofxvris deklaraciis SesavalSi~ werda:
`adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciam ar gamoiwvia qalTa mdgomareobis
sagrZnobi gaumjobeseba mraval qveyanaSi. faqtebi qalTa diskriminaciis Sesaxeb
Semzaravia, amitom generalur asambleas mouwia qalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
diskriminaciis aRmosafxvrelad specialuri deklaraciis miReba~.
gaerTianebuli erebis ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWos moxsenebis Tanaxmad, 1963
wlis 15 noembers, ocdaorma ganviTarebadma da `aRmosavleT evropis~ qveyanam
generaluri asambleis me-18 sxdomaze waradgina rezolucia `qalTa winaaRnmdeg
mimarTuli diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb deklaraciis~ teqstze muSaobis
winadadebiT.70 es qveynebi iyo: 1. avRaneTi, 2. alJiri, 3. argentina, 4. avstria, 5.
kameruni, 6. Cile, 7. kolumbia, 8. Cexoslovakia, 9. gaboni, 10. gvinea, 11. indonezia, 12.
irani, 13. mali, 14. meqsika, 15. monRoleTi, 16. maroko, 17. pakistani, 18. panama, 19.
filipinebi, 20. poloneTi, 21. togo, 22. venesuela.
sainteresoa, rom am22 qveyanaze werisas mkvlevrebi maT nawils ganviTarebad
qveynebad moixseniebs, xolo nawils aRmosavleT evropis qveynebad, roca
geografiulad, CamoTvlili evropuli qveynebi centralur evropas miekuTvnebian
(kerZod: poloneTi, avstria da uwindeli Cexoslovakia). poloneTis da Cexoslovakiis
gaigiveba aRmosavleT evropasTan maTi sabWour banakSi moazrebiT SeiZleba aixsnas.
freizeris mixedviT, deklaraciis momxre qveynebidan arc erTi ar warmoadgenda
mTavar dasavlur Zalas, rac eWvis qveS ayenebs azrs, rom feminizmi an qalis
uflebebisaTvis brZola industrializaciuri ideaa. rezoluciis warmdgeni es 22
qveyana acxadebda, rom qalTa monawileobas erTa ganviTarebis saqmeSi arsebiTi
mniSvneloba aqvs, xolo qalTa diskriminacia Sesabamisad aferxebs ganviTarebis
process~.71 Sesabamisad am 22 qveynis gamaerTianebel idead SeiZleba moviazroT
diskriminaciis aRiareba ganviTarebis Semaferxebel faqtorad.
deklaraciis wera mimdinareobda 1965-1967 wlebSi. dokumentis Seqmnis procedura
69

laura reanda, komisia qalTa statusis Sesaxeb, Laura Reanda The Commission on the Status of Women. The
United Nations and Human Rights: A Critical Uppraisal. Philip Alston ed. Claredon Press. Oxford. 1992. 284.
70
aseve ixileT arvone s. freizeri konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb
(qalTa konvencia), 73, da laura reanda, komisia qalTa statusis Sesaxeb, 284 (Arvonne S. Fraser, The
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (The Womens Convention). In Women Politics and
the United Nations. Anne Winslow ed. Greenwood Press. Westport, Conn.. 1995,78 and Laura Reanda, The Commission on the
Status of Women. The United Nations and Human Rights: A Critical Appraisal. Philip Alston ed. Clarendon Press. Oxford. 1992.
284).
71
ixileT arvone s. freizeri konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (qalTa
konvencia), 78. (Arvonne S. Fraser, The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (The
Womens Convention). In Women Politics and the United Nations. Anne Winslow ed. Greenwood Press. Westport, Conn. 1995,
78).

45

pirvelad ganixiles qalTa statusis Sesaxeb komisiis me-18 sxdomaze, romelic


TeiranSi gaimarTa. am sxdomaze airCa 12-kaciani komiteti, romelsac deklaraciis
Seqmna daevala. komitetis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen moxaliseebi da warmomadgenlebi
rezoluciis avtori qveynebidan. freizeri detalurad aRwers deklaraciis Seqmnis
process, komitetis muSaobisTvis sawyisad poloneTis mier warmodgenili teqsti
SeirCa. am teqstSi mocemuli iyo diskriminaciis ganmarteba, romelic amoiRes
deklaraciis saboloo variantidan. TumcaRa, diskriminaciis ganmarteba Seitanes
qalTa winaaRnmdeg mimarTuli yvela formis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris konvenciis
teqstSi~. deklaraciis teqsti monacvleobiT ganixiles generalurma mdivanma, sabWom
ekonomikur da socialur sakiTxebze, komisiam qalTa statusis Sesaxeb, gaeros wevrma
qveynebma, teqstis Semqmnelma komitetma, vidre igi gadaeca gansaxilvelad da
dasamtkiceblad generalur asambleas. 1967 wlis 7 noembers generalurma asambleam
miiRo deklaracia qalTa winaaRnmdeg mimarTuli diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb~.
deklaraciis efeqturobisa da gavlenis mimoxilvisas, laura reanda wers:
miuxedavad imisa, rom deklaracia ar atarebs valdebulebiT xasiaTs misi wevri
qveynebisaTvis, am dokumentis iseve rogorc, adamianis sayovelTao uflebebis
deklaraciis mniSvneloba mis wevr qveynebze moraluri pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebaSia.
qalTa winaaRnmdeg mimarTuli diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb deklaraciis~ wevri
qveynebi moralur pasuxismgeblobas iReben, rom aRmofxvran qalTa winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli diskriminaciuli kanonmdebloba Tu qmedebani~.72
moraluri siZlieris~ garda deklaracia win gadadgmuli nabijia qalTa
uflebebis saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv konteqstSi moazrebis TvalsazrisiT; qalTa
uflebebis aseTi formiT Tavmoyra erTian dokumentSi TavisTavad mniSvnelovani da
uprecendento faqtia.
deklaracia Sedgeba preambulisa da 11 muxlisgan; preambulaSi naTvqmia, rom
miuxedavad gaerTianebuli erebis wesdebisa, adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao
deklaraciis~, gaeros sxvadasxva rezoluciebis, konvenciebisa da rekomendaciebisa
ver moxerxda qalTa diskriminaciis aRmofxvra; rom, miuxedavad im uzarmazari
rolisa, rasac qalebi asrulebeben yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi maTi uflebrivi
mdgomareba Camouvardeba kacebis uflebriv mdgomareobas. deklaraciis TerTmeti
muxli Semdeg sakiTxebs exeba: pirveli muxli gmobs qalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTul
diskriminacias; meore muxli gmobs zogierTi qveynis kanonebs, wesebsa da Cveulebebs,
romlebic qalis diskriminacias uwyoben xels; mesame muxli mouwodebs iseTi
sazogadoebrivi azris ganmtkicebisaken, romelic aRiarebs sqesTa Tanabaruflebianobas; meoTxe muxli icavs qalTa politikur uflebebs; mexuTe muxli eZRvneba
qalTa uflebas miiRon, Seicvalon an SeinarCunon erovneba; meeqvse muxli aRiarebs
sqesTa Tanasworobas qorwinebisas, qorwinebis dros da gayrisas; meSvide muxli
mouwodebs wevr qveynebs Secvalon erovnuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebis
diskriminaciuli muxlebi; merve muxli mouwodebs qveynebs SeimuSaon trefikingTan
brZolis efeqturi zomebi; mecxre muxli eZRvneba ganaTlebis miRebis mniSvnelobas
sqesTa Soris Tanabaruflebianobis Sesaxeb; meaTe muxli aregulirebs sqesTa
Tanabaruflebianobas cxovrebis ekonomikur da socialur sferoebSi; meTerTmete
muxli mouwodebs mTavrobebs, arasamTavrobo organizaciebsa da kerZo pirebs, rom
danergon da ganaxorcielon am deklaraciaSi aRwerili principebi~.73
72
laura reanda, komisia qalTa statusis Sesaxeb, 284. (Arvonne S. Fraser, The Convention on the Elimination of
All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (The Womens Convention). In Women Politics and the United Nations. Anne
Winslow ed. Greenwood Press. Westport, Conn.. 1995,78 and Laura Reanda, The Commission on the Status of Women. The
United Nations and Human Rights: A Critical Appraisal. Philip Alston ed. Clarendon Press. Oxford. 1992. 284).
73
deklaracia qalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli diskrimiacis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, muxli 11.

46

imisaTvis, rom genderuli politikis SemmuSavebeli erovnuli meqanizmi iyos efeqturi, aucilebelia mas hqondes gamarTuli sakanonmdeblo baza, debuleba, romelSic
naTlad iqneba gawerili msgavsi uwyebis struqtura, amocanebi, organizaciis pasuxismgebloba da angariSvaldebuleba. es yovelive unda iyos gamyarebuli dagegmvisa da
marTvis iseTi struqturebiT, romlebsac SeuZliaT gegmebis saqmed gadaqceva.
sxva qveynebis praqtika aCvenebs, rom SeiZleba warmoiSvas konfliqti uwyebis rCeviT, uflebaTa damcav, politikis ganmxorcielebel da monitoringis funqciaTa
gaumijnaobis gamo, radgan TiToeuli maTgani iTxovs gansxvavebul unarCvevebs da
uwyebriv kulturas. saqarTveloSi am etapze, Tu Seiqmna calke genderuli Tanasworobis saxelmwifo erTeuli, igi unda iyos CarTuli politikis SemuSavebasa da Sedegebis monitoringSi da ara uSualod mis ganxorcielebaSi, ganxorcielebaze pasuxismgebeli Sesabamisi saministroebi unda iyvnen. SesaZlebelia gamonaklisis saxiT,
uwyebam inovaciuri, saCvenebeli proeqtebi ganaxorcielos iseT sferoebSi, sadac
erTi konkretuli saministro ar muSaobs da aucilebelia maTi TanamSromloba, magaliTad, wvrTnis organizeba sxvadasxva saministroebis warmomadgenlebis monawileobiT.
interdisciplinaruli da interinstituciuri xasiaTidan gamomdinare, umjobesia,
Tu amgvari organo ganTavsdeba rogorc saTaTbiro organo prezidentis an premierministris uSualo daqvemdebarebis qveS, raTa man gavlena iqonios sxvadasxva saministroebis muSaobaze. aseTi struqturuli ganlageba kargia, radgan amas SesaZloa
mohyves kargi dafinanseba, saqmianobis farTo profili da ukeTesi kavSirebi saerTaSoriso, Tu adgilobriv doneze. riski, rac Tan axlavs amgvar ganlagebas aris is, rom
amgvari instituciuri meqanizmi SeiZleba aRmoCndes zedmetad damokidebuli erT an
ormniSvnelovan, centralur politikur figuraze da maT gadawyvetilebebze.
SesaZlebelia aseTi organo Seiqmnas erT romelime konkretul saministroSi,
magram sxva qveynebis gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom am SemTxvevaSi uwyeba TiTqmis ver
axorcielebs gavlenas sxva seqtorul saministroebze, aseve erT saministroSi yofnisas qalTa sakiTxebi ganixileba sxva marginalizebuli jgufebis (mag: invalidebi,
eTnikuri umciresobebi) sakiTxebTan erTad da SeiZleba dadges resursebis naklebobis
realuri safrTxis winaSe.
mravali qveynis gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom amgvari saxelmwifo struqturis
dafinanseba zogadad mwiria da isini advilad eqvemdebarebian biujetis sekvestrs.
amisgan dasacavad organoebma SeimuSaves Semdegi strategia: grZelvadiani da naklebad
SesamCnevi proeqtebis nacvlad, romlebic instituciur gaZlierebasa da uflebaTa
dacvas eZRvneba, isini muSaoben moklevadian, efeqtur proeqtebze. ganviTarebad
qveynebSi xSirad gamoiyeneba donorebis daxmareba amgvari organoebis dasafinanseblad, TumcaRa dafinansebisTvis umjobesia moinaxos stabiluri saxelmwifo
saxsrebi.
interesebi da saministroebs Soris arsebuli faruli Tu aSkara paeqroba xels
uSlis iseT interseqtorul sakiTxze muSaobas rogoricaa genderuli Tanasworoba,
romelic iTxovs sxvadasxva seqtoruli saministroebis saqmianobebis koordinirebas.
piradi da politkuri winaaRmdegoba da sajaro moxeleTa dabali mgrZnobeloba
genderuli sakiTxebis mimarT damabrkolebelia uwyebis efeqturi muSaobisTvis.
politikuri patronaJi da amomrCevelTa interesebi xSirad did gavlenas axdens
imaze Tu visi daniSvna xdeba ama Tu im postze. genderuli Tanasworobis saministroebi
- uwyebebi xSirad mmarTveli partiis politikur interesebis gatarebas axdenen, maT
saTaveSi iniSnebian cnobil politikur figuraTa meuRleebi an mmarTveli politikur
partiis wevri qalebi, amitom xSirad amgvari saministroebi xdeba mmarTveli partiis

67

7. sqesobrivi diskriminaciis Sesaxeb aRZrul saqmeebSi mtkicebis tvirTis sakiTxi;


8. naxevarganakveTiani samuSaos SesaZlebloba orive sqesisTvis;
evroparlamentma, gansakuTrebiT ki, qalTa uflebebisa da Tanabaruflebianobis
komitetma moiTxova meti yuradReba gamaxvildes iseT sakiTxebze rogoricaa qalTa
trefikingi regionSi. komitetma evropis komisias mosTxova meti yuradReba miaqcios
genderuli Tanasworobis principis dacvas evrokavSiris gafarToebis procesSi.
qalTa sakiTxebisaTvis yuradRebis miqcevis aucilebloba saxelmwifo doneze
dasavleT evropisa da amerikis qveynebSi 1970-iani wlebidan dadga dRis wesrigSi.
Tavdapirvelad iqmneboda qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesaze mimarTuli calkeuli
programebi da proeqtebi, romlebmac garkveul Sedegs miaRwia, Tumca am gziT qalTa
sakiTxebi erTgvar getoSi moeqca, radgan maTi gadaWra da ganxilva xdeboda sxva iseTi
aqtualuri sakiTxebisgan mowyvetilad, romlebic aseve uSualo kavSirSi iyvnen da
gavlenas axdendnen qalTa yoveldRiur cxovrebaze. 1980-iani wlebis mcdelobebi
genderuli sakiTxebis integrirebisa calkeul samTavrobo programebSi aseve ar
aRmoCnda sakmarisad efeqturi, koordinirebisa da profesionali kadrebis naklebobis
gamo, TumcaRa naTeli gaxda Tu ra didi rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia xelisuflebas
genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevis TvalsazrisiT. Sesabamisad, 1990-iani wlebidan
daisva genderuli sakiTxebis ara ubralod integrirebis, aramed institucionalizaciis da gamWol xazad gatarebis (meinstrimingis) sakiTxi mTavrobis politikis formulirebis procesSi. saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobam genderul politikaze momuSave
erovnuli meqanizmis Seqmna am sferoSi winsvlisaTvis prioritetad daasaxela. Tu
Tavdapirveli gendrul sakiTxebze momuSave erovnuli meqanizmebi ufro jandacvisa
da socialur sakiTxebze momuSave saxelmwifo erTeulebis farglebSi iqmneboda 1990iani wlebis meore naxevridan xazi gaesva aucileblobas maTi mTavrobis yvelaze maRal
SesaZlo eSelonebSi ganTavsebis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa dagegmvisa da finansTa
saministroebis, prezidentis an premier ministris zedamxedvelobis qveS. miuxedavad
am pozitiuri tendenciebisa, kvlevebma aCvena, rom sxvadasxva mizezis gamo mainc
SezRudulia genderul sakiTxebze momuSave erovnuli meqanizmebis efeqturoba.121
saerTaSoriso gamocdilebam cxadyo, rom Zalian bevr faqtors SeuZlia Seasustos
genderuli politikis sakiTxebze momuSave erTeulis efeqturoba. TviT terminis
`genderi~ Semotanamac warmoSva garkveuli dabneuloba, vinaidan genderuli politika
kvlav qalebze koncentrirebuli rCeba da ver xerxdeba masSi mamakacTa warmatebuli
integrireba. marTalia, sawyis etapze monacemebi mamakacTa mdgomareobis Sesaxeb
mosaxmobia qalTa uTanasworo da diskriminaciuli mdgomareobis gamosavlenad, magram
droTa ganmavlobaSi aucilebelia iseTi genderulad mgrZnobiare RonisZiebebis
dagegmva, romlebic mamakacTa interesebsac moemsaxureba da Sesabamisad maT
CarTulobasa da mxardaWeras gamoiwvevs. socialuri samarTlianobis argumentis
paralelurad uwyebam unda ganaviTaros efeqtianobis argumenti, da Tavisi politika
am kuTxiT warmarTos; naTlad daanaxos xelisuflebis sxva warmomadgenlebs, rom
genderuli Tanasworobis miRweva xelsayrelia saxelmwifos ganviTarebisTvis da Tan
iZleva moqalaqeTa uflebebis dacvis saSualebas. qveynis mTavroba unda acnobierebdes, rom zrunva sqesTa Soris Tanasworobis miRwevisaTvis daakmayofilebs
upirvelesad qveynis moqalaqeebis mwvave saWiroebas da ara saerTaSoriso
Tanasazogadoebis mier nakarnaxev kidev erT moTxovnas.

deklaraciis miRebis Semdeg mniSvnelovani iyo misi gavrceleba msoflios


masStabiT, rom masSi ganxiluli sakiTxebi ar darCeniliyo qaRaldze. magram, vinaidan
deklaracia samarTlebriv valdebulebas ar akisrebs mis wevr qveyanas, misi danergva
da Sesabamisad monitoringi ar ganxorcielda efeqturad. wevri qveynebi ar
gamoirCeodnen didi enTuziazmiT deklaraciis danergvis Sesaxeb moxsenebebis
wardgenisas. freizeri wers, rom ukve 1968 wels qalTa statusis Sesaxeb komisiis
wevrma poloneTidan gaakeTa SemoTavazeba deklaraciis konvenciad gadakeTebis
Sesaxeb, dasZina ra, rom aseTi transformacia Cveulebriv movlenas warmoadgenda
adamianis uflebebis damcavi dokumentebisaTvis~.74 TumcaRa qalTa statusis Sesaxeb
komisiis mxolod 25-e sxdomaze, 1974 wels, gadawyda realurad dawyebuliyo qalTa
uflebebis damcavi erTiani konvenciis teqstze muSaoba.

qalTa konvencia
komisiis TxuTmetkaciani samuSao jgufi 1974 wlis 7-dan 17 ianvramde muSaobda.75
mTavrobebTan da arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan konsultaciebis Catarebis Semdeg,
1974 wels, 6-dan 17 dekembramde gamarTul 26-e sxdomaze komisiam qalTa statusis
Sesaxeb miiRo qalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli yvela formis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris
Sesaxeb konvenciis~ teqsti. helvi sifilam, generaluri mdivnis moadgilem socialuri
ganviTarebis da humanitaruli saqmeebis ganxriT, sxdomis Semdeg SeniSna, rom Tu
konvencias generaluri asamblea miiRebs Tavis Semdgom sesiaze, maSin es faqti moxdeba
qalTa 1980 wlis msoflio konferenciamde, gaeros mier gamocxadebuli qalTa
aTwleulis (1975-1985) SuaSi.76 es mizani miRweul iqna qalTa statusis Sesaxeb komisiis
intensiuri Zalisxmevis Sedegad, 1979 wlis 19 dekembers generalurma asambleam miiRo
konvencia.
konvencias qalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli yvela formis diskriminaciis
aRmofxvris Sesaxeb~ xSirad uwideben qalTa konvenciasa~ an bils qalTa uflebebis
Sesaxeb~, radgan igi qalebis uflebebis damcavi kompleqsuri dokumentia warmoadgens,
sadac Tavmoyrilia diskriminaciis aRmofxvrisaTvis saWiro mniSvnelovani elementebi. konvenciis teqsti Sedgeba preambulisa da 30 muxlisagan. preambulis teqsti
waagavs qalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb deklaraciis~ preambulis teqsts, TumcaRa ufro farTo da gabedulia Tavisi SinarsiT.
konvenciis preambulaSi xazgasmulia, rom `siRaribis pirobebSi qalebisaTvis naklebad
xelmisawvdomia sursaTi, janmrTelobis dacvis saSualebebi, ganaTleba, profesiuli
momzadeba da dasaqmeba, agreTve sxva moTxovnilebebi~.77 konvenciis preambula
deklaraciis preambulisgan gansxvavdeba aseve ori erTob politikuri Sinaarsis
abzaciT, rac dokuments Tavisi drois produqtad~ aqcevs.78 oridan erTi abzaci

74

Byrne, Bridget, Julie Kock Laier, Sally Baden, Rachel Marcus, National Machineries for Women in Development:
Experiences, Lessons and Strategies for Institutionalising Gender in Development Policy and Planning, Report N 36, Bridge:
Development-Gender, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, 1996.

arvone s. freizeri konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (qalTa
konvencia), 78. (Arvonne S. Fraser, The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (The
Womens Convention). In Women Politics and the United Nations. Anne Winslow ed. Greenwood Press. Westport, Conn. 1995,
84).
75
adamianis uflebebi: komisia qalTa statusis Sesaxeb, Human Rights: Commission on the Status of Women.
Annual Review of United Nations Affairs 1974. Compiled and edited by: Joseph T. Vambery. Oceana Publications, inc. New York.
1976. 261.
76
qalTa uflebebi da statusi, 260. (Womens Rights and Status. Annual Review of United Nations Affairs 1976.
Compiled and edited by William A. Landskron. Oceana Publications, inc. New York. 1977. 260).
77
konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, preambula.
78
arvone s. freizeri konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (qalTa
konvencia), 85. (Arvonne S. Fraser, The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (The

66

47

121

germaniis demokratiuli respublikis SemoTavazebaa, masSi naTqvamia, rom sqesTa Soris


Tanasworobas Zalian Seuwyobs xels axali saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigi,
romelic daemyareba Tanasworobisa da samarTlianobis princips. xolo meore abzacSi
xazgasmulia, rom aparteidis, rasizmis yvela formis, rasobrivi diskriminaciis,
kolonializmis, neokolonializmis, agresiis, ucxo saxelmwifos mier okupaciisa da
batonobis, saxelmwifoTa saSinao saqmeebSi Carevis aRmofxvra aucilebelia mamakacisa
da qalis uflebebiT sruli sargeblobisaTvis~.79 freizeris mixedviT, es aparteidTan
dakavSirebuli argumenti senegalis mier iyo SemoTavazebuli.80 es abzaci Zalian
mniSvnelovania, radgan igi amaxvilebs yuradRebas kavSirze diskriminaciul
politikur reJimsa da qveyanaSi adamianis uflebebis dacvis mdgomareobaze.
konvenciis pirveli muxli qalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli diskriminaciis ganmartebaa. `[] termini `qalis diskriminacia~ niSnavs sqesis niSniT nebismier gansxvavebas,
gamijnvas an SezRudvas, romelmac SesaZlebelia Sedegad moitanos an romlis mizania
qalisaTvis, misi ojaxuri mdgomareobis miuxedavad, mamakacisa da qalis Tanasworobis
safuZvelze, politikur, ekonomikur, socialur, kulturul, samoqalaqo an nebismier
sxva sferoSi, adamianis uflebebisa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa aRiarebis,
sargeblobis an gamoyenebis SesaZleblobis Sesusteba, an sruli uaryofa.~ (konvencia
qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb~, muxli 1.) 2-6 muxlebi adgenen
samarTlebriv, administraciul da sxva zomebs rac konvenciis wevrma saxelmwifoebma
unda miiRon, rom miiRwes sqesTa Soris Tanabaruflebianoba. es Zalisxmevebia:
specialuri zomebi (muxli 4), socialuri da kulturuli nimuSebis modifikacia (muxli
5) da qalTa trefikingis aRmofxvra (muxli 6). muxli 2, konvenciis Zireuli
mniSvnelobis muxlad iTvleba, radgan igi udgens saxelmwifoebs strategiebs
konvenciis gansaxorcieleblad.
6-16 muxlebi eZRvneba diskriminaciis specifikur sferoebs, kerZod, qalTa da
kacTa Tanabaruflebianobas politikur da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi (muxli 7),
saerTaSoriso arenaze saxelmwifos warmodgenis uflebas (muxli 8), qalis uflebas
miiRos, Seicvalos da SeinarCunos erovneba (muxli 9), uflebas ganaTlebaze (muxli 10),
qalTa da mamakacTa Tanabaruflebianobas dasaqmebis sferoSi (muxli 11), uflebas
samedicino momsaxurebaze (muxli 12), ekonomikur da socialur uflebebs (muxli 13),
mowodebas soflad mvxovrebi qalis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (muxli 14),81
mowodebas kanonis winaSe qalis da mamakacis Tanasworobis miRwevisaTvis (muxli 15) da
qalis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris mowodebas qorwinebasa da saojaxo urTierTobebTan
dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi (muxli 16).
muxli 16, muxli 2-is msgavsad principuli mniSvnelobisaa da saxelmwifoebis
mxridan Tavis Sekaveba am or muxlze SeusabamobaSia konvenciis mTavar mizanTan,
amitom komiteti qalis diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvis Sesaxeb mouwodebs
qveynebs ar Seikavon Tavi am muxlebze an gadasinjon da gadaTqvan am muxlebze

d. mTavrobis politikaze nebismier sferoSi gavlenis qonis SesaZlebloba.118


pekinis `moqmedebaTa platforma~ konkretul miTiTebebsa da rekomendaciebs
aZlevs gaeros wevr saxelmwifoebs genderuli politikis efeqturi meqanizmis Seqmnisa
da funqcionirebisaTvis. swored am platformis gaTvaliswinebiT momzadda saqarTveloSi zemoxsenebuli erovnuli samoqmedo gegmebi, magram vinaidan ar arsebobda
qmediTi saxelmwifo meqanizmi gegmebis sisruleSi mosayvanad, maTi amocanebi
qaRaldze darCa. 2004-2005 wlebSi xdeba pekinis moqmedebaTa platformis 10 wlis
muSaobis Sefaseba da misi amocanebis ganmtkiceba msoflios masStabiT da Sesabamisad,
sasurvelia Cveni qveyana am TvalsazrisiT, ganaxlebuli da realisturi amocanebiTa
da gegmebiT warsdges saerTaSoriso arenaze.
evrokavSiris struqturebi xSirad gamoTqvamen TavianT politikaSi sqesTa
Tanasworuflebianobisa da Tanabari mopyrobis principebis gatarebis survilsa da
mzaobas. 1999 wlis amsterdamis xelSekrulebam daavaldebula evrokavSiri daZlios
diskriminacia da daamyaros Tanabaruflebianoba qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris.119
evrokavSiris xelSekrulebis me-2 muxlis mixedviT, qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris
TanasworuflebianobisaTvis xelisSewyoba evropuli sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan
amocanas warmoadgens, me-3 muxlis mixedviT ki, kavSiris yvela saqmianoba miznad unda
isaxavdes
uTanasworobis
aRmofxvras
da
qalebsa
da
mamakacebs
Soris
Tanabaruflebianobis xelSewyobas.
evrokavSiris uflebaTa wesdebis 23-e muxlis mixedviT, `qalebsa da mamakacebs
Soris Tanasworuflebianoba unda iyos daculi yvela sferoSi, maT Soris dasaqmebis,
Sromisa da anazRaurebis sferoebSi.120
evrokavSiris CarCo strategia genderul Tanasworobaze (2001-2005) sqesTa Tanabaruflebianobas ekonomikuri socialuri da demokratiuli ganviTarebis ganuyofel
nawilad miiCnevs. evrokavSiris gafarToebis komisar ferhoigens araerTxel aRuniSnavs, rom wevrobis kandidati qveynebis kanonmdeblobis Tanasworuflebianobis
kanonebTan Sesabamisoba evrokavSiris wevrobis winapirobaa.
evrokavSirSi gawevrianebisaTvis saWiroa sami kriteriumis dakmayofileba: 1.
kandidati qveynebi unda iyvnen stabiluri demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi; 2. kandidat
qveynebs unda gaaCndeT moqmedi sabazro ekonomika, romelic erTian evropul bazarze
konkurentunariani iqneba; 3. kandidati qveynebis kanonmdebloba unda Seesabamebodes
evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobas da Sesabamisad unda xorcieldebodes.
evrosabWos moTxovnebi mTavrobebis mimarT genderuli Tanasworobis WrilSi
Semdegia:
1. Tanasworoba Sromis anazRaurebis sferoSi;
2. Tanaswori mopyroba dasaqmebis, profesiuli; wvrTnis/gadamzadebis,
dawinaurebis da samuSao pirobebis kuTxiT;
3. Tanaswori midgoma socialuri sqemebis farglebSi;
4. TviTdasaqmebulTa da maT damxmare meuRleTa Tanabari mopyroba;
5. orive mSoblis dekretuli Svebuleba;
6. samuSao drois samarTliani organizeba;

Womens Convention). In Women Politics and the United Nations. Anne Winslow ed. Greenwood Press. Westport, Conn. 1995,
85).
79
konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, preambula.
80
arvone s. freizeri konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (qalTa
konvencia), 85. (Arvonne S. Fraser, The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (The
Womens Convention). In Women Politics and the United Nations. Anne Winslow ed. Greenwood Press. Westport, Conn. 1995,
85).
81
soflad mcxovrebi qalebis sakiTxi pirvelad deklaraciis werisas iyo naxsenebi sakvebisa da soflis
meurneobis organizaciis mier, magram es sakiTxi deklaraciis teqstSi ar Sevida, aramed mxolod
konvenciis. (meti detalebisTvis ixileT arvone s. freizeri konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela
formis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (qalTa konvencia), 85. (Arvonne S. Fraser, The Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (The Womens Convention). In Women Politics and the United
Nations. Anne Winslow ed. Greenwood Press. Westport, Conn. 1995, 85).

118
FWCW Platform for Action, Institutional Mechanisms for the Advancement of Women, UN 1995, H, 201. Available on-line,
last visited on August 15 2004. <http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/platform/institu.htm>
119
EU, Treaty of Amsterdam Amending the Treaty of on European Union, the Treaties Establishing European Communities and
Certain Related Acts, Article 2, Article 3, Article 118, Article 119, entered into force on 1st of May 1999.
120
EU, Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Article 23.

48

65

maregulirebel Zalebad saqarTvelos mosaxleobis didi nawilisaTvis115 da am


procesSi didi roli unda Seasrulos samoqalaqo seqtorma. arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, Tavisufali media da damoukidebeli eqspertebi gacilebiT efeqturad
imuSaveben, Tu xelisuflebas eqneba Semxvedri pozicia da Sesabamisi politika, Tu
xelisufleba realurad da ara formlurad gaixsneba am genderuli sakiTxebis mimarT.
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis konvenciis `qalTa diskriminaciis yvela
formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb~ mixedviT, qveynebma, romlebic konvencias SeuerTdnen, ar
unda daiSuron Zalisxmeva iseTi politikis SesamuSaveblad, romelic qalTa diskriminaciis aRmofxvrisken iqneba mimarTuli (muxli 2).
ZemoT aRniSnuli 1998 wels116 momzadebuli konvenciis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb
samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo (Crdilovani) angariSebis, ganxilva qalTa konvenciis
komitetis 21-e sxdomaze (1999 7-25 ivnisi) moxda.117 konvenciis ganxorcielebis
zedamxedvelma komitetma saqarTveloSi arsebuli viTarebis Sesaxeb moxsenebis
ganxilvis Semdeg daskvniT komentarebSi SemaSfoTeblad miiCnia erovnuli samoqmedo
gegmis ganuxorcielebloba, sazogadoebaSi tradiciuli patriarqaluri stereotipebis dominireba, qalTa winaaRmdeg Zaladobis faqtebze monacemebis simwire da
mTavrobas ocze meti rekomendacia SesTavaza, romlebic samwuxarod 5 wlis Semdegac
aqtualuria, vinaidan SevardnaZis administracias gaaCnda deklarirebuli da ara
realuri survili, ezruna qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaTvis.
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wevri qveynebis valdebulebebi, genderuli
Tanasworobis miRwevis TvalsazrisiT, dakonkretda da daixvewa 1995 wels pekinSi
gamarTuli qalTa meoTxe saerTaSoriso konferenciis saboloo dokumentiT `beijingis moqmedebaTa platforma~. am dokumentiT gaeros wevr qveyanaTa mTavrobebs daevalaT qalTa uflebebis damcavi da genderuli politikis ganmxorcielebeli saxelmwifo meqanizmis Seqmna-gaZliereba (seqcia ). `moqmedebaTa platformaSi~ vkiTxulobT:
201. qalTa winsvlaze orientirebuli saxelmwifo meqanizmi warmoadgens politikis
koordinirebis centralur erTeuls mTavrobaSi. misi mTavari amocana samTavrobo
doneze qveynis politikaSi genderuli-Tanasworobis perspeqtivis integrireba da
gamWol xazad gatarebaa. aseTi meqanizmis efeqturi funqcionirebisaTvis Semdegi
pirobebia aucilebeli:
a. gadawyvetilebis miRebis umaRles doneze arseboba, sasurvelia ministrTa
kabinetis pasuxismgeblobis qveS.
b. iseTi instituciuri meqanizmebis an procesebis SemuSaveba, romlebic
saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi
RonisZiebaTa
decentralizebuli
dagegmvis,
ganxorcielebisa da monitoringis saSualebas iZleva. maT Soris, arasamTavrobo
da Temze dafuZnebuli organizaciebis CarTvis xarjzec.
g. sakmarisi finansuri resursebisa da profesionali
kadrebis arseboba.

gamoTqmuli rezervaciebi.
17-22 muxlebi aregulireben konvenciis danergvis monitoringis Semsrulebeli
organos muSaobas. iqmneba komiteti qalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli yvela formis
diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb; dgindeba saxelmwifoebis mier moxsenebebis
wardgenis procedura da komitetis Sexvedris dro da vadebi.
17 muxlis Tanaxmad, es komiteti, romelsac xSirad igive Semoklebuli saxeliT
moixsenieben, riTac konvencias (CEDAW) Seiqmna 1982 wels. igi Sedgeba qalTa
sakiTxebze momuSave eqspertebisagan, romlebic msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxidan arian
warmodgenilni komitetSi. komitetis daarsebidan 2002 wlamde misi wevrebi (sul 69)
iohan nordenfeltis (SvedeTidan) gamoklebiT sul qalebi iyvnen.82 konvenciis wevri
qveynebi irCeven komitetis wevrebs konvenciis moTxovnis mixedviT, wevrTa Tanabari
geografiuli gadanawilebis Sesaxeb.
komitetis mandati iTvaliswinebs konvenciis danergvis Tvalyuris devnebas
dokumentis wevr saxelmwifoebSi. komitetis Sexvedrebi weliwadSi orjer imarTeba, am
Sexvedrebisas komiteti ganixilavs konvenciis wevri qveynebis mier wardgenil
moxsenebebs, imis Sesaxeb Tu ra gakeTda qveynebis masStabiT konvenciis dasanergad.
konvenciis ratificirebidan erTi wlis Semdeg saxelmwifo valdebulia komitets
warudginos moxseneba. am pirveli moxsenebis Semdeg qveynebi valdebulni arian
komitets moxseneba warudginon yovel 4 weliwadSi erTxel. moxsenebis ganxilvisas
komitetis wevrebs SesaZloa gauCndeT damatebiTi kiTxvebi qveynis moxsenebis irgvliv.
ganxilvis dasasruls komiteti amzadebs rekomendaciebs da saboloo komentars im
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, rasac komiteti miiCnevs gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnad
momxsenebeli qveynis qalTa mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad. saboloo anu daskvniTi
komentaris momzadeba komitetma daiwyo mecamete sesiis (1994 wels) gadawyvetilebiT.
mecamete sesia mniSvnelovania kidev imitom, rom mas Semdeg komitetis sxdomebi gaeros
saTao ofisSi niu-iorkSi imarTeba (manamde komiteti xvdeboda monacvleobiT xan
gaeros ofisSi venaSi, xan ki niu iorkSi).83
konvenciis 23-30 muxlebi konvenciis ratificirebisa da ZalaSi Sesvlis
proceduras gansazRvravs.
konvencia generalurma asambleam Tavisi 34/180 rezoluciiT miiRo 1979 wlis 18
dekembers, xelmowerebisa da ratifikaciisaTvis gaixsna 1980 wlis 1 marts. konvencia
ZalaSi Sevida 1981 wlis 3 seqtembers generaluri asambleis 36/131 rezoluciiT.
2002 wlis TebervlisaTvis 170 qveyanaa konvenciis wevri.84 qalTa konvencia gaeros
bavSTa konvenciis Semdeg yvelaze mravalwevriani konvenciaa, magram amave dros wevri
saxelmwifoebi yvelaze metad am konvenciis zogierT muxlebze ikaveben Tavs, rac
qalTa uflbebis damcavebisa da mkvlevrebis azriT, aferxebs konvenciis efeqturobas.
feministi mkvlevarebi ver Tanxmdebian qalTa adamianis uflebebis artikulaciisa
da danergvis strategiebze, zogierTi maTgani, magaliTad, selina romani fiqrobs, rom
qalTa uflebebi ufro Zlieri da mravlismomcveli iqneba Tu, maTi gamoTqma moxdeba
`qalebisave eniT~ da ara adamianis uflebebis arsebul diskursSi, romelic mamakacuri
dominirebis gamo ar aris sakmarisad mgrZnobiare qalebis problemebisadmi. sxvebi,
magaliTad, hilari Carlsvorsi miiCnevs, rom adamianis uflebebis diskursi im formiT

115

iqneba es qaliSvilobis instituti, romelic Sedegad sul mcire adreul qorwinebebsa da dangreuli
ojaxebs iZleva Tu CveulebiTi samarTlis primati kodificirebul samarTalze mSoblebis
memkvidreobasTan mimarTebaSi, romlis mixedviTac ojaxis ufros vaJiSvilsa da qaliSvils ar miuwvedba
xeli mSoblebis uZrav qonebaze, rac mwvave socialur-ekonomikur Sedegs iZleva
116
konvenciis moTxovnaa SeerTebidan erTi wlis da Semdeg yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel konvenciis
ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb perioduli angariSebis momzadeba (muxli 18). saqarTvelom pirveli angariSi 1995
wlis nacvlad sami wlis dagvianebiT 1998 wels waradgina.
117
kombinirebuli meore da mesame perioduli angariSebi komitets saqarTvelos mTavrobam miawoda,
magram maTi ganxilva jer ar Semdgara.

iohan nordenfelti komitetSi 1982-1984 wlebSi msaxurobda.


meti informaciisaTvis ixileT mara r. bustelo qalTa diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb komiteti
gzajvaredinze. (Mara R. Bustelo. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women at the Crossroads.
The Future of United Nations Human Rights Treaty Monitoring. Edited by Philip Alston and James Crawford. Cambridge University
Press. Cambridge. 2000. 79-111).
84
ukanaskneli qveyana, romelic konvencias SeuerTda aris bahreini, 2002 wlis 18 ivniss, saqarTvelo
qalTa konvencias SeuerTda 1994 wlis 26 oqtombers. gaerTianebuli erebi: qalTa ganviTarebis
ganyofileba.

64

49

82

83

ra formiTac arsebobs ukve moicavs berketebs qalTa uflebebis dasacavad,


gansakuTrebiT iseT sazogadoebebSi, sadac qalebis uflebebis mZime darRvevebi xdeba.
rac Seexeba danergvas, rebeka quki am TvalsazrisiT sam ZiriTad midgomas
gamoyofs. liberaluri feminizmi aRiarebs sqesTa Tanabaruflebianobis miRwevis
SesaZleblobas arsebuli kanonmdeblobis farglebSi, es midgoma ar aris sakmarisad
mgrZnobiare ZalTa ierarqiaSi qalebis sxvadasxvagvari mdebarebis da am
mdebareobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mimarT. kulturuli feminizmi aRiarebs
arsobriv gansxvavebebs qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris, aseTi midgoma saxifaToa, radgan
man SeiZleba gamoiwvios qalebis uflebrivi gariyva. xolo mesame midgoma, radikaluri
feministebis saxiT, miznad isaxavs mamakacTa mier dominirebuli samyaros Zireul
Secvlas, radgan igi efuZneba sxvadasxva saxis uTanasworobas, romlebic
gamomdinareoben genderuli uflebrivi uTanasworobidan.
amgvari saxis debatebi kvlav grZeldeba, magram amave dros Cven ukve mogvepoveba
konkretuli instrumenti, romlis gamoyenebac SeiZleba qalebis interesebis
dasakmayofileblad. mravali qveynis mier konvenciis ratificireba ar niSnavs, rom
qalTa uflebebis darRveva erTbaSad da samudamod aRmoifxvreba, qveynebs romc ar
hqondeT amdeni SezRudvebi konvenciis sxvadasxva muxlebze. konvenciis ratificireba
mxolod pirveli nabijia, misi principebis danergva adgilobriv kanonmdeblobaSi
kidev sxva, xolo am kanonebis ganxorcieleba kidev sxva. es samive safexuri Zalian
mniSvnelovania, magram winamdebare etapis gareSe, rac gamoixata qalTa uflebrivi
azris saerTaSoriso doneze CamoyalibebaSi es Semdgomi etapebi ver gaxdeboda
SesaZlebeli.
qveTavSi me Sevecade meCvenebina qalTa uflebebis damcavi dokumentebis
ganviTarebis ZiriTadi Strixebi erTa ligasa da gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaSi
1945-1982 wlebSi. mimaCnia, rom am periodSi seriozuli safuZveli Caeyara ufro
moqnil, kulturebisadmi mgrZnobiare, mravlismomcvel da qalTa uflebebis damcav
Zlier kanonmdeblobas, ramac xeli unda Seuwyos qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebas msoflios mraval qvryanaSi.

gaerTianebuli erebis qalTa sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili msoflio konferenciebi


ganviTarebadi qveynebis ricxvis zrdam gaerTianebuli erebis wevrTa rigebSi,
organizaciis dRis wesrigSi daayena maTi ganviTarebis sakiTxi. mravalricxovanma
kvlevebma da analizma, jer kidev adreul 1970-ian wlebSi gaero daarwmuna, rom
msoflios masStabiT qalebis mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba warmoadgenda erT-erT
umTavres gasaRebs siRaribis daZlevisa da mosaxleobis janmrTelobis gaumjobesebis
gzaze. amave periodSi Zalas ikrebda feministuri moZraobis meore talRa, romelmac
safuZveli Cauyara qalTa kvlevebs da qalebTan dakavSirebuli mravali sakiTxi gaxada
sajaro msjelobis sagani. miuxedavad Seqmnili realobisa pirveli saerTaSoriso
ganviTarebis strategia, romelic ganviTarebis meore dekadisTvis (1970-1980) Seiqmna
qalebis mdgomareobaze Zalian mwirad saubrobda. amis pasuxad komisiam qalTa
statusis Sesaxeb generalur asambleas SesTavaza rezolucia, romelic warmoadgenda
qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaTvis saerTaSoriso doneze moqmedebis programas.
es rezolucia (A/RES/2715 XXV) asambleam erTxmad miiRo 1970 wlis 15 dekembers.
generalurma asambleam ori wlis Semdeg (1972 wels), 1975 weli qalTa saerTaSoriso
weliwadad gamoacxada, romlis amocanas qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba iyo,
rogorc gaeros sistemaSi, aseve organizaciis wevr qveynebSic. 1974 wels gaerom miiRo

50

ZaladobasTan brZolis 2000-2004 samoqmedo gegmebi. dRevandeli monacemebiT komisiam


arseboba Sewyvita, xolo SemuSavebuli gegmebis 97% ganuxorcielebeli darCa.110
es gamocdileba mniSvnelovani gakveTilia imisaTvis, rom aRar davuSvaT am
sakiTxze formaluri komisiebisa Tu sxvagvari meqanizmebis Seqmna, mxolod saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis moTxovnebis saameblad, aramed gaviTavisoT genderuli Tanasworobis saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulis arsebobis saWiroeba saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaTvis da SevqmnaT qmediTi, efeqturi da angariSvaldebuli meqanizmi.
genderuli Tanasworobis saxelmwifo meqanizmisa da Sesabamisad genderuli
Tanasworobis saxelmwifo politikis saWiroebaze miuTiTebs saqarTveloSi arsebuli
problemebi:

ar arsebobs ojaxur ZaladobasTan dakavSirebuli statistika;

ar arsebobs kanoni `ojaxuri Zaladobis~ Sesaxeb;

ar arsebobs ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverplTa dacvis meqanizmebi;

ar arsebobs samuSao adgilze sqesis niSniT diskriminaciis (mtruli samuSao


garemo) aRmofxvris iuridiuli berketebi;

evropis sxva
maRalia;111

saxezea qalTa mzardi gaRatakeba da araformalur SromiT seqtorSi dasaqmebul


qalTa raodenobis zrda, Sesabamisi mZime samuSao pirobebiTa da daucvelobiT;

saqmianobis yvela sferoSi didia sxvaoba qalebisa da mamakacebis xelfasebs


Soris; `2002 wels kacebis saSualo Tviuri nominaluri xelfasi TiTqmis orjer
aRemateboda qalebis xelfass;112

dabaliaqalTa monawileobis maCvenebeli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis sxvadasxva


doneebze;

ar xdeba saxelmwifos mier nakisri saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis113 Sesruleba


genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT.

qveynebTan

SedarebiT

dedaTa

sikvdilianobis

maCvenebeli

mZlavri genderuli stereotipebis arseboba araxelsayrelia rogorc qalebisTvis,


aseve mamakacebisTvisac; yvela mamakaci erTnairi warmatebiT ver ergeba `mamakacurobis~ gabatonebul stereotips (Zlieri, heteroseqsuali, ojaxis marCenali) da
Sesabamisad maTi adgili da uflebebi sazogadoebaSi izRudeba. 1991 wlidan
moyolebuli bevrma qalma SeiTavsa an srulad itvirTa ojaxis marCenalis funqcia,
ramac meuRleTa araerTgvarovani reaqcia gamoiwvia. zog SemTxvevaSi, mamakacebis
agresiulobam moimata da noyieri niadagi Seiqmna ojaxuri ZaladobisTvis, zog
SemTxvevaSi ki, mamakacebis depresiuloba da demoralizacia moxda (mamakacTa TviTmkvlelobis monacemi 2002 wlisTvis TiTqmis xuTjer aRemateba qalTa TviTmkvlelobis monacems114). Cveni sazogadoebis ganviTarebisTvis aseve mniSvnelovania
gadaixedos is Cveulebebi da stereotipuli Sexedulebebi, romlebic rCebian dominant
110

magaliTisTvis ixileT: qalTa mimarT ZaladobasTan brZolis samoqmedo gegmis monitoringiqalTa


sakonsultacio centri saxli, 2004
111
100 000 qalidan 32 daRupuli qali 2004 wels msoflio jandacvis organizaciis monacemebiT. World
Health Report 2004, World Health Organization, 148.
112
qali da kaci saqarTveloSi 2002, saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti, Tbilisi 2003,
gv. 27.
113
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb da
1995 wlis pekinis moqmedebaTa platforma.
114
qali da kaci saqarTveloSi 2002, saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti, Tbilisi 2003,
gv.10.

63

regulireba iyo wina sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 134-e muxli, romelic danaSaulad
miiCnevda qalis colad moyvanis mizniT motacebis tradicias, `es danaSauli zRudavs
qalisTvis arCevanis Tavisuflebas, Tu visze daqorwindes. iseTi qmedeba, rogoric
motacebaa ukve gulisxmobs Zaladobas, fizikurs an fsiqologiurs, [zog SemTxvevaSi
ki seqsualursac].~109 qalis motaceba daqorwinebis mizniT, bolo xanebSi naklebad
popularuli gaxda, rac zogadad qorwinebebis raodenobis SemcirebiTaa gamowveuli,
rac, Tavis mxriv, mZime ekonomikurma situaciam ganapiroba. SeiZleba aq movnaxoT im
faqtis axsna, rom axlandel sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi qirwinebis mizniT Cadenili
motaceba ar aris naxsenebi, garda 144-e muxlisa, romelic motacebas gansazRvravs,
rogorc mZevlad ayvanas, romelic miznad isaxavs pirovnebaze an organizaciaze
zewolas, mis iZulebas ganaxorcielos esa Tu is qmedeba, im pirobiT, rom mZevali
gaTavisufldeba. CamoTvlilia damamZimebeli garemoebebic, xolo daqorwinebis
ganzraxva naxsenebi ar aris. es movlena uyuradRebod darCa qalTa diskriminaciis
yvela formis likvidaciis komitetisadmi wardgenil 2000 wlis seqtembris meore
samTavrobo moxsenebaSi. amas garda, miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom motaceba daqorwinebis
mizniT sabWoTa kanonmdeblobiT dasjadi iyo, aseT SemTxvevaTa umravlesoba
samoqalaqo aqtebis registraciis organoebSi da ara sasamarTloebSi mTavrdeboda.
nawilobriv imitom, rom qalebs surdaT TavianT `gamtaceblebze~ daqorwineba da
nawilobriv imitom, rom qalis reputaciisTvis sarisko iyo ar gaTxoviliyo motacebis
Semdgom. situaciaSi ukeT gasarkvevad saWiroa iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi qorwinebamde
qaliSvilobis SenarCuneba kvlav Zlier tradiciad rCeba. ase, rom motaceba, romelic
qorwinebiT ar dagvirgvinda, Crdils ayenebs qalis reputacias, ara aqvs mniSvneloba
hqonda Tu ara mas seqsualuri urTierToba gamtacebelTan. es aris is SemTxveva, roca
qalTa uflebebis iuridiuli dacva faqtobrivad araefeqturia Zlieri kulturuli
institutebis gamo. gaTxovebamde qalwulebrivi siwmindis dacva da ormagi moraluri
standartebi Sedegia patriarqaluri sazogadoebisa, romelic arRvevs qalTa Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworuflebianobis principebs. es kulturuli sakiTxebia, romlebic
saxelmwifos mxridan efeqturad ar regulirdeba, radgan erTis mxriv, ar miiCneva
aqtualurad da ar ganixileba, xolo, meores mxriv, imitom rom arsebobs zRvari
moqalaqeTa pirad cxovrebaSi saxelmwifos efeqturi CarevisTvis. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, am sferoSi cvlilebaTa ganxorcieleba dawyebulia Tundac maT irgvliv msjelobisa da bevri adamianis qalisa da mamakacis individualuri magaliTis wyalobiT.
qalTa konvenciasTan SeerTebas zogadad dadebiTi Sedegebi mohyva qalTa
uflebrivi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT, Tumca bevri ram saWiroebs
srulyofas, radganac sazogadoeba am problemebisadmi mgrZnobeloba aklia. am
SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebaSi moiazreba asve saqarTvelos xelisuflebac, romelmac ver
moaxerxa genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebze momuSave moqmedi saxelmwifo
struqturis Seqmna.
mcire xniT SevCerdeT saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso valdebulebebze genderuli
Tanasworobis meqanizmis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT da qveyanaSi arsebul viTarebaze,
aseve mimovixiloT am sferoSi dagrovili saerTaSoriso gamocdileba.
1999 wlis 20 Tebervals prezident e. SevardnaZis 48 brZanebulebiT, qalTa
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis politikis SesamuSaveblad Seiqmna saxelmwifo komisia,
romelic, samwuxarod, araefeqturi gamodga, erTis mxriv, adamianuri da finansuri
resursebis naklebobis da meores mxriv, araefeqturi instituciuri dagegmvis gamo.
komisiam SeimuSava qalTa mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad 1998-2004 da qalTa mimarT
109

xaTuna maduraSvili, qalTa uflebebi da maTi dacva saqarTvelos sisxlisa da Sromiis samarTliT,

almanaxi, 1998: 31.

62

gadawyvetileba mexikoSi 1975 wels gamarTuliyo pirveli msoflio konferencia qalTa


sakiTxebze.
qalTa sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili konferenciebi mexikoSi (1975), kopenhagensa (1980)
da nairobiSi (1985) miekuTvnebodnen 1970-1980-ian wlebSi gaeros egidiT organizebuli
ocamde konfernciis rigs, TumcaRa TiToeuli maTgani Tavisi mniSvnelobiTa da
SinaarsiT absoluturad unikaluri iyo.
1975 wlis qalTa wlisadmi miZRvnili msoflio konferencia warmoadgenda pirvel
globalur maRali rangis mTavrobaTaSoris Sekrebas, romelic mTlianad qalTa
sakiTxebs daeTmoboda. es iyo aseve pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac 1200 warmodgenil
delegats Soris 73%-s qalebi Seadgendnen, ufro metic 133 delegaciidan 113-s qalebi
xelmZRvanelobdnen.85
konferenciam miiRo `msoflio moqmedebaTa gegma qalTa saerTaSoriso wlis
amocanebis Sesasruleblad~.86 am gegmis mixedviT, unda momxdariyo msoflios
masStabiT qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba momaval aTwleulSi anu 1985 wlamde.
gegmam qalTa moZraobis mier wamoWrili sakiTxebi `Tanasworobis -ganviTarebis
mSvidobis~ CarCoSi moaqcia. es Temebi iqca mTavar sakiTxebad, rogorc am aTwleulis
iseve qalTa sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili Semdgomi msoflio konferenciebisaTvis.
konferenciis Sedegad generalurma asambleam 1976-1985 wlebi qalTa dekadad
gamoacxada da gadawyda dekadis SuaSi 1980 wels daniis dedaqalaq kopenhagenSi
Semdgomi konferenciis mowyoba, romelic Seafasebda platformis Sesrulebis
Sualedur progress. xolo 1985 wels keniis dedaqalaq nairobiSi dagegmili
konferencia ki, mTliani dekadis Sedegebsa da miRwevebs Seajamebda.
mkvlevarTa analizma aCvena, rom mexikoSi dasmul amocanaTa Sesruleba ver
moxerxda qalTa dekadaSi, TumcaRa mravali sxva dadebiTi Sedegi iqna miRweuli.
dadebiTi Sedegi gaxldaT is, rom moxda msoflios masStabiT qalTa mdgomareobis
(uflebrivi, socialuri Tu sxva) gaazreba da gancxadeba, ukeTesad vidre am
periodamde momxdara. am dekadaSi gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam moagrova
uzarmazari informacia qalTa sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, aseve gamoaSkaravda is sirTuleebi,
romlebic monacemTa Segrovebisas maT sqesis mixedviT ganawilebas tovebda
uyuradRebod. am mignebaze dayrdnobiT gaerom wevr qveynebs mosTxova monacemTa
Segrovebis meTodebis imgvari daxvewa, rom sqesis mixedviT disagregirebuli masala
moepovebinaT. es rekomendacia ganviTarebulma qveynebma Seasrules, xolo
ganviTarebad qveynebSi jer kidev Seusrulebeli rCeba. 1990-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos
statistikis departamentma SvedeTis ganviTarebis saagentos mxardaWeriT SeimuSava
genderuli statistikis parametrebi da safuZveli Caeyara publikacias `qali da
mamakaci saqarTveloSi~, romelic yovelwliurad gamodis, Tumca kidev ufro metia am
mimarTulebiT gasakeTebeli, vinaidan genderuli statistikis qona, jer kidev ar
niSnavs statistikuri meTodebiT masalis mogrovebis mTel sistemaSi genderis ufro
koreqtulad ki, sqesis mixedviT monacemTa segregacias, rac saqarTvelos statistikis
departaments jer kidev gasakeTebeli aqvs.
1985 wels generalurma asambleam miiRo `nairobis samomavlo strategiebi qalTa
winsvlisTvis87 da am drosve gadawyda xuTweliwadSi erTxel Catarebuliyo msoflios
masStabiT kvlevebi qalTa rolis Sesaxeb, romelic nairobis konferenciis daskvnebisa
da rekomendaciebis Sesrulebas gadaamowmebda. dekadis Sedegad damokidebulebam
85
soflios qalTa konferenciebze mowodebuli masala eyrdnoba hilka pietilas Sromas globalur
dRis wesrigSi genderis integracia: qalebisa da gaerTianebul erTa organizaciis ambavi, 2002. (Hilkka
Pietila, Engendering the Global Agenda: the Story of Women and the United Nations, NGLS, 2002).
86
The World Plan of Action for the Implementation of the Objectives of International Womens Year
87
The Nairobi Froward-Looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women (NFLS)

51

qalTa sakiTxebis mimarT Secvla daiwyo, amis dadasturebaa is faqtic, rom `nairobis
samomavlo strategiebi qalTa winsvlisTvis~ 157 wevri qveynis TanxmobiT iqna
miRebuli, maSin, rodesac adreul konferenciebze am tipis dokumentebis miReba
kenWisyriT xdeboda. gaerTianebuli erebis sistemaSi konsensusiT anu TanxmobiT
miRebuli konferenciis saboloo dokumenti ufro metad savaldebuloa mTavrobebisTvis Sesasruleblad, vidre kenWisyris Sedegad xmaTa umravlesobiT miRebuli
dokumenti.
vinaidan dekadam ver Seasrula dasmuli amocanebi `nairobis samomavlo strategiebi qalTa winsvlisTvis~ ar svamda axal amocanebs, aramed saxavda axal, gaumjobesebul
strategiebs dasmul sakiTxTa misaRwevad 2000 wlisTvis. amgvarad, gaeros qalTa
dekada garkveulwilad gagrZelda 2000 wlamde.
gaeros egidiT organizebul qalTa msoflio konferenciebis uSualo monawileebis
gaeros wevr saxelmwifoTa samTavrobo delegaciebi warmoadgendnen, magram aRsaniSnavia, rom qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis aqtiurma monawileobam konferenciis
e.w. paralelur RonisZiebebSi udidesi roli Seasrula da didi gavlena iqonia
konferenciaTa msvelobebsa da daskvnebze. mexikos konferencias 1200 mTavrobis
delegatTan erTad 3800 arasamTavrobo organizaciis wevri daeswro, es iyo
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis yvelaze didi monawileoba gaeros am dromde Catarebul
msoflio konferenciebs Soris. 1980 wels kopenhagenis konferencias 7000 monawile,
nairobis 1985 wlis konferencias 16000 da 1995 wlis beijingis (pekinis) qalTa msoflio
konferenciasa da huairous forums 50000 monawile daeswro.
qalTa meoTxe msoflio konferenciam, romelic pekinSi gaimarTa Tavi mouyara da
konceptualurad gamarTa yvela is sakiTxi, romelic ki, rodesme dasmula qalTa
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT. konferencia 1995 wlis 4-dan 15
seqtembramde CineTis dedaqalaq pekinSi gaimarTa. delegatTa umravlesoba
samarTlianad svamda kiTxvas: xom ar niSnavda pekinSi konferenciis Catareba CineTis
mTavrobisaTvis politikuri mxardaWeris gamocxadebas anu mxardaWeras im reJimisa,
romelsac bevri arc Tu usafuZvlod totalitarul da adamianis uflebaTa
ugulvebelmyof reJimad moiazrebda? am politikuri mosazrebebidan gamomdinare,
bevri monawileobis msurveli qali Tavs ikavebda CineTSi gamgzavrebisgan. qalTa
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis forumis gamarTva pekinSi igegmeboda, magram
sabolood dedaqalaqidan 60 kilometris moSorebiT, SedarebiT patara qalaq
huairouSi gaimarTa. saerTaSoriso SefasebiT beijingis igive pekinis qalTa meoTxe
msoflio konferencia didi warmatebaa Tavisi moculobiTa da SinaarsiT. konfrencias
189 samTavrobo delegacia daeswro, es cifri aRemateboda gaeros odesme Catarebul
konferenciebSi monawile samTavrobo delegaciaTa ricxvs. konfernciis uSualo
monawile 17000 adamiani iyo, aqedan 6000 samTavrobo wreebis warmomadgenlebi, 4000
akreditirebuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi da 4000 Jurnalisti
da kidev bevri gaeros TanamSromeli. arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa huairouSi
gamarTul forumze 30000 monawile Camovida msoflios yvela kuTxidan, plius 5000-mde
Cineli. Tavisi masStabiTa da mravalferovnebiT beijingis konferencia da huairous
forumi Zalian STambeWdavi aRmoCnda rogorc veterani msoflios qalTa
konferenciebis monawileTaTvis aseve axalbedebisTvis.
`beijingis deklaracia da moqmedebaTa platforma Tanasworobis, ganviTarebisa da
mSvidobisaTvis~ qalTa meoTxe msoflio konferenciis oficialuri, saboloo
dokumentia.88 beijingis moqmedebaTa platforma aRwers qalTa mdgomareobas
globalurad, da aqedan gamomdinare, gamokveTs zrunvis, gnebavT, wuxilis 12 kritikul
88

Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action for Equality, Development and Peace.

52

formas Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT 2 wliT an metiT. Tu am saxis danaSauli Cadenilia


pirovnebis Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebiT, an Tu aseT qmedebas
seriozuli Sedegi mohyveba, igi isjeba patimrobiT 3 wliT, an metiT. aseT SemTxvevebSi
damnaSaved miCneul adamians SeiZleba CamoerTvas ufleba hqondes gansakuTrebuli
Tanamdeboba 5 an meti wlis manZilze."107 es SeuTanxmebloba or moxsenebas Soris
SemTxveviTi araa, erTia gqondes aseTi debuleba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi, xolo
meorea misi praqtikaSi gatareba da gamoyeneba. faqti, rom aseTi muxli arsebobs
TavisTavad dadebiTi movlenaa, magram, rogorc es xSirad xdeba saqarTveloSi,
problema sakanonmdeblo bazis nakleboba ki ara, xalxis mxridan misi codna da
gamoyenebaa. saSualeba rom gvqondes Tvali migvedevnebina am muxliT sasamarTlos
mier ganxiluli saqmeebisTvis, ukeT davinixavdiT, rom aseT SemTxvevebSi
kanonmdebloba mkacrad qaRaldze dawerili rCeba da iSviaTad xorcieldeba
praqtikulad, rac ganpirobebulia mosaxleobis dabali uflebrivi cnobierebiT,
sqesobrivi diskriminaciis danaSaulad aRqmis naklebobiT.
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis moxseneba imeorebs: `saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba
ar icavs qalebs Zaladobisgan. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi pirovnebis winaaRmdeg
Cadenili danaSaulebi gansazRvrulia sityvieri da fizikuri SeuracxyofiT.. ar
arsebobs dacva partnioris mxridan cudad mopyrobisgan, qmris an partnioris mier
gaupatiureba danaSaulad ar iTvleba. ar arsebobs specialuri kanoni, romelic
akrZalavda qalTa winaaRmdeg Zaladobas.~ am mxriv is faqti, rom 1997 wlis
registrirebulia gaupatiurebis mxolod 41 SemTxveva da gaupatiurebis mcdelobis 18
SemTxveva mianiSnebs imaze, rom gaupatiurebis bevri SemTxveva ganucxadebeli rCeba. es
ricxvebi mianiSneben im mizezebzec ra mizezebiTac qalebi eridebian samarTaldamcav
organoebs: es SeiZleba iyos undobloba sasamarTlo struqturebis mimarT, survilis
arqona moxdes `kerZo~ sakiTxebis gaxmaureba, sazogadoebrivi azris SiSi,
patriarqaluri sazogadoebis zegavlena, romelic qmrisa an partnioris mier Cadenil
gaupatiurebas ar aRiqvams qalis winaaRmdeg mimarTul Zaladobad, qalTa dabali
uflebrivi cnobiereba da sxva.108
konvenciis me-6 muxlis Tanaxmad, `monawile saxelmwifoebi iReben yvela Sesabamis
zomas, sakanonmdeblo iniciativebis CaTvliT, qalebiT yovelgvari vaWrobisa da qalTa
seqsualuri eqspluataciis aRsakveTad.~ qalTa winaaRmdeg Zaladobis aRmkveTi
kanonis ararsebobis msgavsad, ar arsebobs aseve gansakuTrebuli kanoni, romelic
daaregulirebda qveyanaSi qalTa trefikings an prostitucias. miuxedavad specifiuri
kanonis ar arsebobisa, 2003 wels saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi Sevida
muxli adamianebiT vaWrobis Sesaxeb, rac udavod win gadadgmuli nabijia, vinaidan
manmade ver xerxdeboda am mZime danaSaulisaTvis kriminalebis dasja da isini
SedarebiT iseTi mcire braleulobiT iZvrendnen Tavs, rogoricaa sabuTebis
gayalbeba, prostituciaSi CaTreva, muqara, SantaJi da sxva.
monawile saxelmwifoebisadmi qalTa konvenciis Semdegi moTxovna Camoyalibebulia me-2 muxlis v) paragrafSi; `[saxelmwifoebma unda] miiRon yvela Sesabamisi
zoma, sakanonmdeblos CaTvliT, im moqmedi kanonebis, dadgenilebebis, Cveulebebisa da
praqtikis Sesacvlelad an gasauqmeblad, romelic qalis diskriminacias uwyobs xels.~
erTi magaliTi Tu rogor SeuZlia saxelmwifoa aseTi Cveulebebisa da praqtikis
107

Consideration of Initial Report Submitted by States Parties under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Discrimination against Women, article 2, paragraph 23.
108
moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 137-e muxlis mixedviT gaupatiureba isjeba 3-dan 7 wlamde
patimrobiT. miuxedavad amisa, damamZimebel SemTxvevebSi Cadenili gaupatiureba (magaliTad, rogoricaa
jgufuri gaupatiureba, fexmZmime qalis gaupatiureba, 14 wlamde asakis pirovnebis gaupatiureba) isjeba
5-dan 20 wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT.

61

Cades `pirovneba~, `moqalaqe~, da `individi~ orive sqesis aRsaniSnavad, mcireodeni


miTiTebiT, rom'ar aris saWiro moqalaqeTa gancalkeveba sqesobrivi gansxvavebulobis
safuZvelze.
30-e muxlis me-4 paragrafSi qalebi orjer arian moxseniebuli: "SromiTi
uflebebis dacva, Sromis samarTliani anazRaureba da usafrTxo, jansaRi pirobebi,
arasrulwlovanisa da qalis Sromis pirobebi ganisazRvreba kanoniT."
qalTa
moxsenieba arasrulwlovanebTan erTad xazs usvams saxelmwifos mxridan maTi SromiTi
uflebebis dacvis saWiroebis aRiarebas specialuri kanonmdeblobis saSualebiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es Riad ar aris naTqvami, konstituciis Semqmnelebi aRiareben,
rom qalebi saxelmwifos mxridan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas saWiroeben imisTvis, rom
ar dairRves maTi uflebebi da saxelmwifo maT mimarT, iseve rogorc mozardebis
mimarT erTgvar mamobriv, paternalistur zrunvas iCens. amgvari damokidebuleba
qalebis mimarT meored konstituciis 36-e muxlSi Cans; "qorwineba efuZneba Tanasworuflebianobasa da meuRleTa Tavisufal nebas", iqve me-3 paragrafSi weria "kanoni
icavs qalTa da bavSvTa uflebebs". isev, qalebis moxsenieba bavSvebTan erTad xazs
usvams saxelmwifos mxridan qalTa dacvis saWiroebas, rac TavisTavad cudi ar aris.
qalTa uflebebisaTvis mebrZolni aTwleulebis manZilze iRwvodnen imisTvis, rom
maT qveynebis kanonmdeblobebSi amgvari specialuri zrunvis muxlebi gaCeniliyo,
TumcaRa istoriam da gamocdilebam aCvena, rom mamobrivma zrunvam SeiZleba
diskriminaciuli xasiaTi SeiZinos. magaliTad, SromiT samarTals Tu davubrundebiT
da SevadarebT SromiT bazarze arsebul situacias, romelic dRiTidRe ufro da ufro
konkurentunariani xdeba, davinaxavT, rom is guluxvi specialuri zrunva, romliTac
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi ajildovebs qalebs SesaZloa damqiraveblebis mxridan
maTi kandidaturis dawunebis mizezi gaxdes. igive kodeqsis III Tavis 17 muxlis
mixedviT,105 dauSvebelia samsaxurSi miRebisas sqesis niSniT pirdapiri Tu
arapirdapiri diskriminacia, TumcaRa mravali damqiravebeli survilis SemTxvevaSi
monaxavs sababs samuSaoze uaris TqmisTvis, xolo zogierTi damqiravebeli ise Sorsac
midis, rom pirdapir acxadebs an qalebis, an mamakacebis daqiravebis survils, rac
kodeqsis am muxlis ganxorcielebis dabali efeqturobis maCvenebelia.
amas garda, konstituciaSi qalebisa da bavSvebis/mozardebis uflebebis damcavi
muxlebis arseboba, romlebic maTi mamakacebTan Tanabaruflebianobis garantebi
xdebian migviTiTebs im garemoebaze, rom sqesobrivi da asakobrivi diskriminacia
problemuria da kanonmdebeli cdilobs am problemas gaumklavdes (Tu ramdenad
efeqturad es ukve sxva sakiTxia).
Tu qalTa konvenciis Sesrulebis farglebSi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis
moxsenebebs da saxelmwifo struqturebis moxsnebebs SevadarebT, SevamCnevT SeuTavseblobas: arasamTavrobo seqtoris moxsenebis mixedviT, miuxedavad zemoxsenebuli
konstituciis me-14 muxlisa, '"ar arsebobs specialuri kanonebi, romlebic akrZalaven
qalTa diskriminacias~,106 saxelmwifo moxseneba ki sawinaaRmdego monacems gvawvdis:
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi "awesebs sanqciebs im qmedebebisTvis, romlebic arRveven
moqalaqeTa Tanasworuflebianobas; aseTi sanqciebi iReben jarimis an dapatimrebis
105
saqarTvelos Sromis kanonTa kodeqsi, Tbilisi: gamocemulia 2003 wlis noembris mdgomareobiT. Tavi
III Sromis xelSekruleba (kontraqti) muxli 17. samuSao miRebis garantiebi:
1.
dausabuTebeli uari samuSaos miRebaze akrZalulia.
2.
samuSaod miRebisas dauSvebelia adamianis uflebaTa pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri
SezRudva an upiratesobis miniWeba rasis, kanis feris, enis, sqesis, religiis, politikuri da sxva
Sexedulebebis, erovnuli, eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebis warmoSobis, qonebrivi da
wodebrivi mdgomareobisa da sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT.
106
Report of Non-governmental Organizations on the Status of Women in the Republic of Georgia Under CEDAW Articles,
1998, article 2.

60

sferos, romlis daregulirebis gzasac aseve saxavs. es 12 kritikuli sferoa:


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

siRaribe;
ganaTleba;
jandacva;
Zaladoba qalebis winaaRmdeg;
SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi;
ekonomika;
Zalaufleba da gadawyvetilebis miRebis doneebi;
instituciuri meqanizmebi;
adamianis uflebebi;
media;
garemos dacva;
gogonaTa mdgomareoba.

moqmedebaTa platformaSi naTqvamia, rom igi warmoadgens qalTa winsvlisa da


gaZlierebis dRis wesrigs. amgvarad aqcenti aRar keTdeba qalTa diskriminaciis
aRmofxvraze, aramed maT gaZlierebasa da winsvlaze, vinaidan, platformis TvalTaxedviT, mxolod mamakacebTan Tanasworoba ar aris sakmarisi; imisaTvis, rom qalebma
moaxerxon realuri cvlilebis moxdena da srulfasovani monawileobis miReba gadawyvetilebis mimReb doneebze, saWiroa maTi winsvlisa da gaZlierebisaTvis xelSewyoba.
Tu gavaanalizebT, pekinis moqmedebaTa platforma Tavmoyraa yvela im
mniSvnelovani sakiTxisa, rac ki rodesme wamoWrila saerTaSoriso doneze qalebTan
mimarTebaSi.
qalTa konvenciisagan gansxvavebiT, beijingis moqmedebaTa platforma amomwuravad
exeba qalTa mimarT Zaladobis sakiTxs da saxavs am problemis gadaWris qmediT gzebs.
platforma amaxvilebs yuradRebas qalTa reproduqciul uflebebze da saubrobs
gogonaTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli diskriminaciuli praqtikis aRmofxvris saWiroebebze. platforma, aseve pirvelad da mkafiod mouwodebs wevr mTavrobebs moaxdinon
genderis integrireba e.w. meinstrimingi maT mier ganxorcielebuli politikis
sxvadasxva sferoebSi.
beijingis konferenciidan xuTi wlis Semdeg, 2000 wels gaeros aRar daugegmavs
axali msoflio konferencia qalTa sakiTxebze. amis nacvlad niu iorkSi, gaeros saTao
ofisSi, gaimarTa generaluri asambleis specialuri sxdoma saTauriT: `qalebi 2000:
genderuli Tanasworoba, ganviTareba da mSvidoba ocdameerTe saukuneSi~. es sxdoma
istoriaSi `beijings +5~ saxeliTac aris cnobili, misi mizani beijingis moqmedebaTa
platformis muSaobis xuTwliani Sefaseba iyo. sxdoma 5-dan 9 invisamde gaimarTa da mas
178 wevri qveynis 2300 samTavrobo delegati da 2000-mde arasamTavrobo organizaciis
warmomadgeneli daeswro. `beijing +5~ isTvis gaerom wevr qveynebs daugzavna
kiTxvari, romelze pasuxebis gacemac iZleoda saSualebas moqmedebaTa platformis
efeqturobis Sesafaseblad. gaeros 188 wevri qveynidan 146-ma qveyanam gamogzavna
pasuxebi am kiTxvarze, rac 2000 wlis ianvarSi aikinZa da erTian publikaciad gamoica.89
am angariSis paralelurad arasamTavrobo organizaciebma TavianTi Crdilovani
angariSi moamzades, sadac samTavrobo angariSSi mocemuli daskvnebis gadamowmeba
moxda.
generaluri asambleis am sagangebo sxdomis saboloo dokuments, romelic erTxmad
89

gamocemis saTauria: beijingis moqmedebaTa platformis ganxorcielebis ganxilva da Sefaseba


(Review and appraisal of the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action(E/CN.6/2000/PC/2)).

53

iqna miRebuli wevri qveynebis delegaciaTa mier warmoadgenda `politikuri


deklaracia da Semdgomi nabijebi da iniciativebi beijingis deklaraciisa da moqmedebaTa platformis gansaxorcieleblad~.90 am dokumentSi xazgasmulia mTavrobaTa
mier beijingis moqmedebaTa platformiT aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebis
aucilebloba, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom moqmedebaTa platformis zegavlena zogadad
dadebiTad Sefasda da misi ganxorcielebis vadebi gagrZelda kidev 5 wliT.
2005 wlis 28 Tebervlidan 11 martamde isev niu-iorkSi, gaerTianebuli erebis
organizaciis saTao ofisSi gaimarTa gaeros `komisiis qalTa statusis Sesaxeb91 rigiT
49-e sxdoma. am sxdomas win uZRoda mosamzadebeli Sexvedra JenevaSi, romelSic
aqtiurad monawileobdnen qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebi msoflios sxvdasxva
qveynebidan. mTavari amocana da mizani komisiis 49-e sxdomisa iyo beijingis
moqmedebaTa platformisa da 2000 wels miRebuli deklaraciis ganxorcielebis
Sefaseba da Sedegabidan gamomdinare platformis an ganmtkiceba da gaZliereba an misi
sisusteebis aRiareba da mitoveba.
mosamzadebelma samuSaom da Sefasebebma naTlad warmoaCina `beijingis moqmedebaTa
platformis~ rogorc konceptualuri CarCos Zliereba qalTa mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT. aRiniSna, rom zrunvis is 12 kritikuli sfero, romelsac
moqmedebaTa platforma kveTs aTi wlis Tavzec aqtualuria mravali qveynis moqalaqe
qalebisaTvis da miuxedavad `beijingis moqmedebaTa platformis~ susti ganxorcielebisa erovnul doneebze qveynebis mTavrobebis mier, gaerTianebuli erebis
`qalTa statusis komisiis~ 49-e sxdomam Tavisi deklaraciiT moaxdina moqmedebaTa
platformis ganmtkiceba yovelgvari cvlilebebisa da Sesworrebebis gareSe, metic
platformasTan SeerTebul qveynebs mosTxova misi ganuxreli da efeqturi
ganxorcieleba.
49-e sxdoma 28 Tebervals gaeros generalurma mdivanma kofi ananma gaxsna, es faqti
ukve dasturia gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mxridan qalTa sakiTxebis
seriozuli mxardaWerisa. Tavis sityvaSi generalurma mdivanma aRniSna, rom
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis yvelaze swor da Zlevamosil gzas qalTa gaZliereba da
maTi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaze zrunva warmoadgens. generalurma mdivanma aRniSna,
rom qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaTvis absoluturad aucilebelia genderuli
uTanasworobis daZleva dasaqmebis sferoSi, qalTa warmomadgenlobis gazrda
sakanonmdeblo organosa da gadawyvetilebis mimReb doneebze da qalTa winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli Zaladobis aRmofxvra.
komisiis sxdomas 180-ze meti samTavrobo delegacia eswreboda da 6000-mde
arasamTavrobo organizacia adevnebda Tvals. platformis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi didia
swored qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis roli, romlebmac organizebulad da
efeqturad gauwies winaaRmdegoba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis delegaciis
iniciativas `platformis~ teqstSi qalTa reproduqciuli uflebebis nawilis
Casworebis Sesaxeb. a.S.S. delegaciis cvlilebis gaTvaliswineba mniSvnelovnad
gaauaresebda qalTa arCevanis Tavisuflebas orsulobis xelovnurad Sewyvetisas.
qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebs mxari dauWira evrokavSiris qveynebis
delegaciebma da aqtiuri lobirebis Sedegad amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma 4 marts
gaiTxova winadadeba `platformis~ teqstsi cvlilebis Setanis Sesaxeb. arasamTavrobo
da samTavrobo delegatebis amgvarma warmatebulma TanamSromlobam, kidev erTxel
daadastura, rom msoflio masStabiT arsebuli qalTa mdgomareobis sirTulisa,
saerTaSoriso doneze qalTa sakiTxebisadmi progresuli midgoma dominirebs.
90
91

bisa, `tradiciis mixedviT qalebi meorad memkvidreebad miiCnevian. praqtikulad,


qalebs ufro naklebi uflebebi aqvT, vidre mamakacebs memkvidreobiT miRebuli
qonebis ganawilebaSi~.101 am SemTxvevaSi paradoqsi, romlis mowmenic vxdebiT
kodificirebuli samarTlis araefeqturobaa CveulebiT samarTalTan SedarebiT.
Tumca konvencia stimuls aZlevs saxelmwifoebs regulireba gauwion diskriminaciul
Cveulebebsa da tradiciebs, qalTa diskriminaciis tradiciuli formebis aRmofxvra
sakanonmdeblo iniciativebze mets moiTxovs. am situaciis Semdgomi analizisTvis
gamoviyenoT r.j. vinsentis logika imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra emarTeba adamianTa uflebebs Tu
isini realurad ar xorcieldeba. vinsenti mimarTavs jek donelis, romelmac `flobis
paradoqsis~102 cneba Semoitana, rac imas niSnavs, rom rodesac pirovnebas manqanas
moparaven, mas Teoriulad isev aqvs am manqanaze ufleba, magram praqtikulad ver
axorcielebs. vinsenti aRniSnavs, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi `adamianis uflebebisTvis
damaxasiaTebelia ganuxorcielebloba~103 igive situacia gvaqvs saqarTveloSi qalTa
da mamakacTa kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul da realur TanasworobasTan dakavSirebiT,
bevr sferoSi qalebi samarTlebrivad mamakacebis Tanasworulflebianni arian, magram
realuri monacemebi gansxvavebul suraTs iZleva.
konvenciis me-2 muxlis paragrafi a) Seexeba sqesTa Tanasworulflebianobis principis asaxvas qveynebis konstituciebsa da erovnul kanonmdeblobebSi. saqarTvelos
konstitucia qveynis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi dokumentia, romelic parlamentma 1995
wlis agvistoSi miiRo, rodesac qveyana ukve SeerTebuli iyo qalTa konvencias.
konstituciis me-6 muxlis me-2 paragrafis mixedviT `saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba
Seesabameba saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebul principebsa da normebs.
saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebasan SeTanxmebas, Tu igi ar ewinaarmdegeba
saqarTvelos konstitucias, aqvs upiratesi iuridiuli Zala Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi
normatiuli aqtebis mimarT.~104 ase, rom prioritetulad saerTaSoriso samarTlis
dokumenti cxaddeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qveyana misi nawilia da igi ar ewinaaRmdegeba
konstitucias. Tumca saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis pirdapiri gatareba qveyanaSi
ver moxerxdeba, amisaTvis saWiroa misi erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi asaxva.
vinaidan saqarTvelo sabWoTa saxelmwifos samarTalmemkvidrea, sqesTa Tanabaruflebianobis samarTlebrivi daregulirebis mravali sakiTxi ar aris konvenciis
adgilobriv samarTalSi danergvis Sedegi, aramed am samarTalmemkvidreobis. amis
gaTvaliswinebiT, muxlobrivad ganvixiloT konvenciis moTxovnebi da saqarTvelos
samarTlebrivi realoba. konstituciaSi qalTa da mamakacTa Tanasworobis principis
asaxva konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli pirveli moTxovnaa. (nawili I, me-2 muxli,
paragrafi a)). saqarTvelos konstituciis me-14 muxlSi vkiTxulobT `yvela adamiani
dabadebiT Tavisufalia da kanonis winaSe Tanasworia ganurCevlad rasisa, kanis
ferisa, enisa, sqesisa, religiisa, politikuri da sxva Sexedulebebisa, erovnuli,
eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebisa, warmoSobisa, qonebrivi da wodebrivi
mdgomareobisa, sacxovrebeli adgilisa.~ aq `sqesi~ naxsenebia sxva kriteriumebTan
erTad, romlis mixedviTac pirovnebam kanonis winaSe ar unda ganicados diskriminacia.
konstituciaSi gansakuTrebulad ar aris moxsenebuli qali da mamakaci, romelTac
Tanabari uflebebi da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebi aqvT, aq orive sqesisaTvis gamoyenebulia sityva `pirovneba~, `moqalaqe~, an `individi~. dokumentSi kanonmdeblebma
101

Political Declaration and Further Actions and Initiatives to Implement the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action.
Commission on the Status of Women.

Report of Non-governmental Organizations on the Status of Women in the Republic of Georgia Under CEDAW Articles,
1998, 6.
102
R.J. Vincent, Human Rights and International Relations, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1986, 10. Citing Jack
Donelly, The Concept of Human Roghts, 16-17.
103
Ibid, 10.
104
saqarTvelos konstitucia, 1995, Tavi I, muxli 6, paragrafi 2.

54

59

gaazrebulad da efeqturad?
1994 wlis 24 seqtembers saqarTvelos parlamentis brZanebulebiT, qveyana rezervaciis gareSe SeuerTda konvencias qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris
Sesaxeb, romelic ZalaSi 1994 wlis 25 noembers Sevida. am movlenam mwvane Suqi aunTo
qalTa uflebebis damcavT, qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebsa Tu kanonmdeblebs,
imisaTvis, rom gaeumjobesebinaT qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi da
aemaRlebinaT maTi cnobiereba am TvalsazrisiT. konvenciasTan mierTeba warmoadgenda
qalTa ganviTarebisTvis da maTi SesaZleblobebis realizaciisTvis myari safuZvelis
Sesaqmneli pirveli mniSvnelovani nabiji iyo.
modiT ganvixiloT qarTvel qalTa samarTlebrivi statusi konvenciis muxlebisa
da misi moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. aseve SevadaroT saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier gaeros
konvenciis komisiisaTvis wardgenili moxseneba adgilobrivi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis moxsenebas. orive moxseneba waredgina gaeros generalur mdivans qalTa
diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb komitetis dainteresebiT, konvenciis me-18 muxlis Tanaxmad, romlis mixedviTac, konvenciis ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg
erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi wevrma saxelmwifoebma unda waradginon TavianTi mixsenebebi
konvenciis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb.96
konvenciis pirvel muxlSi vkiTxulobT: "termini `qalis diskriminacia~ niSnavs
sqesis niSniT nebismier gansxvavebas, gamijnvas an SezRudvas, romelmac SesaZlebelia
Sedegad moitanos an romlis mizania qalis mier, misi ojaxuri mdgomareobis miuxedavad, mamakacisa da qalis Tanasworobis safuZvelze, politikur, ekonomikur, socialur, kulturul, samoqalaqo an nebismier sxva sferoSi, adamianis uflebebisa da
ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa aRiarebis, sargeblobis an gamoyenebis SesaZleblobis Sesusteba, an sruli uaryofa.97 diskriminaciis gansazRvrebis garda konvencia wevrs
saxelmwifoebs avaldebulebs konkretuli RonisZiebebis gatarebas diskriminaciis
aRmosafxvrelad.
qalTa konvenciis mxare saxelmwifoebisTvis konvenciis mier warmodgenil samarTlebriv moTxovnaTa TanmimdevrobiT ganvixilav kanonis winaSe qalTa da mamakacTa
Tanasworobis cnebas, qarTuli samarTlis CarCoebSi. qarTuli kanonmdeblobis
mixedviT, qalebi da mamakacebi Tanabaruflebianebi arian ganaTlebisa da jandacvis
miRebis kuTxiT. "aqvT ufleba gaaformon kontraqtebi da gankargon qoneba, da miiRon
memkvidreoba."98 kanonmdebloba orive sqesis warmomadgenlebisTvis erTnairia
sasamarTlo proceduris yvela etapze. moqalaqeobis miRebis, masze uaris Tqmis,
aRdgenis an Sewyvetis ufleba qalebs da mamakacebs erTnairi aqvT.99 miuxedavad
kanonis winaSe sqesTa Tanasworuflebianobisa, tradiciebi da qalTa dabali
uflebrivi cnobiereba, mamakacebs saxavs meti prioritetebis mqone moqalaqeebad.
qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris komitetSi wardgenil orive
moxsenebaSi vkiTxulobT: "miuxedavad qarTuli kanonmdeblobis aradiskriminaciuli
debulebebisa, mainc arsebobs qalTa da mamakacTa socialur rolebs Soris asimetria,
mamakacebis sasargeblod.100
arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa moxsenebaSi memkvidreobiT de iure da de faqto
uflebebTan dakavSirebiT weria, rom miuxedavad kanonis winaSe Tanasworuflebiano-

kursis am monakveTSi Cven ganvixileT qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareobis


gaumjobesebasTan dakavSirebuli yvela is masStaburi da mniSvenlovani RonisZieba,
romelic gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis farglebSi gaimarTa misi daarsebis
dRidan, vidre dRemde. daskvnis saxiT unda aRiniSnos, rom gaeros mier wevr
saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebisTvis saerTaSoriso doneze qalTa sakiTxebis amgvarma
qmediTma dasmam, qalTa uflebebisaTvis mebrZolT Seuqmna noyieri garemo
muSaobisTvis, xolo im sisusteebma, romlebic SeiniSneba zemoxsenebul saerTaSoriso
dokumentebis ganxorcielebasTan mimarTebaSi gamoavlina mTavrobaTa politikuri
nebis nakleboba qalTa realuri gaZlierebisa da winsvlisTvis xelSewyobis saqmeSi.

96
saqarTvelos pirveli angariSi unda 1995 wels waredgina, magram pirveladi angariSis wardgena
mxolod 1998 wels moxerxda, gaeros komitetma ki igi 1999 wels ganixila.
97
gaero, konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, muxli 1.
98
Report of Non-governmental Organizations on the Status of Women in the Republic of Georgia Under CEDAW Articles, 1998,
5-6.
99
Consideration of Initial Report Submitted by States Parties under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Discrimination against Women, article 9, paragraph 59.
100
Ibid. article 5, paragraph 33.

58

55

kvira 6
1. rogor sruldeba saerTaSoriso valdebulebebi: saqarTvelos
gamocdileba qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareobis kuTxiT 1991-2004
wlebSi
literatura:
Sabedashvili, Tamar, Womens Legal Rights Conditions: the Case of Georgia, Report Delivered at a
Conference Gender Works for the Former Soviet Union Countries, organized by te World Bank and
Swediish International Development Agency, Stockholm, Sweden, April 2004.
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, Initial Report of States Parties, Georgia,
March 10, 1998.
Jaki : kargi maSin. minda, rom gamiZRve...win
maswavlebeli: Zalian kargi, magram saiT aris win?
Jaki: modi erT did saidumlos getyvi,
kacobriobis uZveles xriks.
win aris yvelgan [..] saiTac
gaixedav, yvelgan winaa!

milan kunderas piesidan "Jaki da misi batoni"92

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas Tan mohyva axali, damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis, maT


Soris, saqarTvelos aRmoceneba. 1991 wlidan moyolebuli saqarTvelom, rogorc ermasaxelmwifom gaiara saxelmwifod Camoyalibebis rTuli da mtkivneuli procesi. 90-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi warmoqmnilma orma eTnikurma konfliqtma da samoqalaqo omma didi
gavlena iqonia ara mxolod qveynis ganviTarebis bedze, aramed asiaTasobiT moqalaqeze
da maT Soris qalebzec.
saxelmwifos mier Tavsmoxveuli genderuli Tanasworobis ritorika komunizmTan
erTad dasamarda, axladaRmocenebul damoukidebel qveynebSi qalebi, erTis mxriv,
reabilitirebuli kulturuli da religiuri tradiciebis, xolo, meores mxriv, mZime
ekonomikuri pirobebis daqvemdebarebaSi aRmoCndnen.
tranzicia gulisxmobs `win~ moZraobas erTi socialuri, ekonomikuri da
politikuri wyobilebidan meorisaken, Tumca es `win~, rogorc Jaki ambobs, SeiZleba
iyos yvelgan da zustad aravin icis sad davasrulebT mogzaurobas. amgvarad
damoukideblobis gamocxadebidan dRemde 4,493 milioniani qveyana moZraobs `win~.
tranzicia ar aris qarTuli sityva, am laTinuri warmoSobis sityvas farTo gamoyeneba
swored laTinuri warmoSobis enebSi aqvs, TumcaRa bolo aTwleulis manZilze
CvenTanac farTo gavrceleba pova da Tavis leqsikur mniSvnelobaze gacilebiT meti
Sinaarsi SeiZina. vebsteris ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT, tranzicia niSnavs
Secvlas, moZraobas an gadasvlas erTi poziciidan, mdgomareobidan, subieqtidan,

mosazrebidan meoreze.94 Cvens politikur garemoSi tranzicia ganisazRvra, rogorc


cvlileba erTi saxelmwifo wyobidan meorisaken; ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT,
ZiriTadad,
socializmisa
da
centralizebulad
dagegmili
ekonomikidan
kapitalizmisa da sabazro ekonomikisken, xolo politikurad - totalitarizmidan
demokratiisken.
es procesebi oficialurad 1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisTanave daiwyo,
Tumca farTo sazogadoeba ar iyo informirebuli zustad ra saxeliT moenaTlaT
isini. sityva `tranzicia~ postsabWoTa konteqstSi SemoRebuli iqna mogvianebiT, 90iani wlebis Sua xanebSi, maSin, roca politikosebsa da mkvlevrebs dasWirdaT saxelis
darqmeva yofili sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris (ssrk) respublikebSi
mimdinare procesebisTvis. ase, rom saqarTvelo sxva ssrk respublikebis
umravlesobasTan erTad tranziciul saxelmwifoTa kategoriaSi aRmoCnda, romlebic
CemTvis misaRebi da sakmaod farTod gavrcelebuli gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad,
warmoadgenen "hibrid[eb]s, sadac Zveli wyobis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebTan erTad
Tanaarseboben axali wyobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli aspeqtebic. aseT qveynebs,
miuxedavad imisa, demokratiuli da sabazro ekonomikis gziT viTardebian Tu
avtoritarizmis gzas adganan, saerTo maxasiaTebeli - arastabiluroba gamoarCevs."95
`tranziciis~ cnebam Cvens realobaSi garkveuli ideologiuri mniSvneloba SeiZina
da umetes SemTxvevaSi politikosebis mier ganadgurebuli mrewvelobis, mZime
ekonomikuri pirobebis, eleqtroenrgiis miwodebis naklebobis, mzardi umuSevrobis,
aTasobiT iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli adamianis, eTnikuri konfliqtebisa da
samoqalaqo omis gasamarTlebel da sabodiSo terminad iqca. TiTqosda tranzicia
TavisTavSi aucileblad gulisxmobdes da normalurs~ xdides zemoCamoTvlil
sirTuleebs. saxelis gamoZebnas maxasiaTebeli niSnebis gamoyofac mohyva ase Seiqmna
tranziciis ideologia, romelic ara xolod qveynis politikur, ekonomikur da
socialur mdgomareobas gamoxatavda aramed, samwuxarod,
postkomunistur
mTavrobaTa araefeqturi da xSirad danaSaulebrivi qmedebisa da uamravi adamianis
tanjvis gasamarTlebeli sabuTic gaxda.
kursis es Tema qalTa mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebul samarTlebriv mdgomareobas
exeba gardamavali periodis saqarTveloSi 1991 wlis 9 aprilidan, mas Semdeg, rac
qveyanam damoukidebloba gamoacxada, dRevandel dRemde. 1991 wlis Semdgomi periodi
aris cvlilebaTa xana sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela doneze; gardamaval periodSi
qarTvel qalebs mamakacebTan erTad mieniWaT garkveuli uflebebi, Camoyalibda axali
da gardaiqmna Zveli saxelmwifo institutebi, magram xdeba ki am uflebebis dacva an
ramdenad efeqturad muSaobs saxelmwifo struqturebi da sruldeba Tu ara qalebis
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis samoqmedo gegmebi jer kidev sakiTxavia.
axladaRmocenebuli qarTuli saxelmwifo 1990-iani wlebidanve Seecada saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobis legitimuri wevri gamxdariyo. igi SuerTda saerTaSoriso
konvenciebsa da xelSekrulebebs, 1994 wels SeuerTda konvencias qalTa
diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (CEDAW an qalTa konvencia),
saqarTvelodan qalTa oficialuri delegacia monawileobda gaeros mier mowyobil
qalTa msoflio konferenciebSi. saqarTvelo uerTdeba beijingis konferenciaze
miRebul moqmedebaTa platformas da Sesabamisad cdilobs qveynis SigniT gadadgas
Sesabamisi nabijebi qalTa mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad, magram ramdenad
94

92

Milan Kundera, Jacques and His Master: An Homage to Diderot in Three Acts (New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1985),

89.

93
statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis mixedviTsaqarTvelos mosaxleoba 2002 wlis aRweris
SedegebiT 4,4 milions udris, 1989 wlis aRweris monacemebiT ki 5,5 milionis toli iyo.

56

Websters Unabridged Dictionary: Newer Words Faster (Random House Inc. 1999), s.v. transition.
Adrian Karatnycky, Political and Economic Reform in East Central Europe and New Independent States: A Progress Report,
Nations in Transit 1997: Civil Society, Democracy and Markets in East Central Europe and the Newly Independent States, ed. Adrian
Karatnycky, Alexander Modyl and Boris Shor (New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers, 1998), 9.
95

57

kvira 6
1. rogor sruldeba saerTaSoriso valdebulebebi: saqarTvelos
gamocdileba qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareobis kuTxiT 1991-2004
wlebSi
literatura:
Sabedashvili, Tamar, Womens Legal Rights Conditions: the Case of Georgia, Report Delivered at a
Conference Gender Works for the Former Soviet Union Countries, organized by te World Bank and
Swediish International Development Agency, Stockholm, Sweden, April 2004.
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, Initial Report of States Parties, Georgia,
March 10, 1998.
Jaki : kargi maSin. minda, rom gamiZRve...win
maswavlebeli: Zalian kargi, magram saiT aris win?
Jaki: modi erT did saidumlos getyvi,
kacobriobis uZveles xriks.
win aris yvelgan [..] saiTac
gaixedav, yvelgan winaa!

milan kunderas piesidan "Jaki da misi batoni"92

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas Tan mohyva axali, damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis, maT


Soris, saqarTvelos aRmoceneba. 1991 wlidan moyolebuli saqarTvelom, rogorc ermasaxelmwifom gaiara saxelmwifod Camoyalibebis rTuli da mtkivneuli procesi. 90-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi warmoqmnilma orma eTnikurma konfliqtma da samoqalaqo omma didi
gavlena iqonia ara mxolod qveynis ganviTarebis bedze, aramed asiaTasobiT moqalaqeze
da maT Soris qalebzec.
saxelmwifos mier Tavsmoxveuli genderuli Tanasworobis ritorika komunizmTan
erTad dasamarda, axladaRmocenebul damoukidebel qveynebSi qalebi, erTis mxriv,
reabilitirebuli kulturuli da religiuri tradiciebis, xolo, meores mxriv, mZime
ekonomikuri pirobebis daqvemdebarebaSi aRmoCndnen.
tranzicia gulisxmobs `win~ moZraobas erTi socialuri, ekonomikuri da
politikuri wyobilebidan meorisaken, Tumca es `win~, rogorc Jaki ambobs, SeiZleba
iyos yvelgan da zustad aravin icis sad davasrulebT mogzaurobas. amgvarad
damoukideblobis gamocxadebidan dRemde 4,493 milioniani qveyana moZraobs `win~.
tranzicia ar aris qarTuli sityva, am laTinuri warmoSobis sityvas farTo gamoyeneba
swored laTinuri warmoSobis enebSi aqvs, TumcaRa bolo aTwleulis manZilze
CvenTanac farTo gavrceleba pova da Tavis leqsikur mniSvnelobaze gacilebiT meti
Sinaarsi SeiZina. vebsteris ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT, tranzicia niSnavs
Secvlas, moZraobas an gadasvlas erTi poziciidan, mdgomareobidan, subieqtidan,

mosazrebidan meoreze.94 Cvens politikur garemoSi tranzicia ganisazRvra, rogorc


cvlileba erTi saxelmwifo wyobidan meorisaken; ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT,
ZiriTadad,
socializmisa
da
centralizebulad
dagegmili
ekonomikidan
kapitalizmisa da sabazro ekonomikisken, xolo politikurad - totalitarizmidan
demokratiisken.
es procesebi oficialurad 1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisTanave daiwyo,
Tumca farTo sazogadoeba ar iyo informirebuli zustad ra saxeliT moenaTlaT
isini. sityva `tranzicia~ postsabWoTa konteqstSi SemoRebuli iqna mogvianebiT, 90iani wlebis Sua xanebSi, maSin, roca politikosebsa da mkvlevrebs dasWirdaT saxelis
darqmeva yofili sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris (ssrk) respublikebSi
mimdinare procesebisTvis. ase, rom saqarTvelo sxva ssrk respublikebis
umravlesobasTan erTad tranziciul saxelmwifoTa kategoriaSi aRmoCnda, romlebic
CemTvis misaRebi da sakmaod farTod gavrcelebuli gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad,
warmoadgenen "hibrid[eb]s, sadac Zveli wyobis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebTan erTad
Tanaarseboben axali wyobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli aspeqtebic. aseT qveynebs,
miuxedavad imisa, demokratiuli da sabazro ekonomikis gziT viTardebian Tu
avtoritarizmis gzas adganan, saerTo maxasiaTebeli - arastabiluroba gamoarCevs."95
`tranziciis~ cnebam Cvens realobaSi garkveuli ideologiuri mniSvneloba SeiZina
da umetes SemTxvevaSi politikosebis mier ganadgurebuli mrewvelobis, mZime
ekonomikuri pirobebis, eleqtroenrgiis miwodebis naklebobis, mzardi umuSevrobis,
aTasobiT iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli adamianis, eTnikuri konfliqtebisa da
samoqalaqo omis gasamarTlebel da sabodiSo terminad iqca. TiTqosda tranzicia
TavisTavSi aucileblad gulisxmobdes da normalurs~ xdides zemoCamoTvlil
sirTuleebs. saxelis gamoZebnas maxasiaTebeli niSnebis gamoyofac mohyva ase Seiqmna
tranziciis ideologia, romelic ara xolod qveynis politikur, ekonomikur da
socialur mdgomareobas gamoxatavda aramed, samwuxarod,
postkomunistur
mTavrobaTa araefeqturi da xSirad danaSaulebrivi qmedebisa da uamravi adamianis
tanjvis gasamarTlebeli sabuTic gaxda.
kursis es Tema qalTa mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebul samarTlebriv mdgomareobas
exeba gardamavali periodis saqarTveloSi 1991 wlis 9 aprilidan, mas Semdeg, rac
qveyanam damoukidebloba gamoacxada, dRevandel dRemde. 1991 wlis Semdgomi periodi
aris cvlilebaTa xana sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela doneze; gardamaval periodSi
qarTvel qalebs mamakacebTan erTad mieniWaT garkveuli uflebebi, Camoyalibda axali
da gardaiqmna Zveli saxelmwifo institutebi, magram xdeba ki am uflebebis dacva an
ramdenad efeqturad muSaobs saxelmwifo struqturebi da sruldeba Tu ara qalebis
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis samoqmedo gegmebi jer kidev sakiTxavia.
axladaRmocenebuli qarTuli saxelmwifo 1990-iani wlebidanve Seecada saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobis legitimuri wevri gamxdariyo. igi SuerTda saerTaSoriso
konvenciebsa da xelSekrulebebs, 1994 wels SeuerTda konvencias qalTa
diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (CEDAW an qalTa konvencia),
saqarTvelodan qalTa oficialuri delegacia monawileobda gaeros mier mowyobil
qalTa msoflio konferenciebSi. saqarTvelo uerTdeba beijingis konferenciaze
miRebul moqmedebaTa platformas da Sesabamisad cdilobs qveynis SigniT gadadgas
Sesabamisi nabijebi qalTa mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad, magram ramdenad
94

92

Milan Kundera, Jacques and His Master: An Homage to Diderot in Three Acts (New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1985),

89.

93
statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis mixedviTsaqarTvelos mosaxleoba 2002 wlis aRweris
SedegebiT 4,4 milions udris, 1989 wlis aRweris monacemebiT ki 5,5 milionis toli iyo.

56

Websters Unabridged Dictionary: Newer Words Faster (Random House Inc. 1999), s.v. transition.
Adrian Karatnycky, Political and Economic Reform in East Central Europe and New Independent States: A Progress Report,
Nations in Transit 1997: Civil Society, Democracy and Markets in East Central Europe and the Newly Independent States, ed. Adrian
Karatnycky, Alexander Modyl and Boris Shor (New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers, 1998), 9.
95

57

gaazrebulad da efeqturad?
1994 wlis 24 seqtembers saqarTvelos parlamentis brZanebulebiT, qveyana rezervaciis gareSe SeuerTda konvencias qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris
Sesaxeb, romelic ZalaSi 1994 wlis 25 noembers Sevida. am movlenam mwvane Suqi aunTo
qalTa uflebebis damcavT, qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebsa Tu kanonmdeblebs,
imisaTvis, rom gaeumjobesebinaT qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi da
aemaRlebinaT maTi cnobiereba am TvalsazrisiT. konvenciasTan mierTeba warmoadgenda
qalTa ganviTarebisTvis da maTi SesaZleblobebis realizaciisTvis myari safuZvelis
Sesaqmneli pirveli mniSvnelovani nabiji iyo.
modiT ganvixiloT qarTvel qalTa samarTlebrivi statusi konvenciis muxlebisa
da misi moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. aseve SevadaroT saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier gaeros
konvenciis komisiisaTvis wardgenili moxseneba adgilobrivi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis moxsenebas. orive moxseneba waredgina gaeros generalur mdivans qalTa
diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb komitetis dainteresebiT, konvenciis me-18 muxlis Tanaxmad, romlis mixedviTac, konvenciis ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg
erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi wevrma saxelmwifoebma unda waradginon TavianTi mixsenebebi
konvenciis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb.96
konvenciis pirvel muxlSi vkiTxulobT: "termini `qalis diskriminacia~ niSnavs
sqesis niSniT nebismier gansxvavebas, gamijnvas an SezRudvas, romelmac SesaZlebelia
Sedegad moitanos an romlis mizania qalis mier, misi ojaxuri mdgomareobis miuxedavad, mamakacisa da qalis Tanasworobis safuZvelze, politikur, ekonomikur, socialur, kulturul, samoqalaqo an nebismier sxva sferoSi, adamianis uflebebisa da
ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa aRiarebis, sargeblobis an gamoyenebis SesaZleblobis Sesusteba, an sruli uaryofa.97 diskriminaciis gansazRvrebis garda konvencia wevrs
saxelmwifoebs avaldebulebs konkretuli RonisZiebebis gatarebas diskriminaciis
aRmosafxvrelad.
qalTa konvenciis mxare saxelmwifoebisTvis konvenciis mier warmodgenil samarTlebriv moTxovnaTa TanmimdevrobiT ganvixilav kanonis winaSe qalTa da mamakacTa
Tanasworobis cnebas, qarTuli samarTlis CarCoebSi. qarTuli kanonmdeblobis
mixedviT, qalebi da mamakacebi Tanabaruflebianebi arian ganaTlebisa da jandacvis
miRebis kuTxiT. "aqvT ufleba gaaformon kontraqtebi da gankargon qoneba, da miiRon
memkvidreoba."98 kanonmdebloba orive sqesis warmomadgenlebisTvis erTnairia
sasamarTlo proceduris yvela etapze. moqalaqeobis miRebis, masze uaris Tqmis,
aRdgenis an Sewyvetis ufleba qalebs da mamakacebs erTnairi aqvT.99 miuxedavad
kanonis winaSe sqesTa Tanasworuflebianobisa, tradiciebi da qalTa dabali
uflebrivi cnobiereba, mamakacebs saxavs meti prioritetebis mqone moqalaqeebad.
qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris komitetSi wardgenil orive
moxsenebaSi vkiTxulobT: "miuxedavad qarTuli kanonmdeblobis aradiskriminaciuli
debulebebisa, mainc arsebobs qalTa da mamakacTa socialur rolebs Soris asimetria,
mamakacebis sasargeblod.100
arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa moxsenebaSi memkvidreobiT de iure da de faqto
uflebebTan dakavSirebiT weria, rom miuxedavad kanonis winaSe Tanasworuflebiano-

kursis am monakveTSi Cven ganvixileT qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareobis


gaumjobesebasTan dakavSirebuli yvela is masStaburi da mniSvenlovani RonisZieba,
romelic gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis farglebSi gaimarTa misi daarsebis
dRidan, vidre dRemde. daskvnis saxiT unda aRiniSnos, rom gaeros mier wevr
saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebisTvis saerTaSoriso doneze qalTa sakiTxebis amgvarma
qmediTma dasmam, qalTa uflebebisaTvis mebrZolT Seuqmna noyieri garemo
muSaobisTvis, xolo im sisusteebma, romlebic SeiniSneba zemoxsenebul saerTaSoriso
dokumentebis ganxorcielebasTan mimarTebaSi gamoavlina mTavrobaTa politikuri
nebis nakleboba qalTa realuri gaZlierebisa da winsvlisTvis xelSewyobis saqmeSi.

96
saqarTvelos pirveli angariSi unda 1995 wels waredgina, magram pirveladi angariSis wardgena
mxolod 1998 wels moxerxda, gaeros komitetma ki igi 1999 wels ganixila.
97
gaero, konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, muxli 1.
98
Report of Non-governmental Organizations on the Status of Women in the Republic of Georgia Under CEDAW Articles, 1998,
5-6.
99
Consideration of Initial Report Submitted by States Parties under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Discrimination against Women, article 9, paragraph 59.
100
Ibid. article 5, paragraph 33.

58

55

iqna miRebuli wevri qveynebis delegaciaTa mier warmoadgenda `politikuri


deklaracia da Semdgomi nabijebi da iniciativebi beijingis deklaraciisa da moqmedebaTa platformis gansaxorcieleblad~.90 am dokumentSi xazgasmulia mTavrobaTa
mier beijingis moqmedebaTa platformiT aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebis
aucilebloba, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom moqmedebaTa platformis zegavlena zogadad
dadebiTad Sefasda da misi ganxorcielebis vadebi gagrZelda kidev 5 wliT.
2005 wlis 28 Tebervlidan 11 martamde isev niu-iorkSi, gaerTianebuli erebis
organizaciis saTao ofisSi gaimarTa gaeros `komisiis qalTa statusis Sesaxeb91 rigiT
49-e sxdoma. am sxdomas win uZRoda mosamzadebeli Sexvedra JenevaSi, romelSic
aqtiurad monawileobdnen qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebi msoflios sxvdasxva
qveynebidan. mTavari amocana da mizani komisiis 49-e sxdomisa iyo beijingis
moqmedebaTa platformisa da 2000 wels miRebuli deklaraciis ganxorcielebis
Sefaseba da Sedegabidan gamomdinare platformis an ganmtkiceba da gaZliereba an misi
sisusteebis aRiareba da mitoveba.
mosamzadebelma samuSaom da Sefasebebma naTlad warmoaCina `beijingis moqmedebaTa
platformis~ rogorc konceptualuri CarCos Zliereba qalTa mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT. aRiniSna, rom zrunvis is 12 kritikuli sfero, romelsac
moqmedebaTa platforma kveTs aTi wlis Tavzec aqtualuria mravali qveynis moqalaqe
qalebisaTvis da miuxedavad `beijingis moqmedebaTa platformis~ susti ganxorcielebisa erovnul doneebze qveynebis mTavrobebis mier, gaerTianebuli erebis
`qalTa statusis komisiis~ 49-e sxdomam Tavisi deklaraciiT moaxdina moqmedebaTa
platformis ganmtkiceba yovelgvari cvlilebebisa da Sesworrebebis gareSe, metic
platformasTan SeerTebul qveynebs mosTxova misi ganuxreli da efeqturi
ganxorcieleba.
49-e sxdoma 28 Tebervals gaeros generalurma mdivanma kofi ananma gaxsna, es faqti
ukve dasturia gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mxridan qalTa sakiTxebis
seriozuli mxardaWerisa. Tavis sityvaSi generalurma mdivanma aRniSna, rom
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis yvelaze swor da Zlevamosil gzas qalTa gaZliereba da
maTi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaze zrunva warmoadgens. generalurma mdivanma aRniSna,
rom qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaTvis absoluturad aucilebelia genderuli
uTanasworobis daZleva dasaqmebis sferoSi, qalTa warmomadgenlobis gazrda
sakanonmdeblo organosa da gadawyvetilebis mimReb doneebze da qalTa winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli Zaladobis aRmofxvra.
komisiis sxdomas 180-ze meti samTavrobo delegacia eswreboda da 6000-mde
arasamTavrobo organizacia adevnebda Tvals. platformis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi didia
swored qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis roli, romlebmac organizebulad da
efeqturad gauwies winaaRmdegoba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis delegaciis
iniciativas `platformis~ teqstSi qalTa reproduqciuli uflebebis nawilis
Casworebis Sesaxeb. a.S.S. delegaciis cvlilebis gaTvaliswineba mniSvnelovnad
gaauaresebda qalTa arCevanis Tavisuflebas orsulobis xelovnurad Sewyvetisas.
qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebs mxari dauWira evrokavSiris qveynebis
delegaciebma da aqtiuri lobirebis Sedegad amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma 4 marts
gaiTxova winadadeba `platformis~ teqstsi cvlilebis Setanis Sesaxeb. arasamTavrobo
da samTavrobo delegatebis amgvarma warmatebulma TanamSromlobam, kidev erTxel
daadastura, rom msoflio masStabiT arsebuli qalTa mdgomareobis sirTulisa,
saerTaSoriso doneze qalTa sakiTxebisadmi progresuli midgoma dominirebs.
90
91

bisa, `tradiciis mixedviT qalebi meorad memkvidreebad miiCnevian. praqtikulad,


qalebs ufro naklebi uflebebi aqvT, vidre mamakacebs memkvidreobiT miRebuli
qonebis ganawilebaSi~.101 am SemTxvevaSi paradoqsi, romlis mowmenic vxdebiT
kodificirebuli samarTlis araefeqturobaa CveulebiT samarTalTan SedarebiT.
Tumca konvencia stimuls aZlevs saxelmwifoebs regulireba gauwion diskriminaciul
Cveulebebsa da tradiciebs, qalTa diskriminaciis tradiciuli formebis aRmofxvra
sakanonmdeblo iniciativebze mets moiTxovs. am situaciis Semdgomi analizisTvis
gamoviyenoT r.j. vinsentis logika imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra emarTeba adamianTa uflebebs Tu
isini realurad ar xorcieldeba. vinsenti mimarTavs jek donelis, romelmac `flobis
paradoqsis~102 cneba Semoitana, rac imas niSnavs, rom rodesac pirovnebas manqanas
moparaven, mas Teoriulad isev aqvs am manqanaze ufleba, magram praqtikulad ver
axorcielebs. vinsenti aRniSnavs, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi `adamianis uflebebisTvis
damaxasiaTebelia ganuxorcielebloba~103 igive situacia gvaqvs saqarTveloSi qalTa
da mamakacTa kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul da realur TanasworobasTan dakavSirebiT,
bevr sferoSi qalebi samarTlebrivad mamakacebis Tanasworulflebianni arian, magram
realuri monacemebi gansxvavebul suraTs iZleva.
konvenciis me-2 muxlis paragrafi a) Seexeba sqesTa Tanasworulflebianobis principis asaxvas qveynebis konstituciebsa da erovnul kanonmdeblobebSi. saqarTvelos
konstitucia qveynis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi dokumentia, romelic parlamentma 1995
wlis agvistoSi miiRo, rodesac qveyana ukve SeerTebuli iyo qalTa konvencias.
konstituciis me-6 muxlis me-2 paragrafis mixedviT `saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba
Seesabameba saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebul principebsa da normebs.
saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebasan SeTanxmebas, Tu igi ar ewinaarmdegeba
saqarTvelos konstitucias, aqvs upiratesi iuridiuli Zala Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi
normatiuli aqtebis mimarT.~104 ase, rom prioritetulad saerTaSoriso samarTlis
dokumenti cxaddeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qveyana misi nawilia da igi ar ewinaaRmdegeba
konstitucias. Tumca saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis pirdapiri gatareba qveyanaSi
ver moxerxdeba, amisaTvis saWiroa misi erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi asaxva.
vinaidan saqarTvelo sabWoTa saxelmwifos samarTalmemkvidrea, sqesTa Tanabaruflebianobis samarTlebrivi daregulirebis mravali sakiTxi ar aris konvenciis
adgilobriv samarTalSi danergvis Sedegi, aramed am samarTalmemkvidreobis. amis
gaTvaliswinebiT, muxlobrivad ganvixiloT konvenciis moTxovnebi da saqarTvelos
samarTlebrivi realoba. konstituciaSi qalTa da mamakacTa Tanasworobis principis
asaxva konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli pirveli moTxovnaa. (nawili I, me-2 muxli,
paragrafi a)). saqarTvelos konstituciis me-14 muxlSi vkiTxulobT `yvela adamiani
dabadebiT Tavisufalia da kanonis winaSe Tanasworia ganurCevlad rasisa, kanis
ferisa, enisa, sqesisa, religiisa, politikuri da sxva Sexedulebebisa, erovnuli,
eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebisa, warmoSobisa, qonebrivi da wodebrivi
mdgomareobisa, sacxovrebeli adgilisa.~ aq `sqesi~ naxsenebia sxva kriteriumebTan
erTad, romlis mixedviTac pirovnebam kanonis winaSe ar unda ganicados diskriminacia.
konstituciaSi gansakuTrebulad ar aris moxsenebuli qali da mamakaci, romelTac
Tanabari uflebebi da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebi aqvT, aq orive sqesisaTvis gamoyenebulia sityva `pirovneba~, `moqalaqe~, an `individi~. dokumentSi kanonmdeblebma
101

Political Declaration and Further Actions and Initiatives to Implement the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action.
Commission on the Status of Women.

Report of Non-governmental Organizations on the Status of Women in the Republic of Georgia Under CEDAW Articles,
1998, 6.
102
R.J. Vincent, Human Rights and International Relations, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1986, 10. Citing Jack
Donelly, The Concept of Human Roghts, 16-17.
103
Ibid, 10.
104
saqarTvelos konstitucia, 1995, Tavi I, muxli 6, paragrafi 2.

54

59

Cades `pirovneba~, `moqalaqe~, da `individi~ orive sqesis aRsaniSnavad, mcireodeni


miTiTebiT, rom'ar aris saWiro moqalaqeTa gancalkeveba sqesobrivi gansxvavebulobis
safuZvelze.
30-e muxlis me-4 paragrafSi qalebi orjer arian moxseniebuli: "SromiTi
uflebebis dacva, Sromis samarTliani anazRaureba da usafrTxo, jansaRi pirobebi,
arasrulwlovanisa da qalis Sromis pirobebi ganisazRvreba kanoniT."
qalTa
moxsenieba arasrulwlovanebTan erTad xazs usvams saxelmwifos mxridan maTi SromiTi
uflebebis dacvis saWiroebis aRiarebas specialuri kanonmdeblobis saSualebiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es Riad ar aris naTqvami, konstituciis Semqmnelebi aRiareben,
rom qalebi saxelmwifos mxridan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas saWiroeben imisTvis, rom
ar dairRves maTi uflebebi da saxelmwifo maT mimarT, iseve rogorc mozardebis
mimarT erTgvar mamobriv, paternalistur zrunvas iCens. amgvari damokidebuleba
qalebis mimarT meored konstituciis 36-e muxlSi Cans; "qorwineba efuZneba Tanasworuflebianobasa da meuRleTa Tavisufal nebas", iqve me-3 paragrafSi weria "kanoni
icavs qalTa da bavSvTa uflebebs". isev, qalebis moxsenieba bavSvebTan erTad xazs
usvams saxelmwifos mxridan qalTa dacvis saWiroebas, rac TavisTavad cudi ar aris.
qalTa uflebebisaTvis mebrZolni aTwleulebis manZilze iRwvodnen imisTvis, rom
maT qveynebis kanonmdeblobebSi amgvari specialuri zrunvis muxlebi gaCeniliyo,
TumcaRa istoriam da gamocdilebam aCvena, rom mamobrivma zrunvam SeiZleba
diskriminaciuli xasiaTi SeiZinos. magaliTad, SromiT samarTals Tu davubrundebiT
da SevadarebT SromiT bazarze arsebul situacias, romelic dRiTidRe ufro da ufro
konkurentunariani xdeba, davinaxavT, rom is guluxvi specialuri zrunva, romliTac
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi ajildovebs qalebs SesaZloa damqiraveblebis mxridan
maTi kandidaturis dawunebis mizezi gaxdes. igive kodeqsis III Tavis 17 muxlis
mixedviT,105 dauSvebelia samsaxurSi miRebisas sqesis niSniT pirdapiri Tu
arapirdapiri diskriminacia, TumcaRa mravali damqiravebeli survilis SemTxvevaSi
monaxavs sababs samuSaoze uaris TqmisTvis, xolo zogierTi damqiravebeli ise Sorsac
midis, rom pirdapir acxadebs an qalebis, an mamakacebis daqiravebis survils, rac
kodeqsis am muxlis ganxorcielebis dabali efeqturobis maCvenebelia.
amas garda, konstituciaSi qalebisa da bavSvebis/mozardebis uflebebis damcavi
muxlebis arseboba, romlebic maTi mamakacebTan Tanabaruflebianobis garantebi
xdebian migviTiTebs im garemoebaze, rom sqesobrivi da asakobrivi diskriminacia
problemuria da kanonmdebeli cdilobs am problemas gaumklavdes (Tu ramdenad
efeqturad es ukve sxva sakiTxia).
Tu qalTa konvenciis Sesrulebis farglebSi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis
moxsenebebs da saxelmwifo struqturebis moxsnebebs SevadarebT, SevamCnevT SeuTavseblobas: arasamTavrobo seqtoris moxsenebis mixedviT, miuxedavad zemoxsenebuli
konstituciis me-14 muxlisa, '"ar arsebobs specialuri kanonebi, romlebic akrZalaven
qalTa diskriminacias~,106 saxelmwifo moxseneba ki sawinaaRmdego monacems gvawvdis:
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi "awesebs sanqciebs im qmedebebisTvis, romlebic arRveven
moqalaqeTa Tanasworuflebianobas; aseTi sanqciebi iReben jarimis an dapatimrebis
105
saqarTvelos Sromis kanonTa kodeqsi, Tbilisi: gamocemulia 2003 wlis noembris mdgomareobiT. Tavi
III Sromis xelSekruleba (kontraqti) muxli 17. samuSao miRebis garantiebi:
1.
dausabuTebeli uari samuSaos miRebaze akrZalulia.
2.
samuSaod miRebisas dauSvebelia adamianis uflebaTa pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri
SezRudva an upiratesobis miniWeba rasis, kanis feris, enis, sqesis, religiis, politikuri da sxva
Sexedulebebis, erovnuli, eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebis warmoSobis, qonebrivi da
wodebrivi mdgomareobisa da sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT.
106
Report of Non-governmental Organizations on the Status of Women in the Republic of Georgia Under CEDAW Articles,
1998, article 2.

60

sferos, romlis daregulirebis gzasac aseve saxavs. es 12 kritikuli sferoa:


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

siRaribe;
ganaTleba;
jandacva;
Zaladoba qalebis winaaRmdeg;
SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi;
ekonomika;
Zalaufleba da gadawyvetilebis miRebis doneebi;
instituciuri meqanizmebi;
adamianis uflebebi;
media;
garemos dacva;
gogonaTa mdgomareoba.

moqmedebaTa platformaSi naTqvamia, rom igi warmoadgens qalTa winsvlisa da


gaZlierebis dRis wesrigs. amgvarad aqcenti aRar keTdeba qalTa diskriminaciis
aRmofxvraze, aramed maT gaZlierebasa da winsvlaze, vinaidan, platformis TvalTaxedviT, mxolod mamakacebTan Tanasworoba ar aris sakmarisi; imisaTvis, rom qalebma
moaxerxon realuri cvlilebis moxdena da srulfasovani monawileobis miReba gadawyvetilebis mimReb doneebze, saWiroa maTi winsvlisa da gaZlierebisaTvis xelSewyoba.
Tu gavaanalizebT, pekinis moqmedebaTa platforma Tavmoyraa yvela im
mniSvnelovani sakiTxisa, rac ki rodesme wamoWrila saerTaSoriso doneze qalebTan
mimarTebaSi.
qalTa konvenciisagan gansxvavebiT, beijingis moqmedebaTa platforma amomwuravad
exeba qalTa mimarT Zaladobis sakiTxs da saxavs am problemis gadaWris qmediT gzebs.
platforma amaxvilebs yuradRebas qalTa reproduqciul uflebebze da saubrobs
gogonaTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli diskriminaciuli praqtikis aRmofxvris saWiroebebze. platforma, aseve pirvelad da mkafiod mouwodebs wevr mTavrobebs moaxdinon
genderis integrireba e.w. meinstrimingi maT mier ganxorcielebuli politikis
sxvadasxva sferoebSi.
beijingis konferenciidan xuTi wlis Semdeg, 2000 wels gaeros aRar daugegmavs
axali msoflio konferencia qalTa sakiTxebze. amis nacvlad niu iorkSi, gaeros saTao
ofisSi, gaimarTa generaluri asambleis specialuri sxdoma saTauriT: `qalebi 2000:
genderuli Tanasworoba, ganviTareba da mSvidoba ocdameerTe saukuneSi~. es sxdoma
istoriaSi `beijings +5~ saxeliTac aris cnobili, misi mizani beijingis moqmedebaTa
platformis muSaobis xuTwliani Sefaseba iyo. sxdoma 5-dan 9 invisamde gaimarTa da mas
178 wevri qveynis 2300 samTavrobo delegati da 2000-mde arasamTavrobo organizaciis
warmomadgeneli daeswro. `beijing +5~ isTvis gaerom wevr qveynebs daugzavna
kiTxvari, romelze pasuxebis gacemac iZleoda saSualebas moqmedebaTa platformis
efeqturobis Sesafaseblad. gaeros 188 wevri qveynidan 146-ma qveyanam gamogzavna
pasuxebi am kiTxvarze, rac 2000 wlis ianvarSi aikinZa da erTian publikaciad gamoica.89
am angariSis paralelurad arasamTavrobo organizaciebma TavianTi Crdilovani
angariSi moamzades, sadac samTavrobo angariSSi mocemuli daskvnebis gadamowmeba
moxda.
generaluri asambleis am sagangebo sxdomis saboloo dokuments, romelic erTxmad
89

gamocemis saTauria: beijingis moqmedebaTa platformis ganxorcielebis ganxilva da Sefaseba


(Review and appraisal of the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action(E/CN.6/2000/PC/2)).

53

qalTa sakiTxebis mimarT Secvla daiwyo, amis dadasturebaa is faqtic, rom `nairobis
samomavlo strategiebi qalTa winsvlisTvis~ 157 wevri qveynis TanxmobiT iqna
miRebuli, maSin, rodesac adreul konferenciebze am tipis dokumentebis miReba
kenWisyriT xdeboda. gaerTianebuli erebis sistemaSi konsensusiT anu TanxmobiT
miRebuli konferenciis saboloo dokumenti ufro metad savaldebuloa mTavrobebisTvis Sesasruleblad, vidre kenWisyris Sedegad xmaTa umravlesobiT miRebuli
dokumenti.
vinaidan dekadam ver Seasrula dasmuli amocanebi `nairobis samomavlo strategiebi qalTa winsvlisTvis~ ar svamda axal amocanebs, aramed saxavda axal, gaumjobesebul
strategiebs dasmul sakiTxTa misaRwevad 2000 wlisTvis. amgvarad, gaeros qalTa
dekada garkveulwilad gagrZelda 2000 wlamde.
gaeros egidiT organizebul qalTa msoflio konferenciebis uSualo monawileebis
gaeros wevr saxelmwifoTa samTavrobo delegaciebi warmoadgendnen, magram aRsaniSnavia, rom qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis aqtiurma monawileobam konferenciis
e.w. paralelur RonisZiebebSi udidesi roli Seasrula da didi gavlena iqonia
konferenciaTa msvelobebsa da daskvnebze. mexikos konferencias 1200 mTavrobis
delegatTan erTad 3800 arasamTavrobo organizaciis wevri daeswro, es iyo
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis yvelaze didi monawileoba gaeros am dromde Catarebul
msoflio konferenciebs Soris. 1980 wels kopenhagenis konferencias 7000 monawile,
nairobis 1985 wlis konferencias 16000 da 1995 wlis beijingis (pekinis) qalTa msoflio
konferenciasa da huairous forums 50000 monawile daeswro.
qalTa meoTxe msoflio konferenciam, romelic pekinSi gaimarTa Tavi mouyara da
konceptualurad gamarTa yvela is sakiTxi, romelic ki, rodesme dasmula qalTa
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT. konferencia 1995 wlis 4-dan 15
seqtembramde CineTis dedaqalaq pekinSi gaimarTa. delegatTa umravlesoba
samarTlianad svamda kiTxvas: xom ar niSnavda pekinSi konferenciis Catareba CineTis
mTavrobisaTvis politikuri mxardaWeris gamocxadebas anu mxardaWeras im reJimisa,
romelsac bevri arc Tu usafuZvlod totalitarul da adamianis uflebaTa
ugulvebelmyof reJimad moiazrebda? am politikuri mosazrebebidan gamomdinare,
bevri monawileobis msurveli qali Tavs ikavebda CineTSi gamgzavrebisgan. qalTa
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis forumis gamarTva pekinSi igegmeboda, magram
sabolood dedaqalaqidan 60 kilometris moSorebiT, SedarebiT patara qalaq
huairouSi gaimarTa. saerTaSoriso SefasebiT beijingis igive pekinis qalTa meoTxe
msoflio konferencia didi warmatebaa Tavisi moculobiTa da SinaarsiT. konfrencias
189 samTavrobo delegacia daeswro, es cifri aRemateboda gaeros odesme Catarebul
konferenciebSi monawile samTavrobo delegaciaTa ricxvs. konfernciis uSualo
monawile 17000 adamiani iyo, aqedan 6000 samTavrobo wreebis warmomadgenlebi, 4000
akreditirebuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi da 4000 Jurnalisti
da kidev bevri gaeros TanamSromeli. arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa huairouSi
gamarTul forumze 30000 monawile Camovida msoflios yvela kuTxidan, plius 5000-mde
Cineli. Tavisi masStabiTa da mravalferovnebiT beijingis konferencia da huairous
forumi Zalian STambeWdavi aRmoCnda rogorc veterani msoflios qalTa
konferenciebis monawileTaTvis aseve axalbedebisTvis.
`beijingis deklaracia da moqmedebaTa platforma Tanasworobis, ganviTarebisa da
mSvidobisaTvis~ qalTa meoTxe msoflio konferenciis oficialuri, saboloo
dokumentia.88 beijingis moqmedebaTa platforma aRwers qalTa mdgomareobas
globalurad, da aqedan gamomdinare, gamokveTs zrunvis, gnebavT, wuxilis 12 kritikul
88

Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action for Equality, Development and Peace.

52

formas Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT 2 wliT an metiT. Tu am saxis danaSauli Cadenilia


pirovnebis Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebiT, an Tu aseT qmedebas
seriozuli Sedegi mohyveba, igi isjeba patimrobiT 3 wliT, an metiT. aseT SemTxvevebSi
damnaSaved miCneul adamians SeiZleba CamoerTvas ufleba hqondes gansakuTrebuli
Tanamdeboba 5 an meti wlis manZilze."107 es SeuTanxmebloba or moxsenebas Soris
SemTxveviTi araa, erTia gqondes aseTi debuleba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi, xolo
meorea misi praqtikaSi gatareba da gamoyeneba. faqti, rom aseTi muxli arsebobs
TavisTavad dadebiTi movlenaa, magram, rogorc es xSirad xdeba saqarTveloSi,
problema sakanonmdeblo bazis nakleboba ki ara, xalxis mxridan misi codna da
gamoyenebaa. saSualeba rom gvqondes Tvali migvedevnebina am muxliT sasamarTlos
mier ganxiluli saqmeebisTvis, ukeT davinixavdiT, rom aseT SemTxvevebSi
kanonmdebloba mkacrad qaRaldze dawerili rCeba da iSviaTad xorcieldeba
praqtikulad, rac ganpirobebulia mosaxleobis dabali uflebrivi cnobierebiT,
sqesobrivi diskriminaciis danaSaulad aRqmis naklebobiT.
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis moxseneba imeorebs: `saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba
ar icavs qalebs Zaladobisgan. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi pirovnebis winaaRmdeg
Cadenili danaSaulebi gansazRvrulia sityvieri da fizikuri SeuracxyofiT.. ar
arsebobs dacva partnioris mxridan cudad mopyrobisgan, qmris an partnioris mier
gaupatiureba danaSaulad ar iTvleba. ar arsebobs specialuri kanoni, romelic
akrZalavda qalTa winaaRmdeg Zaladobas.~ am mxriv is faqti, rom 1997 wlis
registrirebulia gaupatiurebis mxolod 41 SemTxveva da gaupatiurebis mcdelobis 18
SemTxveva mianiSnebs imaze, rom gaupatiurebis bevri SemTxveva ganucxadebeli rCeba. es
ricxvebi mianiSneben im mizezebzec ra mizezebiTac qalebi eridebian samarTaldamcav
organoebs: es SeiZleba iyos undobloba sasamarTlo struqturebis mimarT, survilis
arqona moxdes `kerZo~ sakiTxebis gaxmaureba, sazogadoebrivi azris SiSi,
patriarqaluri sazogadoebis zegavlena, romelic qmrisa an partnioris mier Cadenil
gaupatiurebas ar aRiqvams qalis winaaRmdeg mimarTul Zaladobad, qalTa dabali
uflebrivi cnobiereba da sxva.108
konvenciis me-6 muxlis Tanaxmad, `monawile saxelmwifoebi iReben yvela Sesabamis
zomas, sakanonmdeblo iniciativebis CaTvliT, qalebiT yovelgvari vaWrobisa da qalTa
seqsualuri eqspluataciis aRsakveTad.~ qalTa winaaRmdeg Zaladobis aRmkveTi
kanonis ararsebobis msgavsad, ar arsebobs aseve gansakuTrebuli kanoni, romelic
daaregulirebda qveyanaSi qalTa trefikings an prostitucias. miuxedavad specifiuri
kanonis ar arsebobisa, 2003 wels saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi Sevida
muxli adamianebiT vaWrobis Sesaxeb, rac udavod win gadadgmuli nabijia, vinaidan
manmade ver xerxdeboda am mZime danaSaulisaTvis kriminalebis dasja da isini
SedarebiT iseTi mcire braleulobiT iZvrendnen Tavs, rogoricaa sabuTebis
gayalbeba, prostituciaSi CaTreva, muqara, SantaJi da sxva.
monawile saxelmwifoebisadmi qalTa konvenciis Semdegi moTxovna Camoyalibebulia me-2 muxlis v) paragrafSi; `[saxelmwifoebma unda] miiRon yvela Sesabamisi
zoma, sakanonmdeblos CaTvliT, im moqmedi kanonebis, dadgenilebebis, Cveulebebisa da
praqtikis Sesacvlelad an gasauqmeblad, romelic qalis diskriminacias uwyobs xels.~
erTi magaliTi Tu rogor SeuZlia saxelmwifoa aseTi Cveulebebisa da praqtikis
107

Consideration of Initial Report Submitted by States Parties under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Discrimination against Women, article 2, paragraph 23.
108
moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 137-e muxlis mixedviT gaupatiureba isjeba 3-dan 7 wlamde
patimrobiT. miuxedavad amisa, damamZimebel SemTxvevebSi Cadenili gaupatiureba (magaliTad, rogoricaa
jgufuri gaupatiureba, fexmZmime qalis gaupatiureba, 14 wlamde asakis pirovnebis gaupatiureba) isjeba
5-dan 20 wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT.

61

regulireba iyo wina sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 134-e muxli, romelic danaSaulad
miiCnevda qalis colad moyvanis mizniT motacebis tradicias, `es danaSauli zRudavs
qalisTvis arCevanis Tavisuflebas, Tu visze daqorwindes. iseTi qmedeba, rogoric
motacebaa ukve gulisxmobs Zaladobas, fizikurs an fsiqologiurs, [zog SemTxvevaSi
ki seqsualursac].~109 qalis motaceba daqorwinebis mizniT, bolo xanebSi naklebad
popularuli gaxda, rac zogadad qorwinebebis raodenobis SemcirebiTaa gamowveuli,
rac, Tavis mxriv, mZime ekonomikurma situaciam ganapiroba. SeiZleba aq movnaxoT im
faqtis axsna, rom axlandel sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi qirwinebis mizniT Cadenili
motaceba ar aris naxsenebi, garda 144-e muxlisa, romelic motacebas gansazRvravs,
rogorc mZevlad ayvanas, romelic miznad isaxavs pirovnebaze an organizaciaze
zewolas, mis iZulebas ganaxorcielos esa Tu is qmedeba, im pirobiT, rom mZevali
gaTavisufldeba. CamoTvlilia damamZimebeli garemoebebic, xolo daqorwinebis
ganzraxva naxsenebi ar aris. es movlena uyuradRebod darCa qalTa diskriminaciis
yvela formis likvidaciis komitetisadmi wardgenil 2000 wlis seqtembris meore
samTavrobo moxsenebaSi. amas garda, miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom motaceba daqorwinebis
mizniT sabWoTa kanonmdeblobiT dasjadi iyo, aseT SemTxvevaTa umravlesoba
samoqalaqo aqtebis registraciis organoebSi da ara sasamarTloebSi mTavrdeboda.
nawilobriv imitom, rom qalebs surdaT TavianT `gamtaceblebze~ daqorwineba da
nawilobriv imitom, rom qalis reputaciisTvis sarisko iyo ar gaTxoviliyo motacebis
Semdgom. situaciaSi ukeT gasarkvevad saWiroa iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi qorwinebamde
qaliSvilobis SenarCuneba kvlav Zlier tradiciad rCeba. ase, rom motaceba, romelic
qorwinebiT ar dagvirgvinda, Crdils ayenebs qalis reputacias, ara aqvs mniSvneloba
hqonda Tu ara mas seqsualuri urTierToba gamtacebelTan. es aris is SemTxveva, roca
qalTa uflebebis iuridiuli dacva faqtobrivad araefeqturia Zlieri kulturuli
institutebis gamo. gaTxovebamde qalwulebrivi siwmindis dacva da ormagi moraluri
standartebi Sedegia patriarqaluri sazogadoebisa, romelic arRvevs qalTa Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworuflebianobis principebs. es kulturuli sakiTxebia, romlebic
saxelmwifos mxridan efeqturad ar regulirdeba, radgan erTis mxriv, ar miiCneva
aqtualurad da ar ganixileba, xolo, meores mxriv, imitom rom arsebobs zRvari
moqalaqeTa pirad cxovrebaSi saxelmwifos efeqturi CarevisTvis. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, am sferoSi cvlilebaTa ganxorcieleba dawyebulia Tundac maT irgvliv msjelobisa da bevri adamianis qalisa da mamakacis individualuri magaliTis wyalobiT.
qalTa konvenciasTan SeerTebas zogadad dadebiTi Sedegebi mohyva qalTa
uflebrivi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT, Tumca bevri ram saWiroebs
srulyofas, radganac sazogadoeba am problemebisadmi mgrZnobeloba aklia. am
SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebaSi moiazreba asve saqarTvelos xelisuflebac, romelmac ver
moaxerxa genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebze momuSave moqmedi saxelmwifo
struqturis Seqmna.
mcire xniT SevCerdeT saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso valdebulebebze genderuli
Tanasworobis meqanizmis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT da qveyanaSi arsebul viTarebaze,
aseve mimovixiloT am sferoSi dagrovili saerTaSoriso gamocdileba.
1999 wlis 20 Tebervals prezident e. SevardnaZis 48 brZanebulebiT, qalTa
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis politikis SesamuSaveblad Seiqmna saxelmwifo komisia,
romelic, samwuxarod, araefeqturi gamodga, erTis mxriv, adamianuri da finansuri
resursebis naklebobis da meores mxriv, araefeqturi instituciuri dagegmvis gamo.
komisiam SeimuSava qalTa mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad 1998-2004 da qalTa mimarT
109

xaTuna maduraSvili, qalTa uflebebi da maTi dacva saqarTvelos sisxlisa da Sromiis samarTliT,

almanaxi, 1998: 31.

62

gadawyvetileba mexikoSi 1975 wels gamarTuliyo pirveli msoflio konferencia qalTa


sakiTxebze.
qalTa sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili konferenciebi mexikoSi (1975), kopenhagensa (1980)
da nairobiSi (1985) miekuTvnebodnen 1970-1980-ian wlebSi gaeros egidiT organizebuli
ocamde konfernciis rigs, TumcaRa TiToeuli maTgani Tavisi mniSvnelobiTa da
SinaarsiT absoluturad unikaluri iyo.
1975 wlis qalTa wlisadmi miZRvnili msoflio konferencia warmoadgenda pirvel
globalur maRali rangis mTavrobaTaSoris Sekrebas, romelic mTlianad qalTa
sakiTxebs daeTmoboda. es iyo aseve pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac 1200 warmodgenil
delegats Soris 73%-s qalebi Seadgendnen, ufro metic 133 delegaciidan 113-s qalebi
xelmZRvanelobdnen.85
konferenciam miiRo `msoflio moqmedebaTa gegma qalTa saerTaSoriso wlis
amocanebis Sesasruleblad~.86 am gegmis mixedviT, unda momxdariyo msoflios
masStabiT qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba momaval aTwleulSi anu 1985 wlamde.
gegmam qalTa moZraobis mier wamoWrili sakiTxebi `Tanasworobis -ganviTarebis
mSvidobis~ CarCoSi moaqcia. es Temebi iqca mTavar sakiTxebad, rogorc am aTwleulis
iseve qalTa sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili Semdgomi msoflio konferenciebisaTvis.
konferenciis Sedegad generalurma asambleam 1976-1985 wlebi qalTa dekadad
gamoacxada da gadawyda dekadis SuaSi 1980 wels daniis dedaqalaq kopenhagenSi
Semdgomi konferenciis mowyoba, romelic Seafasebda platformis Sesrulebis
Sualedur progress. xolo 1985 wels keniis dedaqalaq nairobiSi dagegmili
konferencia ki, mTliani dekadis Sedegebsa da miRwevebs Seajamebda.
mkvlevarTa analizma aCvena, rom mexikoSi dasmul amocanaTa Sesruleba ver
moxerxda qalTa dekadaSi, TumcaRa mravali sxva dadebiTi Sedegi iqna miRweuli.
dadebiTi Sedegi gaxldaT is, rom moxda msoflios masStabiT qalTa mdgomareobis
(uflebrivi, socialuri Tu sxva) gaazreba da gancxadeba, ukeTesad vidre am
periodamde momxdara. am dekadaSi gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam moagrova
uzarmazari informacia qalTa sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, aseve gamoaSkaravda is sirTuleebi,
romlebic monacemTa Segrovebisas maT sqesis mixedviT ganawilebas tovebda
uyuradRebod. am mignebaze dayrdnobiT gaerom wevr qveynebs mosTxova monacemTa
Segrovebis meTodebis imgvari daxvewa, rom sqesis mixedviT disagregirebuli masala
moepovebinaT. es rekomendacia ganviTarebulma qveynebma Seasrules, xolo
ganviTarebad qveynebSi jer kidev Seusrulebeli rCeba. 1990-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos
statistikis departamentma SvedeTis ganviTarebis saagentos mxardaWeriT SeimuSava
genderuli statistikis parametrebi da safuZveli Caeyara publikacias `qali da
mamakaci saqarTveloSi~, romelic yovelwliurad gamodis, Tumca kidev ufro metia am
mimarTulebiT gasakeTebeli, vinaidan genderuli statistikis qona, jer kidev ar
niSnavs statistikuri meTodebiT masalis mogrovebis mTel sistemaSi genderis ufro
koreqtulad ki, sqesis mixedviT monacemTa segregacias, rac saqarTvelos statistikis
departaments jer kidev gasakeTebeli aqvs.
1985 wels generalurma asambleam miiRo `nairobis samomavlo strategiebi qalTa
winsvlisTvis87 da am drosve gadawyda xuTweliwadSi erTxel Catarebuliyo msoflios
masStabiT kvlevebi qalTa rolis Sesaxeb, romelic nairobis konferenciis daskvnebisa
da rekomendaciebis Sesrulebas gadaamowmebda. dekadis Sedegad damokidebulebam
85
soflios qalTa konferenciebze mowodebuli masala eyrdnoba hilka pietilas Sromas globalur
dRis wesrigSi genderis integracia: qalebisa da gaerTianebul erTa organizaciis ambavi, 2002. (Hilkka
Pietila, Engendering the Global Agenda: the Story of Women and the United Nations, NGLS, 2002).
86
The World Plan of Action for the Implementation of the Objectives of International Womens Year
87
The Nairobi Froward-Looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women (NFLS)

51

ra formiTac arsebobs ukve moicavs berketebs qalTa uflebebis dasacavad,


gansakuTrebiT iseT sazogadoebebSi, sadac qalebis uflebebis mZime darRvevebi xdeba.
rac Seexeba danergvas, rebeka quki am TvalsazrisiT sam ZiriTad midgomas
gamoyofs. liberaluri feminizmi aRiarebs sqesTa Tanabaruflebianobis miRwevis
SesaZleblobas arsebuli kanonmdeblobis farglebSi, es midgoma ar aris sakmarisad
mgrZnobiare ZalTa ierarqiaSi qalebis sxvadasxvagvari mdebarebis da am
mdebareobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mimarT. kulturuli feminizmi aRiarebs
arsobriv gansxvavebebs qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris, aseTi midgoma saxifaToa, radgan
man SeiZleba gamoiwvios qalebis uflebrivi gariyva. xolo mesame midgoma, radikaluri
feministebis saxiT, miznad isaxavs mamakacTa mier dominirebuli samyaros Zireul
Secvlas, radgan igi efuZneba sxvadasxva saxis uTanasworobas, romlebic
gamomdinareoben genderuli uflebrivi uTanasworobidan.
amgvari saxis debatebi kvlav grZeldeba, magram amave dros Cven ukve mogvepoveba
konkretuli instrumenti, romlis gamoyenebac SeiZleba qalebis interesebis
dasakmayofileblad. mravali qveynis mier konvenciis ratificireba ar niSnavs, rom
qalTa uflebebis darRveva erTbaSad da samudamod aRmoifxvreba, qveynebs romc ar
hqondeT amdeni SezRudvebi konvenciis sxvadasxva muxlebze. konvenciis ratificireba
mxolod pirveli nabijia, misi principebis danergva adgilobriv kanonmdeblobaSi
kidev sxva, xolo am kanonebis ganxorcieleba kidev sxva. es samive safexuri Zalian
mniSvnelovania, magram winamdebare etapis gareSe, rac gamoixata qalTa uflebrivi
azris saerTaSoriso doneze CamoyalibebaSi es Semdgomi etapebi ver gaxdeboda
SesaZlebeli.
qveTavSi me Sevecade meCvenebina qalTa uflebebis damcavi dokumentebis
ganviTarebis ZiriTadi Strixebi erTa ligasa da gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaSi
1945-1982 wlebSi. mimaCnia, rom am periodSi seriozuli safuZveli Caeyara ufro
moqnil, kulturebisadmi mgrZnobiare, mravlismomcvel da qalTa uflebebis damcav
Zlier kanonmdeblobas, ramac xeli unda Seuwyos qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebas msoflios mraval qvryanaSi.

gaerTianebuli erebis qalTa sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili msoflio konferenciebi


ganviTarebadi qveynebis ricxvis zrdam gaerTianebuli erebis wevrTa rigebSi,
organizaciis dRis wesrigSi daayena maTi ganviTarebis sakiTxi. mravalricxovanma
kvlevebma da analizma, jer kidev adreul 1970-ian wlebSi gaero daarwmuna, rom
msoflios masStabiT qalebis mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba warmoadgenda erT-erT
umTavres gasaRebs siRaribis daZlevisa da mosaxleobis janmrTelobis gaumjobesebis
gzaze. amave periodSi Zalas ikrebda feministuri moZraobis meore talRa, romelmac
safuZveli Cauyara qalTa kvlevebs da qalebTan dakavSirebuli mravali sakiTxi gaxada
sajaro msjelobis sagani. miuxedavad Seqmnili realobisa pirveli saerTaSoriso
ganviTarebis strategia, romelic ganviTarebis meore dekadisTvis (1970-1980) Seiqmna
qalebis mdgomareobaze Zalian mwirad saubrobda. amis pasuxad komisiam qalTa
statusis Sesaxeb generalur asambleas SesTavaza rezolucia, romelic warmoadgenda
qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaTvis saerTaSoriso doneze moqmedebis programas.
es rezolucia (A/RES/2715 XXV) asambleam erTxmad miiRo 1970 wlis 15 dekembers.
generalurma asambleam ori wlis Semdeg (1972 wels), 1975 weli qalTa saerTaSoriso
weliwadad gamoacxada, romlis amocanas qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba iyo,
rogorc gaeros sistemaSi, aseve organizaciis wevr qveynebSic. 1974 wels gaerom miiRo

50

ZaladobasTan brZolis 2000-2004 samoqmedo gegmebi. dRevandeli monacemebiT komisiam


arseboba Sewyvita, xolo SemuSavebuli gegmebis 97% ganuxorcielebeli darCa.110
es gamocdileba mniSvnelovani gakveTilia imisaTvis, rom aRar davuSvaT am
sakiTxze formaluri komisiebisa Tu sxvagvari meqanizmebis Seqmna, mxolod saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis moTxovnebis saameblad, aramed gaviTavisoT genderuli Tanasworobis saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulis arsebobis saWiroeba saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaTvis da SevqmnaT qmediTi, efeqturi da angariSvaldebuli meqanizmi.
genderuli Tanasworobis saxelmwifo meqanizmisa da Sesabamisad genderuli
Tanasworobis saxelmwifo politikis saWiroebaze miuTiTebs saqarTveloSi arsebuli
problemebi:

ar arsebobs ojaxur ZaladobasTan dakavSirebuli statistika;

ar arsebobs kanoni `ojaxuri Zaladobis~ Sesaxeb;

ar arsebobs ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverplTa dacvis meqanizmebi;

ar arsebobs samuSao adgilze sqesis niSniT diskriminaciis (mtruli samuSao


garemo) aRmofxvris iuridiuli berketebi;

evropis sxva
maRalia;111

saxezea qalTa mzardi gaRatakeba da araformalur SromiT seqtorSi dasaqmebul


qalTa raodenobis zrda, Sesabamisi mZime samuSao pirobebiTa da daucvelobiT;

saqmianobis yvela sferoSi didia sxvaoba qalebisa da mamakacebis xelfasebs


Soris; `2002 wels kacebis saSualo Tviuri nominaluri xelfasi TiTqmis orjer
aRemateboda qalebis xelfass;112

dabaliaqalTa monawileobis maCvenebeli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis sxvadasxva


doneebze;

ar xdeba saxelmwifos mier nakisri saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis113 Sesruleba


genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT.

qveynebTan

SedarebiT

dedaTa

sikvdilianobis

maCvenebeli

mZlavri genderuli stereotipebis arseboba araxelsayrelia rogorc qalebisTvis,


aseve mamakacebisTvisac; yvela mamakaci erTnairi warmatebiT ver ergeba `mamakacurobis~ gabatonebul stereotips (Zlieri, heteroseqsuali, ojaxis marCenali) da
Sesabamisad maTi adgili da uflebebi sazogadoebaSi izRudeba. 1991 wlidan
moyolebuli bevrma qalma SeiTavsa an srulad itvirTa ojaxis marCenalis funqcia,
ramac meuRleTa araerTgvarovani reaqcia gamoiwvia. zog SemTxvevaSi, mamakacebis
agresiulobam moimata da noyieri niadagi Seiqmna ojaxuri ZaladobisTvis, zog
SemTxvevaSi ki, mamakacebis depresiuloba da demoralizacia moxda (mamakacTa TviTmkvlelobis monacemi 2002 wlisTvis TiTqmis xuTjer aRemateba qalTa TviTmkvlelobis monacems114). Cveni sazogadoebis ganviTarebisTvis aseve mniSvnelovania
gadaixedos is Cveulebebi da stereotipuli Sexedulebebi, romlebic rCebian dominant
110

magaliTisTvis ixileT: qalTa mimarT ZaladobasTan brZolis samoqmedo gegmis monitoringiqalTa


sakonsultacio centri saxli, 2004
111
100 000 qalidan 32 daRupuli qali 2004 wels msoflio jandacvis organizaciis monacemebiT. World
Health Report 2004, World Health Organization, 148.
112
qali da kaci saqarTveloSi 2002, saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti, Tbilisi 2003,
gv. 27.
113
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb da
1995 wlis pekinis moqmedebaTa platforma.
114
qali da kaci saqarTveloSi 2002, saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti, Tbilisi 2003,
gv.10.

63

maregulirebel Zalebad saqarTvelos mosaxleobis didi nawilisaTvis115 da am


procesSi didi roli unda Seasrulos samoqalaqo seqtorma. arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, Tavisufali media da damoukidebeli eqspertebi gacilebiT efeqturad
imuSaveben, Tu xelisuflebas eqneba Semxvedri pozicia da Sesabamisi politika, Tu
xelisufleba realurad da ara formlurad gaixsneba am genderuli sakiTxebis mimarT.
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis konvenciis `qalTa diskriminaciis yvela
formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb~ mixedviT, qveynebma, romlebic konvencias SeuerTdnen, ar
unda daiSuron Zalisxmeva iseTi politikis SesamuSaveblad, romelic qalTa diskriminaciis aRmofxvrisken iqneba mimarTuli (muxli 2).
ZemoT aRniSnuli 1998 wels116 momzadebuli konvenciis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb
samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo (Crdilovani) angariSebis, ganxilva qalTa konvenciis
komitetis 21-e sxdomaze (1999 7-25 ivnisi) moxda.117 konvenciis ganxorcielebis
zedamxedvelma komitetma saqarTveloSi arsebuli viTarebis Sesaxeb moxsenebis
ganxilvis Semdeg daskvniT komentarebSi SemaSfoTeblad miiCnia erovnuli samoqmedo
gegmis ganuxorcielebloba, sazogadoebaSi tradiciuli patriarqaluri stereotipebis dominireba, qalTa winaaRmdeg Zaladobis faqtebze monacemebis simwire da
mTavrobas ocze meti rekomendacia SesTavaza, romlebic samwuxarod 5 wlis Semdegac
aqtualuria, vinaidan SevardnaZis administracias gaaCnda deklarirebuli da ara
realuri survili, ezruna qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaTvis.
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wevri qveynebis valdebulebebi, genderuli
Tanasworobis miRwevis TvalsazrisiT, dakonkretda da daixvewa 1995 wels pekinSi
gamarTuli qalTa meoTxe saerTaSoriso konferenciis saboloo dokumentiT `beijingis moqmedebaTa platforma~. am dokumentiT gaeros wevr qveyanaTa mTavrobebs daevalaT qalTa uflebebis damcavi da genderuli politikis ganmxorcielebeli saxelmwifo meqanizmis Seqmna-gaZliereba (seqcia ). `moqmedebaTa platformaSi~ vkiTxulobT:
201. qalTa winsvlaze orientirebuli saxelmwifo meqanizmi warmoadgens politikis
koordinirebis centralur erTeuls mTavrobaSi. misi mTavari amocana samTavrobo
doneze qveynis politikaSi genderuli-Tanasworobis perspeqtivis integrireba da
gamWol xazad gatarebaa. aseTi meqanizmis efeqturi funqcionirebisaTvis Semdegi
pirobebia aucilebeli:
a. gadawyvetilebis miRebis umaRles doneze arseboba, sasurvelia ministrTa
kabinetis pasuxismgeblobis qveS.
b. iseTi instituciuri meqanizmebis an procesebis SemuSaveba, romlebic
saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi
RonisZiebaTa
decentralizebuli
dagegmvis,
ganxorcielebisa da monitoringis saSualebas iZleva. maT Soris, arasamTavrobo
da Temze dafuZnebuli organizaciebis CarTvis xarjzec.
g. sakmarisi finansuri resursebisa da profesionali
kadrebis arseboba.

gamoTqmuli rezervaciebi.
17-22 muxlebi aregulireben konvenciis danergvis monitoringis Semsrulebeli
organos muSaobas. iqmneba komiteti qalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli yvela formis
diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb; dgindeba saxelmwifoebis mier moxsenebebis
wardgenis procedura da komitetis Sexvedris dro da vadebi.
17 muxlis Tanaxmad, es komiteti, romelsac xSirad igive Semoklebuli saxeliT
moixsenieben, riTac konvencias (CEDAW) Seiqmna 1982 wels. igi Sedgeba qalTa
sakiTxebze momuSave eqspertebisagan, romlebic msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxidan arian
warmodgenilni komitetSi. komitetis daarsebidan 2002 wlamde misi wevrebi (sul 69)
iohan nordenfeltis (SvedeTidan) gamoklebiT sul qalebi iyvnen.82 konvenciis wevri
qveynebi irCeven komitetis wevrebs konvenciis moTxovnis mixedviT, wevrTa Tanabari
geografiuli gadanawilebis Sesaxeb.
komitetis mandati iTvaliswinebs konvenciis danergvis Tvalyuris devnebas
dokumentis wevr saxelmwifoebSi. komitetis Sexvedrebi weliwadSi orjer imarTeba, am
Sexvedrebisas komiteti ganixilavs konvenciis wevri qveynebis mier wardgenil
moxsenebebs, imis Sesaxeb Tu ra gakeTda qveynebis masStabiT konvenciis dasanergad.
konvenciis ratificirebidan erTi wlis Semdeg saxelmwifo valdebulia komitets
warudginos moxseneba. am pirveli moxsenebis Semdeg qveynebi valdebulni arian
komitets moxseneba warudginon yovel 4 weliwadSi erTxel. moxsenebis ganxilvisas
komitetis wevrebs SesaZloa gauCndeT damatebiTi kiTxvebi qveynis moxsenebis irgvliv.
ganxilvis dasasruls komiteti amzadebs rekomendaciebs da saboloo komentars im
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, rasac komiteti miiCnevs gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnad
momxsenebeli qveynis qalTa mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad. saboloo anu daskvniTi
komentaris momzadeba komitetma daiwyo mecamete sesiis (1994 wels) gadawyvetilebiT.
mecamete sesia mniSvnelovania kidev imitom, rom mas Semdeg komitetis sxdomebi gaeros
saTao ofisSi niu-iorkSi imarTeba (manamde komiteti xvdeboda monacvleobiT xan
gaeros ofisSi venaSi, xan ki niu iorkSi).83
konvenciis 23-30 muxlebi konvenciis ratificirebisa da ZalaSi Sesvlis
proceduras gansazRvravs.
konvencia generalurma asambleam Tavisi 34/180 rezoluciiT miiRo 1979 wlis 18
dekembers, xelmowerebisa da ratifikaciisaTvis gaixsna 1980 wlis 1 marts. konvencia
ZalaSi Sevida 1981 wlis 3 seqtembers generaluri asambleis 36/131 rezoluciiT.
2002 wlis TebervlisaTvis 170 qveyanaa konvenciis wevri.84 qalTa konvencia gaeros
bavSTa konvenciis Semdeg yvelaze mravalwevriani konvenciaa, magram amave dros wevri
saxelmwifoebi yvelaze metad am konvenciis zogierT muxlebze ikaveben Tavs, rac
qalTa uflbebis damcavebisa da mkvlevrebis azriT, aferxebs konvenciis efeqturobas.
feministi mkvlevarebi ver Tanxmdebian qalTa adamianis uflebebis artikulaciisa
da danergvis strategiebze, zogierTi maTgani, magaliTad, selina romani fiqrobs, rom
qalTa uflebebi ufro Zlieri da mravlismomcveli iqneba Tu, maTi gamoTqma moxdeba
`qalebisave eniT~ da ara adamianis uflebebis arsebul diskursSi, romelic mamakacuri
dominirebis gamo ar aris sakmarisad mgrZnobiare qalebis problemebisadmi. sxvebi,
magaliTad, hilari Carlsvorsi miiCnevs, rom adamianis uflebebis diskursi im formiT

115

iqneba es qaliSvilobis instituti, romelic Sedegad sul mcire adreul qorwinebebsa da dangreuli
ojaxebs iZleva Tu CveulebiTi samarTlis primati kodificirebul samarTalze mSoblebis
memkvidreobasTan mimarTebaSi, romlis mixedviTac ojaxis ufros vaJiSvilsa da qaliSvils ar miuwvedba
xeli mSoblebis uZrav qonebaze, rac mwvave socialur-ekonomikur Sedegs iZleva
116
konvenciis moTxovnaa SeerTebidan erTi wlis da Semdeg yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel konvenciis
ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb perioduli angariSebis momzadeba (muxli 18). saqarTvelom pirveli angariSi 1995
wlis nacvlad sami wlis dagvianebiT 1998 wels waradgina.
117
kombinirebuli meore da mesame perioduli angariSebi komitets saqarTvelos mTavrobam miawoda,
magram maTi ganxilva jer ar Semdgara.

iohan nordenfelti komitetSi 1982-1984 wlebSi msaxurobda.


meti informaciisaTvis ixileT mara r. bustelo qalTa diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb komiteti
gzajvaredinze. (Mara R. Bustelo. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women at the Crossroads.
The Future of United Nations Human Rights Treaty Monitoring. Edited by Philip Alston and James Crawford. Cambridge University
Press. Cambridge. 2000. 79-111).
84
ukanaskneli qveyana, romelic konvencias SeuerTda aris bahreini, 2002 wlis 18 ivniss, saqarTvelo
qalTa konvencias SeuerTda 1994 wlis 26 oqtombers. gaerTianebuli erebi: qalTa ganviTarebis
ganyofileba.

64

49

82

83

germaniis demokratiuli respublikis SemoTavazebaa, masSi naTqvamia, rom sqesTa Soris


Tanasworobas Zalian Seuwyobs xels axali saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigi,
romelic daemyareba Tanasworobisa da samarTlianobis princips. xolo meore abzacSi
xazgasmulia, rom aparteidis, rasizmis yvela formis, rasobrivi diskriminaciis,
kolonializmis, neokolonializmis, agresiis, ucxo saxelmwifos mier okupaciisa da
batonobis, saxelmwifoTa saSinao saqmeebSi Carevis aRmofxvra aucilebelia mamakacisa
da qalis uflebebiT sruli sargeblobisaTvis~.79 freizeris mixedviT, es aparteidTan
dakavSirebuli argumenti senegalis mier iyo SemoTavazebuli.80 es abzaci Zalian
mniSvnelovania, radgan igi amaxvilebs yuradRebas kavSirze diskriminaciul
politikur reJimsa da qveyanaSi adamianis uflebebis dacvis mdgomareobaze.
konvenciis pirveli muxli qalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli diskriminaciis ganmartebaa. `[] termini `qalis diskriminacia~ niSnavs sqesis niSniT nebismier gansxvavebas,
gamijnvas an SezRudvas, romelmac SesaZlebelia Sedegad moitanos an romlis mizania
qalisaTvis, misi ojaxuri mdgomareobis miuxedavad, mamakacisa da qalis Tanasworobis
safuZvelze, politikur, ekonomikur, socialur, kulturul, samoqalaqo an nebismier
sxva sferoSi, adamianis uflebebisa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa aRiarebis,
sargeblobis an gamoyenebis SesaZleblobis Sesusteba, an sruli uaryofa.~ (konvencia
qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb~, muxli 1.) 2-6 muxlebi adgenen
samarTlebriv, administraciul da sxva zomebs rac konvenciis wevrma saxelmwifoebma
unda miiRon, rom miiRwes sqesTa Soris Tanabaruflebianoba. es Zalisxmevebia:
specialuri zomebi (muxli 4), socialuri da kulturuli nimuSebis modifikacia (muxli
5) da qalTa trefikingis aRmofxvra (muxli 6). muxli 2, konvenciis Zireuli
mniSvnelobis muxlad iTvleba, radgan igi udgens saxelmwifoebs strategiebs
konvenciis gansaxorcieleblad.
6-16 muxlebi eZRvneba diskriminaciis specifikur sferoebs, kerZod, qalTa da
kacTa Tanabaruflebianobas politikur da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi (muxli 7),
saerTaSoriso arenaze saxelmwifos warmodgenis uflebas (muxli 8), qalis uflebas
miiRos, Seicvalos da SeinarCunos erovneba (muxli 9), uflebas ganaTlebaze (muxli 10),
qalTa da mamakacTa Tanabaruflebianobas dasaqmebis sferoSi (muxli 11), uflebas
samedicino momsaxurebaze (muxli 12), ekonomikur da socialur uflebebs (muxli 13),
mowodebas soflad mvxovrebi qalis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (muxli 14),81
mowodebas kanonis winaSe qalis da mamakacis Tanasworobis miRwevisaTvis (muxli 15) da
qalis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris mowodebas qorwinebasa da saojaxo urTierTobebTan
dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi (muxli 16).
muxli 16, muxli 2-is msgavsad principuli mniSvnelobisaa da saxelmwifoebis
mxridan Tavis Sekaveba am or muxlze SeusabamobaSia konvenciis mTavar mizanTan,
amitom komiteti qalis diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvis Sesaxeb mouwodebs
qveynebs ar Seikavon Tavi am muxlebze an gadasinjon da gadaTqvan am muxlebze

d. mTavrobis politikaze nebismier sferoSi gavlenis qonis SesaZlebloba.118


pekinis `moqmedebaTa platforma~ konkretul miTiTebebsa da rekomendaciebs
aZlevs gaeros wevr saxelmwifoebs genderuli politikis efeqturi meqanizmis Seqmnisa
da funqcionirebisaTvis. swored am platformis gaTvaliswinebiT momzadda saqarTveloSi zemoxsenebuli erovnuli samoqmedo gegmebi, magram vinaidan ar arsebobda
qmediTi saxelmwifo meqanizmi gegmebis sisruleSi mosayvanad, maTi amocanebi
qaRaldze darCa. 2004-2005 wlebSi xdeba pekinis moqmedebaTa platformis 10 wlis
muSaobis Sefaseba da misi amocanebis ganmtkiceba msoflios masStabiT da Sesabamisad,
sasurvelia Cveni qveyana am TvalsazrisiT, ganaxlebuli da realisturi amocanebiTa
da gegmebiT warsdges saerTaSoriso arenaze.
evrokavSiris struqturebi xSirad gamoTqvamen TavianT politikaSi sqesTa
Tanasworuflebianobisa da Tanabari mopyrobis principebis gatarebis survilsa da
mzaobas. 1999 wlis amsterdamis xelSekrulebam daavaldebula evrokavSiri daZlios
diskriminacia da daamyaros Tanabaruflebianoba qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris.119
evrokavSiris xelSekrulebis me-2 muxlis mixedviT, qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris
TanasworuflebianobisaTvis xelisSewyoba evropuli sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan
amocanas warmoadgens, me-3 muxlis mixedviT ki, kavSiris yvela saqmianoba miznad unda
isaxavdes
uTanasworobis
aRmofxvras
da
qalebsa
da
mamakacebs
Soris
Tanabaruflebianobis xelSewyobas.
evrokavSiris uflebaTa wesdebis 23-e muxlis mixedviT, `qalebsa da mamakacebs
Soris Tanasworuflebianoba unda iyos daculi yvela sferoSi, maT Soris dasaqmebis,
Sromisa da anazRaurebis sferoebSi.120
evrokavSiris CarCo strategia genderul Tanasworobaze (2001-2005) sqesTa Tanabaruflebianobas ekonomikuri socialuri da demokratiuli ganviTarebis ganuyofel
nawilad miiCnevs. evrokavSiris gafarToebis komisar ferhoigens araerTxel aRuniSnavs, rom wevrobis kandidati qveynebis kanonmdeblobis Tanasworuflebianobis
kanonebTan Sesabamisoba evrokavSiris wevrobis winapirobaa.
evrokavSirSi gawevrianebisaTvis saWiroa sami kriteriumis dakmayofileba: 1.
kandidati qveynebi unda iyvnen stabiluri demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi; 2. kandidat
qveynebs unda gaaCndeT moqmedi sabazro ekonomika, romelic erTian evropul bazarze
konkurentunariani iqneba; 3. kandidati qveynebis kanonmdebloba unda Seesabamebodes
evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobas da Sesabamisad unda xorcieldebodes.
evrosabWos moTxovnebi mTavrobebis mimarT genderuli Tanasworobis WrilSi
Semdegia:
1. Tanasworoba Sromis anazRaurebis sferoSi;
2. Tanaswori mopyroba dasaqmebis, profesiuli; wvrTnis/gadamzadebis,
dawinaurebis da samuSao pirobebis kuTxiT;
3. Tanaswori midgoma socialuri sqemebis farglebSi;
4. TviTdasaqmebulTa da maT damxmare meuRleTa Tanabari mopyroba;
5. orive mSoblis dekretuli Svebuleba;
6. samuSao drois samarTliani organizeba;

Womens Convention). In Women Politics and the United Nations. Anne Winslow ed. Greenwood Press. Westport, Conn. 1995,
85).
79
konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, preambula.
80
arvone s. freizeri konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (qalTa
konvencia), 85. (Arvonne S. Fraser, The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (The
Womens Convention). In Women Politics and the United Nations. Anne Winslow ed. Greenwood Press. Westport, Conn. 1995,
85).
81
soflad mcxovrebi qalebis sakiTxi pirvelad deklaraciis werisas iyo naxsenebi sakvebisa da soflis
meurneobis organizaciis mier, magram es sakiTxi deklaraciis teqstSi ar Sevida, aramed mxolod
konvenciis. (meti detalebisTvis ixileT arvone s. freizeri konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela
formis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (qalTa konvencia), 85. (Arvonne S. Fraser, The Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (The Womens Convention). In Women Politics and the United
Nations. Anne Winslow ed. Greenwood Press. Westport, Conn. 1995, 85).

118
FWCW Platform for Action, Institutional Mechanisms for the Advancement of Women, UN 1995, H, 201. Available on-line,
last visited on August 15 2004. <http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/platform/institu.htm>
119
EU, Treaty of Amsterdam Amending the Treaty of on European Union, the Treaties Establishing European Communities and
Certain Related Acts, Article 2, Article 3, Article 118, Article 119, entered into force on 1st of May 1999.
120
EU, Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Article 23.

48

65

7. sqesobrivi diskriminaciis Sesaxeb aRZrul saqmeebSi mtkicebis tvirTis sakiTxi;


8. naxevarganakveTiani samuSaos SesaZlebloba orive sqesisTvis;
evroparlamentma, gansakuTrebiT ki, qalTa uflebebisa da Tanabaruflebianobis
komitetma moiTxova meti yuradReba gamaxvildes iseT sakiTxebze rogoricaa qalTa
trefikingi regionSi. komitetma evropis komisias mosTxova meti yuradReba miaqcios
genderuli Tanasworobis principis dacvas evrokavSiris gafarToebis procesSi.
qalTa sakiTxebisaTvis yuradRebis miqcevis aucilebloba saxelmwifo doneze
dasavleT evropisa da amerikis qveynebSi 1970-iani wlebidan dadga dRis wesrigSi.
Tavdapirvelad iqmneboda qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesaze mimarTuli calkeuli
programebi da proeqtebi, romlebmac garkveul Sedegs miaRwia, Tumca am gziT qalTa
sakiTxebi erTgvar getoSi moeqca, radgan maTi gadaWra da ganxilva xdeboda sxva iseTi
aqtualuri sakiTxebisgan mowyvetilad, romlebic aseve uSualo kavSirSi iyvnen da
gavlenas axdendnen qalTa yoveldRiur cxovrebaze. 1980-iani wlebis mcdelobebi
genderuli sakiTxebis integrirebisa calkeul samTavrobo programebSi aseve ar
aRmoCnda sakmarisad efeqturi, koordinirebisa da profesionali kadrebis naklebobis
gamo, TumcaRa naTeli gaxda Tu ra didi rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia xelisuflebas
genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevis TvalsazrisiT. Sesabamisad, 1990-iani wlebidan
daisva genderuli sakiTxebis ara ubralod integrirebis, aramed institucionalizaciis da gamWol xazad gatarebis (meinstrimingis) sakiTxi mTavrobis politikis formulirebis procesSi. saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobam genderul politikaze momuSave
erovnuli meqanizmis Seqmna am sferoSi winsvlisaTvis prioritetad daasaxela. Tu
Tavdapirveli gendrul sakiTxebze momuSave erovnuli meqanizmebi ufro jandacvisa
da socialur sakiTxebze momuSave saxelmwifo erTeulebis farglebSi iqmneboda 1990iani wlebis meore naxevridan xazi gaesva aucileblobas maTi mTavrobis yvelaze maRal
SesaZlo eSelonebSi ganTavsebis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa dagegmvisa da finansTa
saministroebis, prezidentis an premier ministris zedamxedvelobis qveS. miuxedavad
am pozitiuri tendenciebisa, kvlevebma aCvena, rom sxvadasxva mizezis gamo mainc
SezRudulia genderul sakiTxebze momuSave erovnuli meqanizmebis efeqturoba.121
saerTaSoriso gamocdilebam cxadyo, rom Zalian bevr faqtors SeuZlia Seasustos
genderuli politikis sakiTxebze momuSave erTeulis efeqturoba. TviT terminis
`genderi~ Semotanamac warmoSva garkveuli dabneuloba, vinaidan genderuli politika
kvlav qalebze koncentrirebuli rCeba da ver xerxdeba masSi mamakacTa warmatebuli
integrireba. marTalia, sawyis etapze monacemebi mamakacTa mdgomareobis Sesaxeb
mosaxmobia qalTa uTanasworo da diskriminaciuli mdgomareobis gamosavlenad, magram
droTa ganmavlobaSi aucilebelia iseTi genderulad mgrZnobiare RonisZiebebis
dagegmva, romlebic mamakacTa interesebsac moemsaxureba da Sesabamisad maT
CarTulobasa da mxardaWeras gamoiwvevs. socialuri samarTlianobis argumentis
paralelurad uwyebam unda ganaviTaros efeqtianobis argumenti, da Tavisi politika
am kuTxiT warmarTos; naTlad daanaxos xelisuflebis sxva warmomadgenlebs, rom
genderuli Tanasworobis miRweva xelsayrelia saxelmwifos ganviTarebisTvis da Tan
iZleva moqalaqeTa uflebebis dacvis saSualebas. qveynis mTavroba unda acnobierebdes, rom zrunva sqesTa Soris Tanasworobis miRwevisaTvis daakmayofilebs
upirvelesad qveynis moqalaqeebis mwvave saWiroebas da ara saerTaSoriso
Tanasazogadoebis mier nakarnaxev kidev erT moTxovnas.

deklaraciis miRebis Semdeg mniSvnelovani iyo misi gavrceleba msoflios


masStabiT, rom masSi ganxiluli sakiTxebi ar darCeniliyo qaRaldze. magram, vinaidan
deklaracia samarTlebriv valdebulebas ar akisrebs mis wevr qveyanas, misi danergva
da Sesabamisad monitoringi ar ganxorcielda efeqturad. wevri qveynebi ar
gamoirCeodnen didi enTuziazmiT deklaraciis danergvis Sesaxeb moxsenebebis
wardgenisas. freizeri wers, rom ukve 1968 wels qalTa statusis Sesaxeb komisiis
wevrma poloneTidan gaakeTa SemoTavazeba deklaraciis konvenciad gadakeTebis
Sesaxeb, dasZina ra, rom aseTi transformacia Cveulebriv movlenas warmoadgenda
adamianis uflebebis damcavi dokumentebisaTvis~.74 TumcaRa qalTa statusis Sesaxeb
komisiis mxolod 25-e sxdomaze, 1974 wels, gadawyda realurad dawyebuliyo qalTa
uflebebis damcavi erTiani konvenciis teqstze muSaoba.

qalTa konvencia
komisiis TxuTmetkaciani samuSao jgufi 1974 wlis 7-dan 17 ianvramde muSaobda.75
mTavrobebTan da arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan konsultaciebis Catarebis Semdeg,
1974 wels, 6-dan 17 dekembramde gamarTul 26-e sxdomaze komisiam qalTa statusis
Sesaxeb miiRo qalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli yvela formis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris
Sesaxeb konvenciis~ teqsti. helvi sifilam, generaluri mdivnis moadgilem socialuri
ganviTarebis da humanitaruli saqmeebis ganxriT, sxdomis Semdeg SeniSna, rom Tu
konvencias generaluri asamblea miiRebs Tavis Semdgom sesiaze, maSin es faqti moxdeba
qalTa 1980 wlis msoflio konferenciamde, gaeros mier gamocxadebuli qalTa
aTwleulis (1975-1985) SuaSi.76 es mizani miRweul iqna qalTa statusis Sesaxeb komisiis
intensiuri Zalisxmevis Sedegad, 1979 wlis 19 dekembers generalurma asambleam miiRo
konvencia.
konvencias qalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli yvela formis diskriminaciis
aRmofxvris Sesaxeb~ xSirad uwideben qalTa konvenciasa~ an bils qalTa uflebebis
Sesaxeb~, radgan igi qalebis uflebebis damcavi kompleqsuri dokumentia warmoadgens,
sadac Tavmoyrilia diskriminaciis aRmofxvrisaTvis saWiro mniSvnelovani elementebi. konvenciis teqsti Sedgeba preambulisa da 30 muxlisagan. preambulis teqsti
waagavs qalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb deklaraciis~ preambulis teqsts, TumcaRa ufro farTo da gabedulia Tavisi SinarsiT.
konvenciis preambulaSi xazgasmulia, rom `siRaribis pirobebSi qalebisaTvis naklebad
xelmisawvdomia sursaTi, janmrTelobis dacvis saSualebebi, ganaTleba, profesiuli
momzadeba da dasaqmeba, agreTve sxva moTxovnilebebi~.77 konvenciis preambula
deklaraciis preambulisgan gansxvavdeba aseve ori erTob politikuri Sinaarsis
abzaciT, rac dokuments Tavisi drois produqtad~ aqcevs.78 oridan erTi abzaci

74

Byrne, Bridget, Julie Kock Laier, Sally Baden, Rachel Marcus, National Machineries for Women in Development:
Experiences, Lessons and Strategies for Institutionalising Gender in Development Policy and Planning, Report N 36, Bridge:
Development-Gender, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, 1996.

arvone s. freizeri konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (qalTa
konvencia), 78. (Arvonne S. Fraser, The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (The
Womens Convention). In Women Politics and the United Nations. Anne Winslow ed. Greenwood Press. Westport, Conn. 1995,
84).
75
adamianis uflebebi: komisia qalTa statusis Sesaxeb, Human Rights: Commission on the Status of Women.
Annual Review of United Nations Affairs 1974. Compiled and edited by: Joseph T. Vambery. Oceana Publications, inc. New York.
1976. 261.
76
qalTa uflebebi da statusi, 260. (Womens Rights and Status. Annual Review of United Nations Affairs 1976.
Compiled and edited by William A. Landskron. Oceana Publications, inc. New York. 1977. 260).
77
konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, preambula.
78
arvone s. freizeri konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (qalTa
konvencia), 85. (Arvonne S. Fraser, The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (The

66

47

121

pirvelad ganixiles qalTa statusis Sesaxeb komisiis me-18 sxdomaze, romelic


TeiranSi gaimarTa. am sxdomaze airCa 12-kaciani komiteti, romelsac deklaraciis
Seqmna daevala. komitetis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen moxaliseebi da warmomadgenlebi
rezoluciis avtori qveynebidan. freizeri detalurad aRwers deklaraciis Seqmnis
process, komitetis muSaobisTvis sawyisad poloneTis mier warmodgenili teqsti
SeirCa. am teqstSi mocemuli iyo diskriminaciis ganmarteba, romelic amoiRes
deklaraciis saboloo variantidan. TumcaRa, diskriminaciis ganmarteba Seitanes
qalTa winaaRnmdeg mimarTuli yvela formis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris konvenciis
teqstSi~. deklaraciis teqsti monacvleobiT ganixiles generalurma mdivanma, sabWom
ekonomikur da socialur sakiTxebze, komisiam qalTa statusis Sesaxeb, gaeros wevrma
qveynebma, teqstis Semqmnelma komitetma, vidre igi gadaeca gansaxilvelad da
dasamtkiceblad generalur asambleas. 1967 wlis 7 noembers generalurma asambleam
miiRo deklaracia qalTa winaaRnmdeg mimarTuli diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb~.
deklaraciis efeqturobisa da gavlenis mimoxilvisas, laura reanda wers:
miuxedavad imisa, rom deklaracia ar atarebs valdebulebiT xasiaTs misi wevri
qveynebisaTvis, am dokumentis iseve rogorc, adamianis sayovelTao uflebebis
deklaraciis mniSvneloba mis wevr qveynebze moraluri pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebaSia.
qalTa winaaRnmdeg mimarTuli diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb deklaraciis~ wevri
qveynebi moralur pasuxismgeblobas iReben, rom aRmofxvran qalTa winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli diskriminaciuli kanonmdebloba Tu qmedebani~.72
moraluri siZlieris~ garda deklaracia win gadadgmuli nabijia qalTa
uflebebis saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv konteqstSi moazrebis TvalsazrisiT; qalTa
uflebebis aseTi formiT Tavmoyra erTian dokumentSi TavisTavad mniSvnelovani da
uprecendento faqtia.
deklaracia Sedgeba preambulisa da 11 muxlisgan; preambulaSi naTvqmia, rom
miuxedavad gaerTianebuli erebis wesdebisa, adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao
deklaraciis~, gaeros sxvadasxva rezoluciebis, konvenciebisa da rekomendaciebisa
ver moxerxda qalTa diskriminaciis aRmofxvra; rom, miuxedavad im uzarmazari
rolisa, rasac qalebi asrulebeben yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi maTi uflebrivi
mdgomareba Camouvardeba kacebis uflebriv mdgomareobas. deklaraciis TerTmeti
muxli Semdeg sakiTxebs exeba: pirveli muxli gmobs qalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTul
diskriminacias; meore muxli gmobs zogierTi qveynis kanonebs, wesebsa da Cveulebebs,
romlebic qalis diskriminacias uwyoben xels; mesame muxli mouwodebs iseTi
sazogadoebrivi azris ganmtkicebisaken, romelic aRiarebs sqesTa Tanabaruflebianobas; meoTxe muxli icavs qalTa politikur uflebebs; mexuTe muxli eZRvneba
qalTa uflebas miiRon, Seicvalon an SeinarCunon erovneba; meeqvse muxli aRiarebs
sqesTa Tanasworobas qorwinebisas, qorwinebis dros da gayrisas; meSvide muxli
mouwodebs wevr qveynebs Secvalon erovnuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebis
diskriminaciuli muxlebi; merve muxli mouwodebs qveynebs SeimuSaon trefikingTan
brZolis efeqturi zomebi; mecxre muxli eZRvneba ganaTlebis miRebis mniSvnelobas
sqesTa Soris Tanabaruflebianobis Sesaxeb; meaTe muxli aregulirebs sqesTa
Tanabaruflebianobas cxovrebis ekonomikur da socialur sferoebSi; meTerTmete
muxli mouwodebs mTavrobebs, arasamTavrobo organizaciebsa da kerZo pirebs, rom
danergon da ganaxorcielon am deklaraciaSi aRwerili principebi~.73
72
laura reanda, komisia qalTa statusis Sesaxeb, 284. (Arvonne S. Fraser, The Convention on the Elimination of
All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (The Womens Convention). In Women Politics and the United Nations. Anne
Winslow ed. Greenwood Press. Westport, Conn.. 1995,78 and Laura Reanda, The Commission on the Status of Women. The
United Nations and Human Rights: A Critical Appraisal. Philip Alston ed. Clarendon Press. Oxford. 1992. 284).
73
deklaracia qalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli diskrimiacis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, muxli 11.

46

imisaTvis, rom genderuli politikis SemmuSavebeli erovnuli meqanizmi iyos efeqturi, aucilebelia mas hqondes gamarTuli sakanonmdeblo baza, debuleba, romelSic
naTlad iqneba gawerili msgavsi uwyebis struqtura, amocanebi, organizaciis pasuxismgebloba da angariSvaldebuleba. es yovelive unda iyos gamyarebuli dagegmvisa da
marTvis iseTi struqturebiT, romlebsac SeuZliaT gegmebis saqmed gadaqceva.
sxva qveynebis praqtika aCvenebs, rom SeiZleba warmoiSvas konfliqti uwyebis rCeviT, uflebaTa damcav, politikis ganmxorcielebel da monitoringis funqciaTa
gaumijnaobis gamo, radgan TiToeuli maTgani iTxovs gansxvavebul unarCvevebs da
uwyebriv kulturas. saqarTveloSi am etapze, Tu Seiqmna calke genderuli Tanasworobis saxelmwifo erTeuli, igi unda iyos CarTuli politikis SemuSavebasa da Sedegebis monitoringSi da ara uSualod mis ganxorcielebaSi, ganxorcielebaze pasuxismgebeli Sesabamisi saministroebi unda iyvnen. SesaZlebelia gamonaklisis saxiT,
uwyebam inovaciuri, saCvenebeli proeqtebi ganaxorcielos iseT sferoebSi, sadac
erTi konkretuli saministro ar muSaobs da aucilebelia maTi TanamSromloba, magaliTad, wvrTnis organizeba sxvadasxva saministroebis warmomadgenlebis monawileobiT.
interdisciplinaruli da interinstituciuri xasiaTidan gamomdinare, umjobesia,
Tu amgvari organo ganTavsdeba rogorc saTaTbiro organo prezidentis an premierministris uSualo daqvemdebarebis qveS, raTa man gavlena iqonios sxvadasxva saministroebis muSaobaze. aseTi struqturuli ganlageba kargia, radgan amas SesaZloa
mohyves kargi dafinanseba, saqmianobis farTo profili da ukeTesi kavSirebi saerTaSoriso, Tu adgilobriv doneze. riski, rac Tan axlavs amgvar ganlagebas aris is, rom
amgvari instituciuri meqanizmi SeiZleba aRmoCndes zedmetad damokidebuli erT an
ormniSvnelovan, centralur politikur figuraze da maT gadawyvetilebebze.
SesaZlebelia aseTi organo Seiqmnas erT romelime konkretul saministroSi,
magram sxva qveynebis gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom am SemTxvevaSi uwyeba TiTqmis ver
axorcielebs gavlenas sxva seqtorul saministroebze, aseve erT saministroSi yofnisas qalTa sakiTxebi ganixileba sxva marginalizebuli jgufebis (mag: invalidebi,
eTnikuri umciresobebi) sakiTxebTan erTad da SeiZleba dadges resursebis naklebobis
realuri safrTxis winaSe.
mravali qveynis gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom amgvari saxelmwifo struqturis
dafinanseba zogadad mwiria da isini advilad eqvemdebarebian biujetis sekvestrs.
amisgan dasacavad organoebma SeimuSaves Semdegi strategia: grZelvadiani da naklebad
SesamCnevi proeqtebis nacvlad, romlebic instituciur gaZlierebasa da uflebaTa
dacvas eZRvneba, isini muSaoben moklevadian, efeqtur proeqtebze. ganviTarebad
qveynebSi xSirad gamoiyeneba donorebis daxmareba amgvari organoebis dasafinanseblad, TumcaRa dafinansebisTvis umjobesia moinaxos stabiluri saxelmwifo
saxsrebi.
interesebi da saministroebs Soris arsebuli faruli Tu aSkara paeqroba xels
uSlis iseT interseqtorul sakiTxze muSaobas rogoricaa genderuli Tanasworoba,
romelic iTxovs sxvadasxva seqtoruli saministroebis saqmianobebis koordinirebas.
piradi da politkuri winaaRmdegoba da sajaro moxeleTa dabali mgrZnobeloba
genderuli sakiTxebis mimarT damabrkolebelia uwyebis efeqturi muSaobisTvis.
politikuri patronaJi da amomrCevelTa interesebi xSirad did gavlenas axdens
imaze Tu visi daniSvna xdeba ama Tu im postze. genderuli Tanasworobis saministroebi
- uwyebebi xSirad mmarTveli partiis politikur interesebis gatarebas axdenen, maT
saTaveSi iniSnebian cnobil politikur figuraTa meuRleebi an mmarTveli politikur
partiis wevri qalebi, amitom xSirad amgvari saministroebi xdeba mmarTveli partiis

67

interesebis damkanonebeli da gamtarebeli erTeuli, rac arTulebs maT kavSirs qalTa


damoukidebel moZraobasTan da efeqtur saqmianobas.
saerTaSoriso gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom genderuli politikis SemmuSavebeli
uwyebis efeqturi muSaobis uzrunvelyofa Semdegi strategiebis gamoyenebiTaa
SesaZlebeli:122
genderis integrireba ganviTarebis gegmebSi am amocanis Sesasruleblad ori
ZiriTadi strategia arsebobs, romelic erTmaneTTan tandemSi unda ganxorcieldes:
(1) erovnuli politikis an/da moqmedebaTa gegmis SemuSaveba genderuli Tanasworobis
miRwevisaTvis da (2) Sesabamisi genderuli sakiTxebis integracia (mainstreaming) ganviTarebis proeqtebis dagegmvisas. Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom pirvelis koordinireba
da asaxva moxdes meoreSi, genderis efeqturi integraciisaTvis ganviTarebis gegmebSi
aucilebelia:

saxelmwifoSi genderuli politikis arseboba;

genderuli TanasworobisaTvis
aqtivoba adgilze;

maRali Tanamdebobis pirTa politikuri neba;

Sesabamisi dafinanseba;

sqesis mixedviT disagregirebuli monacemebi da indikatorebi iseT sakiTxebze,


rogorebicaa Zaladoba, reproduqciuli janmrTeloba;

konkretuli amocanebi rogorc mikro aseve seqtorul doneebze;

sabiujeto procesis monitoringi da misi genderuli analizi;

mebrZolTa

politikuri

da

ekonomikuri

Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom genderuli politikis SemuSavebisaTvis saWiro ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi da instruqciebi damuSavdes im adamianebTan konsultaciebis
Sedegad, visac mouxdeba am mimarTulebebisa da instruqciebis mixedviT dokumentebis
SemuSaveba da moqmedeba.
genderuli cnobierebis amaRleba da wvrTna gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
biurokratiuli winaaRmdegobis dasaZlevad da damokidebulebebSi cvlilebis misaRwevad.
stereotipebisa da tradiciebis siZlieris gamo, genderuli ganaTleba unda iyos
uwyveti da Seexos yvela rangis sajaro moxeles. treningebisSinaarsobrivi sicxade da
zogadad, maTi maRali done Zalian mniSvnelovania. treningi ver iqneba efeqturi
TavisTavad, Tu mis paralelurad ar moxda instituciuri cvlilebebi, sakanonmdeblo
cvlilebebi da kulturuli cvlilebebi.
sakontaqto pirebi / oficrebi (focal points) es ZiriTadi meqanizmi iqna gamoyenebuli bevri qveynis, radgan damyardes kavSirebi genderul politikaze momuSave
centralur erTeulsa da saministroebsa da departamentebs Soris. praqtikaSi am
meqanizmma ver gaamarTla, radgan sakontaqto pirebad xSirad iniSnebian qali
TanamSromlebi, romlebic Zalian datvirTulebi arian TavianT ZiriTad samuSaoze,
floben mcire resursebs da miRebuli aqvT mwiri wvrTna, aseve ver iReben sakmaris
daxmarebas dakisrebuli saqmianobis Sesasruleblad, naTlad ar aqvT gawerili
TavianTi funqciebi da maTi Sesrulebis meqanizmebi. sakontaqto pirebis meqanizmis
122

wyaro: Byrne, Bridget, Julie Kock Laier, Sally Baden, Rachel Marcus, National Machineries for Women in Development:
Experiences, Lessons and Strategies for Institutionalising Gender in Development Policy and Planning, Report N 36, Bridge:
Development-Gender, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, 1996.

68

statusis Sesaxeb komisiaSi moRvawe qalebisTvis Tavidanve naTeli gaxda, rom saWiro
iyo qalTa uflebebis damcavi sxva meqanizmebis Seqmnac. am mizeziT `adamianis
uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis~ miRebis Semdeg, maleve, kerZod, 1949 wels,
komisiam daiwyo muSaoba `konvenciaze qalTa politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb~.69 erTeul
sakiTxze mimarTul qalTa konvenciebze muSaobis paralelurad gaeroSi
mimdinareobda gacxarebuli kamaTi, imis Sesaxeb saWiro iyo Tu ara erT sakiTxze
mimarTuli konvenciebis garda qalTa uflebebis damcavi ufro kompleqsuri
saerTaSoriso dokumentis Seqmna, qvemoT vixilavT, Tu rogor gadawyda es sakiTxi.

deklaraciis Seqmna
1968 wels qalTa statusis Sesaxeb komisiis Tavmjdomare ani iagre Tavis `qalTa
winaaRnmdeg mimarTuli diskriminaciis aRmofxvris deklaraciis SesavalSi~ werda:
`adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciam ar gamoiwvia qalTa mdgomareobis
sagrZnobi gaumjobeseba mraval qveyanaSi. faqtebi qalTa diskriminaciis Sesaxeb
Semzaravia, amitom generalur asambleas mouwia qalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
diskriminaciis aRmosafxvrelad specialuri deklaraciis miReba~.
gaerTianebuli erebis ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWos moxsenebis Tanaxmad, 1963
wlis 15 noembers, ocdaorma ganviTarebadma da `aRmosavleT evropis~ qveyanam
generaluri asambleis me-18 sxdomaze waradgina rezolucia `qalTa winaaRnmdeg
mimarTuli diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb deklaraciis~ teqstze muSaobis
winadadebiT.70 es qveynebi iyo: 1. avRaneTi, 2. alJiri, 3. argentina, 4. avstria, 5.
kameruni, 6. Cile, 7. kolumbia, 8. Cexoslovakia, 9. gaboni, 10. gvinea, 11. indonezia, 12.
irani, 13. mali, 14. meqsika, 15. monRoleTi, 16. maroko, 17. pakistani, 18. panama, 19.
filipinebi, 20. poloneTi, 21. togo, 22. venesuela.
sainteresoa, rom am22 qveyanaze werisas mkvlevrebi maT nawils ganviTarebad
qveynebad moixseniebs, xolo nawils aRmosavleT evropis qveynebad, roca
geografiulad, CamoTvlili evropuli qveynebi centralur evropas miekuTvnebian
(kerZod: poloneTi, avstria da uwindeli Cexoslovakia). poloneTis da Cexoslovakiis
gaigiveba aRmosavleT evropasTan maTi sabWour banakSi moazrebiT SeiZleba aixsnas.
freizeris mixedviT, deklaraciis momxre qveynebidan arc erTi ar warmoadgenda
mTavar dasavlur Zalas, rac eWvis qveS ayenebs azrs, rom feminizmi an qalis
uflebebisaTvis brZola industrializaciuri ideaa. rezoluciis warmdgeni es 22
qveyana acxadebda, rom qalTa monawileobas erTa ganviTarebis saqmeSi arsebiTi
mniSvneloba aqvs, xolo qalTa diskriminacia Sesabamisad aferxebs ganviTarebis
process~.71 Sesabamisad am 22 qveynis gamaerTianebel idead SeiZleba moviazroT
diskriminaciis aRiareba ganviTarebis Semaferxebel faqtorad.
deklaraciis wera mimdinareobda 1965-1967 wlebSi. dokumentis Seqmnis procedura
69

laura reanda, komisia qalTa statusis Sesaxeb, Laura Reanda The Commission on the Status of Women. The
United Nations and Human Rights: A Critical Uppraisal. Philip Alston ed. Claredon Press. Oxford. 1992. 284.
70
aseve ixileT arvone s. freizeri konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb
(qalTa konvencia), 73, da laura reanda, komisia qalTa statusis Sesaxeb, 284 (Arvonne S. Fraser, The
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (The Womens Convention). In Women Politics and
the United Nations. Anne Winslow ed. Greenwood Press. Westport, Conn.. 1995,78 and Laura Reanda, The Commission on the
Status of Women. The United Nations and Human Rights: A Critical Appraisal. Philip Alston ed. Clarendon Press. Oxford. 1992.
284).
71
ixileT arvone s. freizeri konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (qalTa
konvencia), 78. (Arvonne S. Fraser, The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (The
Womens Convention). In Women Politics and the United Nations. Anne Winslow ed. Greenwood Press. Westport, Conn. 1995,
78).

45

konvencia miznad isaxavs qorwinebis, rogorc qalis cxovrebaze mniSvnelovani


gavlenis mqone faqtoris, regulirebas. konvenciaSi naTqvamia, rom qveynebma,
romlebic
SeuerTdebian
am
dokuments
unda
uzrunvelyon
meuRleTa
Tanabaruflebianoba TavianT erovnul kanonmdeblobebSi. dokumentis, mixedviT
mxolod Tavisufal da srul Tanxmobaze dafuZnebuli qorwineba SeiZleba CaiTvalos
kanonierad. konvenciis wevrma saxelmwifoebma aseve unda daadginon minimaluri asaki
qorwinebisaTvis. dokumentSi ar aris aRniSnuli sasurveli asaki qalisaTvis ojaxis
Sesaqmnelad, magram konvenciis ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg gadawyda, rom unda arsebobdes
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saerTaSoriso standarti. Sesabamisad, generaluri
asambleis mier 2018 (XX) rezoluciiT 1965 wlis 1 noembers miRebuli rekomendaciis
Tanaxmad qalis qorwinebis asaki ar unda iyos 15 welze naklebi.66 konvenciis moTxovnaa,
aseve qorwinebis Sesabamis organoSi registrireba.
konvenciis monitorings Tavidan generaluri mdivani axorcielebda; saxelmwifoebs evalebodaT misTvis moxsenebis wardgena konvenciis ratifikaciidan mesame
wlis bolos, Semdeg ki, yovel xuT weliwadSi erTxel. `qalTa winaaRnmdeg mimarTuli
diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb deklaraciis~ miRebis Semdeg konvenciis
ganxorcielebaze monitoringi daevala komisias qalTa statusis Sesaxeb, kidev ufro
mogvianebiT `qorwinebaze Tanxmobis, qorwinebis daSvebisaTvis minimaluri asakisa da
qorwinebis registrirebis Sesaxeb konvenciis~ Zireuli sakiTxebi qalTa konvenciis me16 muxlSi aisaxa, da maT ganxorcielebaze Tvalyuris devneba Sesabamisad qalTa
diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb komitets daevala.
rogorc aRiniSna, zemoT CamoTvlili konvenciebis principebi da sakiTxebi aisaxa
Tavdapirvelad `qalTa winaaRnmdeg mimarTuli diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb
deklaraciaSi~ (1967), xolo mogvianebiT `qalTa winaaRnmdeg mimarTuli yvela formis
diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb konvenciaSi~ (1979). qalTa adreuli konvenciebi,
rogorc vnaxeT qalebTan dakavSirebul erT sakiTxze orientirebuli dokumentebia
radgan `zogadi rwmenis mixedviT, am konkretuli sferoebis garda qalebis uflebebi
saukeTesod iyo daculi zogadi adamianis uflebebis damcavi dokumentebiT~.67
TumcaRa es saTiTaod SerCeuli sakiTxi adreul konvenciebamde daculi iyo gaeros
wesdebiTa da `adamianis uflebenis universaluri/sayovelTao deklaraciiT~. magaliTad, `adamianis uflebeTa sayovelTao deklaraciis~ me-16 muxli icavs orive sqesis
warmomadgenlebis Tanabaruflebianobas qorwinebisas da qorwinebaSi; me-15 muxlis
Tanaxmad `yvelas aqvs ufleba erovnebaze; 21-e muxli yvelas, ganurCevlad sqesisa,
aniWebs politikur uflebebs.68 amgvarad, `adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia~ qmnis saWiro safuZvels sqesTa Soris TanabaruflebianobisaTvis, magram qalTa

66
qalTa uflebebis Sesaxeb arsebuli saerTaSoriso konvenciebis krebuli11. (Compendium of International
Conventions Concerning the Status of Women. United Nations. New York. 1988, 11).
67
gaeros sazogadeobrivi informaciis departamenti. bolos vixile 2002 wlis 23 Tebervals:
<http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/history.htm>.
68
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia (1948); muxli 16: 1. yovel srulwlovan mamakacsa da qals
rasis, erovnebis an religiis niSniT raime SezRudvis gareSe ufleba aqvs daqorwindes da Seqmnas ojaxi.
isini sargebloben erTnairi uflebebiT SeuRlebis, qorwinebaSi yofnisa da ganqorwinebis dros. 2.
qorwineba SesaZlebelia mxolod orive meuRlis Tavisufali da sruli Tanxmobis safuZvelze. 3. ojaxi
sazogadoebis bunebrivi da ZiriTadi ujredia da ufleba aqvs daculi iyos sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos
mier. muxli 15: 1. yovel adamians aqvs moqalaqeobis ufleba. 2. aravis SeuZlia TviTneburad CamoerTvas
moqalaqeoba an Tavisi moqalaqeobis Secvlis ufleba. muxli 21: 1. yovel adamians ufleba aqvs
monawileobdes Tavisi qveynis marTva-gamgeobaSi uSualod, an Tavisuflad arCeuli warmomadgenlis
meSveobiT. 2. yovel adamians ufleba aqvs Tanabar safuZvelze Sevides Tavisi qveynis sajaro samsaxurSi. 3.
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis safuZvelia xalxis neba; es neba unda gamoixatos periodul da samarTlian
arCevnebSi, romlebic unda tardebodes sayovelTao da Tanaswori saarCevno uflebis saZvelze, faruli
kenWisyriT an sxva TanabarmniSvnelovani formebis meSveobiT, romlebic uzrunvelyofen xmis micemis
Tavisuflebas.

44

efeqturobis uzrunvelsayofad aucilebelia uwyebebSi maRali Tanamdebobis pirTa


dakaveba am saqmianobiT. maT unda mieces saqmianobis mokle da naTeli aRwera,
Cautardes Sesabamisi momzadeba, anazRaureba da aucilebelia maT daqvemdebarebaSi
arsebobdes erTeuli dakompleqtebuli profesionali kadrebiT.
uwyebaTaSorisi sakooridnacio komitetebis Seqmna es aris kidev erTi meqanizmi,
raTa daiZlios biurokratiuli winaaRmdegoba da moxdes genderuli politikis
ganxorcielebis koordinacia. aseTi komitetebi Sedgeba sxvadasxva uwyebebis
warmomadgenlebisa
da
arasamTavrobo
seqtoris
eqspertebisagan,
romlis
koordinirebas, xelmZRvanelobas axdens genderuli Tanasworobis erovnuli uwyeba
(mag. ministrTa kabineti). amitom ervonuli meqanizmis statusi Zalian mniSvnelovania,
imisaTvis rom man SeZlos am maRal Cinosan pirTa mowveva da marTva.
kavSirebi qalTa organizaciebTan da arasamTavrobo seqtorTan zogadad
erovnuli meqanizmis legitimuroba da efeqturoba damokidebulia misi kavSirebis
xarisxze qalTa da zogadad arasamTavrobo seqtorTan. formaluri reprezentaciis
sistema TiSavs patara da sust qalTa organizaciebs amitom sazogadoebrivi mosmenebi,
romlebic kombinirebuli iqneba ufro farTo sakonsultacio samuSaosTan da
samoqalaqo seqtoris CarTulobis moqnil sistemasTan SeiZleba ukeTesi Sedegi
gamoiRos.
rc erTi konkretuli strategia ar warmoadgens yvelaze swor gamosavals, aramed
saWoroa maTi kombinireba da koordinireba, aliansebis mSeneblobis gziT mTavrobis
SigniT da gareT. vfiqrobT, zemoaRniSnuli sakontaqto pirebis/oficrebis meqanizmi,
saqarTveloSic ver daaRwevs Tavs profesiuli kadrebis naklebobis problemas da
dRis wesrigSi aucileblad dadgeba sxvagvari ufro efeqturi instituciuri
meqanizmis Seqmnis aucileblebloba.

2. qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi:


iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli qalebi

"imis naxevari var, rac viyavi. Cemi saxli da ezo minda,


Cemi Zveli mezoblebi. Cemi qmris gverdiT minda davimarxo. "
devnili qali oCamCiredan
sasurvelia kursis am monakveTSi aseve visaubroT iZulebiT gadaadgilebul qalTa
mdgomareobaze saqarTveloSi, vinaidan es jgufi warmoiSva swored damoukideblobis
mopovebis Semdeg periodSi da maT mier gancdili problemebi (uflebrivi,
janmrTelobis,
ekonomikur
mdgomareobasTan
dakavSirebuli)
gansakuTrebiT
TvalsaCino da imavdroulad simptomuria saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi qalTa sxva
jgufebisaTvisac.
1991 wlis Semdgom ganviTrebulma movlenebma gavlena iqonia da mniSvnelovnad
gansazRvra qalTa mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas eTnikuri
konfliqtebis Sedegad iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli qalebi imsaxureben maTi mZime
socialuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT. ursis am komponentSi
ganxilulia, Tu ra gavlena iqonia qalTa mdgomareobaze eTnikurma konfliqtma, ra
cvlilebebi moxda devnil qalTa cxovrebaSi socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikur
aspeqtebis TvalsazrisiT. sakiTxis amgvari dasmiT naSromi cdilobs zogadi

69

politikur ekonomikuri procesebisa da tranziciisaTvis normad miwerili


zemoqmedebis warmoCenas mosaxleobis konkretul jgufze, aqcevs ra afxazeTidan
iZulebiT gadaadgilebul qalebs analizis ZiriTad erTeulad.
ssrk-s daSlis Semdeg, saqarTvelos pirveli nabijebs saxelmwifoebriobis
aRsadgenad Tan axlda sami SeiaraRebuli konfliqti: qarTul-afxazuri da qarTulosuri eTnikuri konfliqtebi da Tbilisis samoqalaqo omi. am konfliqtTa gavlena
udidesi iyo; maT Rrma kvali daamCnies qveynis ganviTarebas. uSualo msxverplis garda
dramatuli Sedegi iyo is, rom afxazeTis da samxreT oseTis eTnikurad qarTveli an
qarTvelebTan axlo naTesaur kavSirSi myofi mosaxleoba eTnikuri wmendis msxverpli
gaxda da iZulebuli iyo daetovebina mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgilebi. 1993 wlis
oqtomberSi, roca aTasobiT adamiani gamorboda afaxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikidan, umetesobam fexiT gadmokveTa svaneTis uReltexili, radgan transportis
aranair saSualebaze ar miuwvdeboda xeli. `200-dan 350 mde devnili bavSvi da qali
daiRupa am mgzavrobisas. zogierTma araadamianur pirobebSi imSobiara, xolo zogierTi mSobiarobas gadayva.123 saqarTveloSi iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa 55% qalia,
devnilTa saerTo raodenobis 36% bavSvia da 11,5% ki 63 wels aris gadacilebuli.
qarTul-afxazuri konfliqti 1992-1993 wlebSi mimdinareobda, romlis Sedegadc
240 000 250 000 adamiani gaxda iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli. maTi absolituri
umravlesoba eTnikuri qarTvelia. Tu am konfliqtSi romelime mxares gamarjvebuls an
damarcxebuls davarqmevT, maSin qarTuli mxare ukansknelia, Tumca konfliqti jer ar
aris sabolood mogvarebuli. afxazeTis yofili avtonomiuri respublikis statusi
kvlav gaurkvevlia, miuxedavad imisa, rom saomari qmedebebi oficialurad aT welze
metia rac Sewyda. konfliqtis gadaWris gaWianurebuli procesi devnilTa mdgomareobas arTulebs, radganac aranairi politikuri gadawyvetileba ar aris miRebula
maTi statusis gasaumjobeseblad; unda asimilirdnen da dafuZndnen isini gadanacvlebis adgilebSi (saqarTvelos didi qalaqebi da regionebi) Tu yovelTvis mzad unda
iyvnen saxlebSi dasabruneblad? da mesame yvelaze mniSvnelovani, ra undaT Tavad maT?
am Zalze saWiro kiTxvas samTavrobo doneze iSviaTad svamen. am mxriv, devnili qalebi
yvelaze metad arian ignorirebulni, 1992-1997 wlebSi prezident SevardnaZis mier
miRebuli 50-ze meti normatiuli aqtidan, romlebic iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebs
exebaT, arc erTi gansakuTrebulad ar exeba qalTa da bavSvTa sakiTxebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom afxazeTidan devnili qalebi zemoT movixsenie rogorc erTi
konkretuli jgufi, CemTvis kargad nacnobia is faqtic, rom es jgufi ar aris
erTgvarovani, aramed mravalferovania ganaTlebis, ojaxuri mdgomareobis,
ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis, asakisa da Tundac eTnikuri SemadgenlobiT, amitom am
jgufis warmomadgenelTa Tu maTTvis aqtualur sakiTxTa sruli speqtris
warmodgenas, cxadia, ver movaxerxebT da mxolod ramdenimeTi Semovifarglebi.
materialuri keTildReobis mixedviT, iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli qalebi SeiZleba
or ZiriTad jgufad Rarib da siRaribis zRvars odnav maRla myof jgufebad daiyos,
Tumca umetesoba is qalia, romelTa ojaxebma TiTqmis yvelaferi dakarges konfliqtis
dros. ase, rom axla maT yoveldRiuri brZola uwevT gadarCenisaTvis genderul
Zaladobisa da sicocxlisTvis saSiS situaciebSi.
1999 wlebSi feride zurikaSvilis mier Catarebulma kvlevam iZulebiT
gadaadgilebul qalTa Sesaxeb saintereso Sedegebi gamoavlina. mocemuli gamokvlevis
CarCoebSi devnili qalebi saqarTvelos 7 qalaqSi da 2 sofelSi iqna gamokiTxuli.
123

konvenciis Semdeg gaeros im drois yvelaze metad miRebul dokumentad aqcia64.


konvenciis mTavari amocanaa sqesTa Soris Tanabaruflebianobis miRweva
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileobisas. konvencia qalebs kacebis msgavsad aniWebs
srul politikur uflebebs: arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebas, kenWisyris uflebas,
sazogadoebriv samsaxurSi Cadgomis da Sesabamisi funqciebis Sesrulebis uflebas.
ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWo adevnebda Tvalyurs konvenciis implementacias.
gaeros 1953 wlis 23 ivlisis 504 (XVI) rezoluciiT, konvencias SeerTebul qveynebs
evalebodaT sabWosTvis yovel or weliwadSi erTxel waredginaT moxseneba konvenciis
danergvis kuTxiT Catarebuli samuSaos Sesaxeb. 1968 wlidan moyolebuli qalTa
politikuri uflebebis sakiTxis monitoringi ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWos 1325
(XIV) rezoluciis Tanaxmad, qalTa statusis Sesaxeb komisias daevala qalTa
winaaRnmdeg mimarTuli diskriminaciis aRmofxvris deklaraciis~ danergvis
monitoringis paralelurad. rogorc vxedavT, deklaraciis miRebam ara marto
konceptualuri,
aramed
praqtikuli
cvlilvebebic
moitana
monitoringis
TvalsazrisiT, miTumetes, rom deklaraciaSi gaerTianebuli iyo is sakiTxebi,
romlebsac eZRvneboda konvencia qalTa politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb. xolo mas
Semdeg, rac Seiqmna da miiRes konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis
aRmofxvris Sesaxeb~ qalebTan dakavSirebuli gaerTianebuli erebis dokumentebis
monitoringi daevala komitets qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris
Sesaxeb (CW), romelic 1982 wels Seiqmna rogorc konvenciis monitoringis organizacia.

konvencia gaTxovili qalis erovnebis Sesaxeb


es konvencia qalis uflebebis erT-erT yvelaze winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse sakiTxs
aregulirebs, romelic mogvianebiT, jer `deklaraciaSi qalTa winaaRnmdeg mimarTuli
diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb~, xolo Semdeg `qalTa winaaRnmdeg mimarTuli
yvela formis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb konvenciaSi~ aisaxa. TumcaRa, dRemde
qalTa konvenciis wevri qveynebis umetesoba Tavs ikavebs mecxre muxlis (qalis
erovnebis Sesaxeb) miRebaze.65
konvenciis mixedviT, qalebs kacebis msgavsad eZlevaT ufleba miiRon, Seicvalon an
SeinarCunon erovneba. konvenciis ganxorcielebaze zedamxedvelobas Tavdapirvelad
gaeros ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWo awarmoebda, specialuri moxsenebiTi
proceduris saSualebiT (es procedura dadginda sabWos 1954 wlis 12 ivlisis 547 (VII)
rezoluciiT). qalTa konvenciis miRebis Semdeg, `gaTxovili qalis erovnebis Sesaxeb
konvenciis~ ganxorcielebis monitoringi qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis
aRmofxvris Sesaxeb komitets daevala.

konvencia qorwinebaze Tanxmobis, qorwinebis daSvebisaTvis minimaluri asakisa da


qorwinebis registrirebis Sesaxeb

64
Semdegi detalebisTvis ixileT: jon h. i. fridi. socialuri da humanitaruli sakiTxebi: qalTa
statusi, 100. (John H. E. Fried. Social and Humanitarian Matters: the Status of Women. Annual Review of United Nations
Affairs 1954. Edited by Clyde Eagleton, Waldo Chamberlin, Richard N. Swift. New York University Press. Washington Square. New
York. 1955. 100).
65

Feride Zurikashvili, Internally Displaced Women in Georgia (Tbilisi: Womens Studies Center at Tbilisi State University,
October-November 1999), working paper, 7.

rebeka j. quki, qalTa saerTaSoriso adamianis uflebebis samarTali: winmavali gza,15. (Rebecca J. Cook.
Womens International Human Rights Law: The Way Forward. Human Rights of Women: National and International Perspectives.
Edited by Rebecca J. Cook. University of Pennsylvania Press. Philadelphia. 1994. 15).

70

43

universalur deklaraciaze muSaoba SeiZleba SevadaroT damoukideblobis


deklaraciaze muSaobis process miTumetes, rom orive es dokumenti
programuli saxis ganacxadia; kovenantebis momzadeba SeiZleba SevadaroT
konstituciuri asambleis komitetis muSaobas uflebebis Sesaxeb bilze. maSin,
rodesac gaeros qalebis statusis komisiis muSaoba analogiuria kongresis im
komitetisa, romelic specifikur sakiTxebze amzadebda kanonebs. es analogi
samarTliania imdenad, ramdenadac orive [gaeros komisiac da kongresis romeliRac konkretuli komitetic] amuSavebs teqstebsa da gamoscems rezoluciebs
garkveul sferoSi, rom isini Semdgom Sesabamisma zemdgomma organoebma
ganixilon.63
miuxedavad qalebis statusis Sesaxeb komisiis amgvari Semofargvlisa garkveuli,
specifikuri sakiTxebiT~, Seqmnis Semdeg man Seasrula unikaluri roli saerTaSoriso
arenaze qalebis uflebebis gamotanisa da gamoTqmis TvalsazrisiT. 1949-1959 wlebSi
komisiam daamuSava Semdegi specifikur sakiTxebze~ orientirebuli qalebis uflebebis saerTaSoriso konvenciebi:

konvencia qalTa politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb (am konvenciis Seqmnis iniciativa wamovida laTinuri amerikis warmomadgeneli komisiis wevrebisgan. generalurma asambleam es konvencia miiRo 1952 wlis 20 dekembers, 640-e (VII) rezoluciiT. xelmowerisa da ratifikaciisTvis gaixsna 31 marts, ZalaSi Sevida 1954
wlis 7 ivliss);

konvencia gaTxovili qalis erovnebis Sesaxeb (generalurma asambleam es


konvencia miiRo 1957 wlis 29 ianvars, 1040-e (XI) rezoluciiT. ZalaSi Sevida 1958
wlis 11 agvistos);

konvencia qorwinebaze Tanxmobis, qorwinebis daSvebisaTvis minimaluri asakisa


da qorwinebis registrirebis Sesaxeb (generalurma asambleam es konvencia miiRo
1962 wlis 7 noembers, 1763-e A (XVII) rezoluciiT. xelmowerisa da ratifikaciisTvis gaixsna 1962 wlis 10 dekembers, ZalaSi Sevida 1964 wlis 9 dekembers);

mimovixiloT es adreuli konvenciebi:

konvencia qalTa politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb


konvencia qalTa politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb gaerTianebuli erebis mier miRebuli pirveli dokumenti iyo qalebTan dakavSirebiT, romelic savaldebulo xasiaTs
atarebda xelmomweri mxareebisaTvis. konvenciis ZiriTadi moTxovnaa politikuri
uflebebis kuTxiT sqesebs Soris Tanabaruflebianobis danergva. 1954 wlisaTvis
konvencias SeuerTda 18 qveyana, ramac igi adamianis uflebebis dargSi, genocidis

aRmoCnda, rom isini, devnil mamakacTa msgavsad, natroben TavianT Zvel cxovrebas da
undaT sakuTar miwaze dabruneba, Tumca ufro advilad Seeguen axal pirobebs da ufro
meti sicocxlis unarianoba da amtanoba gamoamJRavnes, vidre mamakacebma.
qalebma ufro advilad monaxes samuSao adgilebi da ar Takiloben nebismieri
xelmisawvdomi saqmianobis Sesrulebas, iseTi saqmianobebisac ki, romlebic maTi
profesiul gamocdilebasTan da miRebul ganaTlebasTan SedarebiT dabali
statusisaa. TbilisSi mcxovrebi devnili qalebis gamokiTxviT da maTTan laparakiT
gamovarkvie, rom dedoba gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs devnil qalTa gadarCenisaTvis
swrafvaSi da miuxedavad imisa, rom isini ar arian emigrantebi, aramed iZulebiT
gadaadgilebulni sakuTar miwaze, mainc SegviZlia paraleli gavavloT keit fridmankasabas mier aRweril aSS-Si emigrirebul ebrael da italiel dedaTa da colTa da
saqarTveloSi iZulebiT gadaadgilebul qalebs Soris. am qalTa umravlesoba
amJRavnebs "gmirul Tavganwirvas TavainTi ojaxebis gadarCenisTvis."124 dedoba jabnis
da dominirebs sxva nebismier socialur rols da instinqts, igi gadarCenisTvis yvela
mcdelobis mamoZravebeli Zalaa.
devnili qalebi zrunaven ojaxze, bavSvebze, vaWroben, gamoimuSaveben Tanxas,
magram rogorc feride zurikaSvilis kvlevam aCevena, qalebs mainc miaCniaT, rom kvlav
mamakacebi arian ojaxebze pasuxismgebelni. mouxedavad im faqtisa, rom tradiciuli
genderuli rolebis gadanawileba moxda da ufro da ufro meti qali inaxavs ojaxs
saxlis gareT muSaobiT, maSin roca umuSevari da depresirebuli qmrebi saxlSi rCebian,
qalebi kvlav fiqroben an ubralod qmnian STabeWdilebas, rom isini mamakacebs kvlav
ojaxis meTaurebad miiCneven.
konfliqtis dros qalebze Riad vrceldeboda genderuli Zaladoba da misi
umTavresi forma, gaupatiureba, magram cecxlis Sewyvetas qalTa winaaRmdeg
Zaladobis Sewyveta ar mohyolia. Tomas beki Tavis kvlevaSi `qalebi, omi da
gadaadgileba saqarTveloSi~, wers:
imedgacruebis dros usafuZvlo gaafTreba da ojaxuri Zaladobis SemTxvevebi
ufro xSiri xdeba. qmrebi da ojaxis mamrobiTi sqesis sxva wevrebi cemen colebs
da ojaxis sxva mdedrobiTi sqesis wevrebs, gadaaqvT ra devnilobiT gamowveuli
stresi TvianTi ojaxis wevrebze. bevr devnil qals iZulebiT mouxda
seqsualuri momsaxurebis gaweva sakvebisa, Tu sacxovrebeli adgilis gamo.
zogierTi, ojaxidan zewolis gamo, Semosavlis mopovebis mizniT iZulebuli
gaxda prostituciis gzas dadgomoda.125
ojaxur ZaladobasTan erTad TavianTi ojaxebis umZimesi ekonomikuri pirobebis
gamo devnil gogonebs ufro emuqrebaT trefikingis safrTxe.
devnil qalTa umravlesobas umaRlesi ganaTleba aqvs da afxazeTSi TavianTi
profesiis Sesabamisad muSaobdnen maswavleblebad, eqimebad, buRaltrebad da a.S.
iZulebiT gadaadgilebam ara mxolod CamoaSora isini TavianT saqmianobas, aramed
aiZula im saqmiT dakavebuliyvnen, raSic aranairi gamocdileba ar hqondaT. vaWroba
maTi ZiriTadi saqmianiba gaxda. isini yidian sigarets, purs, namcxvars bazrobebze,
sadgurebSi da a.S. zogierTi maTgani, vinc moaxerxa garkveuli Tanxis dagroveba,
bazrobebze qiraobs savaWro adgilebs, vaWrobs sxvadasxva saxis saqoneliT, ZiriTadad

jon fridi, socialuri da humanitaruli sakiTxebi: qalebis statusi, 99. (Social and Humanitarian
Matters: the Status of Women. Annual Review of United Nations Affairs 1954. Edited by Clyde Eagleton, Waldo Chamberlin,
Richard N. Swift. New York University Press. Washington Square. New York. 1955. 99).

124
Kathie Friedman-Kasaba, Memories of Migration. Gender, Ethnicity, and Work in the Lives of Jewish and Italian Women in
New York, 1870-1924 (New York: State University of New York Press, 1996), 92.
125
Thomas Buck, Women, War, and Displacement in Georgia (Washington, DC: Research and Reference Services Project,
USAID, July 6, 1999), 12.

42

71

63

tansacmliT, romelic umeteswilad TurqeTidan, iranidan da poloneTidan Semoaqvs.


vaWrobiT dakaveba simptomaturia qalaqebSi mcxovrebi devnili qalebisTvis, xolo
soflad mcxovrebi devnili qalebi ZiriTadad soflis meurneobiT arian dakavebulni.
vaWrobiT qalebs saSualeba eZlevaT gamoimuSaon gadarCenisTvis sakmarisi Tanxa,
magram isini iSviaTad amayoben am saqmianobiT, rac gamowveulia vaWrobaSi monawile
pirovnebebze saqarTveloSi negatiuri kulturuli stereotipis arsebobiT.
eqspertebma, romlebic swavlobdnen qarTevel devnil qalTa mdgmareobas Semdegi
daaskvnes:
savaWro saqmianoba iSviaTad iTvleba `samuSaod~ Tavad qalebis mier. marTlac
bevrma gamokiTxulma qalma Tavisi Tavi umuSevrad miiCnia, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini
did dros atareben quCebsa da bazrobebze. zogierTma ubralod damala es faqti,
Tumca gasayidi produqciiT savse yuTebi aSkarad Canda maT sacxovrebelSi. mizezebi
mdumarebisTvis aris sircxvili da SiSi imisa, rom arsebuli humanitaruli daxmareba
ar ganawildeba `momuSave~ qalebsa da maT ojaxebze.126
iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi saqarTvelos mTavrobisgan mizerul finansur
daxmarebas iReben. rac Seexeba saerTaSoriso humanitarul daxmarebas, amJamad aseTi
tipis daxmareba minimaluramdea Semcirebuli, radganac donorma organizaciebma
TavianTi humanitaruli daxmarebis politika TviTdafinansebis da ganviTarebis
politikiT Secvales. Tumca iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi naklebad informirebulni arian donorTa priortetebis cvlilebis Sesaxeb da xSir SemTxvevaSi isini
kvlav elian humanitarul daxmarebas da Civian misi ararsebobis gamo.
devnil qalTa sxvadasxva kvlevebze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia gamovyoT devnil qalTa
saqmianobis sami ZiriTadi tipi:
1. vaWroba (Tbilisi, gori, quTaisi);
2. soflis meurneoba qalebi, romlebic muSaoben Cais plantaciebSi, mindvrad
(wyaltubos, zugdidis raionebi);
3. sezonurad momuSave devnili qalebi, romlebic gadadian galis raionSi da
malulad muSaoben TavianT mitovebul baRebSi, xolo Semdeg yidian miRebul
mosavals. (ZiriTadad Txils);
yvela es saqmianoba did riskTan da mZime SromasTan aris dakavSirebuli. iZulebiT
gadaadgilebul qalTa sezonuri muSaobisTvis ar arsebobs usafrTxoebis garantiebi,
radganac isini sademarkacio xazs kveTen, romelic erTamaneTisgan yofs afxazur da
qarTul mxareebs. qalebi iZulebulni arian moqrTamon rusi mSvidobismyofeli
jariskacebi, (qrTami daaxloebiT 5 lars udris), magram Tu maT es Tanxa ar gaaCniaT an
Tanxis gadauxdelobis mizezebi aqvT, mdinare enguris navebiT, an sxva saSualebebiT
gadakveTiT isini sicocxles seriozul safrTxeSi igdeben. SemTxveviTi araa, rom
iZulebiT gadaadgilebul qalTagan sezonuri muSaobiT ZiriTadad asakovani qalebi
arian dakavebulni. faqti, rom maT ufro naklebi safrTxe emuqrebaT seqsualuri
Zaladobis mxriv, stimuls aZlevs maT gadavidnen `meore mxares~. mamakacebisTvis
saxifaToa demarkaciis xazis gadakveTa, radgan eTnikuri SuRli da angariSsworeba maT
fizikur usafrTxoebas emuqreba.
SevardnaZis mTavrobis politikuri tendenciebi iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa
danarCen mosaxleobasTan asimilaciisgan Tavis aridebas isaxavda miznad, am politikam
Sedegad devnilTa marginalizacia gamoiwvia saqarTvelos danarCeni mosaxlebisagan.
e.w. kompaqturi dasaxlebis adgilebi an koleqtiuri centrebi, sadac daaxloebiT
126

Thomas Buck, Alice Morton, Susan Allen Nan, Feride Zurikashvili, Aftermath: Effects of Conflict on Internally Displaced
Women in Georgia (Washington: Center for Development Information and Evaluation U.S. Agency for International Development,
September 2000), working paper no. 310, 7.

72

meurveobaze;

qorwinebasTan dakavSirebul uflebebze.

qorwinebis gavlena qalebis statusze zemoT CamoTvlil uflebebTan mimarTebaSi


gansakuTrebiT iyo xazgasmuli memorandumSi; dawyebuli qalis asakisa da qorwinebaze
mSoblebis Tanxmobis aucileblobis sakiTxidan damTavrebuli gaTxovili da
gasaTxovari qalebis mimarT saemigracio samarTalSi dafiqsirebuli gansakuTrebuli
regulaciebis SeswavliT:
a) meuRleebis urTierToba (saqorwino kontraqti; kontraqtis dacva; calcalke
cxovreba; mitoveba; gayra; alimenti)
b) gaTxovili da gasaTxovari dedis urTierToba bavSvTan (meurveoba, meurveobis
unarianoba)
g) qorwinebis gavlena: sacxovrebel adgilze; erovnebaze; dabegvraze;
pasportebze; vaWrobis uflebaze; gakotrebisas; zaralis anazRaurebisas.
komitets aseve evaleboda gadaexeda SromiTi samarTlisaTvis qalebTan mimarTebaSi, xelfasebisaTvis, dazRvevebisa da pensiebisaTvis, aseve qalebis mimarT sisxlis
samarTlebrivi regulaciebisaTvis.
erTi sityviT, ligis memorandumi komitetisadmi moicavda TiTqmis srul CamonaTvals im sakiTxebisa,60 rac mogvianebiT gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis qalebis
uflebebze miRebuli samarTlebrivi dokumentebis mTavar sakiTxebad iqca. miuxedavad
im faqtisa, rom komiteti Semoifargleboda mxolod informaciis SegrovebiTa da
analiziT da ver iarseba imden xans, rom Tavi gaerTva Tundac am misiisTvis,
memorandumSi qalebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebisaTvis Tavis moyra msgavsi formiT
unda SevafasoT rogorc progresuli nabiji qalebis uflebebis aRiareba - dacvis
gzaze, radgan maTi aucilebloba aRiara erTa ligis msgavsma mniSvnelovanma
mTavrobaTaSorisma organizaciam.
gaeros struqturaSi adamianis uflebebis komisiis daqvemdebarebaSi, Tavdapirvelad, 1946 wels daarsda qvekomisia qalebis statusis Sesaxeb.61 qvekomisia maleve
gadakeTda sruluflebian komisiad qalTa statusis Sesaxeb (Commission on the Status of
Women, CSW), romelic warmoadgens ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWos erT-erT
komisias.62 komisiis mandati iTvaliswinebs qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisa da
sqesTa Tanabaruflebianobis principis gatarebisaken mimarTuli rekomendaciebisa da
winadadebebis momzadebas. konkretuli winadadebebis momzadebis prerogativa arsobrivi sxvaobaa gaerTianebuli erebis komisiasa da erTa ligis komitets Soris, radgan am
ukanasknels ar SeeZlo informaciis Segrovebaze iqiT wasuliyo.
TumcaRa gaeros qalebis statusis komisiis funqciebis gafarToeba-Camoyalibebac
ar momxdara erTbaSad. 1954 wlis gaerTianebuli erebis yovelwliuri mimoxilvidan
nasesxebi es abzaci dagvexmareba ormocdaaTian wlebSi gaeros struqturaSi qalTa
Sesaxeb komisiis rolisa da mdebareobis gasagebad:
60
qalTa trefikingis garda. 1927 wels da Semdgom 1932 wels erTa ligam daniSna mrCevlebi, romlebsac
evalebodaT trefikingis SemTxvevebis gamokvleva amerikis, evropisa da Sua aziis qveynebis konteqstSi.
61
gaeros sazogadeobrivi informaciis departamenti. bolos vixile 2002 wlis 23 Tebervals:
<http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/history.htm>
62
amJamad komisia Sedgeba 45 wevrisagan, romlebsac gaeros wevri saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebi niSnaven
oTxi wlis vadiT. komisiis wevrebi Semdeg geografiuli proporciiT irCevian: 13 wevri afrikis
qveynebidan, 11 aziis, 4 aRmosavleT evropis, 9 laTinuri amerikisa da karibiis auzis qveynebidan, 8
dasavleT evropisa da danarCeni qveynebidan. komisia ikribeba yovelwliurad, sul mcire rva dRiT mainc.

41

ganaTlebaze da jandacvaze momuSave saerTaSoriso organizaciebis dafuZneba.54


am winadadebebis zegavleniT erTa ligis damfuZnebel dokumentSi55 naTqvamia, rom
ligis wevr qveynebs moeTxovebaT qalTa, mamakacTa da bavSvTa Sromis adamianuri
pirobebis uzrunvelyofa da qalebisa da bavSvebis trefikingis aRmofxvra. teqstSi
aseve naTqvami iyo, rom ligis Tanamdebobebi Tanabrad xelmisawvdomi iqneba
yvelasTvis ganurCevlad sqesisa.
maSin rodesac Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis konstitucia iwereboda qalebma
amerikuli da britanuli profesiuli kavSirebidan moiTxoves dokumentSi
daefiqsirebinaT rva saaTiani samuSao dRe, bavSvTa Sromis aRmofxvra, socialuri
dazRvevebis gaZliereba, pensiebi da sadekreto SeRavaTebi da umTavresi: Tanabari
Sromis sanacvlod Tanabari anazRaureba qalebisa da mamakacebisaTvis. maT aseve
moiTxoves minimaluri anazRaureba saxlis saqmisTvis. qalTa am SemoTavazebebs
TanemedroveTa SefasebiT, radikalurobis gamo, Tavaziani uari eTqva.
Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciisa da erTa ligis daarsebis Semdeg qalTa
organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi regularulad adevnebdnen Tvals maT muSaobas.
qalebma daarses qalTa saerTaSoriso organizaciebis damakavSirebeli komiteti,56
romelic regularulad afiqsirebda qalebis poziciasa da Sexedulebebs JenevaSi erTa
ligisa da Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis farglebSi gamarTul maRali donis
Sexvedrebze.
1935 wels ligis asambleam mimarTa mTavrobebs da qalTa saerTaSoriso organizaciebs, TxovniT SeeswavlaT qalebis mdgomareoba TavianTi gavlenisa da pasuxismgeblobis farglebSi. 1937 wels ligam daarsa qalTa samarTlebrivi statusis Semswavleli komiteti,57 romelsac daevala `sxvadasxva qveynebSi qalTa samarTlebrivi
statusis Sesaxeb vrceli gamokvlevis Catareba~.58 laura reandas mixedviT, komitetis
mandati Semoifargleboda informaciis SegrovebiTa da analiziT. samwuxarod
komitetma ver iarseba didxans meore msoflio omis dawyebis gamo da jamSi samjer
moaxerxa Sekreba.59
erTa ligis mier 1938 wels gamocemuli memorandumi eqspertebis komitets
avalebda yuradReba gaemaxvilebinaT sxvadasxva qveynebSi qalebis samarTlebriv
statusze, Semdeg sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi:
Tu ramdenad miuwvdebaT qalebs xeli:

ganaTlebaze;

sazogadoebriv moRvaweobaze;

samoqalaqo da samarTlebrivi Tanamdebobebis dakavebaze;

samarTlebriv da adgilobriv sabWoebSi gawevrianebaze;

saparlamento Tu adgilobriv arCevnebSi monawileobaze;

qonebis memkvidreobiT miRebaze, flobaze, gankargvaze, marTvaze;

54

kerZod iseTi organizaciebisa, rogorebicaa: gaeros ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da kulturis


organizacia (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)), da jandacvis msoflio
organizacia (World Health Organization (WHO)).
55
es dokumentia: Covenant of the League of Nations.
56
The Liason Committee of Womens International Organizations.
57
komiteti funqcionirebda 1938-1940 wlebSi. doroTi qenionze, a.S.S.-s warmomadgenelze erTa ligis am
komitetSi da a.S.S-s pirvel delegatze gaeros komisiaSi qalTa statusis Sesaxeb 1947-1950 wlebSi, meti
informaciisTvis ixileT: Agents of Social Change: Dorothy Kenyon. bolos vixile 2002 wlis 24 Tebervals:
<http://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/ssc/exhibit/kenyon.html>
58
laura reanda, komisia qalTa statusis Sesaxeb, 265. (Laura Reanda The Commission on the Status of Women.
The United Nations and Human Rights: A Critical Uppraisal. Philip Alston ed. Claredon Press. Oxford. 1992. 265).
59
iqve, 266.

40

devnilTa 85% cxovrobs, amis naTeli magaliTia. sxva moqalaqeebisgan gansxvavebiT


devnilebi am adgilebSi saSineli sacxovrebeli pirobebis gamo gansxvavebulad da
damcirebulad gamoiyurebian. qveyanaSi aris devnilTa daaxloebiT 3,600 kompaqturi
dasaxlebis centri da maTi umravlesoba naklebad Tu akmayofilebs sacxovrebeli
pirobebis standartebs. TiToeul oTaxSi macxovrebel adaminTa saSualo raodenoba
oTxia `samzareulo da tualeti xSirad saerToa da sanitaruli pirobebi mZime.~127
amitomac aris, rom infeqciuri daavadebebi rogoricaa tuberkuliozi da hepatiti
Zalzed gavrcelebulia iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa Soris. mouSuSebeli tramvebi
da mZime sacxovrebeli pirobebi angreven devnil qalTa janmrTelobas. feride
zurikaSvilis mier gamokiTxul 105 devnil qalTagan 15% awuxebda gulis daavadebebi,
20,2% maRali wneva, 13% revmatizmi, 6% tuberkuliozi, 21% nevrozi, 18% saWmlis
monelebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi.
bevr SemTxvevaSi devnil qalTa diskriminacia ormagia, isini diskriminacias
ganicdian rogorc qalebi da imavdroulad rogorc iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi.
"Cven yvlanairi ufleba gvaqvs CamorTmeuli, Cemi miwidan da saxlidan moSorebuls
sul iseTi grZnoba maqvs, rom TbilisSi aravis vundivar, aravis vWirdebi. Tavs
srulfasovan moqalaqed ukve veRar aRviqvam" ganacxada pirad saubrSi 43 wlis
devnilma qalma. `mombezrda imis yureba, Tu rogor ecvlebaT saxis gamometyveleba,
roca igeben, rom ltolvili var, es Sebralebaa, TanagrZnobaa, Tu zizRi, mniSvneloba
aRar aqvs ukve. daviRale imisgan, rom Cemi politikuri statusidan gamomdinare
meqcevian da ara imis mixedviT, Tu vin var me. saqarTveloSi, sadac yvelgan Znelia
cxovreba, sxva sirTuleebTan erTad ufro Znelia ltolviloba~ miTxra 23 wlis
iZulebiT gadaadgilebulma gogom.
aseve pirad saubarSi erTma devnilma qalbatonma ganacxada: rom miuxedavad imisa,
rom dakarga mTeli qoneba, saxli, ezo, samsaxuri, mainc bednieria, radgan misi Svilebi
gadarCnen da igi ufro iRbliania, vidre sxva devnilebi, romlebmac konfliqtSi ojaxis wevrebi da naTesavebi dakarges. `yvelafers vakeTeb, rac ki SeiZleba gavakeTo Cemi
bavSvebisTvis, ar maintresebs ras ifiqreben sxvebi, vis moewoneba da visTvis miuRebeli
iqneba Cemi saqcieli, me Cemi sakuTari movaleobebi da pasuxismgeblobebi maqvs.~
qalebi ar laparakoben imaze ra Znelia saaTebis ganmavlobaSi mzeSi, qarSi Tu
wvimaSi idge gzebze da yidde gamagrilebel sasmels, sigarets, purs, da a.S. rasac isini
amJRavneben aris gadarCenisadmi ltolva. SeiZleba vinmem isini daqancul da sust
arsebebad warmoidginos, magram es yvelaferi uferuldeba maTi sicocxlisadmi
swrafvis Semxedvare.
qveTavis am monakveTSi Sevecade warmomedgina, Tu rogor aisaxa gardamavali e.w.
`tranziciis~ periodi mosaxleobis erT garkveul jgufsa da mis cxovrebaze.
Sesabamisad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom aranairi politikuri Tu ekonomikuri procesi,
gansakuTrebiT transformaciasTan dakavSirebuli, ar mimdinareobs ganyenebulad, ise,
rom gavlena ar iqonios ubralo moqalaqeebze da ar aisaxos maT yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi. aseve, SegviZlia imis Tqmac, rom es gavlena ar aris erTgvarovani da
diferencirdeba, sqesis, asakis, socialuri da politikuri kuTvnilebis, religiuri
Tu eTnikuri niSnis mixedviT. albaT, Cveni, rogorc mkvlevrebis, valia ara marto
sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi procesebis aRwera da maT xasiaTSi wvdoma, aramed im
problemuri sakiTxebis Seswavla da gamomzeureba, rac ama Tu im procesebs
adamianebisTvis moaqvT.
127

Thomas Buck, Alice Morton, Susan Allen Nan, Feride Zurikashvili, Aftermath: Effects of Conflict on Internally Displaced
Women in Georgia (Washington: Center for Development Information and Evaluation U.S. Agency for International Development,
September 2000), working paper no. 310, 5.

73

kvira 7
1. sqesobrivi diskriminacia samuSao adgilze debatebi
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
literatura:
Catherine A. Mackinnon, Difference and Dominanace: On Sex Discrimination, 1984.
Glendora C. Hughes Sexual Harassment: Then and Now, Maryland Bar Journal May/June, 2000.
Beth Ann Faragher, Petitioner v. City of Boca Ration, Supreme Court of the United States 1998 U.S. LEXIS
4216.

meoce saukunis 1980-iani wlebidan moyolebuli sqesobrivi diskriminacia samuSao


adgilze iqca erT-erT sayuradRebo da winaaRmdegobiT aRsavse problemad. ra aris
sqesobrivi diskriminacia samuSao adgilze? am kiTxvaze pasuxis mosaZebnad bevri
iuristi, damqiravebeli Tu muSaki imtvrevs Tavs. samuSao adgilze sqesobrivi
diskriminaciis, sqesis niSniT Seviwrovebis koncefciis gansazRvreba bevr SemTxvevaSi
subieqturia da mxolod kerZo SemTxvevebs ergeba. am TvalsazrisiT, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom terminis gansazRvreba grZelvadiani procesia, romelic iwrToba axalaxali informaciiTa da codniT. Tu miRebuli informaciis komunikacia ar moxdeba
koreqtulad, sworad, dabneulobama da gaugebrobam SeiZleba riskis qveS daayenos
rogorc damqiravebeli, aseve daqiravebuli.
dasavleTSi damqiraveblebi Tavs grZnoben movaled reagireba moaxdinon TavianTi
TanamSromlebis romantikul Tu seqsualur qcevaze, Tu es gavlenas axdens samuSao
garemoze. samuSao adgilze sqesobrivi diskriminacia aRqmulia rogorc aw ukve
gamJRavnebuli saidumlo, romelic bevr mamakacsa da qals aerTianebda da isini an
gaurbodnen msgavs faqtebs, icvlidnen samsaxurs an rCebodnen da itandnen
Seviwrovebas. am problemis dagvianebulma aRiarebam gamoiwvia samuSao adgilis iseTi
Sefaseba da samuSao adgilas iseTi qceva, rogoric manamade ar iyo cnobili.
dasavleTSi, mkvlevar glendora hiugis azriT, dasrulda epoqa, rodesac `aravin
araferi icoda da aravin arafers imCnevda da momavali iTxovs pasuxismgeblobasa da
prevencias~.128 im SemTxvevaSi, Tu damqiravebeli Seityobs samuSao adgilze, erTi
TanamSromlis mier meoris sqesobrivi niSniT SezRudvis, diskriminaciis Sesaxeb da ar
moaxdens saTanado reagirebas, igi mkacrad agebs pasuxs adaminis uflebis darRvevaze
Tvalis daxuWvis, e.i. Tavisi funqciebis Seusruleblobisa da borotmoqmedisTvis
xelsayreli garemos Seqmnis braldebebiT.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 1980-ian wlebamde dabali instanciis federalur
sasamarTloSi ramdenjerme moxda samuSao adgilas sqesobrivi diskriminaciis
SemTxvevebis ganxilva. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom samuSao adgilze sqesobrivi
diskriminacia aris qali TanamSromlis mamakaci TanamSromlis mier (SesaZloa ufrosic
iyos) Seviwroveba da sqesobrivi kavSiris moTxovna. 1980 wels dasaqmebis Tanabari
SesaZleblobebis komisiam (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)) daadgina
samuSao adgilze sqesobrivi diskriminaciis SemTxvevebi. gamoikveTa samuSao adgilas
sqesobrivi diskriminaciis ori ZiriTadi forma:

128

Glendora C. Hughes Sexual Harassment: Then and Noa, Maryland Bar Journal May/June, 2000.

74

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciamde, erTa liga Seecada qalTa statusis


Seswavlas. axladSqmnil qalTa saerTaSoriso organizaciebs51 Zalian kargi urTierToba hqondaT am pirvel mTavrobaTaSoris organizaciasTan, romelic pirveli
msoflio omis mware gamocdilebis Sedegad Seiqmna da miznad isaxavda msoflio
usafrTxoebisa da mSvidobis dacvas, Tumca erTa ligam ver SeZlo Tavisi misiis
Sesruleba da ver daicva msoflio axali omisgan. qalTa organizaciebis TanamSromlobam erTa ligasTan safuZveli moumzada meore msoflio omis Semdgom Seqmnili
axali farTomasStabiani mTavrobaTaSorisi organizaciis, gaerTianebuli erebis
organizaciis sistemaSi qalTa sakiTxebze muSaobas. mcire xniT davubrundeT erTa
ligas; erTa liga warmoadgenda pirvel organizacias, romelsac mTavrobaTa
TanamSromlobis gziT msoflioSi mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis SenarCunebaze unda
ezruna. qalebma imTaviTve gaiazres erTa ligis mandatis mniSvneloba, gansakuTrebiT
imis gamo, rom qalTa organizaciebi ukve karga xania ibrZodnen da emxrobodnen erTa
Tanacxovrebis mSvidobian gzebs. amas garda, qalebis enTuziazmi amgvari
mTavrobaTaSorisi organizaciis mimarT gamomdinareobda maTi rwmenidan, rom qalTa
uflebrivi mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba da gaZliereba didadaa damokidebuli
mTavrobaTa gadawyvetilebebze da politikaze.52 swored mTavrobebze zemoqmedebis
saSualebas iZleoda erTa ligis tipis organizacia. rogorc britanelma feministma da
pacifistma vera britanma 1920-ian wlebSi dasZina: `dadga dro, rodesac erovnulidan
saerTaSoriso doneze unda gadavinacvloT da SevecadoT saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebiT
mivaRwioT imas, rasac ver miaRwia erovnulma kanonmdeblobam.53
pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg 1919 wels mTavrobaTa warmomadgenlebi
Seikribnen parizSi, raTa daearsebinaT erTa liga da Sromis saerTaSoriso
organizacia. qalTa saerTaSoriso organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi aseve eswrebodnen
konferencias da Sekrebil sazogadoebas sTavzobdnen TavianT mosazrebas ligis
damfuZnebeli dokumentis Sesaxeb. qalebi gansakuTrebiT lobirebdnen maTTvis
aqtualuri sakiTxebs, iseTebs rogorebic iyo qalTa warmomadgenlobisa da
monawileobis gazrda gadawyvetilebis mimReb doneebze da arCevnebSi monawileobis
uflebis mopoveba. ufro konkretulad, qalebi iTxovdnen, rom erTa ligas Tavisi
wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis qalebisTvis politikuri uflebebis micema aucilebel
pirobad waeyenebina. aseve iTxovdnen, ucxoelze gaTxovili qalisTvis Tavisi qveynis
moqalaqeobis SenarCunebis uflebis miniWebas, qalTa da bavSvTa trefikingis da
saxelmwifos mxridan prostituciis xelSewyobis aRmofxvras. qalebis moTxovna iyo
aseve saerTaSoriso saganmanaTleblo da jandacvis biuros Seqmna da SeiaraRebis
Seneleba. am sakiTxTagan umetesobis konceptualuri gaazrebac ki ar dascalda erTa
ligas, TumcaRa sxva dainteresebul mxareebTan erTad, qalTa moZraobis miRwevad unda
CaiTvalos is faqti, rom gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis farglebSi moxerxda

51
pirveli qalTa saerTaSoriso organizaciebi dasavleT evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi mecxramete
saukunis miwuruls meoce saukunis dasawyisSi, gansakuTrebiT ki, pirveli msoflio omis dros Seiqmna,
maTi arasruli CamonaTvali Semdegia: qalTa saerTaSoriso sabWo (International Council of Women), qalTa
saerTaSoriso aliansi (International Alliance of Women), saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis qalTa gildia
(International Cooperative Womens Guild), universitetis qalTa saerTaSoriso federacia (International Federation of
University Women), biznesisa da profesional qalTa saerTaSoriso federacia (International Federation of Business
and Professional Women), msoflios axalgazrda qalTa qristianuli asociacia (World Young Womens Christian
Association), qalTa saerTaSoriso liga mSvidobisa da TavisuflebisTvis (Womens International League for Peace
and Freedom).
52
Hilkka Pietila, Engendering the Global Agenda: the Story of Women and the United Nations, NGLS, 2002, 1.
53
iqve, 8.

39

instrumentebis ganviTarebas gaeros sistemaSi 1945-2005 wlebSi, dawyebuli adreuli


konvenciebidan `qalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli yvela formis diskriminaciis
aRmofxvris Sesaxeb konvenciis~ CaTvliT (mas xSirad moixsenieben `qalTa konvenciis~
saxeliTac), aseve gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis qalTa msoflio konferenciebsa
da qalTa mdgomareobis Sesaxeb komisiis sxdomebis Sedegebs.
warmoudgenelia qalTa uflebebis damcav konvenciebze saubari gaeros wesdebis
moxseniebis gareSe.47 wesdebis 55-e muxlSi xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli, rom gaerTianebuli
erebis organizacia xels Seuwyobs `adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa
pativiscemas da dacvas sayovelTaod, ganurCevlad rasis, sqesis, enisa da religiisa~.48
Sesabamisad gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mier miRebul yvela Semdgom
dokumentSi gatarebulia wesdebaSi xazgasmuli diskriminaciis sawinaaRmdego
principebi.
wesdebas mosdevs adamianis uflebebis damcavi sami umniSvnelovanesi dokumenti:
`adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia~ (1948), `saerTaSoriso konvencia
ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebebze~ (1966) da `saerTaSoriso konvencia
samoqalaqo da politikur uflebebze~ (1966). samives xSirad moixsenieben koleqtiuri
saxeliT `saerTaSoriso bili adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb~,49 vinaidan isini erTad
uyrian safuZvels adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao dacvas. `adamianis uflebebis
universaluri deklaracia~ kanonis winaSe yvelas Tanabaruflebianad acxadebs,
miuxedavad maTi sqesisa (muxli 2). zemoxsenebuli ori konvencia deklaraciis muxlebs
avrcobs da valdebulebiT xasiaTs sZens. am dokumentebSi xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli, rom
ar SeiZleba adamianebis Cagvra sqesis safuZvelze da amave dros iseTi sityvebi
rogoricaa `adamianebi~, `yvela~, `xalxebi~, TavisTavad moicaven rogorc qalebs, aseve
kacebs. maSin sainteresoa raRatom gaCnda qalebis uflebebis damcavi dokumentebis
Seqmnis saWiroeba? ratom ar aRmoCnda `saerTaSoriso bili adamianis uflebebis
Sesaxeb~ sakmarisad efeqturi qalebis uflebebis dacvisaTvis?
sityva `adamiani~ istoriulad imdenad metad iyo kacuri Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvis
matarebeli, rom miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom TanamedroveobaSi es sityva orive sqesis
aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba qalebTan mimarTebaSi misi gaTaviseba ar amowurula.
`adamianTa uflebebis sayovelTao deklaraciis~ miRebisas qalebs Zalian
`gaumarTlaT~, rom isinic moiazres deklaraciis teqstSi wina saukuneebis
mniSvnelovan dokumentebTan SedarebiT.50 TumcaRa CarTvam ver uzrunvelyo qalebi
adamianis uflebebiTa da maTi dacviT. qalebis CarTva am SemTxvevaSi migvaniSnebs
gaeros mier qalebis adamianebad aRiarebaze, magram es aRiareba ver iZens praqtikul
mniSvnelobas. `adamianis uflebebis saerTaSoriso bilis~ mixedviT, de iure ar
SeiZleba admianebis Cagvra sqesis niSniT de faqto ki, qalebi dResac ganicdian
uflebriv siviwroves kacebTan SedarebiT.

47

1945 wlis gaeros wesdebis pirvelive muxlis mesame paragrafSi gaeros misiaze saubrisas aRniSnulia,
rom organizaciam unda xeli Sewyos TanamSromlobas saerTaSoriso masStabis ekonomikuri, socialuri,
kulturuli, Tu humanitaruli problemebis gadaWrisas da uzrunvelyos adamianis uflebebisa da
ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis dacva da pativiscema yvelas sasargeblod, ganurCevlad rasis, sqesis, enis Tu
religiisa. sqesTa Tanabaruflebianobas exeba aseve wesdebis Semdegi muxlebi: 8, 13, 55, 76.
48
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba. (1945). muxli 55. qveparagrafi g).
49
adamianis uflebebis wyaroebi. (Human Rights Sourcebook. Edited by Albert P. Blaustein, Roger S. Clark, Jay A. Sigler.
Paragon House Publishers. New York. 1987. 14).
50
arcerTi Semdegi dokumenti ar moixsniebs da Sesabamisad ar exeba qalebs: kacisa da mamakaci
moqalaqis uflebebis deklaracia (miRebuli safrangeTis erovnuli asambleis mier 1789 wlis 26
agvistos); virjiniis uflebebis deklaracia (Seqmnili jorj meisonis mier da erTxmad miRebuli
virjiniis delegatTa konventis mier 1776 wlis 12 ivniss); amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
damoukideblobis deklaracia (1776, 12 ivlisi); amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis bili uflebebis Sesaxeb
(ratificirebuli 1791 wlis 15 dekembers).

38

1. Quid pro quo (momsaxureba momsaxurebis sanacvlod)


- amgvari sqesobrivi
diskriminacia xdeba maSin, rodesac seqsualuri xasiaTis moTxovnis dakmayofilebis
sanacvlod adamiani miiRebs samsaxurs an dawinaurdeba samsaxurSi, xolo
daukmayofileblobis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa dakargos samsaxuri.
2. mtruli samuSao garemo - sqesobrivi diskriminaciis meore formaa da
iTvaliswinebs sityvier Seuracxyofas, fizikur Sexebas, seqsualur moTxovnebs an
sqesobrivi xasiaTis sxvagvar qcevas. es qmedeba imdenad daJinebuli da xSiri unda iyos,
rom xels uSlides adamianis muSaobis process, adablebdes saqmianobis xarisxss an
qmnides Seuracxmyofel garemos muSaobisaTvis.
dasaqmebis Tanabari SesaZleblobebis komisiis mier ganmartebebis gamocemidan sami
wlis Semdeg maTi gamoyeneba saWiro gaxda katci doulis winaaRmdeg saqmeSi (1983).
saqmis ganxilvis Semdeg sasamarTlom daadgina, rom damqiravebeli pasuxs agebda
samuSao adgilze sqesobrivi diskriminaciis braldebiT. adgili hqonda diskriminaciis
quid pro quo saxes, damqiravebelma ar miiRo Sesabamisi zomebi, mas Semdeg, rac werilobiT Seityo TanamSromeli qalis misi xelmZRvanelis mier sqesobrivi diskriminaciis
Sesaxeb. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis uzenasma sasamarTlom pirveli ganaCeni
sqesobrivi diskriminaciis braldebiT 1986 wels gamoitana saqmeSi meriton seivings
banki vinsonis winaaRmdeg. sasamarTlo ganaCenma mniSvnelovani safuZveli Cauyara
samuSao adgilze sqesobrivi niSniT diskriminaciis braldebiT saqmeebis Semdgom
ganxilvas. meritonis saqmeSi dadginda, rom sqesobrivi niSniT Seviwroveba `mtruli
samuSao garemo~ marTlac sqesobrivi diskriminaciis formaa. aseve dadginda, rom
sakiTxSi garkvevis swori formaa kiTxva imisa iyo Tu ara sqesobrivi xasiaTis moTxovnebi miuRebeli momCivanisTvis da ara is nebayobilobiT daTanxmda igi sqesobriv
kavSirs Tu ara.
1990-ianma wlebma samuSao adgilze sqesobrivi Seviwrovebis problema gasagebi
gaxada amerikuli sazogadoebis didi nawilisaTvis da dasaqmebasTan dakavSirebuli
sakiTxebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan sferod iqca. sazogadoebrivi yuradReba gaamaxvila
im faqtma, rom 1991 wels senatis iuridiuli komiteti ganixilavda mosamarTle
klarens tomasis nominacias uzenaes sasamarTloSi mosamarTled. mosmenebisas daisva
sakiTxi mosamarTle klarens tomasis mier Tavisi asistentis anita hilis Seviwrovebis
Sesaxeb, maSin, rodesac mosamarTle muSaobda dasaqmebis Tanabari SesaZleblobebis
komisiis Tavmjdomared. am mosmenebs televiziiT gadascemdnen da mosaxleoba rogorc
serials ise uyurebda da rac ufro mniSvnelovania bevr saubrobda Caidina Tu ara
mosamarTlem amgvari qmedeba da ra aris sqesobrivi niSniT adamianis Seuracxyofa
samuSao adgilas. am gaxmaurebul saqmes mohyva bil klintonisa da monika levinskis
saqme, presam da televiziam didi roli Seasrula sazogadoebrivi interesis gaRvivebasa da SenarCunebaSi da Sedegad amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxlebisaTvis
samuSao adgilze sqesobrivi Seuracxyofis problematika friad aqtualuri gaxda.
samuSao adgilze sqesobrivi niSniT Seuracxyofaze saubrisas unda aRiniSnos, rom
Seuracxyofis faqti ufro xSirad xdeba mamakacsa da qals Soris, magram SesaZlebelia,
rom amgvari problema wamoiWras qalebs Soris an mamakacebs Soris. amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi calkeuli saqmeebis ganxilvam am braldebiT Seqmna precendentebi da
garkveulwili pasuxebi gasca am xasiaTis problemebis irgvliv arsebul davebs, Tumca
mravali sakiTxi kvlav gaurkveveli da bundovania. kerZod, damqiravebels evaleba
saWiro zomebis miReba imisaTvis, rom sqesobrivi niSniT Seuracxyofis SemTxvevebi
samuSao adgilze ailagmos, magram ar konkretdeba ras SeiZleba gulisxmobdes es

75

zomebi. im SemTxvevaSi Tu dazaralebuli ar imoqmedebs damqiraveblis rekomendaciebis Sesabamisad, romelic miznad isaxavs mis dacvas msgavsi Seuracxyofisgan,
pasuxismgebloba momxdarze ukve aRar ekisreba damqiravebels, aramed uSualod
Seuracxmyofelsa da dazaralebuls, romelmac ar Seismina damqiraveblis rCevebi da
ar daeqvemdebara prevenciul RinisZiebebs.
ra SeiZleba warmoadgendes samuSao adgilze sqesobrivi Seuracxhyofis Tavidan
acilebis, prevenciis efeqtur meTods?

naTlad gawerili sqesobrivi Seuracxyofis amkrZalavi Sida ganawesi;

am Sida ganawesis efeqqturi komunikacia yvela TanamSromlisTvis;

SurisZiebisagan dacva;

efeqturi Civilis procesi;

gamoZiebis procesSi konfidencialobis SeZlebisdagvaradad maqsimaluri dacva;

efeqturi gamoZiebis procesi;

Sesabamisi da dauyovnebeli gamasworebeli qmedebis uzrunvelyofa;

yvela zemoT CamoTvlili elementi unda iyos kombinirebuli ufrosebisa da


zedamxedvelebis/xelmZRvanelebis periodul xarisxian treiningTan. treiningis meSveobiT TanamSromlebma unda SeiZinon unar Cvevebi msgavs situaciebTan gamklavebisa da
maTi efeqturi daZlevisaTvis.
im SemTxvevaSi Tu damsaqmebeli, xelmZRvaneli momswrea sqesobrivi Seuracxyofebis faqtebisa man unda moaxdinos reagireba dazarelebulisgan oficialuri
werilobiTi ganacxadis miRebamde.
samuSao adgilze sqesobrivi Seuracxyofa xSir SemTxvevaSi TanamSromlebs Soris
warumatebeli romanebis safuZvelze yalibdeba. samwuxarod ar arsebobs aranairi
gegma an RonisZieba, romelic amgvar risks agvacilebda Tavidan. amgvari SemTxvevebis
monitoringic Zalian Znelia, imitom rom erTi SexedviT SeiZleba Seiqmnas STabeWdileba, rom xelmZRvaneli TanamSromlebis pirad cxvorebaSi ereva. arsebobs ori gza,
erTi viTarebis ignorireba, vidre realuri problemebi ar gaCndeba da meore,
samuSaoze miRebisas informireba TanamSromlebis, rom sasiyvarulo urTierTobebis
wamowyeba xelmZRvanelsa da daqvemdebarebul TanamSromlebs Soris ikrZaleba.
gansakuTrebiT didi riskis mqonea TanamdebobiT maRali mamakacisa da masze
daqvemdebarebuli qalis urTierToba, vinaidan xSir SemTxvevaSi swored am dros
SeiZleba garTuldes saqme. problemebis Tavidan asacileblad, xelmZRvanels evaleba
xSiri saubari da treningi Cautaros Tavis moadgileebs, departamentebis ufrosebs da
sxva TanamdebobiT maRal safexurze myof TanamSromlebs.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi samuSao adgilas dawyebuli romani
qorwinebiT mTavrdeba da moraluri TvalsazrisiT araswori iqneboda romantiuli
epizodebisa da Semdgari urTierTobebis Seuracxyofis potenciuri riskis matareblad ganxilva. damqiravebelma unda gaakeTos Tavisi maqsimumi TanamSromelTa
uflebrivi ganaTlebis TvalsazrisiT, unda daawesos xelmisawvdomi da efeqturi
meqanizmebi amgvari problemebis dasaZlevad, magram am niadagze ar unda Seqmnas
arajansaRi garemo, romelmac SeiZleba provocirebac ki gaukeTos arajansaR
braldebebsa da qmedebas.
saqarTveloSi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT:

gaupatiureba samsaxureobrivi mdgomareobis gamoyenebiT isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT vadiT xuTidan TxuTmet wlamde" (muxli 137.3(d))
76

kvira 5
1. qalTa uflebebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi (gagrZeleba)

literatura:
Hilkka Pietila, Engendering the Global Agenda: The Story of Women and thee United Nations, Development
Dossier, UN Non-Governmental liason Service, 2002, 29-105

2. qalTa uflebebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi (gagrZeleba)


literatura:
Frazer, Arvonne, S. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
(The Womens Convention), in Women, Politics and the United Nations, Anne Winslaw (ed.), Greenwood
Press, London 1995, 77-94.
Women Law and Development, United Nations Human Rights Systems, in Womens Human Rights Stepby-Step, Logos Press, 1997, 28-62.

qalebma unda iswavlon Tavis gaTavisufleba


crurwmenisa da tradiciuli damokidebulebebis
xundebisagan. maT unda iswavlon Tavis aRmoCena
da sakuTari talantisa da Zalis ganviTareba.
unda iswavlon TavianTi iniciativebis, unarebisa
da niWebis gamoyeneba da almasebis msgavsad
unda imgvarad daixvewon,
rom elvareba da brwyinva daiwyon... 46
ani r. iagre
gaeTianebuli erebis qalTa statusis
Semswavleli komisiis Tavmjdomare
1967
miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianis uflebebis dacva saerTaSorisod aRiarebul
prioritetad iqca meore msoflio omis Semdeg gansakuTrebiT ki, gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciis Seqmnis Sedegad da adamianis uflebebis dasacavad Seiqmna
mravali saerTaSoriso dokumenti, qalebis adamianuroba ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi mizezi
imisaTvis, rom maTac efeqturad esargeblaT am saerTaSoriso adamianis uflebaTa
damcavi instrumentebiT. amgvarad, gaeros sistemaSive saWiro gaxda specialuri
saerTaSoriso meqanizmebis Seqmna, romlebic uSualod qalebis uflebebis dacvas
moemsaxureboda. kursis am monakveTSi mimovixilavT qalTa uflebebis damcavi
46

ani r. iagre qalis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb deklaraciis Sesavali (An Introduction to the
Declaration on Elimination of Discrimination Against Women. Annual Review of United Nations Affairs 1967-1968. Compiled by:
Richard N. Swift. Oceana Publications, Inc. New York. 1969. 57).

37

srulad. formaluri Tanasworoba, romelic damyarda sakanonmdeblo sferoSi da


aisaxa kidec qalebisTvis miniWebuli SesaZleblobebis didi speqtriT ar aRmoCnda
sakmarisi sqesTa Soris arsebuli diskriminaciis dasaZlevad, vinaidan qalebis
gamoTavisufleba ojaxuri saqmianobebisgan rogorc es igegmeboda revoluciis
Semdgom wlebSi ver moxerxda, sanacvlod miviReT iseTi sazogadoebrivi molodinebi,
romlebic qals avaldebulebda Sromas sazogadoebriv sferoSi, maSin roca
tradiciebis gavlena asaqmebda qals ojaxSi ufro metad, vidre mamakacs da amgvarad
sabWoTa periodis qalebi erTgvari emansipaciis paraleurad ormagad datvirTulni
(double burdained) aRmoCndnen.
kursis farglebSi Cven ZiriTadad mimovixileT sabWoTa kavSiris adreuli wlebi 19171936, vinaidan swored am ori aTwleulis manZilze moxda Zireuli transformacia sabWoTa
mTavrobis xedvaSi qalTa uflebebis mimarT, romelic daiwyo radikaluri liberaluri
xedviT qalTa individualuri Tavisuflebisa da uflebebebis, ojaxis institutis
gauqmebis Sesaxeb da dasrulda imgvari saxelmwifo politikiT, romelic ojaxis aRdgena
ganmtkicebaze iyo orientirebuli da iTvaliswinebda qalTa ormag Sromas (ojaxSi da
ojaxs gareT). pirvel aTwleulSi wamowyebuli inteleqtualuri msjeloba qalTa
uflebebis Sesaxeb sworxazovanma da mkacrma gadawyvetilebebma Secvala. ojaxis mimarT
stalinis politika warmoadgenda erTgvar hibrids, romelic sawyiss adreuli
socialisturi xedvidan iRebda, magram amave dros damaxinjda da dauZlurda
saxelmwifoSi arsebuli siRaribiTa da SimSiliT da sabolood deformirda saxelmwifos
mzardi damokidebulebiT terorze. am ideologiur gardatexaSi tragikuli mxolod is ar
iyo, rom Sedegad ganadgurda axali socialuri wyobis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba, miT ufro,
rom aTasobiT adamiani ibrZoda da itanjeboda swored amisaTvis. tragedia is iyo, rom
partia Tavs adreuli socialisturi xedvebis gamgrZeleblad da memkvidred
warmoadgenda, maSin, roca mTavrobis qalTa emansipaciis cariel ritorikas Tan axlda
sworxazovani
politika, romelic qalTa Sromis gamoyenebas isaxavda miznaT.
xelisuflebam daiviwya dapireba saSinao saqmeebis socializaciis, sazogadoebriv
sferoSi gatanis da qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris Tanaswori urTierTobebis damyarebis
Sesaxeb. yvelaze tragikuli ki is iyo, rom sabWoTa qalebis Semdgom Taobebs, romlebic
mowyvetili aRmoCndnen revoluciis adreuli wlebis moazrovneebisa da ideebisagan, am
cru emansipaciis pirobebSi mouxdaT cxovreba, rac sinamdvileSi am sakiTxze adreuli
socialistur xedvis mxolod damaxinjebuli da ganuxorcielebeli Canafiqri iyo.45
vinaidan es istoriuli periodi naTlad gansazRvravs qalTa uflebebis TvalsazrisiT sabWoTa kavSiriSi Semdgom aTwleulebSi arsebul tendenciebsa da viTarebas
kursis farglebSi amiT SemovifarglebiT. mogvianebiT am Temas erTgvarad davubrundebiT saqarTvelos magaliTze postsabWoTa sazogadoebSi qalTa uflebriv
mdgomareobaze saubrisas.

2. qalTa uflebebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi


literatura:
Hilkka Pietila, Engendering the Global Agenda: The Story of Women and thee United Nations, Development
Dossier, UN Non-Governmental liason Service, 2002, 1-29.
Miller, Carol, Geneva the Key to Equality: Inter-war feminists and the League of Nations, in Womens
History Review, Volume 3, Number 2, 1994, 218 245.

seqsualuri xasiaTis ZalmomreobiTi moqmedeba samsaxurebrivi mdgomareobis


gamoyenebiT - isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT vadiT xuTidan TxuTmet wlamde
(muxli 138.3(e))

sqesobrivi kavSiris, mamaTmavlobis, lesbianobis an sxvagvari seqsualuri


kontaqtis iZuleba saxelgamtexi cnobis gaxmaurebis an qonebrivi dazianebis
muqariT anda materialuri, samsaxurebrivi an sxvagvari damokidebulebis
gamoyenebiT - isjeba jarimiT an gamasworebeli samuSaoTi vadiT erT wlamde
anda Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT vadiT or wlamde. (muxli 139.1)

rogorc vxedavT, sakanonmdeblo baza ar aris Raribi, magram erTia sakanonmdeblo


bazis arseboba da meore misi praqtikaSi danergva da gamoyeneba. samuSao adgilze
sqesobrivi niSniT Seviwroebis mxolod ukideuresi formebi (gaupatiureba,
Zalmomreoba, seqsualuri kontaqtis iZuleba) aqvs saqarTveloSi kanonmdebels
gaTvaliswinebuli reagirebisaTvis. rac Seexeba, sxvagvari tipis sqesobriv
Seviwroebas, rogoricaa mtruli samuSao garemos Seqmna, anu Seuracxmyofeli
komentarebi, Sexeba da sxva, amgvari qmedebaze arsebuli kanonebi samarTlebrivi
gzebiT reagirebis saSualebas ar iZleva.
aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs standartebi samuSao
adgilze sqesis niSniT Seviwroebisagan moqalaqeTa dasacavad. amerikis magaliTze
davinaxeT, Tu ra didi pasuxismgebloba da roli eniWeba damqiravebels am
TvalsazrisiT daqiravebulTa uflebebis dacvis saqmeSi, xolo saqarTveloSi amgvari
meqanizmebi ararsebulia. saqarTvelos bevri moqalaqe dasaqmebulia araformalur
SromiT seqtorSi, maT Soris ekonomikurad aqtiuri qalebis didi nawili (quCis
movaWreebi, ZiZebi, saxlis damlageblebi), romelTa samuSao pirobebi da riskebi
rogorc sqesis niSniT diskriminaciis, iseve zogadad cudi samuSao pirobebis gamo
janmrTelobis gauaresebis Zalian maRalia.

2. rogor davareguliroT ojaxuri Zladoba, gasaTvaliswinebeli


gamocdileba

literatura:
Isabel Marcus, Reframing Domestic Violence: Terrorism in the Home in Fineman, M. A. & Myktruk, R
(eds.), Public Nature of Private Violence the Discovery of Domestic Abuse, New York, Routledge, 1994,
11-35.
proeqti harmonia, ojaxur
saswavlo masalebi, 7-36.

ZaladobasTan

brZolis

sazogadoebrivi

programis

45
Wendy Z. Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, c1993), 343.

mocemul qveTavSi SevexebiT ojaxuri Zaladobis raobas, misi problemad aRiarebis


istorias da efeqtur strategiebs ojaxuri Zaladobis dasaZlevad.
ojaxuri Zaladoba aris ganmeorebadi da xSiri cikli fizikuri, fsiqologiuri,
seqsualuri an ekonomikuri Seuracxyofisa, romelsac ojaxis erTi wevri axorcielebs
meoreze, masze konktrolisa da Zalauflebis mopovebis mizniT. Zaladoba ojaxSi aris
konkretuli qmedeba an muqara pirovnebis mxridan, romelic sqesobriv an sxva

36

77

urTierTobaSi imyofeba partniorTan.129


sxva, SedarebiT gamartivebuli ganmartebebis mixedviT, ojaxuri Zaladoba
warmoadgens ojaxis erTi wevris mier meoris mimarT Cadenil Zaladobas, romlis
msxverpli xSir SemTxvevaSi qalebi da bavSvebi arian, xolo moZaladeebi mamakacebi.130
mocemuli ganmarteba ojaxuri Zaladobis yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli scenarebs
Seesabameba, TumcaRa ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverpli SeiZleba gaxdnen moxucebica da
mamakacebic. miuxedavad imisa, rom yvelaze xSirad ojaxuri Zaladobis SemTxvevebSi
moZaladed mamakaci (qmari, mamamTili, Zma) gvevlineba, arsebobs ojaxuri Zaladobis
iseTi faqtebi, sadac dedamTili an muli, an piriqiT, rZalia moZalade. ojaxuri
Zaladobis SemTxvevebi, sadac mamakacebi arian msxverplis rolSi Zalian mcire
masStabebis mqonea, maSin rodesac amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac uamravi
meqanizmi arsebobs ojaxur ZaladobasTan brZolis, jer kidev 22 dReSi erxel erTi
qali iRupeba moZalade qmrebisgan. xolo SvedeTSi, am ojaxur ZaladobasTan brZolis
sanimuSo qveyanaSi saSualod 10 dReSi erTi qali kvdeba.131 ojaxur Zaladobaze
statistika saqarTveloSi ararsebobs, statistikis ar arseboba problemis ar
arsebobaze ar miuTiTebs, aramed mis gamoumJRavneblobasa da miCumaTebze. ojaxur
Zaladobaze momuSave arasamTavrobo organizaciebis monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi
ojaxuri Zaladoba mwvave problemaa. arasamTavrobo organizacia `saxli~, romelic
ufaso iuridiul da fsiqologiur konsultacias uwevs ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverpl
qalebs weliwadSi 300-350 qals emsaxureba TbilisSi.132 2004 wels saqarTveloSi gaixsna
ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverplTa pirveli TavSesafari, romelmac 5 Tvis manZilze 15
ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverpli qali da bavSvi Seifara. msxverplTa cifri gacilebiT
didi iqneboda arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, rom hyofnideT saxsrebi TavianTi
saqmianobis Sesaxeb meti informaciis gasavrceleblad da moziduli kontingentis
mosamsaxureblad.
sxva qveynebis gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom rac ufro meti efeqturi meqanizmi
iwyebs muSaobas ojaxuri Zaladobis dasamarcxeblad, miT ufro izrdeba
gamoaaSkaravebuli ojaxuri Zaladobis SemTvevebis ricxvi anu meti msxverpli
acxadebs sajarod Tavis problemas dacvis imediT. swored imitomaa SvedeTis ojaxuri
Zaladobis msxverpl qalTa sikvdilianobis monacemi TvalSi sacemi da SemaSfoTebeli,
rom ojaxuri Zaladobis faqtebis aRricxvianoba, problemasTan brZola, aTwleulebis
ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobs, xolo Cvens qveyanaSi es sakiTxi mTlianad arasamTavrobo
seqtoris mxrebze wevs, sazogadoebrivad gaumarTleblad iTvleba ojaxuri Zaladobis
faqtebze saubari, msxverpl qalebs ar aqvT ndoba samarTaldamcavi organoebis da
sazogadoebrivi azris, radgan didia riski ojaxur ZaladobaSi maTive dadanaSaulebis
da ufro metic ojaxis damangrevlad gamocxadebis. saWiroa daiwyos msjeloba Cvens
sazogadoebaSi ojaxuri Zaladobis problemis irgvliv, radgan igi ar aris
TviTregulirebadi, `kerZo~ sferoSi arsebul problema, aramed danaSaulia. Cven unda
gaviazroT da vaRiaroT, rom saxlis kedlebs SigniT ojaxis erTi wevris mier meoris
129

proeqti harmonia, ojaxur ZaladobasTan brZolis sazogadoebrivi TanamSromlobis programis


saswavlo masalebi, 7.
130
Merriam-Webster Dictionary of Law, 1996 Merriam-Webster, Inc - violence committed by one family or household member
against another; WordNet 2.0, 2003 Princeton University - violence or physical abuse directed toward your spouse or domestic
partner; usually violence by men against women.
131
amerikis monacemi: proeqti harmonia, ojaxur ZaladobasTan brZolis sazogadoebrivi
TanamSromlobis programis saswavlo masalebi, 11. SvedeTis monacemi ekuTvnis SvedeTis ojaxur
ZaladobasTan brZolis policiis sammarTvelos monacemebi.
132
saxlis saqmianobis Sedegebma aCvena, rom centrSi konsultirebulTa 73%- is problema ukavSirdeba
ojaxur Zaladobas. ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverplebTan individualurma Tu jgufurma muSaobam,
momsvlelTa raodenobis zrdam (weliwadSi saSualod 8-10%-iT) naTeli gaxada, rogorc TviT problemis
aqtualoba, aseve msxverplTa dacvis sakiTxis mogvarebis aucilebloba.

78

damokidebuleba daimsaxuron. burJuaziuli moralis es SeniRbuli pativiscema Cemi


azriT, SeiniSneba yvelaferSi rac Seexeba seqss, saboloo analizi aCvenebs, rom
safuZvelSi es yvelaferi erTob burJuaziulia. inteleqtualebi da sva maTi msgavsni
gansakuTrebiT ixiblebian amiT. partiaSi ki klasobriv TviTSegnebasa da mebrZol
proletariats Soris amgvari Teoriebi ar arsebobs.42
meore Teoria, romelic intimuri sferos reformas isaxavda miznad ekuTvnoda
profesor a. zalkinds da Camoyalibebuli iyo rogorc `revoluciuri proletariatis
sqesobrivi cxovrebis Tormeti mcneba~. am Teoriis mixedviT, Tavisuflebis ideis
sawinaaRmdegod seqsualuri survilebi unda eqvemdebarebodes klasobriv interesebsa
da survilebs da araviTar SemTxvevaSi sawinaaRmdegod. qalis umweo sinaze ar
gamodgeba. ekonomikurad, politikurad da fiziologiuradac qali unda dauaxlovdes
mamakacs. `qaluroba~ rogorc koncefcia Sedegia qalTa aTaswliani monobisa da
minimalurad pasuxobs revoluciisa da revoluciis sqesobrivi SerCevis saWiroebebs.
sagulisxmoa, rom ojaxis mier moqalaqeebze dakisrebuli ekonomikuri da
samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobebis gauqmebis, ojaxis koncefciis kvdomis ideam
maleve ganicada kraxi. 1920-iani wlebis bolos axali ekonomikuri politikis
SemoRebisas mTavrobam SezRuda saxemwifos SesaZlebloba kerZo sferoSi arsebuli
saqmianobebis sazogadoebriv sferoSi gadatanisa. upatrono bavSvebTan dakavSirebulma problemebma, qveynis swrafma industrializaciama da koleqtivizaciam,
xuTwliani gegmebis SemoRebam didi gamocda mouwyo axali samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis
efeqturobasa da im revoluciur ideebs, romlebic arsebobis tradiciuli formebis
Secvlas isaxavda miznad. TumcaRa mkvlevar vendi goldmanis azriT, ara mxolod am
problemebma ganapiroba saxelmwifos politikis Secvla qalebTan da bavSvebTan
mimarTebaSi, aramed cvlilebebma kadrebis mmarTvelobaSi, romlebsac am sakiTxebisadmi sxvagvari politikuri xedva hqondaT. amgvarad 1936 wlis samoqalaqo kanonma
dramatulad Secvala 1918 da 1926 wlebis radikaluri da revoluciuri kodeqsebi,
formalurad SeinarCuna genderuli Tanasworobis ritorika, magram imavdroulad
akrZala aborti, SemoiRo jarimebi gayris SemTxvevaSi, gazarda alimentis raodenoba,
SemoiRo damsjeli zomebi im adamianebisTvis, vinc ikeTebda an akeTebda aborts
aralegalurad, aseve maTTvis vinc ar ixdida aliments da sxva.43
harold j. bermanis 1950 wels dabeWdil wignSi avtors mohyavs sabWoTa mkvlevris
citata, romelic wers `ojaxi axla [1940-iani wlebi] umniSvnelovanesia, rogorc misi
wevrebis, aseve saxelmwifosaTvis. metic, saxelmwifo cdilobs kanonis meSveobiT
Seqmnas ojaxis wevrTa imgvari moraluri da samarTlebrivi cnobiereba, romelic
stabilurobas Seuwyobs xels.44 iyo mcdelobebi ojaxis mniSvneloba ufro gaezardaT,
vidre qorwinebis mniSvneloba da amis naTeli magaliTi bermanis azriT, iyo is kanonebi,
romlebic qorwinebaSi ar myof fexmZime qals aZlevda saSualebas garkveuli daxmareba
mieRo bavSvis biologiuri mamisgan.
mosazrebebi qalTa sakiTxis gadaWris Sesaxeb, rogorc davinaxeT ar iyo erTgvarovani meoce saukunis axalgazrda bolSevikur saxelmwifoSi. qalTa emansipaciisadmi
klasobrivi midgoma anu rwmena imisa, rom kerZo sakuTrebis mospobasTan erTad sqesTa
Soris arsebuli uTansworobac moispoboda ver iTvaliswinebda arsebul viTarebas
42
Zetkin, Clara, Lenin on the Womens Question: An Interview with Lenin, 4. ixileT internetSi misamarTze:
<http://www.marxists.org/archive/zetkin/1925/lenin/zetkin2.htm>bolo viziti 17 Tebervali, 2005.
43
meti informaciisaTvis am procesebze ixileT: Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social
Life, 1917-1936 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), and Women at the Gates: Gender and Industry in Stalins Russia,
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
44
Harold J. Berman, Justice in Russia: an Interpretation of Soviet Law, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,
1950), 236.

35

diasaxlisebs muSaTa colebs Sorisac, qal delegatebs Tvalyuri unda edevnebinaT


sasadiloebisa da klubebis, sabavSvo baRebis muSaobisTvis, daecvaT qalTa da bavSvTa
uflebebi. delegatad arCevam pirvelad misca aTasobiT qals saSualeba Tavi moesinja
sazogadoebriv sferoSi. dasavleTelma mkvlevrebma didi yuradReba dauTmes qalTa
ganyofilebebis saqmianobas, maSin, rodesac sabWoTa kavSiris enciklopediebsa da
istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebSi qalTa ganyofilebebis muSaoba gamotovebulia.
Jurnal `delegatkas40 mixedviT, qalTa ganyofilebaSi momuSave qalebi monawileobdnen wiTelarmielTaTvis saWmlis ulufis gadanawilebaSi, akontrolebdnen
skolis moswavleTaTvis tansacmlisa da fexsacmlis gacemis procesebs, ebrZodnen
mwerebsa da parazitebs sacxovrebel saxlebSi, aswavlidnen glexebs jiSiani qaTmebis
moyvanas. Tavis mxriv qalTa aqtivobas ar SeeZlo gavlena ar moexdina qalebis
TviTSefasebaze da maT irgvliv arsebul socialur realobaze. amis dasturia
trockis 1923 wlis 13 ivliss gazeT `pravdaSi~ gamoqveynebuli sityvebi, rom qalTa
ganyofilebebs ukavSirdeba mravali ojaxuri krizisi: qalTa ganyofilebaSi muSaobis
Semdeg qalebs win eSlebaT axali samyaro, ojaxi yuradRebis gareSe rCeba, rac
aRizianebs mamakacs da iwvevs ojaxis ngrevas. 41
miuxedavad imisa, rom qalTa sazogadoebrivma aqtivobam garkveuli zegavlena
iqonia qalTa TviTSefasebis zrdasa da gaaqtiurebaze, unda aRiniSnos, rom qalTa
sazogadoebrivi saqmianobebis sferoebi, Zalian axlos idga maT saojaxo saqmianobebTan, xolo ideologiis, finansebisa da Tavdacvis sakiTxebi, romelTa
mniSvneloba da Sefaseba gacilebiT ufro maRalia, mamakacebis pasuxismgeblobis qveS
rCeboda. im faqtma, rom qalTa ganyofilebebis saqmianobis koncentrireba moxda
qalebis tradiciul rolebsa da funqciebze, moaklo qalebs saSualeba gavlena
moexdinaT mniSvnelovani saxelmwifo gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesze. 1934 wels
miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT qalTa ganyofilebebi gauqmda da gorbaCovis perestroikis
periodamde, roca Seiqmna qalTa sabWoebi, mgavsi tipis specializebul qalTa erTeuls
sabWoTa kavSirSi ar uarsebia. 1934 wels qalTa ganyofilebis gauqmebas safuZvlad
daedo mosazreba, rom ukve droa qali dawinaurdes ara rogorc qali, aramed rogorc
muSaki, sazogadoebis sruluflebiani da ganviTarebuli wevri.
bolSevikuri revoluciis adreul etapze imdenad mZlavri iyo Zvelis dangrevisa
da daviwyebis survili, rom qalis gaTansworebisa da gaTavisuflebis erT-erT
saSualebad, rogorc aRvniSneT, ojaxis institutTan brZola aRiqmeboda. im
periordSi bevri iwereboda imis Sesaxeb, rom monogamiuri qorwineba burJuaziis
gadmonaSTia, romelic muSaTa klass ar sWirdeba. ojaxi ar aris kargi adgili Svilebis
aRsazrdelad, bavSvebis aRzrdaze pasuxismgebloba saxelmwifom unda aiRos.
`Tavisufali siyvarulis~ ideis winaaRmdeg gamovida lenini, misi Sexedulebebi
asaxulia inesa armanisadmi miweril werilebSi. lenini aviTarebda marqsis Sexedulebebs da miiCnevda, rom qalTa sruli gaTavisuflebisTvis saWiroa sazogadoebrivi
meurneobis arseboba, rom saWiroa qali gaTavisufldes saxlis saqmeebisgan da
monawileobdes saerTo warmoebaSi.
klara cetkinisadmi micemul interviuSi `lenini qalTa sakiTxebze~ lenini
aRniSnavs: `me meCveneba, rom sqesis Sesaxeb TeoriebiT zedmetad gataceba da maTTvis
zedmeti yuradRebis daTmoba adamianebis pirovnuli saWiroebebidan gamomdinareobs.
am Teoriebis umetesoba ubralo hipoTezebia. maT iseTi adamianebi ewafebian, visac
surT sakuTari aranormaluri, zRvarsgadasuli seqsualuri cxovreba gaamarTlon
burJuaziuli moralis TvalSi da sakuTari pirovnebis mimarT tolerantuli
40
41

Jurnali delegatka gamoicemoda 1920-1931 wlebSi.


Julia Gradskova, Women and Political System of the Soviet State, Moscow State University, 2004,7.

34

mimarT Cadenili cema, wameba, daSineba, gaupatiureba iseTive sastiki danaSaulebia


rogorc `sazogadoebriv~ sferoSi, ojaxs gareT Cadenili danaSaulebebi. Sesabamisad
ojaxuri Zaladobis gakicxva da dasja ar warmoadgens adamianis pirad saqmeSi Careva,
aramed danaSaulze reagireba aris.
intensiurad ojaxuri Zaladobis problemis Seswavla daiwyo meoce saukunis
samociani wlebidan daiwyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom am problemam mecnierTa yuradReba
arc ise didi xania miiqcia, mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadaidga ojaxuri Zaladobis
simptomatikis, msxverplisa da moZaladis protretebis Sesaqmnelad. ganviTarebul
qveynebSi daixvewa da gaanalizda samarTlebrivi normebi, romelTa umetesoba ar
iZleoda ojaxuri Zaladobis faqtebze reagirebis saSualebas. SemuSavda msxverplTa
dacva-reabilitaciisa da moZaladeebTan muSaobis meTodebi, Tumca umetes qveynebSi am
saqmianobiT arasamTavrobo seqtoria dakavebuli da ar xdeba am sakiTxisadmi
mTavrobis mxridan saTanado yuradRebis gamovlena, aramed formaluri,
deklarirebuli aRiareba da mwiri reagireba. unda aRiniSnos, rom aSS-Si jer kidev me19 saukuneSi bavSvebis mimarT cudi mopyroba sazogadoebrivi SeSfoTebis sagnad iqca,
rac Seexeba ojaxur Zaladobas, misi problemad Camoyalibeba da gaazreba ar aRmoCnda
advili damkvidrebuli kulturuli normebisa da tradiciabis fonze, romlebic or
zrdasrul adamians Soris arsebul usiamovnebas, maT Soris, ufro Zlierisa da
avtoritetulis kontrolisa da pasuxismgeblobis sferod saxavda.
samociani wlebis sazogadoebrivi moZraobebidan moyolebuli amerikasa da
evropaSi farTod gavrcelda qalTa da mamakacTa Tanasworobis ideebi qorwinebasa da
samsaxurSi. 70-80-ian wlebSi izrdeba sazogadoebis gaTviTcnobierebis done ojaxuri
Zaladobis sakiTxSi, colqmruli Zaladoba aRiarebul iqna dauSvebel qmedebad. aSS-Si
ukve samocdaaTian wlebSi
sazogadoebis mxridan zewolis Sedegad daiwyo
saxelmwifos mxridan krizisuli centrebisa da TavSesafrebis subsidireba Zaladobis
msxverpli qalebisaTvis. pirveli aseTi TavSesafari 1974 wels san paulSi, minesotas
StatSi gaixsna da es programa dRemde arsebobs. amJamad amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
1 500-mde qalTa TavSesafaria (maSin, rodesac imave a.S.S.-Si 3800 cxovelTa TavSesafari
funqcionirebs).
kvlevebma aCvena, rom 1994 wels aSS-Si saSualod samidan ori msxverpli qali
icnobda Tavdamsxmels.133 qalTa 31%-ma ganacxada rom Tavdamsxmeli iyo ucxo adamiani,
28%-ma ganacxada, rom Seuracxyofas iRebda meuRlis an Seyvarebulisagan, 35%
nacnobebisagan, xolo 5% sxva naTesavebisagan. wliurad amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
kacebTan SedarebiT qalebi 10-jer met Zaladobis faqts ganicdian nacnobebis,
meuRleebis, Seyvarebulebisa Tu naTesavebisagan. 134 yovelwliurad ojaxuri
Zaladobis tramvebis mosaSuSeblad 3-5 miliardi dolari ixarjeba, 100 miliardi
dolari ki ikargeba miuRebeli xelfasebis, araproduqtiulobisa da avadmyofobis
mizeziT gacdenili samuSao saaTebis gamo.135 1993 wels 575 000 kaci daapatimres qalebis
winaaRmdeg Cadenili Zaladobis gamo, maSin, rodesac imave wells 49 000 qali
daapatimres mamakacebis mimarT Cadenili Zaladobis gamo.136
1995 wlis gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis qalTa meoTxe saerTaSoriso
konferenciis daskvniTi, dokumenti `pekinis moqmedebaTa platforma~ ganmartavs
Zaladobas qalebis winaaRmdeg:
133

Ronet Bachman Ph.D., U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics, "Violence Against Women: A National Crime
Victimization Survey Report," January 1994, p. iii.
134
iqve, 6.
135
Domestic Violence for Health Care Providers, 3rd Edition, Colorado Domestic Violence Coalition, 1991.
136
American Psychl. Ass'n, Violence and the Family: Report of the American Psychological Association Presidential Task Force
on Violence and the Family (1996), 10.

79

`termini `Zaladoba qalebis winaaRmdeg~ niSavs genderis safuZlvelze Cadenil


Zaladobas, romelmac qalebs fizikuri, seqsualuri an fsiqologiuri ziani an tanjva
moutana, muqaris, iZulebis, Tavisuflebis SezRudvis CaTvliT, ganurCevlad imisa
amgvari qmedeba sazogadoebriv Tu kerZo sferoSi iqneba Cadenili. amgvarad Zaladoba
qalebis winaaRmdeg moicavs, magram ar izRudeba Semdegi gansazRvrebebiT:
a. ojaxSi Cadenili fizikuri, seqsualuri da fsiqologiuri Zaladoba, cema,
gogonebis
seqsualuri
Seuracxyofis,
mziTvTan
dakavSirebuli
Zaladoba,
gaupatiureba ojaxSi, gogonaTa windacveTa, da sxva tradiciuli Cveulebebi rac
sazianoa qalebisTvis, Zaladoba dakavSirebuli eqspluataciasTan [...]137
problemisadmi gaeros yuradReba da problemis saerTaSoriso rangis definicia,
kidev erTxel adasturebs mis aqtualobas sxvadasxva religiis, kulturisa da
politekonomikuri ganviTarebis mqone saxelmwifoebisTvis.
ojaxuri Zaladobis ganmartebisas aseve unda visaubroT problemis gavrcelebul
formebze, ojaxuri Zaladoba fizikuri, seqsualuri da fsiqologiuri Seuracxyofis
kombinaciaa.
fizikuri Zaladobis formebia: cema, xelis kvra, wixlis Cartyma, Tmis moqaCva, kbena,
fizikuri tkivilis miyeneba sxvadasxva nivTebis gamoyenebiT (wameba), saxlSi gamoketva,
dawva, genitaliebis damaxinjeba / mokveTa, cecxlsasroli an civi iaraRiT daWra,
mokvla.
seqsualuri
Zaladobis
formebia:
gaupatiureba,
seqsualuri
xasiaTis
Seuracxmyofeli replikebi, komentarebi, SemoTavazebebi, pornografiuli masalis
yurebis an/da gameorebis iZuleba, incesti, iZulebiTi fexmZimoba, cemis Semdeg
seqsualuri urTierTobis iZuleba, dasjis mizniT seqsisa da alersisgan Tavis
Sekaveba, da sxva.
fsiqologiuri Zaladobis formebia: dacinva, damamcirebeli SeniSvnebi, replikebi,
komentarebi, SemoTavazebebi, gineba, zizRis gamomxatveli qmedeba, akrZalva,
izolireba, sazogadoebaSi Seuracxyofa, yvirili, muqara, eWvianoba, RamiT Zilis
saSualebis mospoba, SantaJi da sxva.
ojaxuri Zaladobis formaa aseve ekonomikuri Zaladoba, rac saerTo ekonomikur
saxsrebze xelmisawvdomobis SezRudvaSi an akrZalvaSi, muSaobis, swavlis daSlaSi,
colis sakuTrebis miTvisebaSi vlindeba.
Zaladobis es formebi ar aris ojaxuri ZaldobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli qmedebebis
sruli nusxa. Tu erTi SexedviT, fizikuri Zaladobis SemTxvevebi ufro TvalsaCinoa
da SesaZloa qalis fizikuri likvidaciiT dasruldes, Zaladobis sxva formebs
aranaklebi zianis motana SeuZliaT. ojaxuri ZaladobisTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli
erTi romelime konkretuli formis sistematiuri, sxva formebisgan izolirebuli,
ganmeoreba, ojaxuri Zaladoba Cveulebriv Zaladobrivi qmedebebis mTeli kompleqsiTaa warmodgenili da grZelvadianad avadmyofobebs, nevrozs, depresias,
fsiqikur moSlilobas da sxva mraval ubedurebas iwvevs.
ojaxuri Zaladobis kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom ojaxur Zaladobas cikluri xasiaTi aqvs.
mkvlevar lenon valkeris da mineapolisis ojaxuri Zaladobis proeqtis gamokvlevebis
safuZvelze es cikli gayofilia sam etapad. TiToeul etaps aqvs gansakuTrebuli
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, romlebic qvemoTaa aRwerili. aRwerili etapebi da maTi
maxasiaTeblebi ar warmoadgenen absolitur kanonzomierebas ojaxuri Zaladobis

137

Fourth World Conference for Women Platform for Action, D.Violence against Women, 113.

80

wlis gasvlis Semdeg centralur aRmasrulebeli komitetis anu uzenaesi


sakanonmdeblo organos gadawyvetilebiT, miRebul iqna axali kodeqsi
qorwinebas, ojaxsa da meurveobaze. kodeqsma sakanonmdeblo eniT asaxa
socialuri urTierTobebis revoluciuri xedva, romelic emyareboda qalTa
Tanasworobas da ojaxis fenomenis kvdomas. bolSevikebis azriT, mxolod
socializms SeeZlo daeZlia samuSaosa da ojaxs Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegoba.
socializmis pirobebSi saxlis samuSao gadavidoda sazogado sferoSi da is
saqme, romelsac milionebiT qali asrulebda aunazRaureblad Sesruldeboda
daqiravebuli adamianebis mier, romlebic amaSi gasamrjelos miiRebdnen,
iqneboda es muSaoba sasadiloebSi, samrecxaoebSi, Tu sabavSvo baRebSi.38
aleqsandra kolontais mier 1920 wels gamoqveynebuli statia `komunizmi da ojaxi~
(statia pirvelad daibeWda rusulad `komunistkas~ 1920 wlis meore nomerSi, xolo
imave wells mogvianebiT inglisurad, JurnalSi `vorqer~ (the Worker)) am epoqis
suliskveTebiTaa gaJRenTili da Sesabamisadac unda aRviqvaT. statiis mixedviT,
saxelmwifo iRebs pasuxismgeblobas bavSvebis aRzrdaze, xolo ojaxs CamoerTmeva
mwarmoeblis funqcia da mxolod momxmareblis funqcia rCeba:
`mSromelma dedebma araferze unda idardon; komunisturi sazogadoeba ar
waarTmevs mSoblebs Svilebs, ar moswyvets bavSvs dedis mkerds, ar Caidens
ZalmomreobiT saqciels, rom daangrios ojaxi, msgavsi araferi moxdeba!
komunisturi sazogadoebis miznebi gansxvavebulia. komunisturi sazogadoeba
xedavs, rom Zveli yaidis ojaxi irRveva da ojaxs ecleba yvela is sayrdeni, rac
mas rogorc socialur erTeuls inarCunebda. Sinameurneoba kvdeba, muSaTa
klasis mSoblebs ar SeswevT Zala mouaron bavSvebs, uzrunvelyon isini
ganaTlebiTa da arsebobis saSualebebiT. bavSvebi da mSoblebi erTnairad
itanjebian am situaciiT.
komunist sazogadoebas amis Tqma SeuZlia mSromeli qalisa da mamakacisTvis:
`Tqven xarT axalgazrdebi da giyvarT erTmaneTi. yvelas aqvs ufleba iyos
bednieri. icxovreT Tqveni cxovrebiT, nu gaurbixarT bednierebas. nu geSiniaT
qorwinebis, miuxedavad imisa, rom kapitalizmis pirobebSi qorwineba marTlac
rom ubedurebis saTave iyo. nu geSiniaT bavSvebis gaCena, sazogadoebas sWirdeba
muSakebi da uxaria yvela bavSvis dabadeba. Tqven ar unda inerviuloT Tqveni
bavSvis momavalze, mas arc sicive da arc SimSili Seawuxebs.39
qalTa cnobierebis amaRlebisa da emansipaciis kulturuli proeqtis mTeli
sirTule da winaaRmdegobrioba politikur gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi qalTa
monawileobis gansakuTrebiT ki, qalTa ganyofilebebis (Jenotdelebis) saqmianobis
gamoikveTa. qalTa ganyofilebebi iyo qalTa politikuri aqtivobis erTaderTi uwyeba
da 1920-iani wlebidan 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisamde arsebobda. qalebTan muSaobis
pirveli departamentis xelmZRvaneli 1919 wels inesa armandi gaxda, Semdgom qalTa
ganyofilebas aleqsandra kolontai da aleqsandra samoilova xelmZRvanelobdnen.
qalTa ganyofileba miznad isaxavda qalTa politikuri cnobierebis amaRlebas da
sazogadoebriv sferoSi maT gaaqtiurebas. igegmeboda qal delegatTa aqtiuri
monawileoba socialuri uzrunvelyofis, Sromis, saxalxo ganaTlebisa da jandacvis
sferoebSi. qali delegatebis arCeva xdeboda ara mxolod muSaTa rigebidan, aramed
38
Wendy Z. Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, c1993), 1, 3.
39
Aleksandra Kolontai, Communism and the Family, Selected Writings by Alexandra Kolontai, (eds. Alison and Busby) 1920.
Targmani Tamar sabedaSvili.

33

avkargianobis Sesaxeb. kolontai mamakacur Tvisebebsa da mamakacebs ubralod ufro


srulyofil da Tavisufal arsebebad moiazrebda axali socialuri wyobis Sesaqmnelad
da qalebis ganviTarebisa da gaTavisuflebis gzad maT mier mamakacebis unar-Cvevebis
gadaReba esaxeboda.
kolontai gaxldaT axalgazrda sabWoTa saxelmwifos qalebTan dakavSirebuli
kanonmdeblobis avtori. Tavisi xangrZlivi da aqtiuri politikuri karieris manZilze
kolontaim socialur politikaze zegavlenis moxdena mxolod karieris dasawyisSi
SeZlo. didi sabWoTa enciklopedia kolontais ixseniebs rogorc pirvel qal elCs,
romelic sabWoTa mTavrobam norvegiaSi 1923 wels miavlina.33 kolontais erT-erTi
biografis tom konditis azriT, 1920-iani wlebidan, rodesac kolontai sabWoTa kavSiris oficialur warmomadgenlad dainiSna norvegias, SvedeTsa da meqsikaSi `1945
wlamde, vidre man uari ar ganacxada diplomatiur saqmianobebze janmrTelobis gamo,
kolontai imyofeboda erTgvar gadasaxlebaSi da rogorc diplomati Camocilebuli
iyo aqtiur Sida poliikas. Sesabamisad, misi Sexedulebebi ojaxisa da qalTa statusis
Sesaxeb sabWoTa kavSirSi gaxunda. rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris elCi SvedeTsa da norvegiaSi, savaWro delegati meqsikaSi da delegati erTa ligaSi aseve fineTisa da sabWoTa kavSiris samSvidobo molaparakebis monawile 1940 wels, aleqsandra kolontai didi
gulmodginebiT emsaxura xelisuflebas da 1946 wlidan gardacvalebamde (1952 weli)
gaxldaT sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa saministros mrCeveli~.34 kolontais gadarTvam sagareo politikasa da fizikurad sazRvargareT yofnam iqonia gavlena qalTa
sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi 1920-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ganviTarebuli kolontaiseburi
xedvis dakninebasa da araefeqtur ganxorcielebaze sabWoTa kavSirSi.
bolSevikuri revoluciis erT-erT amocanas warmoadgenda ojaxuri saqmeebis
kerZo sferodan sazogadoebriv sferoSi gadmotana da am gziT mamakacebisa da qalebis
`gaTavisufleba~. qorwineba ganixileboda rogorc ori adamianis urTierTsiyvarulsa
da gagebaze dafuZnebuli kavSiri, Tavisufali im movaleobebisgan, rasac ojaxis
instituti akisrebda maT feodalur da kapitalistur formaciebSi.35 amgvarad,
`ojaxis gauqmeba da ara ojaxSi arsebuli konfliqtebis mogvareba warmoadgenda qalTa
emansipaciis gasaRebs~,36 magram ojaxisadmi amgvari damokidebuleba, rwmena da survili
misi gauqmebisa ar vrceldeboda qorwinebaze. piriqiT, adreuli bolSevikuri
saxelmwifos ritorika cdilobda qorwinebis axali cnebis Semotanasa da damkvidrebas,
samoqalaqo qorwinebis SemoRebiT, gayris procedures gaiolebiT, agitirebiT imgvari
kavSirisa, romelic siyvarulsa da arCevanis Tavisuflebas emyareba da ara ekonomikur
damokidebulebas. komunizmis marqsistuli dRis wesrigi iTvaliswinebda `sazogadoebis Secvlas, misi ekonomikuri struqturis Secvlis xarjze37 da savaraudoa, rom
revoluciis Semdgom bolSevikTa ideologiuri zraxvebi ar izRudeboda mxolod
ekonomikuri formaciis SecvliT, aramed socialurisac da ojaxis institutisac maT
Soris. mkvlevar vendi goldmanis mixedviT:
1998 wlis oqtomberSi, bolSevikebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlidan sul raRac erTi
33

, : , 1973, 437.
Alexandra Kollontai Archives, ixileT internetSi misamarTze: <http://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/into.htm>
bolo viziti marti 14, 2003.
35
Tamar Sabedashvili, Paper for the course: Research Methods in Gender Studies. Contents Analysis Method and Practice,
Applied to the Abstract from Aleksandra Kollontais Article Communism and the Family (1920), Central European University,
Budapest, 2003, 2.
36
Wendy Z. Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, c1993), 6.
37
Zeev Sternhell, Fascism: Reflections on the Fate of Ideas in Twentieth Century History, in Michael Freeden (ed.),
Reassessing Political Ideologies: the Durability of Dissent, (London, New York: Routledge, 2001), 109.
34

32

SemTxvevebis dasaxasiaTeblad, aramed saerTo da ganzogadebul tendenciebs.138

pirveli etapi: mzardi daZabuloba


nebismieri urTierTobis dasawyisSi Zaladoba naklebad aris gamoxatuli,
urTierToba usazRvro siyvarulis xasiaTs atarebs. am periodis ganmavlobaSi
partniorebs Soris daZabuloba TiTqmis ar arsebobs da moZaladis qceva pozitiuria.
es is periodia, roca TiToeuli partniori saukeTesod iqceva, vinaidan am stadiaze
erT-erTi partnioris mier Zaladobis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi didi Sansia maTi
urTierTobis Sewyvetisa. urTierTobis gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSi, moTxovnebTan erTad
Zlierdeba stresi. imatebs agresiuli qceva, Cveulebriv es sagnebTan mimarTebaSi
gamoixateba da ara partnioris mimarT. agaliTad, fexis mirtyma an muStis dartyma
karze, kedelze. daZabuloba ar neitraldeba amgvari qmedebiT da zrdasTan erTad
inacvlebs sagnebidan partniorze da gamoixateba dasawyis etapze sityvier
SeuracxyofaSi. coli yvelanairad cdilobs Tavidan aicilos sityvieri Seuracxyofa:
gulmodgined asufTavebs saxls, ise iqceva rogorc meuRles moswons, magram amgvari
kompromisebi ar aris sakmarisi moZaladisTvis gaRizianebis da konfliqtis mizezi
yovelTvis moiZebneba.
moZalade awyobs eWvianobis scenebs, cdilobs sruli kontroli daamyaros
meuRleze, gaakontrolos misi drois gadanawileba, sad da visTan erTad wava igi, aseve
Seecados meuRlis izolirebas misi mSoblebis ojaxisa da megobrebisgan, gamudmebiT
umtkicebs mas, rom uyvars da sxva adamianebi zedmetebi arian da mxolod xels uSlian
bednierebaSi da, rom marto orni unda iyvnen erTad da aravin sxva.
daZabulobis zrdis etapze msxverpli grZnobs, rom rac ar unda gaakeTos
moZaladebs araferi akmayofilebs. grZnobs, rom uZluria SeaCeros mzardi
daZabuloba, miuxedavad imisa, rom cdilobs daTmos da ar gaaRizianos meuRle,
grZnobs rom ar icis ra aris swori saqcieli daZabulobis gansamuxtavad. magram
msxverpli, ara marto pasiuri damTmobis rolSia, is aseve gabrazebulia, radgan mas ar
endobian da usafuZvlod aviwroveben, ayeneben Seuracxyofas. gabrazebulia aseve, rom
mxolod misi mxridan xdeba daTmobebi da moZalade ar asrulebs danapirebs.
daZabulobis zrdis etapze moZalade Tavs gariyulad grZnobs, misi aravis esmis,
amarTlebs Tavis qmedebas, uaryofs danaSauls, gulnatkeni da dabneulia, sjera, rom
meuRle ar akeTebs sakmariss, raTa ukeTesad agrZnobinos Tavi, sasmels etaneba da
yvelas adanaSaulebs sakuTari Tavis garda Seqmnil viTarebaSi.

meore etapi: umwvavesi Zaladobis faqti (afeTqebis, kulminaciis etapi)


am fazaSi daZabuli urTierTobebi Zaladobis konkretul incidentSi vlindeba.
moZalade irCevs Zaladobis formas, adgils, dros, winaswar icis ra unda Tqvas,
rogori Zaladoba Caidinos. es is etapia, romelSic xSirad samarTaldamcavi organoebi
erTvebian. Zaladobis faqtis Semdeg moZalades stresi da daZabuloba exsneba. amis
gamoa, rom moZalade xSirad wynari da Tanmimdevrulia samarTaldamcavebTan
Sexvedrisas. msxverpli ki, sapirispirod dabneuli da isteriulia incindentis gamo.
afeTqebis etapze msxverpli SeSinebulia, Tavs adanaSaulebs ZaladobaSi,
138
ojaxuri Zaladobis ciklebis aRweris wyaroa: amerikis monacemi: proeqti harmonia, ojaxur
ZaladobasTan brZolis sazogadoebrivi TanamSromlobis programis saswavlo masalebi, 14-17.

81

Sercxvenili, damcirebuli da degradirebulia, Sokirebulia. amasTanave msxverpli


aris gabrazebuli da SesaZloa gaamwvavos kidec konfrontacia SiSis daZlevis
surviliT.
moZalade afeTqebis etapze ukontroloa, adanaSaulebs msxverpls Zaladobis
provocirebaSi. survili aqvs gaakontrolos gaakritikos da dasajos msxverpli.
etaneba alkohols, raTa simTvraliT gaamarTlos Tavis qceva da miiCnevs, rom
ZaladobiT moagvara problemebi.

mesame etapi: simSvidis xana (TaflobisTve)


es faza dgeba Zaladobis faqtis Semdeg da gamoirCeva simSvidiT da siyvaruliT. am
fazaSi moZalade inaniebs Tavis saqciels da msxverpls gamosworebis imeds aZlevs.
patiebas iTxovs, pirobas iZleva, rom msgavsi Zaladoba aRar gameordeba. cdilobs ise
moiqces, viTom araferi momxdara, asaCuqrebs msxverpls.
Tu am fazaSi moZalade ar miiRebs kvalificiur daxmarebas `TaflobisTve~,
mxolod garkveuli periodi gagrZeldeba da Semdeg daZabuloba kvlav daiwyebs
matebas, vidre ar miaRwevs maqsimums da cikli isev gameordeba.
Taflobis periodSi msxverpls surs Tavi daaRwios moZalades, Tan itanjeba
moZaladis mitovebis azris gamo, Tavs damnaSaved grZnobs, axla xom ase kargadaa
yvelaferi. surs daujeros meuRlis dapirebebs, magram wyenasac ver iviwyebs, umweo da
uimedo mdgomareobaSia.
am periodSi moZalade grZnobs, rom garkveuli periodi SeuZlia Tavis
gakontroleba, eSinia ar miatovos meuRlem. Tavis TavTan cdilobs gaamarTlos Tavisi
saqcieli da amcirebs Seuracxyofis mniSvnelobas. pirobas debs, rom Zaladobis faqti
aRarasodes ganmeordeba.
gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom am periodSi Tu moZalade kvalificirebul daxmarebas
miiRebs SesaZloa Zaladobis Semdgomi faqti aRar gameordes, Tumca daxmarebis
aRmoCena ar iZleva Zaladobis Sewyvetis garantias.
rac ufro metad ganicdis qali Zaladobas, miT ufro metad eqvemdebareba igi
Semdeg daxasiaTebas.
qals uyalibdeba Tavisi SesaZleblobebis dabali TviTSefaseba, mas hgonia, rom
arakompetenturia da TavisTavs abralebs momxdars. rogorc wesi, qals Seuracxyofis
Sedegad erRveva Zili, ewyeba Tavis tkivili, depresia, SiSebi, eWviT uyurebs daxmarebis
miRebis SesaZleblobas. cdilobs uaryos Zaladoba, daabralos qmris zedmet
siyvaryuls an sxva problemebs. Zaladoba msxverpls umweos xdis da rac ufro did xans
egueba igi Zaladobas, miT ufro naklebad esaxeba gza Tavis gadasarCenad, igi itanjeba
naswavli umweobis sindromiT.
me Sevecade warmomedgina ojaxuri Zaladobis problemisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
urTierTobis etapebi da gancdebi. aqve minda aRvniSno, rom mkvlevrebi Tanxmdebian
imazec, rom ver iarsebebs erTi universaluri formula ojaxuri Zaladobis yvela
faqtis aRsawerad, aramed umetesoba faqtebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saerTo
tendenciebi, rac iqna warmodgenili.
feministebi sakanonmdeblo sferos mamakacTa sarbielad ganixilaven. rogorc wina
TavebSi aRvwereT, kanonebi iqmneboda mamakacebis mier im sazogadoebrivi
urTierTobebis dasareguleblad, romelic patriarqalur sazogadoebaSi arsebobda,
sadac mTavar moqmed pirebsa da privilegirebul moqalaqeebs swored mamakacebi
warmoadgendnen. sakananomdeblo sferos ganxilvisas feministebi cdiloben

82

Canacvlebas axali `proletaruli~ ideebiTa da RirebulebebiT, romelTa mixedviT


qalis roli ojaxSi da sazogadoebSi unda gatoleboda mamakacis rols. TumcaRa am
TvalsazrisiT, gadadgmulma pirvelive nabijebma aCvena, rom mxolod Tanaswori
politikuri uflebebis miniWeba qalebisTvis ar iyo sakmarisi sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi qalTa monawileobisa da rolis gasazrdelad. TviT bolSevikuri partiis
xelmZRvaneloba ar miiCnevda qalebs sakmarisad kvalificiurad imisaTvis, rom maT
iseve efeqturad esargeblad TavianTi uflebebiT, rogorc amas akeTebdnen mamakacebi.
1926 wels, qalTa 26% jer kidev wera-kiTxvis ucodinari iyo.31
muSaTa klasis warmomadgenel qalTa monawileoba proletarul moZraobaSi
minimaluri iyo, rac bolSevikuri partiis mesveurT saSualebas aZlevda qalTa sakiTxi
ganexilaT rogorc `kulturulad CamorCenili mosaxleobis~ sakiTxi. bolSevik
liderTa werilebsa da gamosvlebSi igrZnoba qalTa obieqtivizacia anu maTi rogorc
ganviTarebis dabal safexurze myofi arsebebis ganviTarebisaTvis zrunva, romlebsac
Tavad ar SeswevdaT ganviTarebis unari. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom xelisuflebas
surda sqesTa Tanasworobis ideis Semotana da ideologiuri gamtkiceba, raTa ufro
meti da meti qali CarTuliyo ojaxs gareT SromaSi anu momxdariyo maTi energiisa da
Sromis eqspluatacia, xolo imas, rom isini did cvlilebas Seitanen politikur
wyobasa da azrovnebaSi xelisufleba ar moeloda. xelisufleba varaudobda, rom werakiTxvis Seswavlis Semdeg qalebi moiqceodnen swored ise, rogorc es aRwerili
iqneboda ideologiur bukletebsa da sxva publikaciebSi, vinaidan muSaTa klasis
warmomadgeneli qalis interesebi da survilebi unda ganuxrelad Seesabamebodes
klasis interesebsa da survilebs. Tu dRes amgvari azrovnebisa da ideologiis
utopiuroba bevrisTvisaa TvalSi sacemi, im periodSi amas Zalian cota adamiani
amCnevda da aRiarebda kidec.
am umciresobas miekuTvneboda adreuli bolSevikuri sazogadoebis erT-erTi
TvalSisacemi figura da bolSevikuri partiis xelmZRvanelobaSi erTaderTi
avtoriteruli qali aleqsandra kolontai.32 kolontais saxels winaaRmdegobebiT
aRsavse cnobebi ukavSirdeba. revoluciis dasrulebisTanave aleqsandra kolontai,
romelic warsulSi cnobili iyo, rogorc menSevikebis partiis aqtivisti da
socialisturi feminizmis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli bolSevikebis rigebSi gadadis
da socialuri uzrunvelyofis saxalxo komisariatis saTaveSi dgeba. am
Tanamdebobidan, igi aqtiurad axorcielebs bolSevikuri partiis politikas muSaTa
klasis qalebTan mimarTebaSi. miuxedavd imisa, rom kolontai mxars uWerda partiis
ZiriTad mimarTulebas qalTa gaTavisuflebisa maTi sazogadoebriv warmoebaSi
CarTvis gziT da xedavda qalTa did rols kulturul revoluciaSi, kolontai,
gansxvavebiT mamakaci bolSeviki liderebisa, miiCnevda, rom mxolod wera-kiTxvis
SeswavliT ver gadawydeboda qalTa Cagruli mdgomareobis sakiTxi, aramed im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu qalebi sxvagvarad daiwyebdnen fiqrs sakuTar Tavze, sakuTar
SesaZleblobebsa da pasuxismgeblobebze. kolontai ar moiazrebda qalebs rogorc
obieqtebs, romlebze zemoqmedebiTac unda momxdariyo maTive ganviTareba da
gaaqtiureba, aramed rogorc subieqtebs, romelTa gadawyvetilebebze da qmedebazec
iyo damokidebuli kulturuli revoluciis bedi da sakuTari mdgomareoba
sazogadoebaSi. TumcaRa TviT kolontais Sexedulebebic qalebis dawinaurebis Sesaxeb
emyareboda tradiciuli `qaluri~ Tvisebebisa da qcevis normebis Canacvlebas
`mamakacuri~ TvisebebiTa da qcevis normebiT da ar ismeboda kiTxva mamakacurobis
31
32

Julia Gradskova, Women and Political System of the Soviet State, Moscow State University, 2004,4.
aleqsandra kolontai (1872 wlis 31 marti-1952 wlis 9 marti) sabWoTa socialisturi moZraobis erT-

erTi gadamwyveti figura, diplomati da agitatori iyo.

31

kvira 4
1. proletariati da genderuli diskriminacia adreuli
bolSevikuri saxelmwifos dros sabWoTa kavSiri 1918-1936 wlebSi
(gagrZeleba).
literatura:
Goldman, Wendy, Z. Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, 59-104.
Kollontai, Allexandra, Communism and the Family, 1920.

gamokveTon `tradiciuli~, `gavrcelebuli~ kanonmdeblobis mamakacuri xelwera da is


Tu ra gavlena aqvs amgvar kanonebs qalebis cxovrebaze. ojaxuri Zaladobis sferoSi
arsebuli samarTali istoriulad warmoadgenda aSkara gamovlinebas sazogadoebaSi
arsebuli socialur-kulturuli normebisa, romlebic saukuneebis manZilze ojaxis
mamakaci wevrebis mier ojaxis wevri qalebisa da bavSvebis mimarT Zaladobis
gamoyenebas misaReb praqtikad, wesrigisa da morCilebis miRwevis gavrcelebul
formad moiazrebda.
ukve aRiniSna, rom saqarTveloSi kanoni konkretulad ojaxuri Zaladobis Sesaxeb
ar arsebobs, TumcaRa arsebobs rigi samarTlebrivi meqanizmebisa, romlebic pasuxoben
ojaxur Zaladobas. magaliTad, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi arsebuli muxlebi: cema
(muxli 125), isjeba jarimiT an sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo SromiT, vadiT, asocidan
as oTxmoc saaTamde an gamosasworebeli samuSaoebiT vadiT TxuTmet Tvemde anda
tusaRobiT, vadiT or Tvemde. wameba (muxli 126) isjeba Tavisuflebis SezRudvis
vadiT, or wlamde an Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT vadiT - sam wlamde.139 janmrTelobis
ganzrax dazianeba (muxli 117) damamZimebeli garemoebebis gareSe isjeba Tavisuflebis
aRkveTiT erTidan rva wlamde.140 janmrTelobis ganzrax naklebad mZime dazianeba
(muxli 118) damaZimebeli garemoebebis gareSe isjeba gamosasworebeli samuSaoTi
vadiT - 18 Tvemde an Tavisuflebis SezRudviT vadiT, sam wlamde an tusaRobiT, sam
Tvemde an Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT - sam wlamde.141 janmrTelobis dazianeba sasikvdilo
SedegiT (muxli 119) isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT samidan Tormet wlamde.
janmrTelobis ganzrax msubuqi dazianeba (muxli 120) isjeba jarimiT an gamasworebeli
samuSaoebiT, vadiT eqvs Tvemde an Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT, vadiT erT wlamde. ganzrax
mkvleloba (muxli 108) isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT Svididan TxuTmet wlamde.
ganzrax mkvleloba damamZimebel garemoebaSi (muxli 109) isjeba Tavisuflebis
aRkveTiT aTidan oc wlamde an uvado Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT da sxva iseTi muxlebi
rogorebicaa iZuleba (muxli 150), muqara (muxli 151), gaupatiureba (muxli 137),
seqsualuri xasiaTis ZalmomreobiT qmedeba (muxli 138) da sxva.
mkvlevarma nino baqaqurma gaanaliza saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ojaxuri
Zaladobis faqtebze reagirebis kuTxiT. baqaquris analizis mixedviT, `ojaxur
ZaladobasTan dakavSirebul danaSaulTa umetesoba, Tu isini gansakuTrebiT mZime
danaSauliT ar sruldeba, miekuTvneba naklebad mZime danaSaulTa kategorias,
romelTa CadenisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli maqsimaluri sasjeli ar aRemateba xuTi
wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTas. ufro xSirad am danaSaulebis CadenisaTvis damnaSave
isjeba jarimiT, Tavisuflebis SezRudviT an tusaRobiT ramdenime TviT an
Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT araumetes erTi wlisa. amasTan, damkvidrebuli sasamarTlo
praqtikis analizis Sedegad irkveva, rom aRniSnul danaSaulTa umetesobis CadenaSi
damnaSave pirebs ZiriTadad pirobiTi sasjeli eniSnebaT. amave dros zemoaRniSnul
danaSaulTa umetesoba miekuTvneba kerZo an kerZo-sajaro braldebis danaSaulebs,
rac imas niSnavs, rom maT Sesaxeb sisxlis samarTlis saqme aRiZvreba mxolod
dazaralebulis saCivriT. amasTan erTad, kerZo braldebis saqmeebi SesaZlebelia

1917 wels bolSevikebis sakononmdeblo iniciativebma qalebs samoqalaqo uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis mTeli speqtri mianiWes da axali kanonmdeblobis winaSe qali
da mamakaci uflebrivad gaTanabrda. bolSevikuri revoluciis Semdeg TiTqmis erT
TveSi qalebs moexsnaT gayris SemTxvevaSi uZrav qonebasTan da bavSvebze mzrunvelobasTan dakavSirebuli SezRudvebis mTeli rigi. qalebs miecaT ganaTlebis miRebis,
profesiis Tavisuflad arCevis, sacxovrebeli adgilis arCevis ufleba. qalebs
mieniWaT ufleba mamakacis Tanabari anazRaurebis miRebisa Tanabar SromaSi (Equal pay
for equal work). amgvarad 1918 wlis ivlisSi miRebulma konstituciam gaaZliera qalTa da
mamakacTa politikuri da samoqalaqo Tanasworoba. ruseTis sabWoTa federaciis 1918
wlis samoqalaqo kodeqsma qorwinebis erTaderT formad samoqalaqo qorwineba daadgina, am periodamde ruseTSi iuridiuli Zala mxolod religiur qorwinebas hqonda.
qorwinebis registraciis procedura Zalian gaiolda, aseve gaiolda ganqorwinebis
procedura. am reformis Sedegad moimata qorwinebisa da ganqorwinebis raodenobam,
gansakuTrebiT axalgazrda wyvilebSi. 1920 wels moxda abortis legalizeba.
axalgazrda
bolSevikur
saxelmwifoSi
ganxorcielebuli
sakanonmdeblo
iniciativebi warmoadgenda msoflios masStabiT qalTa emansipaciis yvelaze
progresul da revoluciour cvlilebebs. 1930-iani wlebis meore naxevramde sabWoTa
kavSiri, qalTa samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis TvalsazrisiT, msoflio liderad
rCeboda. am viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sainteresoa, rogor esmodaT bolSevikuri
revoluciis avtorebs Tanaswori uflebebi; Tanamedrove politikuri filosofiis
mixedviT, ufleba warmoadgens `Tanasworobis, Tavisuflebisa da samarTlianobis
sayovelTaod savaldebulo formas~, marqsistuli ideologiis Tanaxmad, ufleba
klasobrivi xasiaTis fenomeni iyo da `klasobrivi Cagvris iaraRad~ gamoiyeneboda.
`muSaTa~ klasis (muSebi da glexebi) qalebis interesebi da moTxovnebi aRiqmedoba
Cagruli umravlesobis saerTo interesebad da moTxovnebad, gabatonebuli
umciresobis interesebisa da moTxovnebis sawinaaRmdegod. xolo is winaaRmdegobebi,
rac arsebobda `muSaTa~ klasis qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris da, miT umetes, qalebis
svadasxva jgufebs Soris igive klasis SigniT (muSa qalebi, muSaTa colebi, glexi
qalebi, Sinamosamsaxureebi) ignorirebuli iyo. imavdroulad sxva fenebis
warmomadgeneli qalebi didgvarovnebi, vaWarTa Svilebi da colebi, sasuliero pirTa
Svilebi da colebi, inteligencia yovelgvar uflebebs moklebuli aRmoCnda. mgvarad,
qalTa Tanasworobis proletarulma koncefciam imTaviTve gariya qalTa sxva jgufebi,
maT Soris liberaluri moZraobis bevri aqtivisti qali.
mZlavri industrializaciis procesma soflis mosaxleobis qalaqSi Camodineba
gamoiwvia, ramac xeli Seuwyo didgvarovanTa kulturis, faseulobebisa da idealebis

(muxli 126) wameba Cadenili: ori an meti piris mimarT; damnaSavisaTvis winaswari SecnobiT orsuli
qalis mimarT; damnaSavisaTvis SecnobiT arasrulwlovanis, umweo mdgomareobaSi myofis an materialurad
an sxvagvarad masze damokidebulis mimarT; SekveTiT da sxv. isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT, vadiT samidan
eqvs wlamde, Tanamdebobis dakavebis an saqmianobis uflebis CamorTmeviT, vadiT sam wlamde an uamisod.
140
(muxli 117) janmrTelobis ganzrax mZime dazianeba Cadenili: ori an meti piris mimarT;
damnaSavisaTvis winaswari SecnobiT orsuli qalis mimarT; damnaSavisaTvis SecnobiT arasrulwlovanis,
umweo mdgomareobaSi myofis an materialurad an sxvagvarad masze damokidebulis mimarT;
gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT; angarebiT an SekveTiT; araerTgzis an sxv. isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT
xuTidan Tormet wlamde.
141
damamZimebeli garemoebebi am muxlisTvis igivea, rac117-e muxlisTvis da am SemTxvevebSi
janrTelobis ganZrax naklebad mZime dazianeba isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT xuT wlamde.

30

83

139

Sewydes braldebulTan dazaralebuli SerigebiT. marTalia, kerZo sajaro braldebis


saqmeebi zogadad braldebulisa da dazaralebulis Serigebis gamo ar wydeba, magram
kanonmdebeli aqac uSvebs gamonakliss da iTvaliswinebs SerigebiT Sewyvetis
SesaZleblobas, roca saqmis Semdgomma gamoZiebam SeiZleba ziani miayenos, rogorc
dazaralebulis, ise braldebulis interesebs.
es erTi SexedviT, arc Tu ise mniSvnelovani aspeqtebi, sxva faqtorebTan erTad
arsebiT uaryofiT zegavlenas axdens ojaxur ZaladobasTan dakavSirebuli saqmeebis
warmoebaze sagamoZiebo organosa, Tu sasamarTloSi.
kanonmdeblis mier aRniSnul danaSaulebze sisxlis samarTlis saqmis aRZvrisaTvis
dazaralebulis saCivris arsebobis aucileblobis daweseba iwvevs imas, rom aRniSnuli
saqmeebis aRZvra an saerTod ar xdeba, an aRniSnuli saqmeebis aRZvris Semdeg ixureba
dazaralebulis mier saCivris ukan waRebis, braldebulisa da dazaralebulis viTom
`Serigebis~ Sedegad.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverplis fsiqologiur mdgomareobas,
mis SiSs, damnaSavisadmi misi solidarobis sindroms, misi usafrTxoebis meqnizmebis
ararsebobas, naTeli gaxdeba, rom msxverplTa umetesoba mraval faqtorTa zegavleniT
sruliadac ver iqneba ganwyobili moZaladis winaaRmdeg saCivlelad.
msxverplis iniciativaze dayrdnoba ojaxuri Zaladobis danaSaulebTan
dakavSirebiT sisxlis samarTlis saqmis aRZvrisas kanonmdeblis Secdomaa, rac
dadasturda mravali qveynis gamocdilebiT. ojaxur ZaladobasTan dakavSirebuli
saqmeebis warmoebas sagamoZiebo organosa Tu sasamarTloSi xels uSlis agreTve,
winaswari gamoZiebisa da sasamarTlo procesis msvlelobisas ojaxuri Zaladobis
Sedegad dazaralebulTa da mowmeTa usafrTxoebis dacvis meqanizmis gaumarTaoba.
kanonmdeblobiT aseve gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverplTaTvis
ufaso samedicino, fsiqologiuri da iuridiuli daxmarebis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi. saTanado samarTlebrivi safuZveli ar arsebobs, agreTve ojaxuri Zaladobis
msxverplTa daxmarebis specializebuli dawesebulebebis TavSesafrebisa da
reabilitaciis centrebis mosawyobad.142
sakanonmdeblo xarvezebis paralelurad mtkivneulia is faqti, rom ojaxuri
Zaladoba saTanadod ar aris aRiarebuli sazogadoebis mier, es sakiTxi aris
ukiduresad tabuirebuli da miiCneva, rom ojaxis, kerZo saqmea da gareSe pirebi ar
unda Caerion.
Tu cema, gaupatiureba, Seuracxyofa, fsiqologiuri da ekonomikuri Zaladoba
Cadenili ojaxs gareT araTu gasakicxi, aramed, xSir SemTvevaSi, samarTliT dasjadi
qmedebebia, ratom aRiqvams sazogadoeba igive saqciels Cadenils ojaxis wevrebs Soris
sxvanairad? nuTu Suasaukuneobrivi gamoTqma `Cemi saxli, Cemi cixesimagrea~ kvlav
ZalaSi rCeba? amis mizezi is xom ar aris, rom Cveni sociumi, iseve rogorc mravali sxva
sazogadoeba qalebs ar moiazrebs ojaxis iseTive srulfasovan wevrebad, rogorc
mamakacebs?
vinaidan samarTali tradiciulad sazogadoebriv sferosa da iq arsebul
urTierTobebs aregulirebda, Znelad xdeba misi damkvidreba ojaxuri cxovrebis
gamomxatveli e.w. `kerZo~ sferoSi, romelic samwuxarod rCeba imunuri sakanonmdeblo
regulirebisagan da ufro metad eqvemdebareba CveulebiT samarTals. miuxedavad
imisa, rom egalitaruli sabWoTa samarTlis memkvidre Tanamedrove qarTuli
memkvidreobiTi samarTali ojaxis memkvidred Tanabar uflebebs aniWebs rogorc
gogo, aseve biW Svils, CveulebiTi samarTali, romelic upiratesia am sakiTxSi

organizacia, zogierT qveyanaSi ki (maT Soris saqarTveloSi dedaTa dRes 3 martTan


erTad), erovnul dResaswauladaa gamocxadebuli.
qalTa saerTaSoriso dRis dawesebis idea pirvelad meoce saukunis damdegs gaCnda.
1909 wels, amerikis socialisturi partiis deklaraciis safuZvelze amerikis StatebSi
pirveli qalTa erovnuli dRe 28 Tebervals aRiniSna. 1913 wlamde amerikaSi qalTa
dRes Tebervlis bolo kvira dRes aRniSnavdnen. 1910 wels socialisturi internacionalis Sexvedraze kopenhagenSi qalTa dRis daarseba qalTa moZraobis Rvawlis
dasafaseblad da aseve imis saCveneblad, qalebisaTvis arCevnebSi monawilebis uflebis
miniWbis moTxovnisadmi mxardaWeris gamosaxatavad. konferenciis 100-ma monawile
qalma 17 qveynidan (romelTa Sorisac iyo pirveli sami qali, romelic fineTis
parlamentSi airCies) erTxmad miiRo es SemoTavazeba, TumcaRa konkretuli TariRi ar
daudgeniaT. am gadawyvetilebis Sesasruleblad 1911 wels qalTa saerTaSoriso dRe
avstria, dania, germaniasa da SveicariaSi 19 marts aRiniSna. am qveynebSi milionze metma
qalma da mamakacma miiRo monawileoba msvlelobebSi, romelTa moTxovnebi
qalebisTvis arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebisa da gadawyvetilebis mimReb doneebze
maTi raodenobis gazrdis garda, qalebisTvis muSaobis uflebis, profesiul wvrTnis
saSualebisa da samuSao adgilze diskriminaciis aRmofxvras Seadgenda.
1913-1914 wlebSi rusma qalebma aRniSnes TavianTi pirveli qalTa saerTaSoriso
dRe 1913 wlis Tebervlis ukanasknle kvira dRes. ruseTSi qalTa dRis aRniSvna pirveli
msoflio omis safrTxis acilebisaTvis mebrZoli samSvidobo moZraobis RonisZiebaTa
farglebSi moxda. momaval wels evropis sxvadsxva qveynebSi qalebma 8 marts gamarTes
msvleloba omis winaaRmdeg.
1917 wels, maSin, rodesac ruseTis droSi qveS mebrZoli 2 milioni jariskaci
daiRupa pirveli msoflio omis brZolebSi, ruseTis imperiis qalebma isev Tebervlis
bolo kvira dRe airCies gaficvisaTvis `puri da mSvidoba~. politikuri liderebi
ewinaaRmdegebodnen am gaficvas, magram qalebma Tavisi ar daiSales. gaficvidan oTxi
dRis Semdeg mefe Camoagdes da droebiTma mTavrobam qalebs arCevnebSi monawileobis
ufleba misca. es istoriuli kvira dRe, rodesac gaficva gaimarTa daemTxva 23
Tebervals iulianuri kalendriT (romelic im Jamad gamoiyeneboda ruseTSi), xolo
grigorianuli kalendriT es iyo 8 marti.
am movlenaTa Semdeg qalTa saerTaSoriso dRe msoflios masStabiT damkvidrda,
rasac xelis aseve Seuwyo gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis farglebSi gamarTulma
qalTa oTxma msoflio konferenciam, romlebzec qvemoT visaubrebT.

2. proletariati da genderuli diskriminacia adreuli


bolSevikuri saxelmwifos dros sabWoTa kavSiri 1918-1936 wlebSi.

literatura:
Goldman, Wendy, Z. Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, 8-56.
Kollontai, Allexandra, The Soviet Woman a Full and Equal Citizen of Her Country.

142
nino baqaquri, ojaxuri Zaladoba da adamianebis trefikingi: rogor davicvaT Cveni uflebebi,
saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia, Tbilisi 2004 weli, 76-77.

84

29

romlis SeqmnaSic qalebs ar miuRiaT monawileoba. gaTxovebis SemTxvevaSi yvelanairi


uflebis dakargva, qmris morCilebaSi gadasvla, romelsac ufleba eZleva gankargos
colis sakuTreba da Semosavali, aseve aRzardos da Tu saWiroa dasajos igi. qalebs ar
aqvT ganaTlebis miRebis ufleba, ar aqvT ufleba aqtiuri eklesiuri cxovrebisa, maT
mamakacebma moralis sxvanairi ufro mkacri kodi dauweses da gaakeTes yvelaferi, rom
qalebs daekargaT sakuTari Zalebis rwmena, sakuTari Tavis pativiscema da gasCenodaT
survili ecxovrad damokidebulebs TavianT keTilismyofel mamakacebze. am mTavari
argumentebis safuZvelze deklaracia iTxovs qalTa uuflebo mdgomareobis
aRmofxvras da maTTvis yvela im uflebisa da privilegiis aRdenas rac amerikis mamakac
moaqalaqeebs aqvT.
1866 wels stentonma, motma, siuzan b. anTonim30 da maTma Tanamoazreebma daarses
`amerikis Tanabari uflebebis asociacia~, SemdgomSi `erovnuli qalTa xmis uflebis
asociacia~, romelic ibrZoda qalTa politikuri uflebebisaTvis, aseve gayris
gaadvilebis, dasaqmebisa da Sromis anazRaurebisas diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg.
lukrecia mots ekuTvnis azri, romlis xorcSesxmasac dRemde cdiloben amerikeli
qalebi: `kacebsa da qalebs, mTels amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Tanabari uflebebi
unda hqondeT~.
amerikaSi dawyebuli moZraobis miuxedavad, britaneTSi qalTa politikuri
uflebebisaTvis brZola mecxramete saukunis 60-iani wlebidan daiwyo, magram 1885
wlis warumateblobam, rodesac britaneTis reformis aqtis safuZvelze xmis ufleba
miwaze momuSaveebs miecaT da qalebs kidev ara, frTebi Sekveca qalTa moZraobas. am
droisaTvis, amerikaSi feministuri moZraoba enTuziazmiTaa aRsavse da sul ufro met
da met StatSi izrdeba qalebisaTvis politikuri uflebebis micemis momxreTa ricxvi.
1902 wels siuzan b. enToni ewvia ingliss da cxovrobda manCesterSi qristabel
pankhurstTan, swored am vizitis StabeWdilebebis qveS ganacxada siuzanis
gamgzavrebis Semdeg misma maspinZelma qristabel pankhurstma: `gausaZlisia imaze
fiqric ki, rom qalTa kidev erTma Taobam unda daxarjos TavianTi cxovreba xmis
uflebis TxovniT. Cven drois kargvis ufleba ar gvaqvs, Cven unda vimoqmedoT~.
am sityvebma STaagona britanel qalTa proaqtiuri moZraoba politikuri
uflebebis mosapoveblad, romelic pirveli msoflio omis dawyebam Seayovna 1914 wels,
Tumca 1918 welsve nawilobrivi warmatebiT dagvirgvinda.
am periodis amerikaSi, ukve 1912 wlisaTvis mraval StatSi moipoves qalebma
arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba da kidev rva wlis debatebisa da gacxarebuli brZolis Sedegad miaRwies saboloo gamarjvebas srul politikur Tanabaruflebianobas
elis polis (lice Paul) TaosnobiT. am gamarjvebiT TavisTavad ver gadawyda yvela
arsebuli problema, romelic sqesTa ierarqiuli urTierTobidan gamomdinareobs. am
gamarjvebis Semdeg pirveli talRis amerikeli feministebi daubrundnen 1848 wlis
lukrecia motis (ucretia Mott) `sentimentebis deklaracias~, da iq dasmuli sxva
sakiTxebis, kerZod, ganqorwinebis gaadvilebis, memkvidreobisa da Sromis anazRaurebis sakiTxebis gadaWrisaTvis brZola wamoiwyes.
mizanSewonilad miviCnie kursis am monakveTSi gavixsenoT aseve qalTa saerTaSoriso dRis 8 martis istoria. 8 marts sxvadasxva qveynis moqalaqeebis TiTqmis mTeli
msoflios masStabiT aRniSnaven. am dRes aRniSnavs aseve gaerTianebuli erebis

kodificirebul samarTalze, mTavar memkvidred umcros vaJs moiazrebs. Sesabamisad,


tradiciis Tanaxmad, ufros vaJiSvils ojaxi xels uwyobs uZravi qonebis SeZenaSi, Tu
amis saSualeba aqvs, xolo gaTxovebis Semdeg ojaxis qaliSvili iRebs mziTvs da
aranair uflebas aRar acxadebs ded-mamis danarCen qonebaze. gansakuTrebuli
mniSvnelobisaa qaliSvilis mier uaris Tqma uZrav qonebaze mSoblebis saxlze,
vinaidan xSirad moZalade qmars coli ver Sordeba im martivi mizezis gamo, rom mas
wasasvleli ar aqvs da igi ekonomikuradac damokidebulia meuRleze. dedmamiseul
saxlSi Cveulebriv Zma da rZali cxovoben da ukan dabrunebisas ojaxis qaliSvili Tavs
sul mcire uxerxulad grZnobs. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qalma xma aimaRla da moiTxova
Tavisi kuTvnili qoneba mSoblebis memkvidreobidan, mas sazogadoebrivi azri kicxavs.
es stereotipuli magaliTi ar gamoxatavs universalurad mTeli Cveni sazogadoebisa da yvela ojaxis mdgomareobas, aramed im tendenciebsa da normebs,
romlebic samwuxarod jerjerobiT rCebian ZiriTadad da wamyvanad Cveni
sazogadoebis umetesisTvis.
qarTuli enac inaxavs gasaRebs ojaxuri urTierTobis saidumlosi, sityva
`gaTxoveba~ da iseTi gamoTqma rogoricaa `patrons Cavabaro~, miuTiTebs im
obieqtivizaciaze, rac qals qorwinebaSi moelis. marTalia veravin midis ise Sors, rom
qali qmris sakuTrebad gamoacxados rogorc es adre xdeboda, magram qmris
imperatiulobis, aRmatebulobis momenti SenarCunebulia. aseT viTarebaSi qalis
fizikuri Seuracxyofa qmris mxridan moiazreba rogorc meTodi akontrolo da
morCilebaSi gyavdes SenTvis daqvemdebarebuli adamiani, miTumetes, Tu amgvari qceva
sazogadoebrivi moraliT gamarTlebulia da metic xSirad msxverpls miiCneven
damnaSeved, romelmac damsaxurebulad miiRo amgvari sasjeli. samwuxarod arsebobs
uamravi miTi ojaxur ZaladobasTan dakavSirebiT, romlebsac TviTon qalebic uwyoben
xels, magaliTad: `mcems imitom, rom eWviania da Zalian vuyvarvar; `kacia da ase unda
moiqces, Torem coli Tavze daajdeba~ da sxva. amgvari damokidebuleba metyvelebs
sazogadoebis mier problemisadmi Tvalis daxuWvis survilze, araRiarebaze im
faqtisa, rom ojaxuri Zaladoba iwvevs janmrTelobis porblemebs qalebSi, fsiqikur
moSlilobas qalebsa da bavSvebSi, rom nebismieri garemo, sadac batonobs Zaladoba
adre Tu gvian savalalo anarekls povebs da aisaxeba im sazogadoebis cxovrebaze,
romlmac misi daTmena da araRiareba gadawyvita.
amerikeli mkvlevari joan maieri wers: `amJamindeli amerikuli sakanonmdeblo da
socialuri normebi [...] orazrovania: maSin roca ojaxuri Zaladoba nominalurad
aralegaluria da metic, kriminalizebulia, samarTlebrivi da socialuri
dawesebulebebis umetesobas dRemde mcire aRiarebasa da daxmarebas uCenen amgvari
Zaladobis msxverpl adamianebs, urCevniaT ra, rom es sakiTxi ganixilon rogorc kerZo
ojaxuri dava da ara rogorc danaSauli~.143
deliqturi samarTali,144 romelic Cveulebriv aregulirebs fizikuri zianis
miyenebis faqtebs, tradiciulad arafers ambobda fizikuri dazianebis SemTxvevebze
ojaxis wevrebs Soris. meuRleTaSorisi da mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris urTierTobebis
imunitetis doqtrinis gamo kanonSemoqmedni da sasamarTloebi tradiciulad gverds
uvlidnen ojaxSi Cadenili iseTi dazianebiTi danaSaulebis dasjas, rac ojaxs gareT
ar darCeboda maTi yuradRebis miRma. samarTliT praqtikaSi Zalian iSviaTad isjeba
143

siuzan b. enToni (1820-1906) 50 welze met xans warmoadgenda qalTa uflebebisaTvis moZraobis erTerT wamyvan mebrZols. siuzan b. enToni da elizabeT qeidi stentoni erTmaneTs 1851 wels monobis
gauqmebisaTvis mebrZolTa wreebidan Sexvdnen da maTi istoriuli megobroba sicocxlis bolomde
gagrZelda. siuzan enTonis safrajistebis moZraobis napoleonsac ki uwodeben, Tavisi organizatoruli
da taqtikuri niWis gamo.

Joan Meier, Introduction, The Public Nature of Private Violence: the Discovery of Domestic Abuse, Martha Albertson
Fineman, Roxanne Mykitiuk (eds.), Routledge: New York, London, 1994, 121.
144
deliqturi samarTali (Tort Law) im SinaarsiT ra SinaarsiTac teqstSia moxseniebuli saqarTveloSi
ar arsebobs, Tumca arsebobs deliqturi valdebuleba, romlis mixedviTac: piri romelic sxva pirs
marTlsawinaaRmdego ganzraxi an gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT miayenebs zians, valdebulia aunazRauros
mas es ziani. (saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, kari mesame).

28

85

30

ojaxis erTi wevris mier meoresTvis ganzrax miyenebuli dazianeba. umetesi qveynebis
samarTali ar aRiarebs qmris mier colis gaupatiurebis faqtebs. meuRlis cema
ganzrax aris gamotovebuli sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulad kvalificirebul
danaSaulTa nusxaSi im motiviT, rom qmars aqvs ufleba aRzardos Tavisi meuRle.
dResac ki, im qveynebis samarTalSi, sadac moxda ojaxuri Zaladobis kriminalizacia
mosamarTleebi, prokurorebi da policiis oficrebi Tavs arideben ojaxur
konteqstSi fizikuri Seuracxyofis Sesaxeb kanonebis gamoyenebas.
sxva amerikeli mkvlevari elizabet rapaporti145 Tavis statiaSi: `sikvdiliT dasja
da SeRavaTi ojaxuri Zaladobisas~ aanalizebs samarTlebrivi normebis qmedebas iseTi
mkvlelobebis mimarT, romlebic sikvdiliT isjeba da ojaxuri Zaladobis Sedegad
Cadenili mkvlelobebis mimarT.
mkvlevris Tvisebrivi analizi aCvenebs, rom sikvdiliT dasjis amerikuli kanoni
seqsisturia, maSin rodesac umetes StatebSi finansuri motiviT adamianis mokvla
SeiZleba iqces mizezad damnaSavisTvis sasikvdilo ganaCenis gamotanisa, e. w. `ojaxis
SenarCunebis~ mizeziT Cadenili mkvleloba damnaSaves garkveul SeRavaTebs aZlevs.
qmris mxridan colis an yofili colis mkvleloba ar ganixileba igive simZimis
danaSaulad rogorc sxva, ojaxs gareT, Cadenili mkvlelobebi, mas amsubuqebs is
garemoeba, rom moZalades emociebisgan `sisxli uduRda~ `civsisxliani~ winaswarganzraxuli mkvleobisgan gansxvavebiT. rapaporti aRniSnavs, rom qmris mier
meuRlis `cxel gulze~, roca mas sayvarelTan erTad naxavs mokvlis ganxilva rogorc
Semamsubuqebeli garemoebisa maCvenebelia mamakacTa upiratesi mdgomareobisa
sazogadoebaSi, vinaidan istoriulad `cxel gulze~ Cadenili meuRlis mkvleloba
colebis mxridan, anu roca qmars sayvarelTan waaswrebda, ar ganixileboda
Semamsubuqebel garemoebad. is, rom qalebi naklebad klaven meuRleebs Ralatis
SemTxvevaSi, gamowveulia imiTac, rom maT qmrebis flobaze ufro naklebi pretenzia
aqvT, Sesabamisad, maTi reaqcia Ralatze an mitovebisas naklebad mwvavea.
saqarTveloSi ojaxSi Zaladobis problema ar dgas im aqtualur problemaTa rigSi,
romlis mogvarebisaTvis saxelmwifo Sesabamis nabijebs gadadgamda. ar aris danaxuli
kavSirebi ojaxur Zaladobasa da siRaribes Soris, ojaxur Zaladobasa da qalTa da
bavSvTa janmrTelobas, zogadad sazogadoebis ganviTarebas Soris, ojaxur
Zaladobasa da kanonmorCilebas, samarTlebrivi normebis nakleb efeqturobas Soris.
ojaxuri Zaladobis problemis daZleva warmoudgenelia am mizez-Sedegobrivi
kavSirebis danaxvis gareSe. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom problemis mosagvareblad
umniSvnelovanesia, ara mxolod xelisuflebis mxridan gadadgmuli nabijebi,
ganxorcielebuli politika, aramed sazogadoebrivi azris transformacia, romelic
am problemisadmi ara Semwynarebluri, aramed Seurigebeli gaxdeba. am
transformaciaSi didi rolis Sesruleba SeuZliaT arasamTavrobo organizaciebisa da
mediis warmomadgenlebs.

msgavsad mimdinareobda, ara marto imitom, rom sabolood am moZraobam Tavis mizans
miaRwia, aramed sxva msgavsi mizezebis gamoc.
magaliTisTvis, qalebi yvelgan xmis uflebas iseT momentSi iTxovdnen, rodesac
xedavdnen warmatebis miRwevis realur Sanss. did britaneTSi pirveli mimarTva
qalebisaTvis xmis micemis moTxovniT iyo `adamianTa erTi modgmis, qalebis mimarTva
adamianTa meore modgmis, mamakacebis pretenziebis winaaRmdeg~ 1825 wels ana vilerisa
da viliam tomfsonis avtorobiT. adreuli moTxovna qalebisaTvis xmis uflebis
miniWebisa ekuTvnoda meri smits, romlis Sesaxebac am faqtis garda TiTqmis araferia
cnobili, igi qalebisaTvis xmis micemas qonebrivi cenzis safuZvelze iTxovda. vinaidan
gaTxovil qalebs erTmeodaT sakuTrebis ufleba, es moTxovna rom gaeTvaliswinebina
TemTa palatas am uflebiT mxolod gauTxovari qalebi isargeblebdnen. misi peticia
win uZRoda 1832 wlis reformis aqts da erTaderTi rasac miaRwia iyo is, rom qalebi
garkveviT da myarad gamoTiSes arCevnebSi monawileobis miRebis procesidan, vinaidan
1832 wlis didi reformis aqti uSualod `mamakac-moqalaqeebs~ Seexeboda. vidre
britaneTSi 1867 wlis meore reformis aqts miiRebdnen, axladSeqmnilma qalTa xmis
uflebisaTvis mebrZolma komitetma 1865 wels moamzada peticia lordTa palatisaTvis, romelsac or kviraSi 1 500-ma qalma moawera xeli. TemTa palatas peticia jon
stiuart milma warudgina, mili iTxovda gauTxovari qalebisTvis miecaT aqtiuri xmis
ufleba igive pirobebiT, ra pirobebiTac mamakacebs hqondaT es ufleba. mili ubralod
iTxovda aqtSi sityva `kaci~ SeecvalaT `pirovnebiT~, magram rogorc zemoT avRniSneT
milis es SeTavazeba ar iqna gaziarebuli.
qalTa politikuri rogorc aqtiuri (arCevnebSi xmis micema), ise pasiuri (kenWis
yra) uuflebobis gancda amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gaamwvava monobis winaaRmdeg
dawyebulma kampaniam. 1840 wels elizabet qeidi stentoni27 da lukrecia moti28, amerikuli monobis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli sazogadoebis wevrebi gaemgzavren londonSi
delegatebad monobis winaaRmdeg gamarTul msoflio Sexvedraze. orive qalbatoni
aRaSfoTa im faqtma, rom Sexvedraze maT britaneli qalebis msgavsad aekrZalaT
sajarod sityviT gamosvla. StatebSi dabrunebisTanave maT ganizraxes wamoewyoT
Zlieri moZraoba qalTa uflebebisaTvis.
am gadawyvetilebis Sedegad, rva wlis Semdeg 1848 wels amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi, seneka folsSi, niu iorkis Stati, Catarda qalTa uflebebis pirveli
konferencia, romlis organizatorebi lukrecia moti da elizabet qeidi stentoni
gaxldnen. `sentimentebis deklaracia~, dokumenti, romelic seneka folsSi gamarTuli
diskusiebis Sedegia amerikis damoukideblobis deklaraciis yaidazea dawerili da
qalebisa da mamakacebis uflebrivi Tanasworobisaken mouwodebs, mas xels
konferenciis wevri 68 qali da 32 mamakaci awers.
`Cven migvaCnia aSkara WeSmaritebad is, rom mamakaci da qali Tanabaruflebianebad
Seiqmnen da maT Semoqmedma mianiWa ZiriTadi da Tandayolili uflebebi; romelTa
Sorisac aris sicocxle, Tavisufleba, da bednierebisaken swrafva,29 naTqvamia
deklaraciis SesavalSi.
Sesavals mohyveba nusxa diskriminaciis im sxvadasxva formebisa, rasac qalTa sqesi
ganicdis. kerZod, arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebis ar qona, im kanonebis morCileba,

145
Elizabeth Rapaport, The Death Penalty and the Domestic Discount, The Public Nature of Private Violence: the Discovery of
Domestic Abuse, Martha Albertson Fineman, Roxanne Mykitiuk (eds.), Routledge: New York, London, 1994, pp. 224-251.

27
elizabet qeidi stentoni iuristisa da politikosis daniel qeidis ojaxSi daibada 1815 wlis 12
noembers. mamis wignebiT elizabetma Seiswavla samarTali, magram iuridiulze Cabareba ver moaxerxa,
vinaidan qalebs umaRlesSi im dros ar iRebdnen. man Tavisi cxovrebis 50 weli miuZRvna qalTa
uflebebisaTvis brZolas da ise gardaicvala 1902 wlis 26 oqtombers, rom ver moeswro 1920 wels,
rodesac amerikis konstituciaSi 19-e damatebis Setanis gziT qalebma moipoves sanukvari xmis ufleba.
28
lukrecia kofin moti (1793-1880) kvakerTa religiuri dajgufebis wevri iyo, elizabet qeidi
stentonTan erTad lukrecia motic ibrZoda monobis gasauqmeblad da qalTa TanabaruflebianobisaTvis.
29
The Declaration of Sentiments, Seneca Falls Conference, 1848.

86

27

Tanabaruflebianobis, Tanabari aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis pirobebSi gaxdeba SesaZlebeli mamakacisa da qalis namdvili saxisa da bunebis danaxva ase swamda qalTa
moZarobis am adreul moazrovnes.
XIX saukunis amerikaSi da evropaSi mcxovreb qalebs ekrZalebodaT ganaTlebis
miReba, roca maTi Zmebis ganaTlebaze ojaxebi daucxromlad zrunavdnen. maT
ekrZalebodaT xmis amoReba sajaro Sekrebebze da Tu aseTi incindenti moxdeboda
eklesia da sazogadoeba maT kicxavda uRirsi aqtivobisaTvis. maTi memkvidreobiT
miRebuli qoneba gaTxovebisas avtomaturad qmris sakuTreba xdeboda da qalic mamis
gavlenidan qmris gavlenaSi, sakuTrebaSi gadadioda. rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania,
qalebs uwevdaT im kanonebisadmi morCileba, romlis avtorebic TviTon ar iyvnen da
verc iqnebodnen, vinaidan maT ar hqondaT, rogorc Tavad miaCndaT, umTavresi,
politikuri uflebebi, ufleba sakanonmdeblo organoSi mosvlisa, rom SeecvalaT
kanonebi da SeeqmnaT iseTi kanonebi, romlebic maT interesebsac daicavda. arsebuli
uuflebo mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT gasakviri ar aris, ratom ganixilavdnen
pirveli talRis feministebi anu qalTa moZraobis adreul liderebi arCevnebSi
monawileobas qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis panacead.
TumcaRa XIX saukuneSi dawyebuli politikuri uflebebisaTvis brZola Tavdapirvelad mamakacTa xmis uflebisaTvis brZolas warmoadgenda. Cveulebriv evropaSi xmis
ufleba eZleodaT qonebrivi cenziT, zog SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad, britaneTSi)
komluri principiT, iSviaT SemTxvevebSi (italia, portugalia) dawyebiTi an umaRlesi
ganaTlebis qonis mixedviT. mecxramete saukune xasiaTdeba arCevnebSi monawileobis
uflebisaTvis sxvadasxva dainteresebuli jgufebis brZoliT, romelsac evropaSi
garkveuli doziT liberalebi, ZiriTadad ki, SromiTi moZraoba axorcielebda.
britaneTSi es moZraoba 1832 wlis didi reformis aqtiT daiwyo (the Great Reform Act of
1832); safrangeTSi burJuaziuli revoluciiT da ganaxlda 1830 wlis ivlisis revoluciiT; belgiaSi 1831 wels damoukideblobis gamocxadebiT; norvegiaSi 1814 wlis
konstituciiT; SveicariaSi 1815 wlis konstituciiT; germaniaSi federaluri miwebis
adreuli konstitucionalizmiT (pirveli badenis 1818 wlis konstitucia iyo) da a. S.
safrajizmi (Suffragism), warmosgeba inglisuri sityvisgan Suffrage rac xmis
micemas, arCevnebSi monawileobas niSnavs. Sesabamisad qalebs, romlebic politikuri
uflebebisaTvis dawyebul moZraobaSi monawileobdnen safrajistebi (suffragists) ewodebodaT. iyo aseve qalTa politikuri uflebebisaTvis mebrZoli radikaluri dajgufeba e.w. safrajetebi (suffragettes), romlebic ZiriTadad safrangeTSi moRvaweobdnen
da TavianTi agresiulobiT gamoirCeodnen. maT agresiuli taqtika (Sexvedrebis
darbeva, fanjrebis lewva) gangeb airCies, rom miepyroT sazogadoebis yuradReba. isini
imdenad gavlenianebi aRmoCndnen TavianT qmedebaSi, rom popularul istoriul
mexsierebaSi xmis uflebisaTvis mebrZoli qalebi swored agresiul qalebTan
asocirdebian, maSin rodesac safrajistebis umetesoba ar iziarebda safrajetebis
meTodebs da surda maTgan gamijvna.
is gza, romelic qalebma ganvles imisaTvis, rom arCevnebSi monawileobis universaluri (aqtiurica da pasiuric) ufleba moepovebinaT gansxvavdeboda sirTulisa da
xangrZlivobis mixedviT. 21 evropul qveyanaSi qalebs arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba
XX saukunis dasawyisSi miecaT, ZiriTadad pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg: pirveli maT
Soris iyo fineTi (1906), Semdeg norvegia (1907), Cvidmet qveyanaSi 1915-1922 wlebSi
miiRes qalebma arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba (1920 wels amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi), espaneTsa da portugaliaSi 1931 wels. safrangeTSi 1944, italiaSi 1945,
saberZneTSi 1952, xolo SveicariaSi 1971 wels. am xangrZlivi gzis miuxedavad, qalTa
istoriis mkvlevari gizela boki miiCnevs, rom `safrajizmi~ sxvadasxva qveyanaSi
26

kvira 8
1. saarCevno kanonmdebloba sakanonmdeblo organoSi qalTa
warmomadgenlobis zrdasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi
literatura:
Matland, R. Enhancing Womens Participation: Legislative Recruitment and Electoral Systems, in Karan
Azza (ed.). Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, International IDEA, 1998, 65-88.
Ndezhda Shvedova. Obstacles to Womens Participation in Parliament, in Karan Azza (ed.). Women in
Parliament: Beyond Numbers, International IDEA, 1998, 19-41.
sabWoTa kavSirisgan damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, saqarTvelo, demokratiul saxelmwifod Camoyalibebas cdilobs. 1991 wlidan moyolebul gardamaval
periods Tan axlda warmatebebi da warumateblobebic. dasawyisSive, samma didma
konfliqtma Seaferxa qveynis ganviTareba; 1991-1993 wlebSi Sida qarTlSi da afxazeTSi
ganviTarebuli eTnikuri konfliqtebis gamo daaxloebiT 300 000 moqalaqe iqca
iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirad. Tbilisis samoqalaqo omi (1991 wlis dekemberi - 1992
wlis ianvari), romelic samxedro opoziciasa da demokratiuli gziT arCeul, pirvel
postkomunistur, prezident gamsaxurdias mTavrobas Soris mimdinareobda am
ukanasknelis marcxiT da eduard SevardnaZis, saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis
yofili Tavmjdomarisa da sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa gadamdgari ministris
saqarTveloSi dabrunebiT dasrulda.
1995 wlis 5 noembris saprezidento arCevnebis dros SevardnaZe xmaTa 75% iqna
arCeuli, misi xelmZRvanelobiT proreformistulma 1995 wels arCeulma parlamentma
imave wlis 24 agvistos axali konstitucia miiRo. 1998 wels pirvelad gaimarTa
adgilobrivi, 1999 wels saparlamento, xolo 2000 wels saprezidento arCevnebi, sadac
isev SevardnaZem gaimarjva.
2003 wlis 2 noembers gaimarTa axali saparlamento arCevnebi, romelmac mniSvnelovani darRvevebiT Caiara da xalxis didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. mSvidobiani
protestis formebiT, saqarTvelos mosaxleobam moaxerxa gaerTianeba SevardnaZis
korufciuli administraciisa da partiis (moqalaqeTa kavSiri) winaaRmdeg. xalxis
nebam gaimarjva da 2003 wlis 23 noembers prezidenti SevardnaZe gadadga. qveyanas
vadamdeli saprezidento arCevnebis Catarebamde parlamentis Tavmjdomare nino
burjanaZe marTavda. 2004 wlis 4 ianvars 96% procentiT saqarTvelos mosaxleobam
axali prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili airCia. saparlamento arCevnebi aseve 2004 wlis 28
marts gaimarTa xelaxla da parlamentis Tavmjdomared kvlav nino burjanaZe airCies.

saqarTvelos saarCevno sistemis analizi: Sansebi qalTa warmomadgenlobisTvis


mocemul qveTavSi Sevecdebi gavaanalizo saqarTvelos saparlamento da
adgilobrivi saarCevno sistemebi da ganvsazRvro maTi gavlena qalTa politikaSi
mosvlis SesaZleblobebze. saarCevno sistemis analizisTvis gamoviyeneb profesor
lijphartis mier SemuSavebul kriteriumebs deputatTa arCevis wesis, saarCevno
olqis sididis, arasawori proporciulobis, saarCevno barieris, parlamentis

87

sididisa da gaerTianebuli siebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobaTa irgvliv.146 analizis


safuZvelze Sevecdebi ganvsazRvro qalTa arCevis Sansebi erovnul da adgilobriv
doneebze.
saqarTvelos konstitucia da organuli kanoni, saqarTvelos erTiani saarCevno
kodeqsi is ZiriTadi dokumentebia, romlebic akanoneben arCevnebis samarTlebriv
CarCoebs. lijphartis mier SemuSavebuli saarCevno sistemebis kriteriumebis
mixedviT, pirvel rigSi SevafasoT deputatTa arCevis wesebi, iqneba es maJoritaruli,
proporciuli, Tu Sualeduri. radganac partiuli siebiT proporciuli
warmomadgenlobis safuZvleze airCeva parlamentis 150 wevri, xolo 85 wevri amdenive
erTmandatiani saarCevno olqidan oretapiani maJoritaruli arCevnebis safuZvelze
saqarTvelos saarCevno sistema miekuTvneba Sualedur sistemebs, romelic moicavs
Sereul, maJoritarul da proporciul saarCveno wess.
`saarCevno olqis saSualo sidide ganisazRvreba TiToeul saarCevno olqSi
arCeuli warmomadgenlebis raodenobiT.~147 lijphartis mixedviT, saarCevno olqis
sididis gamoangariSeba SeiZleba sakanonmdeblo organos wevrTa saerTo raodenobis
gayofiT saarCevno olqebis raodenobaze. am formulis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi
saarCevno olqis saSualo sidide 2,76 mandatia:

parlamentarTa
raodenoba

saarCevno olqebis
raodenoba

saarCevno olqebis
saSualo sidide

235

85

2.76

saarCevno olqis saSualo sidide mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia im urTierTdamokidebulebis gamo, romelic arsebobs samarTlian warmomadgenlobas da saarCevno olqis
sidides Soris. rac ufro didia olqis zoma da amomrCevelTa raodenoba, ukeTesi
Sansebi arsebobs proporciuli warmomadgenlobisTvis. Tu amomrCevelTa raodenoba
didia, xolo mandatTa raodenoba mcire, miaxloebiTi proporciulobis Sansebi
mcirdeba (rae, hogani, horvili). saarCevno olqebis araTanabari moculobis uaryofiTi zegavlena saqarTvelos saarCevno wesis maJoritarul nawilTan mimarTebaSi,
romelic 85 erTmandatiani olqidan iTvaliswinebs amave raodenobis parlamentaris
arCevas, aRniSnuli iyo euTo-s demokratiuli institutebisa da adamianTa uflebebis
samsaxuris saboloo moxsenebaSi saqarTvelos 1999 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis
Sefasebisas.148
TiToeuli saarCevno olqi iRebs erT saparlamento mandats. miuxedavad amisa,
amomrCevelTa raodenobebs Soris didi gansxvavebis gamo TiToeuli xmis wona
araTanabaria. am gansxvavebis saukeTeso magaliTia yazbegis raionis amomrCevelTa
raodenoba daaxloebiT 4000 registrirebuli xmis micemis uflebis mqone piriT da q.
quTaisi 135000 registrirebuli amomrCevlTa raodenobiT. maikl galaheris mixedviT,
es aris `araswori proporciuloba~. erTmandatian saolqo sistemebSi es ukanaskneli
niSnavs imas, rom olqebSi aris amomrCevelTa mniSvnelovnad araTanabari raodenoba,
ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios araswori proporciuloba didi partiebis sasargeblod an
miiRos gadaWarbebuli regionaluri warmomadgenlobis saxe. saqarTvelos magaliTze
146

A Lijphart, Electoral Systems and Party Systems, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994, 14.
iqve 10.
148
OSCE/ODHIR, Georgia Parliamentary Elections: 31 October & 14 November 1999, Final Report, Warsaw, February 2000, 4.
147

88

piriqiT. istoriisTvis cnobilia, rom igi mSobiarobisas tkivilebis gayuCebis mizniT


iyenebda qloroforms. arsebobs versia, rom mSobiarobisas anesTezia swored misi
magaliTebidan damkvidrda.
dedofali Tavisi cxovrebis wesiT arc im mosazrebas amtkicebda, rom dedoba
qalis umaRlesi daniSnulebaa, erT-erT pirad werilSi igi wers Tavis orsul
qaliSvils,22 rom `orsulobisa da mSobiarobis dros mgonia Zroxebs an ZaRlebs
vemsgavsebiT; roca Cveni ubadruki arseba cxovelis msgavsi da araesTeturi xdeba [...]
Cveni sqesis yvelaze naklebad unda Surdes kacs.~ xolo, roca cxra mSobiarobis Semdeg
dedofals aukrZales Semdgomi orsulobebi, man Tavis eqims SesCivla: `eh, eqimo, nuTu
CemTvis sarecelis yvela siamovneba damTavrda?23 raoden ironiulic ar unda iyos ase
msjelobda monarqi, romlis pirovnebamac waruSleli kvali datova sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi qalis monawileobisa da rolis Sesaxeb gabatonebul mosazrebebze. mas
Tavad naklebad aviwrovebda is genderuli stereotipebi, romelsac misi mefobis
xanaSi Caeyara myari safuZveli, vinaidan dedofali viqtoria ubralod
privilegirebuli iyo Tavisi klasobrivi mdgomareobis gamo. mis msgavsad maRali
fenebis sxva qalebsac SeeZloT met-naklebi warmatebiT gadmosuliyvnen maTTvis
gankuTvnili mwiri sazogadoebrivi kalapotidan, magram saboloo jamSi yvela qali
meti uflebebiT tkbobas sakuTari warmomavlobis an didi niWis wyalobiT axerxebda da
ara imitom, rom maTi Tanamedrove samarTali, Sesabamisad samarTalSemoqmedni da
zogadad politika aZlevda maT emansipaciis saSualebas.
qalis raobaze da misi rolis dadgenaze didi debatebi imarTeboda aseve safrangeTSi, qalTa istoriis mkvlevari gizela boki aRniSnavs, rom 1843 wels gamocemuli
Encyclopedie Nouvelle werda: `es viTareba ar warmoadgenda debatebs mecnierebs Soris,
aramed Seexeboda Tanamedrove qalebis bed-iRbals~.24 qalTa uflebebisaTvis mebrZoli
frangi qalbatoni eugeni niboi (ugenie Niboyet) iTxovda qalebisTvis xmis uflebis
micemas 1848 wels, `Cven ar gvinda gavxdeT kargi mamakaci moqalaqeebi, Cven ubralod
gvsurs gavxdeT kargi moqalaqeebi, da Tu Cven viTxovT uflebebs rogorc qalebi, Cven
viTxovT qalebis uflebebs da ara mamakacebis uflebebs.
nibois Jurnali La Voix des femmes (qalTa xma) kidev ufro gaTamamda 1848 wlis
aprilSi, radgan werda: `qalma ki ar unda ganicados emansipacia da daemsgavsos
mamakacs, aramed mamakaci unda emansipirdes da gaxdes qali.~ 25 aTi wlis Semdeg jeni
dheriko (Jenny dHericout) bebiaqali (1870 wlamde safrangeTSi qalebs ekrZalebodaT
medicines Seswavla) qalTa xmaSi werda: `qalebma unda moiTxovon TavianTi uflebebi,
ara rogorc qalebma, aramed rogorc adamianebma da sociumis wevrebma.26 swored am
mizeziT, mas miaCnda, rom qalebis mxridan xmis uflebis moTxovna naadrevi iyo,
vinaidan arsebul situaciaSi qalebi imasve dauWerdnen mxars, rasac mamakacebi. xmis
uflebis moTxovnis aucilebel winapirobad mas qorwinebaSi qalTa Tanabaruflebianoba, gayrisa da ganaTlebis miRebis uflebis qona miaCnda. 1863 wels am azrebis
avtori emigraciaSi wavida amerikis SeerTwebul StatebSi, sadac ukve inglisur enaze
agrZelebda weras, saxlis saqme iseTive Sroma da saqmea rogorc sxva nebismieri,
mamakacebma aages da gamoigones qalis buneba, romelsac sinamdvileSi Cven verasdros
SevicnobT Tu ar movaSorebT arsebul SezRudvebs. mxolod Tavisuflebisa da
22
1858 wels, rodesac es werili daiwera, dedofali viqtorias ufrosi qaliSvili viqtoria gaTxovili
iyo prusiaSi da fexmZimed iyo vilhelm II-ze.
23
Gisela Bock, Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, 2002, 93.
24
Riot-Sarcey, 48; Pierre Leroux and J. Reynaud (eds.), Encyclipedie Nouvelle, vol. 5, col.212 (Paris, 1848; reprint Geneva,
1991)
25
La Voix des femmes 20, (11 April 1848), pp1f.; Riot-Sarcey, 81, 194;
26
Jenny dHericourt, La Femme affranchie, 2 vols (Brussels, 1860), vol.2, 209; Moses and Rabine, 13.

25

dabla mgdomi ganviTarebisa da SesaZleblobebis adamians warmoadgens.


1869 wels stiuart milma gamoaqveyna Sroma `qalTa daqvemdebareba~ (The Subjecttion
of Women), romelSic man aRniSna, rom qalTa daqvemdebarebuli mdgomareobis istoriulad didi xnis manZilze arseboba, TavisTavad ar warmoadgens arguments, romelic
gaamarTlebda am mdgomareobis SenarCunebas momavalSic. mili saubrobs qorwinebaSi
myof qalTa uuflebobaze, aseve qalTa SesaZleblobaze da unarze xarisxianad
Seasrulos is mravali samuSao, romlis Sesrulebac maT tradiciulad da xSirad
kanoniTac ekrZalebodaT. mecxramete saukunis qalTa moZraobisaTvis es naSromi da
jon stiuart milis mxardaWera Zalian bevrs niSnavda ara marto TviT qalebisaTvis,
aramed zogadad sazogadoebrivi azris transformirebis dasawyebad da qalTa
emansipaciis argumentebis gasamyareblad. naSromi gadaiTargmna TiTqmis yvela
evropul enaze da mis irgvliv arsebuli azrTa sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad, iTvleboda
aucilebel sakiTxavad yvela ganaTlebuli adamianisTvis rogorc qalebis aseve
mamakacebisTvis, rusuli inteligenciis CaTvliT. debatebi mis irgvliv gamoqveynebisTanave daiwyo.20
dedofal viqtorias mmarTvelobis xana, e.w. viqtorianuli epoqa (1837-1901 wlebi)
miCneulia dasabamad genderul rolebs Soris mkveTri xazis gavlebisa da maTi
araorazrovani gadanawilebisa anu sazogadoebrivi da msoflio saqmeebi mamakacebs,
xolo ojaxuri saqmeebi qalebs: `kacebs saxelmwifo, qalebs ojaxi21 amgvarma lozungma
mecxramete saukunis miwuruls germanul statiaSi gaiJRera. TumcaRa rogorc
mecxramete ise meoce saukuneebis qronika cxadyofs, rom es zRvari didi simboluri
mniSvnelobis matarebeli iyo, xolo realur cxovrebaSi sazRvari sazogadoebriv da
kerZo sferoebs Soris arc iseTi mkveTri gaxldaT da Zneli gansasazRvric aRmoCnda.
marTalia mamakacis umTavres movaleobas Sroma, ojaxis rCena da sazogadoebrivi
saqmeebi warmoadgenda, is mainc rCeboda ojaxis meTaurad da gadawyvetilebis
mimRebad mniSvnelovan saSinao saqmeebSi. iyo iseTi SemTxvevebic, sadac es dominireba
simboluri, sazogadoebrivi miznebisTvis xdeboda, xolo realurad qali marTavda,
ara mxolod ojaxur saqmeebs, aramed meuRlis da sxva mamakaci ojaxis wevrebis
meSveobiTa da saSualebiT ereoda sazogadoebriv cxovrebasa da gadawyvetilebebSi.
dabali fenebis qalebi asrulebdnen mZime fizikur samuSaos ojaxs gareT maRaroebsa
da saamqroebSi da qmrebTan erTad arCendnen ojaxebs. viqtorianuli xanis simboluri
zRvari sqesebis gavlenis sferoebsa da genderul rolebs Soris realur cxovrebaSi
udidesi datvirTvis matarebeli iyo, pirvel rigSi uflebrivi TvalsazrisiT.
sazogadoebrivi da kerZo anu ojaxuri cxovreba da sferoebi urTierTqmedebdnen
da gadajaWvulni iyvnen erTmaneTze, magram aRiarebul, aSkara da uflebebiT
aRWurvil moqmed pirad mxolod mamakacebi gvevlinebian. lavirebis is faruli
modelebi, romlebsac qalebi mimarTavdnen gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom arsebuli
viqtorianuli stereotipi genderuli rolebis Sesaxeb amarTlebda maT uuflebobas
da ar aZlevda maT aSkara qmedebis saSualebas.
dedofali viqtoria, romelsac xSirad imis magaliTadac moiSveliebdnen, rom
qalebs marTva SeeZloT ar itkivebda Tavs qalTa uflebebze zrunviT, piriqiT Tavisi
sazogadoebrivi qmedebiT, da mkacri Savi samosiT, romelsac meuRlis gardacvalebis
Semdeg atarebda, igi viqtorianizmis simbolodac ki iqca. magram cxovrebaSi dedofali
viqtoria sulac ar iyo tkivilTmTmeni, mokrZalebuli da morCili qali anu
gansaxiereba qalis im stereotipisa, romelic misi mefobisas gabatonda, aramed

aman gamoiwvia saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiris (smk), prezidentis partiis mier orive
arCevnebSi adgilebis umetesi raodenobis dakaveba (ix. 1 da 2 cxrili) 1995 wlis
arCevnebSi smk-m parlamentSi moipova 106, 1999 wlis arCevnebSi ki 132 adgili. aseve
2004 wlis 28 martis arCevnebSi nacionaluri moZraobisa da gaerTianebuli
demokratebis saerTo siebiT 93 adgilis mopovebas xeli Seuwyo rogorc TavisTavad
mosaxleobis didma mxardaWeram, aseve garkveulwilad saarCevno sistemamac.
mkvlevarTa mixedviT, saarCevno barieri saarCevno sistemis Semdgomi mniSvnelovani faqtoria. saarCevno barieri aris amomrCevelTa mxardaWeris minimaluri done,
romelic partias parlamentSi mosaxvedrad sWirdeba. 1999 wels miRebuli sakonstitucio damatebis mixedviT: proporciuli arCevnebiT saparlamento warmomadgenlobis
kvalificiur xmaTa raodenoba 5%-idan 7%-mde gaizarda. evropis uSiSroebisa da
TanamSromlobis organizaciis damkvirveblebma aRniSnes, rom 7%-iani saarCevno barieri aris "Zalian maRali euTos wevr sxva saxelmwifoebTan SedareboT."149 saarCevno
olqis saSualo raodenobis dabal sidides igive Sedegi aqvs, rac maRal saarCevno
bariers: orive zRudavs proporciulobas da mcire partiebisTvis adgilebis
mopovebis Sansebs. roca saarCevno olqis saSualo sidideebi izrdeba, xolo barierebi
mcirdeba, proprciulobisa da mcire partiebis arCevis Sansebi umjobesdeba. ase rom,
saarCevno olqis saSualo sididis (2,76) da saarCevno barieris (7%) mixedviT SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom barieris simaRlisa da saSualo sididis simciris gamo mcire
partiebisTvis Zalzed Znelia parlamentSi moxvedra. rac Seexeba qalebs,
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos saarCevno sistemaSi maTi arCevisTvis
saukeTeso saSualebaa didi partiebis saarCevno siebSi pirvel oceulSi CarTva, aseve
Zlieri saarCevno blokebis siebis pirvel oceulSi moxvedra. Tu qals maJoritar
kandidatad waradgens partia an 5 wevrisgan Semdgari sainiaciativi jgufi150 misi
arCevis Sansebi naklebia erTmandatiani maJoritaruli saarCevno olqebis gamo,
vinaidan sazogadoebis politikuri kultura, gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebis garda,
upiratesobas jer kidev mamakac kandidatebs aniWebs. gansakuTrebulia is SemTxvevebi,
roca qali kandidati Zalzed cnobili da sasurveli kandidatia amomrCevelTa didi
raodenobisTvis an Tu wardgenilia didi partiis mier, romelsac mocemul olqSi
amomrCevelTa didi raodenoba uWers mxars.
patara partiebis, maT Soris, qalTa partiebisTvis parlamentSi arCevis sxva Sanss
warmoadgens gaerTianebuli siebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba. saqarTvelos organuli
kanonis, erTiani saarCveno kodeqsis mixedviT, calkeul partiebTan erTad saarCveno
blokebs erT blokSi gaerTianebul ramdenime partias SeuZliaT waradginon
gaerTianebuli sakandidato sia,151 rac udavod zrdis mcire partiebis Sansebs, aseve
iZleva qali kandidatebis dasaxelebis saSualebas gaerTianebuli mcirericxovani
partiebis wevrTa rigebidan.
xelsayreli pirobebi saqarTvelos parlamentSi qalTa arCevisTvis:

didi partiebis an Zlieri saarCveno blokebis partiul siebSi CarTva pirvel


oceulSi;

partiis mier maJoritar kandidatad wardgineba im raionSi, sadac warmdgen


149

Gisela Bock, Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, 2002, 91.
Article: Frauenfrage, in Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, vol.6 (Mahnnheim, 1894), 822. citirebulia: Gisela Bock,
Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, 2002, 84.

iqve, 6.
kandidatis dasaxelebisTvis sainiciativo jgufma unda waradgino amomrCevelTa aranakleb 1 000
xelmowera, registrirebuli Sesabamisi olqis saarCevno komisiis mier, im SemTxvevis garda, Tu
wardgenili kandidati parlamentis wevrad iqna arCeuli bolo saparlamento arCevnebis dros.
151
saqarTvelos organuli kanoni, erTiani saarCveno kodeqsi, muxli 96.

24

89

150

20
21

partiasa da Tavad kandidats mravalricxovani mxardamWerebi hyavs;

sainiaciativo jgufis mier maJoritar kandidatad wardgineba im raionSi, sadac


kandidats amomrCevelTa umravlesoba uWers mxars.

saqarTvelos parlamentis saarCevno sistemis analizidan gamomdinare SeiZleba


davaskvnaT, rom kanonmdebloba gansakuTrebulad xelsayrel pirobebs ar uqmnis mcire
partiebs an individualurad, qal kandidatebs, rac erTmandatiani maJoritaruli
sistemis arsebobiTaa gamowveuli. ar arsebobs aseve specialuri wesdeba, romelic
mxars dauWerda qalTa wardginebas prezidentis 1999 wlis 28 agvistos 511-e gankargulebis garda, romelic mouwodebs saqarTvelos parlaments "ganixilon droebiTi
specialuri RonisZiebebi gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesSi qalTa monawileobis
gasazrdelad, kvotebis SemoRebis CaTvliT".152 saqarTveloSi sakanonmdeblo organoSi
qalTa warmomadgenlobis gasazrdelad kvotebi ar SemouRiaT, magram aqve mniSvnelovnad mimaCnia yuradRebis SeCereba kvotebze rogorc meqanizmze, mis raobaze,
dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebze.
Cvens sazogadoebaSi xSirad erT-erT stereotipul feministur moTxovnad
xelisuflebaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebaSi, qalTa warmomadgenlobis gasazrdelad kvotebis SemoReba moiazreba. raoden moulodnelic ar unda iyos,
kvotireba rogorc droebiTi zoma qalTa warmomadgenlobis gasazrdelad an mudmivi
zoma sqesTa Soris Tanasworobis misaRwevad ar aris sasurveli saSualeba yvela
feministisTvis. birgita dalis, SvedeTis parlamentis spikeris TqmiT, `mxolod
kvotebis sistema ar warmoadgens qalTa dabali politikuri warmomadgenlobis problemis gadaWris gzas. politikurma partiebma, ganaTlebis sistemam, arasamTavrobo
organizaciebma, profesiulma kavSirebma, eklesiam Tavisi organizaciebis farglebSi
yvelam unda sistematiurad waaxalisos qalebis politikuri monawileoba, qvemodan
zemoT. amas dro dasWirdeba, arc erTi weli, arc xuTi, aramed erTi an ori Taoba, rom
sasurvel Sedegs mivaRwioT.153
xelisuflebaSi qalebisTvis kvotis qona niSnavs qalTa kvotiT mier gansazRvruli
raodenobiT warmodgenis dakanonebul moTxovnas. kvotebi SeiZleba arsebobdes
rogorc qalebisTvis, ise mamakacebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT iseT sferoebSi (ganaTleba,
pirveladi jandacva), sadac mamakacebi SedarebiT naklebad arian warmodgenilni.
arsebobs egreT wodebuli neitraluri kvotebi, rodesac arc erTi sqesi ar SeiZleba
iyos warmodgenili 40%-ze naklebad an 60%-ze metad. politikaSi kvotebis sistemis
safuZvels qalTa CarTulobisa da monawileobis uzrunvelyofa qmnis. vinaidan qalebi
mosaxleobis 50%-s da zog qveyanaSi mets warmoadgenen, aucilebelia maTi integrireba
politikur cxovrebaSi da ara izolireba.
gansakuTrebiT faqizaT mosapyrobia es sakiTxi postsabWoTa sivrceSi, sadac
aTwleulebis manZilze qalebisTvis 30%-iani dakanonebuli kvota arsebobda, romelic
rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris dacemam gamoaaSkarava sakmaod xelovnuri gaxldaT, vinaidan
qalebis procentulma Semadgenlobam yofili sabWoTa respublikebis parlamentebSi
saSualod 10-14%-mde daiwia, calkeul qveynebSi 3%-mdec ki Semcirda. sabWouri
warsulis gamo kvotebis moTxovna nakleb efeqturobiT sargeblobs Cvens
sazogadoebaSi da xSirad qalTa politikuri reprezentaciis diskreditaciis
safuZvelic SeiZleba gaxdes.

kvira 3
1. ufleba airCio da iyo arCeuli pirveli talRis feministebis
yvelaze xangrZlivi brZola (gagrZeleba)

literatura:
Gisela Bock, From Social to the Political in Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford,
UK, 127-173.

mxdal sicocxlesa da uunarobas Tanmxlebi mamakacis gareSe


gaiaro quCaSi, gacilebiT sjobia xSiri Seuracxyofis atana
an gariyulad sikvdili. qalis yvelaze kargi mcveli da is
vinc mas yovelTvis moemsaxureba misi gambedaobaa, romelic
man gamocdilebidan unda SeiZinos, xolo gamocdilebas
sazogadoebrivi cxovreba iZleva.16
elizabet qeidi stentoni, 1851

damarcxeba SeuZlebelia!17
siuzan b. enToni, 1906
XIX saukuneSi evropaSi TvalsaCino gaxda qalTa moZraoba, romelic `berZeni eqimi
maria kalopokaTesis ganmartebiT warmoadgenda qalTa uflebebis gaazrebul
moTxovnas da sistematiur Zalisxmevas am uflebebis misaRebad.18 qalTa moZraobas
mkvlevrebi afaseben rogorc mZlavr socialur moZraobas, romelmac Tavi iCina XVIII
saukuneSi, magram Zala moikriba XIX saukuneSi da formisa da amocanebis cvalebadobiT
grZeldeba vidre dRemde.
XIX saukuneSi moazrovneTa debatebSi dasmuli `qalTa sakiTxi~ (woman question)
warmoadgenda adreuli kiTxvebis `arian Tu ara qalebi adamianebi?~ `rani arian
qalebi?~ Tanamedrove variants. mgvarad, axleburad SefuTuli da warmodgenili
msjeloba `qalTa sakiTxis~ irgvliv ar warmoadgenda msjelobas qalebsa da mamakacebs
Soris arsebul gansxvavebebze sqesTa Tanabaruflebianobis konteqstSi, aramed es iyo
msjeloba sqesebs Soris arsebuli ierarqiuli, daqvemdebarebuli urTierTobebis
Sesaxeb, romelic moicavda gansxvavebebsac. Sesabamisad, rodesac jon stiuart milma19
1867 wlis 20 maiss didi britaneTis TemTa palataSi qalebisTvis xmis uflebis
dakanoneba moiTxova didi gancvifreba da winaaRmdegoba Sexvda. TemTa palatis
warmomadgenlebs gaukvirdaT, rogor iTxova amgvarma sapatio jentlmenma xmis ufleba
imaTTvis, vinc wesiT ojaxis Tavs, mamakacs unda emorCilebodes, vinaidan is masze
16

prezident SevardnaZis 1999 wlis 28 agvistos 511 brZanebuleba qalTa adamianis uflebebis damcavi
meqanizmebis gaZlierebis Sesaxeb.
153
Birgitta Dahl, Speaker of Parliament, Sweden, cited in Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, International Democracy and
Electoral Assistance (IDEA), 1998, 93.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, speech at the Woman's Convention (25th May, 1851). Targmani avtoris.
Tavisi ukanaskneli sajaro gamosvlisas xanSiSesulma siuzan b. enTonim ganacxada: damarcxeba
SuZlebelia (Failure is impossible). Anthony Center for Womens Leadership, ixileT internetSi, misamarTze:
<http://www.rochester.edu/SBA/sbaecs.html>, bolo viziti 1 noemberi 2004.
18
Gisela Bock, Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, 2002, 82.
19
jon stiuart mili (John Stuart Mill 1806-1873) mecxramete saukunis ingliseli ekonomisti, filosofosi
da moazrovne iyo, romlmac TanamoazreebTan erTad ganaviTara utilitarianuli filosofia, romlis
mixedviTac adamianma yvelaferi unda Seafasos individualuri bednierebis motanis SesaZleblobis
kuTxiT oRond ise, rom ar daazaralos sxvani. adamianebi unda iltvodnen bednierebisken da airidon, an
Seimsubuqon ubedureba. vinaidan adamianebs SeswevT azrovnebis unari, isini mxolod xorceuli
siamovnebiT ver kmayofildebian da gonebrivi procesebidan miRebuli siamovnebiskenac iltvian.

90

23

152

17

sayvarlebis daxmarebis imedze unda yofiliyvnen.


ori wlis Semdeg qalebi kidev erTxel Seecadnen politikuri qmedebisaTvis ZalTa
mobilizebas, amis mizezi gaxda RaribTa dasaqmebis samsaxuris gauqmeba da maTTvis
gankuTvnili puris racionis dReSi 2 unciamde Semcireba. amas parizelma qalebma
tradiciuli gaficvebiTa da areulobiT upasuxes. Sedegad maisSi asambleam gamosca
kanoni, romelic qalebis saxlSi yofnas moiTxovda da policias uflebas aZlevda
daerbia da daepatimrebina xuTze meti erTad Sekrebili qali. qalebs aekrZalaT aseve
asambleis sxdomebis mosmena galereebSi. mgvarad, dasrulda qalTa politikuri
aqtivoba safrangeTis revoluciis periodSi.
im periodSi qalebis rolis Sesaxeb uamravi mosazreba arsebobda; feministurad
moazrovne folosofosebic (mag. markiz de kondorse), iseve rogorc, antifeministurad
ganwyobilni (mag. Jan Jak ruso) Tanxmdebodnen imaze, rom qalis adgili ojaxSia da man unda
izrunos ojaxis keTildReobisaTvis, uTanxmoeba iwyeboda im sakiTxis irgvliv, Tu rogor
unda momzadnen qalebi am rolisaTvis. ruso miiCnevda, rom qali Tavisi bunebiT
mgrZnobiare da nazi arsebaa, romelsac bednierebisTvis ojaxSi fusfusi da Svilebze
zrunva yofnis. qali moraluri RirsebebiT jabnis mamakacs, swored amitomac mas
amaRlebuli da poeturi Saravandedi mosavs, maSin roca mamakaci iRwvis sazogadoebriv
asparezze, iRebs ganaTlebas, informacias da moralurad iryvneba. amgvari saqmianobebiT
gadaRlil kacs meuRlem unda erTgvari samoTxe Seuqmnas ojaxSi, romelic misi saqmianobis
sferoa. am msjelobis Sesabamisad, Tu qals ar uxdeba sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba, misvis ar
aris saWiro politikuri uflebebis qona da arc amis pretenzia unda hqondes. ganaTlebas
axalgazrda gogonebi dedebisgan ojaxSi da ara skolaSi unda iRebdnen. qalis uzenaes
daniSnulebad rusos mamakacis gabedniereba da dedoba miaCnda, sxva danarCeni ki harmoniis
damrRvevad da sazogadoebisaTvis sirTuleebis momtanad esaxeboda.
rusosgan gansxvavebiT kondorses miaCnda, rom qalebs da mamakacebs identuri
politikuri uflebebi unda hqondeT. rusos msgavsad kondorses15 miaCnda, rom qalis
adgili ojaxSia, TumcaRa politikuri uflebebis qona maT araTu Camoacilebs ojaxs,
aramed, piriqiT, aqcevs ukeTes moqalaqeebad da TavianTi meuRleebis ukeTes kompanionebad.
im droisaTvis yvelaze radikalurad moazrovne qalbatonebic ki eTanxmebodnen kondorses
mosazrebebs, amgvarad revoluciis droindeli safrangeTis idealuri qali iyo
ganaTlebuli meuRle da deda, romelsac SeeZleboda Tanabar doneze saubari meuRlesTan
da aRzrdida Svilebs respublikis da revoluciis patriotebad. samwuxarod qalis rolis
moazreba ar gacda diasaxlisis rolsa da ojaxis CarCoebs, magram samwuxarod am
farglebSic ki ver moxerxda qalTa uflebebis gafarToeba.

2. ufleba airCio da iyo arCeuli pirveli talRis feministebis


yvelaze xangrZlivi brZola
literatura:
Rendall, Jane, The Citizenship of Women and the Reform Act of 1867, in Catherine Hall, Keith
McClelland & Jane Rendall, Defining the Victorian Nation: Class, Race, Gender and the Reform Act of
1867, Cambridge 2000, 119-78.

drud dalerupi, politologiis profesori ganixilavs qalTa kvotirebis dadebiT


da uaryofiT mxareebs sxvadasxva qveynebis gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT.154

dadebiTi mxareebi:

kvotebi ar axdenen qalebis diskriminacias, piriqiT, exmarebian maT barierebis


gadalaxvaSi kuTvnili adgilebis mopovebaSi;

kvotebis sistema gulisxmobs qalTa gundis, qalTa garkveuli raodenobis


arsebobas, es aZlierebs qalebis poziciebs da amcirebs stress, romelsac
saCveneblad warmodgenili qalebi ganicdian;

qalebs aqvT ufleba Tanabari raodenobiT iyvnen warmodgenilni politikur


asparezze;

qalTa gamocdileba saWiroa politikur cxovrebaSi;

arCevnebSi yvelaze mTavaria proporciuli warmomadgenloba da mere


kvalifikacia da ganaTleba; mTavaria, rom sazogadoebis yvela jgufi iyos
SeZlebisdagvarad warmodgenili da maT Soris ra Tqma unda qalebi;

qalebs iseTive kvalifikacia da ganaTleba aqvT rogorc mamakacebs, magram


mamakacebis mier dominirebul politikur sistemaSi qalebis kvalifikaciis
xelovnuri daknineba xdeba. maT gacilebiT meti Zalisxmeva sWirdebaT
politikaSi karieris gasakeTeblad, vidre mamakacebs;

politikuri partiebi sazRvraven vis amoirCevs xalxi, radgan isini asaxeleben


kandidatebs, amitom mniSvnelovania maT daasaxelon qali kandidatebi;

kvotebis SemoRebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios konfliqtebi, magram mxolod droebiT.

uaryofiTi mxareebi

kvotebis sistema ewinaaRmdegeba Tanabari SesaZleblobebis princips, vinaidan


qalebs privilegia eniWebaT;

kvotebi
arademokratiulia,
radgan
amomrCevels
aZaleben
kvotebiT
gansazRvruli jgufis arCevas da arTmeven Tavisufali arCevanis uflebas;

kvotebi gulisxmobs, rom politikosebs irCeven maTi sqesis gamo, xolo


kvalificirebul kadrebs yuradRebas ar aqceven;

bevr qals ar surs iyos arCeuli mxolod imitom, rom isini qalebi arian;

kvotebis SemoReba iwvevs Sidapartiul konfliqtebs.

kvotebis SemoReba ukavSirdeba sxvaobas Tanasworobis or koncefcias Soris;


klasikuri libreluri ganmartebiT Tanasworoba mdgomareobs yvelasTvis `Tanabari
SesaZleblobebis~ miniWebaSi, magaliTad, qalebisTvis aqtiuri da pasiuri politikuri
uflebebis miniWebaSi, xolo danarCeni ukve calkeuli qalis individualur
SesaZleblobebzea damokidebuli.
bolo aTwleulSi feministTa Zlieri wnexis wyalobiT Tanasworobis meore
koncefcia ikrebs met Zalas, romelic `Sedegis TanasworobaSi~ mdgomareobs. am

15

markiz de kondorse (Marquis de Condorcet 1743-1794) frangi filosofosi, maTematikosi, socialuri


mecnieri, ekonomisti da politikosi. am da sxva progresuli mosazrebebis gamo igi iakobinelebma Seipyres
1794 wels. oficialuri versiiT man sakanSi Tavi moikla, Tumca mravali mkvlevari ganzrax mkvlelobis
verias iziarebs.

154
Drude Dahlerup, Using Quotas to Increase Womens Political Representation, in Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers,
International Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), 1998, 91-106.

22

91

89%
92%

11
11

10%
8%

17
16

65%
69%

40%
52%

2004

nac.
moZraoba
demokratebi

93

77

83%

16

17%

22

73%

33%

partia

didi partiis siiT gasul


mamakacTa procentuli
wili

qalTa saerTo raodenoba


parlamentSi

95
121

didi partiis siiT gasul


qalTa procentuli wili

106
132

qalebi

smk
smk

mopovebul adgilTa
raodenoba

1995
1999

arCevnebi

mamakacebi

ganmartebis momxreTa azriT, sinamdvileSi Tanabari SesaZleblobebi ar iqmneba


mxolod imiT, rom formaluri barierebis mocileba xdeba. pirdapiri diskriminacia,
iseve, rogorc dafaruli barierebisa da SezRudvebis mTeli kompleqsi uSlis qalebs
xels maTTvis kuTvnili politikuri warmomadgenloba moipovon. kvotebi amgvarad
warmoadgens saSualebas `Tanaswori Sedegis~ dadgomisaTvis. am arguments aZlierebs
is faqti, rom Tanasworoba rogorc Sedegi ar dadgeba mxolod xelovnuri `Tanabari
mopyrobis~ uzrunvelyofiT formaluri barierebis moSorebis gziT.155
parlamentSi moxvedris Sansebi, rogorc zemoT iqna aRniSnuli, Teoriulad ar
gansxvavdeba mamakac kandidatTa Sansebisgan, magram Zalzed bevria damokidebuli
partiebze: faqti, rom qalebi saqarTvelos parlamentSi mxolod 9,4% arian
warmodgenilni (wina arCevnebis parlamentSi qalebi Seadgendnen Sesabamisad 6,4% da
7%) mianiSnebs, rom ZiriTad damabrkolebel Zalas partiebi warmoadgenen. aseve
aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom saqarTvelos parlamentSi qalTa umetesoba xvdeba
mxolod wamyvani partiis siebiT, rac igive partiis siebiT moxvedril mamakac
kandidatTa
procentul
maCvenebels
sagrZnoblad
Camouvardeba,
magram
parlamentarTa saerTo raodenobaSi wamyvani partiebis siebiT moxvedri qalTa
procentuli wili (qalTa saerTo raodenobis simciris gamo) aRemateba mamakacTa
procentul wils. sami ukanaskneli saparlamento arCevnebis monacemebi ase
gamoiyureba:

155
Drude Dahlerup, Using Quotas to Increase Womens Political Representation, in Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers,
International Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), 1998, 95.

92

reformaTa Soris iyo mSoblebis gardacvalebis Semdeg maTi sakuTrebis ufrosi


vaJebisaTvis gadacemis gauqmeba, colebis dacva qmrebis mxridan fizikuri Zaladobisagan,
qalebisaTvis xelsayreli gayris kanoni da sqesTa Soris politikuri Tanasworoba.
palmma gadawyvita, rom ubralod qalebis seqcia ar iyo sakmarisi misi amocanebis
Sesasruleblad da 1971 wels, mas Semdeg rac warmoTqva sityva yvela qalis SesaZleblobaze revoluciis Sedegebis gaRrmavebisa sakuTar ojaxebSi, man daarsa qalTa
klubi `lez ami de verite~ (simarTlis megobrebi Les Amies de la vrit). klubSi
wevrobisaTvis gadasaxadi xelmisawvdomi mxolod maRali fenis qalbatonebisTvis iyo.
klubs hqonda rogorc socialuri, aseve politikuri mandate, qalebi did drosa da
saxsrebs xarjavdnen RaribTa daxmarebisTvis.
`lez ami de veritem~, rogorc pirvelma qalebis klubma safuZveli moumzada
franguli revoluciis periodis ufro radikalur qalTa klubs Les Citoyennes
republicaines revolutionaries (respublikel revolucioner qalTa sazogadoeba). es
sazogadoeba daafuZnes 1793 wlis TebervalSi gauTxovarma Sokoladis damamzadebelma
paulin leonma da provincielma msaxiobma qalma, kler lakombma. es iyo qalTa kargad
organizebuli aqtiuri liga, romelic mxars uWerda iakobinelTa ajanyebas da
moiTxovda moqalaqeTa dacvas. sazogadoebis wevrebi `Tavisuflebis wiTel qudebSi~
gamowyobilebi eweodnen patrulirebas quCebsa da bazrebSi, da miuxedavad kanonisa,
romelic qalebs ukrZalavda iaraRis tarebas, araTu SeiaraRebulni iyvnen, aramed
aqtiuradac iyenebdnen iaraRs da ar eridebodnen kontrrevoluciur saqmianobaSi
eWvmitanil pirTa dakavebasa da sasamarTlosTvis gadacemas. am sazogadoebis wevr
qalebs naklebad awuxebdaT qalTa uflebebis dacva, maTi saqmianobis mTavar motivsa
da amocanas revoluciis ideebis zeimi da misi monapovaris dacva warmoadgenda.
1793 wels sazogadoebis wevri qalebi Seecaden TavianTi revoluciuri ideologia Tavs
moexviaT sxva qalebisaTvisac da erovnul asambleas mosTxoves qudebze safrangeTis
respublikis droSis samferiani simbolos, broSis, tareba savaldebulo gaexadaT yvela
qalisaTvis. rodesac erovnulma asambleam ar daakmayofila sazogadoebis arc es moTxovna
da arc moTxovna prostituciaSi Cabmuli qalebis reabilitaciis Sesaxeb, `respublikel
revolucioner qalTa sazogadoebam~ gawyvita Tavisi megobruli kavSirebi iakobinelTa
partiasTan. iakobinelebTan dapirispirebam maT daukarga sazogadoebrivi mxardaWera, rac
sazogadoebis saboloo ganadgurebis gamomwvevi mizezi gaxda.
1793 wlis oqtomberSi sazogadoebis wevrma qalebma Seuties bazris qalebs im
mizeziT, rom es ukanasknelebi qudebze ar atarebdnen samferian broSs. bazris qalebma,
Tavis mxriv, upasuxes sazogadoebis Sexvedris darbeviTa da ramdenime wevris
galaxviT, xolo Semdeg erovnul asambleaSi saCivaric Seitanes sazogadoebis mxridan
Seviwrovebis Sesaxeb. erovnulma asambleam, sadac umravlesobas `respublikel
revolucioner qalTa sazogadoebis~ mimarT ukve mtrulad ganwyobili iakobinelebi
warmoadgendnen, gamosca gankarguleba yvela qalTa politikuri organizaciis daSlis
Sesaxeb. rodesac sazogadoebis wevrebi gamocxadnen galereaSi am gankargulebis gamo
protestis gamosaTqmelad maT sityva ar misces, ufro metic, kenWi uyares
gadawyvetilebas imis Taobaze, rom aRarasodes miecaT gamosvlis ufleba qalTa
delegaciisaTvis. qalebs usayvedures TavianTi ojaxebis mitoveba da Seaxsenes, rom
maTi adgili saxlSia da ara quCaSi. aseve Seaxsenes olimp de guJis bedi, romelsac
kontrrevoluciuri qmedebis braldebiT giliotinaze mokveTes Tavi ramdenime TviT
adre. am damarcxebis Semdeg qalebs aRarafris gakeTeba SeeZloT, garda peticiebis
gavrcelebisa da erovnuli asambleis saqmianobisaTvis galereebidan mdumared Tvalis
midevnebisa. maT informaciis misaRebad da TavianTi amocanebis misaRwevad moqmedebis
mxolod iribi gzebi rCebodaT da TavianTi mamebis, Zmebisa, meuRleebisa Tu

21

olimpia de guJma saxeli 1789 wels gaiTqva, rodesac man erovnul asambleas
warudgina radikaluri reformis programa. de guJi aRniSnavda, rom aucilebelia
kanoniT iqnes uzrunvelyofili sqesTa sruli Tanabaruflebianoba, dasaqmebis farTo
SesaZleblobebi qalebisTvis, saskolo ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomoba gogonebisTvis da
iseTi Teatris Seqmna, sadac mxolod qalebisTvis da qalebis monawileobiT
daidgmeboda speqtaklebi. olimpia de guJis rwmena qalTa `bunebrivi da Tandayolili~
uflebebis Sesaxeb gamomdinareobda misi zogadad adamianebis, rasisa da sqesis
ganurCevlad, Tanasworobisa da Tanabaruflebianobis Rrma rwmenisgan. igi emxroboda
safrangeTis koloniebSi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gaTavisuflebasa da ibrZoda maTi
uflebebis dasacavad. de guJi Tavisi qveynis patrioti gaxldaT, magram adamianis
uflebebis dacvas ufro win ayenebda, vidre qveynis interesebs, Tundac am fasad
daSliliyo safrangeTis imperia.
olimpia de guJis am mosazrebebis umetesoba aisaxa mis mier Seqmnil deklaraciaSi,
romelic revoluciis mTavari dokumentis `mamakacisa da mamakaci moqalaqis uflebaTa
deklaraciis14 nimuSiT aris Seqmnili, im gansxvavebiT, rom igi aniWebs qalebs igive
uflebebs, rasac es ukanaskneli aniWebs privilegirebul mamakacebs. de guJi iTxovda
qalTa generaluri asambleis daarsebas, romelic wamoWrida qalTa sakiTxebsa da
problemebs da imuSavebda mamakacebis genralur asambleasTan am problemebis
gadasaWrelad. de guJi aseve iTxovda srul sityvis Tavisuflebas qalebisTvis,
asambleaSi gamosvlisas man ganacxada: `Women has the right to mount the scaffold; she must
equally have the right to mount the rostrum qals xaraCoebze (barikadebze) asvlis ufleba
Tu aqvs, mas aseve tribunaze amaRlebis uflebac unda hqondes
olimp de guJis mrwamsis safuZvels, iseve rogorc misi sxva mowinave Tanamedrove
qalbatonebis mrwamsis safuZvels, warmoadgenda adamianis uflebebis universalurobis
rwmena. rwmena imisa, rom adamianis uflebebi unda exebodes da vrceldebodes Tanabrad
yvelaze gamonaklisis gareSe. de guJis Tanamoazreebi miiCnevdnen, rom qalebs bunebisgan
miniWebuli aqvT igive gonebrivi SesaZleblobebi, rac mamakacebs da amitom maT unda
hqondeT Tandayolili ufleba miiRon ganaTleba da ganagon sakuTari bed-iRbali. qalebi
TavianTi inteleqtiT ar Camouvardebian mamakacebs da miuRebelia maTi uflebebis
SezRudva sqesis safuZvelze. miuxedavad, erTi SexedviT, progresuli midgomis qalTa
uflebrivi mdgomareobis mimarT, samwuxarod am drosiaTvis aseve bunebrivad aRiqmeboda
qalTa movaleoba yofiliyvnen mTavari pasuxismgebeli pirebi Svilebis aRzrdasa da saSinao
saqmeebze. Sesabamisad, qalTa uflebrivi winsvlis, maTi emansipaciis moTxovna myardeboda
qalebis ojaxisaTvis ukeT gamodgomis argumentiT da ara maTi rogorc damoukidebeli
pirovnebebis sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis argumentiT. kiTxvis ar dasmam
qalebis bunebrivad `kerZo~ anu ojaxuri sferosTvis mikuTvnebaze da imis Taobaze Tu ra
mdgomareobaSi ayenebda qalebs amgvari `bunebrivi~ movaleobebi, miiyvana safrangeTis
revoluciis qalTa moZraoba kraxamde.
safrangeTis revoluciis umniSvnelovanesi monawile danieli emigranti eta palm
daeldersi sazogadoebriv asparezze 1790-ian wlebSi gamoCnda. igi qalTa politkur
klubSi moRvaweobda. 1790 wels Seiqmna simarTlis megobarTa konfederacia Le Confederation
des Amis la vrit. am polikur gaerTianebas, garda zogadi mimarTulebisa, romelic qalTa
uflebebis dacvas iTvaliswinebda (qalTa ganaTleba, qalebis mxridan gayris inicirebis
ufleba), hqonda specialuri ganyofileba/seqcia, romelsac palmi meTaurobda. palmis
gancxadebiT, qalTa seqcia miznad isaxavda qalebis uflebebis dacvas da sasurvel
14

istoriul teqstebSi am dokuments adamianisa da moqalaqis deklaraciis saxeliT vicnobT, magram


mamakacisa da mamakaci moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia dokumentis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare ufro
dazustebul Targmans warmoadgens.

20

wlebis mixedviT sakanonmdeblo organoSi qalTa raodenoba:

250
200
150
qali
mamakaci

100
50
0
1995

1999

2004

1995

1999

2004

qali

mamakaci

qali

mamakaci

qali

mamakaci

17

218

16

219

22

213

1999 wlis arCevnebSi parlamentSi partiebis mier arCeuli pirebi. 2002 wlis monacemebi.
partia
smk
erovnul-demokratiuli
aliansi
saxalxo partia
aRorZineba
leiboristuli partia
imedi
socialist-maJoritarebi
afxazeTi
mamuli
partiis gareSe
sul

qalebi

mamakacebi

sul

11
1

95
11

106
12

1
2
1
1
17

23
24
12
11
10
10
9
11
216

23
25
14
11
11
10
9
12
233

1995 wlis arCevnebSi parlamentSi partiebis mier arCeuli pirebi. (statistikis


saxelmwifo departamentis 1999 wlis monacemebi.
partiebi da blokebi
smk
aRorZineba
mrewveloba gadaarCens saqarTvelos
leiboristuli partia
1992w. arCeuli afxazeTis parlamentarebi
damoukidebeli kandidatebi
sul

93

qalebi
11
3
1
1
-

mamkacebi
121
55
14
2
11
16

sul
132
58
15
2
12
16

16

219

235

erovnul doneze saarCevno sistemis ganxilvis Semdeg yuradReba gavamaxviloT


adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis saarCevno sistemis maxasiaTeblebze. adgilobriv
doneze kandidatTa arCeva xdeba mravalmandatian saarCevno olqebSi maJoritaruli
saarCevno wesiT. `amomrCevlebs adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiTi
organos sakrebulos arCevnebSi, romelic efuZneba maJoritarul saarCevno
sistemas, aqvT imdenive xmis ufleba Sesabamisad ramdeni wevricaa sakrebuloSi.~156
Tbilisis TviTmmarTvelobis garda, sadac arCevnebi proporciuli saarCevno sistemis
safuZvelze tardeba da sadac, Sesabamisad, TiToeul amomrCevels erTi xmis ufleba
aqvs. ase, rom saarCevno sistemis ori mniSvnelovani ganzomileba, saarCevno wesi da
olqis sidide, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi didi partiebis
sasargeblod moqmedebs, mcire partiebisTvis mravalmandatiani olqebi ufro
saxarbieloa mxolod proporciul saarCevno sistemaSi. erTmandatian olqebSi
SedarebiT mcire partiebs ufro meti Sansebi aqvT Tu saarCveno wesi maJoritarulia.
saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi didi partiebi absolutur sakanonmdeblo upiratesobas
floben. arsebuli didi partiebisTvis xelsayreli saarCevno sistemis Tanmdevi
faqtoria qalTa warmomadgenlobis simcire, radganac qali-kandidatebi ZiriTadad
damokidebulni arian didi partiebis mier mopovebul adgilebze, xolo mcire partiebi
adgilebis mopovebas ZiriTadad mamakacebisTvis cdiloben, radgan isini minimaluri
warmomadgenlobisTvis ibrZvian da prioritets mamkacebs aniWeben, rac tradiciuli
politikuri kulturiTaa ganpirobebuli.
cxrili 3: 1998 wlis arCevnebis
organoebis warmomadgenloba

monacemebi,

adgilobrivi

TviTmmarTvelobis

12 000
10 000

saerTo
raodenoba

8 000

mamakacebi

6 000

qalebi

4 000
2 000
0

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi qalTa warmomadgenlobis Seswavlam,


romelic arasamTavrobo organizaciis, samoqalaqo kulturis saerTaSoriso centrma
Caatara, aCvena, rom arCeul qalTa raodenoba ufro naklebia did administraciul
erTeulebSi da ufro maRali mcire erTeulebSi.

156

sjeroda, rom maTi adgili saxlSia da nebismieri codna, romelsac isini SeiZenen unda
gamoiyenon imisTvis, rom naklebi qali Caebas prostituciaSi. maT unda asiamovnon
qmrebs, aRzardon Svilebi gonivrulad. aseT midgomaSi ukve naTlad Cans sirTule im
drois da qalTa viTarebisa, rodesac isini elementaruli uflebebis mosapoveblad
(rogoricaa ganaTlebis miRebis ufleba) manevrireben da cdiloben iseTi mizezi
moenaxaT Tavisi moTxovnis dasacavad, rac xelsayreli da pirdapir Znelad
SesawinaaRmdegebi iqneba kacebisaTvis. bevri mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom amgvarma
gaazrebam qalebis mdgomareobisa Tavad qalebis mier xeli SeuSala revoluciuri
safrangeTis qalTa moZraobis warmatebas.
safrangeTis revoluciis istoriis aRwerisas ZiriTadi aqcenti mamakacebis qmedebazea dasmuli, TumcaRa qalebma aseve Seasrules mniSvnelovani roli. am periodis
safrangeTSi gansakuTrebiT ki, parizSi SeiniSneboda ara erTiani, avtonomiuri qalTa
moZraoba, aramed qalTa moZraobebi. revoluciis dReebSi qalebi aqtiurad
moqmedebdnen, 1789 wlis 5-6 oqtombers eqvsma aTasma parizelma qalma erovnuli dacvis
TanxlebiT fexiT gaiara versalamde, rom moeTxova puri lui XVI-isa da dedofal mari
antuanetisaTvis. es msvleloba sxvadasxva socialuri warmomavlobis qalebis erTiani
ZalisxmeviT Sedga. eqvsi aTasidan qalTa udides procents bazarSi momuSave qalebi
warmoadgendnen, aseve maT Soris iyvnen msaxiobebi da diasaxlisebi. maT Seuties
monarqis samyofels da ramdenime misi Svedi damcvelis daRupvis Semdeg bazarSi
momuSave qalTa mcire delegaciam miaRwia audiencias mefesa da erovnul asambleasTan.
maTi saCivari Semdegi iyo: mdidrebi agroveben xorbals, roca xalxs puri enatreba da
Tu iyideba sadme puri, uzomod Zvir fasad. mefe lui XVI Sehpirda qalebs purs da
uflebac misca maT gamohyolodnen mas, mis ojaxsa da samefo kars versalidan parizSi.
revoluciis ukve am adreul stadiaze iyo mcdeloba revoluciaSi qalTa rolisa da
monawileobis dakninebis. oqtombris dReebis samTavrobo kvlevam daiwyo erTgvari
konspiraciis Teoriis propaganda. viTomda versalis svlaSi monawile qalebi mamakacebma
moisyides da kacebi xelmZRvanelobdnen am marSs da ufro metic, rom eqvsi aTas qals Soris
bevri iyo qalad gadacmuli mamakaci. revoluciis adreuli dReebidanve iwyeba masSi qalTa
rolis gaufasureba, TumcaRa es arc unda iyos gasakviri im mentalitetisa da viTarebis
fonze, romelic am drois safrangeTSi sufevda, roca qalebs ganaTlebaze xelmisawvdomobis uflebis moTxovnis gamarTleba im argumentebiT uxdebodaT, rom am gziT ufro metad gamoadgebodnen TavianT ojaxebs da Tan aranair konkurencias ar gauwevdnen mamkacebs.
1789 wlis 5-6 oqtombris parizel qalTa msvleloba versalSi rogorc maTi
Tanamedrove, aseve dRevandeli istoriografebisTvis revoluciis adreul fazaSi
qalTa gamokveTil aqtivobad rCeba. maSin, roca 14 ivlisis bastiliis aReba ZiriTadad
mamakacebis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebaa da revoluciaSi maTi wvlilis
ukvdamyofelad gvevlineba 5-6 oqtombris marSi revoluciaSi qalebis mier gaweuli
wvlilis simbolod iqca.
safrangeTis revoluciis qalTa moZraobis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli
gaxldaT olimpia de guJi, parizeli scenaristi qali, romelmac dawera `qalTa
uflebebis deklaracia~ 1971 wels. es dokumenti warmoadgenda safrangeTis
revoluciis mTavari dokumentis `mamakacisa da mamakaci moqalaqis uflebebis
deklaraciis~ pasuxs, romelmac mosaxleoba aqtiur da pasiur moqalaqeebad dayo,
simdidris, socialuri warmoSobis, klasisa da sqesis mixedviT. am dokumentis
mixedviT, mamakacTa garkveuli fenebis uflebebi SeizRuda da ra gasakviria, rom
qalebi pasiur moqalaqeTa rigebSi aRmoCdnen. de guJi monarqisti gaxldaT, igi ar iyo
tradiciuli franguli monarqiis damxobis momxre. amitom igi ibrZoda qalebis
uflebebis dasacavad da ara revoluciis interesebisaTvis zogadad.

saqarTvelos organuli kanoni, erTiani saarCveno kodeqsi, muxli 111.

94

19

cxrili 4: 1998 wlis arCevnebis monacemebi, qalebi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis


organoebSi

kvira 2
1. visTvis da vis mier iqmneboda kanonebi?
samarTlis subieqtis sakiTxi, qalebi da safrangeTis revolucia.

16%
14%
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%

literatura:
Gisela Bock, The French Revolution: the Dispute is Resumed in Women in European History, Blackwell
Publishers: Oxford, UK. 32-81.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, 1789.
Olympe de Gouges, Declaration of the Rights of the Woman and the Female Citizen, 1791.
safrangeTSi qalTa statusma mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada 1789-1804 wlebSi.
1792-93 wels maT imasac ki miaRwies, rom qorwineba mSoblis nebarTvis gareSe SeeZloT,
SeeZloT aseve gayris procesis wamowyeba, qorwinebis gareT gaCenili bavSvis mamis
saxelis dasaxeleba, Secdenis asanazRaureblad fuladi kompensaciis moTxovna da
sakuTrebis qona. Zalian sainteresoa rogor moaxerxes qalebma am yvelafris mopoveba
da ufro mniSvnelovani, isev dakargva?
parizeli qalebi tradiciulad monawileobdnen quCis politikaSi, gansakuTrebiT
maSin, roca saqme sarCos mopovebas Seexeboda. es aqtiuri parizeli qalebi
gamoTqvamdnen TavianT azrebsa da moTxovnebs, peticiebis, demonstraciebis da TviT
`saxalxo dabegvris~ (taxation populaire) gziTac (rodesac qalebis didi jgufi Tavs
esxmoda movaWres, itacebda mis saqonels an/da samarTlian fasad yidulobda da
Semdgom urigebda gaWirebul parizelebs). revoluciam erTiaTad gaacxara parizel
qalTa politikuri aqtivoba, isini medgrad amoudgnen mxarSi meuRleebs da TavianTi
socialuri klasis Sesabamisi problemuri sakiTxebis mogvarebisaTvis daiwyes brZola.
bazarSi momuSave qalebi iTxovdnen TavianTi uflebebis dacvas, Sua sakuneebSi
arsebuli savaWro gildiebis aRdgenis gziT, Ciodnen TavianTi samuSao pirobebis
gausaZlisobis gamo, binZuri saavadmyofoebis gamo da imis gamo, rom maT gamudmebiT,
Sesvenebis gareSe uxdebodaT Sroma, maSin roca sxvebi gadasaxadebisa da qonebidan
miRebuli procentebis xarjze udardel da fuqsavat cxovrebas eweodnen. muSaTa
klasis warmomadgeneli qalebisagan gansxvavebiT, aristokratiuli klasis warmomadgeneli qalebi moiTxovdnen samoqalaqo uflebebis gazrdas: xmis uflebas, warmomadgenlobas xelisuflebaSi, Tanasworobas qorwinebisas da gayris procesis wamowyebas.
sadac, interesTa ori sfero gadaikveTa am ori sxvadasxva socialuri statusis
mqone qalTa moTxovnebi iyo ganaTlebisa da prostituciis sferoebi. qalebi erTxmad
aRniSnavdnen, rom ganaTlebis miRebis saSualebas moklebuli qalebi iZulebulebi
iyvnen Tavi prostituciiT erCinaT. prostitucias ki uaRresad damakninebel
profesiad miiCnevdnen, romelic imavdroulad ojaxis siwmindes da stabilurobas
uqmnida safrTxes da amis gamoc iyo miuRebeli qalebisaTvis. ase rom qalebma TavianTi
moTxovnebi ganaTlebaze revoluciis Sedegad mosul xelisuflebas Semdegnairad
warudgines: Cven ganaTleba da dasaqmeba imitom ki ar gvinda, rom umaRles sqess
(mamakacebs) SevejibroT, an im qalebisTvis ki ar vzurnavT, vinc uzrunvelyofilia,
visac hyavs ojaxi da bavSvebi visac misi energia da gulisyuri Wirdeba, aramed, im
dacemuli qalebisaTvis, vinc gaunaTleblobisa da gaWirebis gamo irCevs
prostitucias da amiT safrTxes uqmnis ojaxis siwmindesa da stabilurobas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qalebi imsaxurebdnen da SeeZloT ufro argumentirebuladac
wamoeyenebinaT ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis moTxovna, am epoqis qalTa umetesobas
18

qalebis
raodenoba
adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvel
obis
organoebSi

5 didi qalaqi

raionebi

qalaqebi da
dabebi

soflebi

es monacemebi aCvenebs, rom qalebis adgilobriv doneze arCeva ufro maRalia, roca
saarCevno olqi mcirea. am viTarebas ganapirobebs is faqtori, rom naklebi
moasaxleobis mqone, mcire saarCevno olqSi qali kandidati ufro advilad axerxebs
avtoritetis mopovebas, mas mosaxleobis didi nawili icnobs da endoba da amisTvis
naklebi finansuri resursebi sWirdeba, razec Cveulebriv qal kandidatebs naklebad
miuwvdebaT xeli.
politikuri partiebis rolis ukeT Sesafaseblad parlamentSi warmomadgenlobis
TvalsazrisiT, miki kaulis mier SemuSavebuli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT, 4 partiuli
donis faqtors aqvs ramdenadme axsnadi mniSvneloba partiidan arCeul qalTa
proporciasTan mimarTebaSi:

partia centralurad organizebulia da partiis liders surs xeli Seuwyos qalebs,


Seqmnas kandidatTa diversificirebuloba, aseve moaxdinos kandidatis dasaxeleba
adgilobriv doneze;

partia memarcxene ideologiisaa, Tumca "memarcxene partiebi aRar SeiZleba


CaiTvalos erTaderT qalTa mxardamWer partiebad, radganac aseTi mxardaWera
scildeba ideologiis farglebs;

arseboben Zlieri Sida partiuli qalTa jgufebi, romlebic mxars uWeren da


lobirebas uweven qal kandidatebs.

partiebi regulirebas ukeTeben qal kandidatTa nominirebas iseTi formaluri


wesebiT rogoric kvotebi an samizneebia (nominirebul qalTa sasurveli
procenti).157

am kriteriumebis mixedviT, gadavwyvite Semeswavla SevardnaZis adminisrtaciis


mmarTveli partia saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiri. zurab Jvanias xelmZRvanelobiT
1993 wels dafuZnebuli saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiri socialur-demokratiuli
ideologiis partiad miiCneoda, romlis lideri prezidenti SevardnaZe iyo. partias
didi regionaluri warmomadgenloba hyavda, magram mkacrad centralizebul
157

Caul, M. Womens Representation in Parliament: the Role of Political Parties, Party Politics, vol. 5. no.1 (1999): 79-98.

95

gaerTianebad rCeboda 2003 wlamde, roca vardebis revoluciis Sedegad


ganviTarebuli movlenebis fonze partiam arseboba Sewyvita. kaulis mixedviT,
centralizebuli mmarTveloba qalebisTvis xelsayrel pirobebs qmnis im SemTxvevaSi
Tu mmarTveli Zalebi genderulad mgrZnobiareni arian da qalTa politikur
sarbielze gamoyvanas emxrobian.
saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSirSi ar arsebobda gancalkevebuli Sidapartiuli
qalTa dajgufebebi, qalebi ufro aqtiurebi iyvnen saSualo da adgilobriv elitaTa
doneze. smk-s parlamentSi qalTa wardginebis arc kvotebi da arc gansazRvruli
samizneebi hqonda. aqedan gamomdinare, unda vivaraudoT, rom 1995 wels parlamentSi
smk-s siiT gasuli 106 deputatidan da 1999 wels gasuli 132 deputatidan orivejer
TerTmeti mandilosani qalTa reprezentatiulobis niSniT ar moxvedrilan
parlamentSi. am mxriv, anu raodenobrivi gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT, SeiniSneba 2003
wlis mowvevis parlamentSi mmarTveli politikuri garTianebis mxridan, vinaidan maT
SedarebiT naklebi 93 adgilidan 16 gamoimetes qalebisTvis.
saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiri Tavisi ideologiuri kuTvnilebiT socialdemokratiuli partia gaxldaT. qalTa sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi smk miekuTvneba
merilin roSmaieris mier dayofil partiaTa kategoriis meore jgufs; erTi jgufia
"qristian-demokratiuli, nacionalisturi partiebi" isini mxars "ufro Zlier"
ojaxebs uWeren, axveven ra qalebs Tavs tradiciul rolebs. meore jgufi, romelsac
smk SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT aris "reformirebuli komunisturi, socialisturi da
social-demokratiuli partiebi. [isini] zogadad usvamen zaxs genderul Tanasworobas
minimum dasaqmebisa da socuzrunvelyofis politikis sakiTxebSi".158
saqarTvelos parlamentis amJamindeli Tavmjdomare nino burjanaZe saqarTvelos
moqalaqeTa kavSiris wevri iyo da pirvelad am Tanamdebobaze swored smk-s rigebidan
waradgines. am Tanamdebobamde igi parlamentis sagareo urTierTobebis komitets
xelmZRvanelobda. burjanaZe parlamentis Tavmjdomared pirvelad 2001 wlis 9
noembers airCies, mas Semdeg rac sxva ministrebTan erTad sazogadoebrivi protestis
gamo parlamentis maSindeli Tavmjdomare zurab Jvania gadadga, smk-m da
eqsTavmjdomare Jvaniam mxari dauWires burjanaZis kandidiaturas. 1991 wlidan
moyolebuli es iyo pirveli SemTxveva, roca uzenaes sakanonmdeblo organos saTaveSi
qali Caudga. burjanaZisadmi sazogadoebis damokidebuleba dadebiTi iyo. bevrma
Jurnalistma da politikosma xazi gausva mis qalurobas rogorc parlamentSi ufro
balansirebuli politikis gatarebis garants.
parlamentarma vaxtang xmalaZem, parlamentis Tavmjdomaris droebiTi saarCevno
komitetis Tavmjdomarem, interviuSi ganacxada, rom burjanaZes ZiriTadad mxari
dauWires radgan parlamentma upiratesoba mianiWa iseT kandidaturas, romelsac
SemdgomSi Tanamdebobrivi pretenziebi ar eqneboda premier-ministris an prezidentis
postebze, romelic am Tanamdebobas ar gamoiyenebda, rogorc tramplins ufro maRali
postisken.159 es gancxadeba Zalzed simptomaturia, politikuri Zalebi burjanaZisgan
ar elodnen politikurad karieris Semdgom ganviTarebas, magram 2003 wels
ganviTarebulma movlenebma naTlad daanaxa, rom burjanaZe sulac ar iyo SevardnaZis
an smk-s marioneti, aramed damoukidebeli politikosi, romelmac gadamwyvet momentSi
Tavisi principebisa da Sexedulebemisamebr imoqmeda.
arasamTavrobo organizaciis - samoqalaqo kulturis saerTaSoriso centris
gamokvlevis mixedviT, 1998 wels qarTul politikur partiebSi qalTa yvelaze dabali

cxovrebaSi. Sua saukuneebis mwerlebis umetesoba mamakacebi iyvnen da isini qalebs


adarebnen mamakacebs, privilegirebul da aRmatebul arsebebs. iyo mcire ricxvi iseTi
moazrovneebisa (ramdenime mamakaci, umetesad ki qalebi), romlebic icavdnen qalTa
interesebs; marTalia galeaco flavio kapram 1525 wels dawera naSromi `qalTa
aRmatebulobisa da Rirsebis Sesaxeb~,11 magram miuxedavad amisa, gviani renesansis
naSromTa umetesoba mainc qalTmoZule, mizogenuri teqstebia.
saqme iqamdec ki mivida, rom 1595 wels anonimma avtorma pirvelad germaniaSi
laTinurad gamoaqveyna `axali msjeloba qalebis winaaRmdeg, romelic amtkicebs, rom
isini adamianebi ar arian~.12 am naSromma friad daainteresa maSindeli sazogadoeba. igi
iTargmna da gamoica sxva evropul qveynebSi.13 ukve naSromis saTauri gvaZlevs
saSualebas gaviazroT avtoris Tanamedrove sazogadoebis damokidebuleba sqesTa
Tanasworobisa da Tanabaruflebianobis mimarT anu epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
msjelobis Tematika migvaniSnebs, rom qalebs rogorc kategoriasa da jgufs iudeoqristianuli kultura ukeTes SemTxvevaSi moixseniebda gansxvavebulad, xolo umetes
SemTxvevaSi dabali donisa da ganviTarebis adamianebad. xSirad ki, maTi adamianurobac
kiTxvis niSnis qveS eqceoda.
zemoxsenebuli Sua saukunebrivi debatebi kargi wanamZrvrebia imis gasaazreblad,
Tu vis xelSi iqneboda kanonmdeblis Zalaufleba, anu vis eqneboda Zalaufleba
daewesebina samarTali da moewesrigebina urTierTobebi adreul epoqaSi. monarqiuli
wyobisas samarTlis wyaroebi emsaxureboda arsebuli wyobis SenarCunebasa da ganmtkicebas, magram aseve aregulirebda sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs, sadac xSirad
qali mamakacis sakuTrebad cxaddeboda, romelsac mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi
eZleoda qmarTan gayris ufleba, ekrZaleboda ganaTlebis miReba da aqtiuri monawileoba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. imis gamosavlenad Tu rogor eguebodnen qalebi
amdagvar uuflebo mdgomareobas adreuli Suasaukuneebidan gadmovinacvloT XVIII
saukunis evropaSi da ganvixiloT safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciis peridi.
revoluciaSi monawileobiT qalebma mkveTri ganacxadi gaakeTes sakuTari uflebebis
gafarToebis moTxovnis TvalsazrisiT.

Merlin Rueschemeyer, Women in the Politics of Postcommunist Eastern Europe, New York: Armonk, 1994, 294.
nino metreveli, vin yidulobda parlamentis Tavmjdomaris skams: nino burjanaZisgan
prezidentobisaTvis brZolis safrTxe ar modis, sarke, 46 (2001): 6.

11
Galeazzo Flavio Capra, Della eccellenza e dignita delle donne. wyaro: Gisela Bock, Women in European History, Blackwell
Publishers: Oxford, UK. 3.
12
Disputatio nova contra mulieres qua probatur eas hominess non esse.
13
wyaros msjelobisa Suasaukuneebis teqstebis Sesaxeb warmoadgens Gisela Bock, Women in European History,
Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, UK. 1-31.

96

17

158
159

samarTlebriv rakursSi. vafasebT miRebuli da sazogadoebrivad gamarTlebuli


genderuli rolebis xelsayrelobasa da uflebriv mdgomareobas qalebisa da
mamakacebisaTvis.

procenti aRmoCnda saqarTvelos sportsmenTa gaerTainebaSi 0,5 %, xolo yvelaze


maRali saqarTvelos qristian-konservatorul partiaSi 60%, ilia marTlis
sazogadoebaSi 60%, qeTevan wamebulis sazogadoebaSi - aseve 60%.
igive arasamTavrobo oragnizaciis mier dasmul SekiTxvaze; "iTvaloswinebT Tu ara
qalTa problemebs partiis programis SemuSavebisas?"

3. visTvis da vis mier iqmneboda kanonebi?


samarTlis subieqtis sakiTxi, gviani Sua saukuneebis debatebi.

literatura:
Gisela Bock, Querelle des femmes: A European Gender Dispute in Women in European History,
Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, UK. 1-31.

zogadi Sesavlis (kursis aRwerisa da ZiriTad terminTa leqsikonze saubris)


Semdeg gadavideT kursis konkretul sakiTxebze. pirveli aseTi Tema dagvexmareba
Cveni genderul-istoriuli eqskursis dawyebaSi. Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi
sqesTa Sesaxeb arsebuli debatebis mimoxilva saSualebas mogvcems warmovidginoT is
garemo da Rirebulebebi, romlis memkvidrec Tanamedrove evropuli sazogadoeba da
azrovnebaa. Sua saukuneebidan dawyebuli istoriuli eqskursi dagvexmareba im gzisa
da progresis gaazrebaSi, rac qalebma rogorc sociumis wevrebma gamoiares.
qalTa uflebrivi SezRudvis mizezs rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, aseve mas Semdeg didi
xnis manZilze warmoadgenda is faqti, rom rogorc kanonmdebeli anu samarTlis
subieqti ise kanondebuli anu samarTlis obieqti gaxldaT mamakaci. Zogadad,
samarTali iqmneboda mamakacebis mier mamakacebisaTvis da is Zalian mkafiod
ireklavda Tanamedrove sazogadoebis genderul warmodgenebsa da privilegiebs.
safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciis gaxseneba, niSandoblivi da mravlismTqmelia
am argumentis gasaZliereblad. am mizniT, Sua saukuneebis debatebis mimoxilvis Semdeg
yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT qalebis rolze safrangeTis burJuaziul revoluciaSi.
gviani Sua saukuneebidan evropul sazogadoebas da moazrovneebs gacxarebuli
kamaTi hqondaT sqesTa raobaze, qalisa da mamakacis adgilsa da rolze sazogadoebaSi.
jovani pikom Tavisi epoqis umniSnelovanes naSromSi `mamakacis Rirsebis Sesaxeb~ 1486
wels aRniSna, rom RmerTi esaubreboda mxolod adams, amitom mamakacebs ufleba
eZleodaT Tavisuflad ganesazRvraT TavianTi buneba da ecxovraT sakuTari
survilebis Sesabamisad. mamakacis Rirsebis postulati daupirispirda Zvel pap
inokent III-is droindel `adamianuri cxovrebis sacodaobis postulats~, romelic
qalebs saxavda, rogorc evas STamomavlebs, romlebsac wvlili miuZRviT mamakacTa
dacemaSi, aigivebda maT seqsualobasa da codvasTan. tertulianisTvis qalebi eSmakis
karibWes warmoadgendnen (janua diaboli), xolo augustine col-qmars Soris sqesobriv
cxovrebasac ki, codvad miiCnevda. sulis gadarCenisaTvis mebrZol mamakacebs unda
daecvaT Tavi qalebisagan, xolo sulis gadarCenisaTvis mebrZol qalebs sakuTari
Tavisagan.
Tu aristotele qalebs bunebis Secdomas uwodebs, toma aqvineli maT dausrulebel, moumTavrebel mamrebad ixseniebs. amgvari moazrovneebi sqesTa sakiTxze
werisas aRiarebdnen, rom qalebs didi roli aqvT saojaxo saqmeebSi, TumcaRa ojaxis
Tavi da meurve mamakacia da qalebs saerTod araferi esaqmebaT sazogadoebriv

16

21-ma partiam konkretulad daasaxela iseTi sakiTxebi, romlebic CarTulia maT


politikur programebSi rogoricaa: qalTa uflebebis dacva, qalTa dasaqmebisa da
samuSao pirobebis gaumjobeseba, martoxela da mravalSvilian dedaTa mxardaWera.
11-ma partiam ganacxada, rom isini ar axdenen qalTa da mamakacTa diferencirebas,
radganac yvelaze erTnairad moqmedebs mZime socialuri da ekonomikuri pirobebi.
es partiebi miiCneven, rom am etapze qalTa problemebis calke ganxilva absurdia,
radgan arsebobs ufro mniSvnelovani problemebi, romlebic unda gadaiWras.
10-ma partiam ganacxada, rom partiul programebSi isini gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas ar uTmoben qalTa problemebs.
9 partiam SekiTxva upasuxod datova.

dRemde, Zalzed Znelia romelime did qarTul politikur partiaSi ipovo qalTa
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb moqmedebis gansazRvruli gegma. ase, rom politikur partiebis
mdedrobiTi sqesis wevrTa maRalma procentma ver imoqmeda verc politikur
warmomadgenlobaze da verc politikur partiaTa dRis wesrigSi warmodgenil
sakiTxTa speqtrze.
saqarTvelos mosaxleoba daaxloebiT 4,4 milionia, aqedan qalebi naxevarze mets
warmoadgenen, magram gadawyvetilebis mimReb doneebze maTi raodenoba Zalian mcirea.
saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi qalTa warmomadgenlobis simcire ganpirobebulia qalTa
Soris politikuri informirebulobis naklebobiT, politikisadmi undobeli
damokidebulebiT, romelic memkvidreobiT iqna miRebuli komunisturi warsulidan da
im sazogadoebrivi mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, romlis mixedviTac politika
mamakacTa sfero, maTi brZolis arenaa. qalebi politikuri organizaciisa da
finansuri daxmarebis naklebobas ganicdian. zogadi socialuri da ekonomikuri
siZneleebis gamo qalTa sakiTxebi prioritetad ar miiCneva, umetes SemTxvevaSi orive
sqesis politikosTa mier.
zemoT warmodgenili saarCevno sistemis analizi iseve, rogorc partiebis analizi
ganaxlebas saWiroebs amJamad mimdinare sakonstitucio cvlilebelisa da saarCevno
kanonmdeblobaSi Sesatani cvlilebebis fonze, Sesabamisad kursis avtori uflebas
itovebs gadaxedos da gadaaxalisos warmodgenili analizi movlenaTa ganviTarebis
Sesabamisad.

2. kursis ZiriTadi Temebisa da sakiTxebis Sejameba.


konsultaciebi saboloo esses dasawerad.
kursis am monakveTSi Cven kidev erTxel gavixsenebT Seswavlil sakiTxebs da
gavaanalizebT, Tu ra SegvZina qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareobis istoriulma
mimoxilvam. am etapze gaimarTeba aseve konsultaciebi saboloo essesTvis Tematikisa
da literaturis SesarCevad.

97

bibliografia
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Against Women: A National Crime Victimization Survey Report," January 1994.
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at the Crossroads. The Future of United Nations Human Rights Treaty Monitoring. Edited by Philip
Alston and James Crawford. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 2000.
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98

sfero ki Seexeba adamianuri cxovrebis im nawils romelic ojaxs gareT mimdinareobs


aq moiazreba politikuri, ekonomikuri da, zogadad, sazogadoebrivi aqtivoba,
romelic tradiciulad mamakacebis saqmianobas warmoadgenda da aseve ufro meti
faseulobis (maT Soris, finansuri anazRaurebis TvalsazrisiT) matarebeli iyo, vidre
ojaxuri saqmeebi, romelsac `kerZo~ sferoSi gamoketili qalebi asrulebdnen (ojaxis
wevrebis movla, saojaxo saqmeebis gaZRola).
aseve tradiciulad samarTliT regulirdeboda is `sazogado~ sfero, romelic
xasiaTdeboda meti monawile pirebiTa da maT Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis mravalferovnebiT. ojaxuri anu `kerZo~ sfero ki, tradiciulad kanonebiT ufro mwirad reguldeboda da ZiriTadad iseT momentebSi, romlebic saWirboroto da mniSvnelovani
iyo `sazogado~ sferos mTavari moqmedi pirisaTvis mamakacisTvis. magaliTad,
saukuneebis manZilze gaTxovebisTanave qali da misi sakuTreba, rogorc iuridiuli
piri qreboda, iseve rogorc Tavad qali, romelic qmris mflobelobaSi gadadioda.
es gayofa `kerZo~ da `sazogado~ sferoebs Soris ufro simboluri gaxlavT, vidre
realuri. vinaidan rac ar unda saxlSi gamoketilad warmovidginoT qali igi, mainc
axerxebda saukuneebis manZilze pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri gzebiT sazogadoebriv
aqtivobas. iRebda aseve monawileobas produqciis warmoebaSi Sida moxmarebisTvis, Tu
ojaxur biznesSi gare moxmarebisTvis. amakaci, aseve ar iyo sruliad mowyvetili
ojaxur sferos, CarTuli gaxldaT ojaxur saqmeebSi da warmoadgenda gadawyvetilebis mimRebs. (TumcaRa, qalebi aseve monawileobdnen gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi
pirdapiri, Tu iribi gziT).
mgvarad, ar arsebobs konkretuli da mkveTri demarkaciis xazi `kerZo~ da `sazogado~ sferoebs Soris. ar arsebobs aseve am sferoebis iseTi gansazRvreba, romelic
universaluri iqneboda droisa da sazogadoebebis mixedviT, es ori simboluri sfero,
romelsac ZiriTadad saxelmwifo gansazRvravs da adamianuri urTierTobebi avsebs
cvalebadia droisa da konteqstis mixedviT da inarCunebs, mxolod zogad
maxasiaTeblebs. am maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT `sazogado~ sferoSi yofna da moRvaweoba
ufro faseuli da mniSvnelovania da aq mTavar moTamaSeebs mamakacebi warmoadgenen,
xolo `kerZo sferoSi gaweuli Sroma naklebad dafasebuli da anazRaurebulia da am
sferoSi gamwev Zalad qalebi rCebian. feministi mkvlevarebi problemurad saxaven am
ori sferos arsebobasa da urTierTqmedebas, Sesabamisad, meore talRis feministTa
lozungma: `ersonal is political!~ `piradi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebi politikuri
mniSvnelobisaa!~ udidesi datvirTva SeiZina, vinaidan am gziT gadawyda `sazogado~
sferos dRis wesrigSi `kerZo~ sferoSi wamoWrili problemebis dayeneba.
aqve unda aRvniSnoT is garemoeba, rom zemo Tqmulidan gamomdinare, kursSi Cven ar
ganvixilavT qalebs rogorc erTian aradiversificirebul kategorias. magaliTad, Sua
saukuneebSi maRali wrisa da mdidari ojaxis wevri qali gacilebiT meti privilegiiTa
da uflebiT sargeblobda, vidre Rataki da dabali fenis warmomadgeneli mamakaci.
aseve, Tu SemovitanT egreT wodebul rasobriv maxasiaTebels davrwmudnebiT, rom
amerikis feradkaniani mosaxleoba rogorc mamakacebi, iseve qalebi istoriulad
gacilebiT meti diskriminaciisa da uuflebobis mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen, vidre
dabali fenis TeTrkaniani qalebi, romlebsac Tavis mxriv, Tavisive fenis TeTrkaniani
mamakacebi jabnidnen. Sesabamisad, klasebs Soris adamianTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba
mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda, magram klasebs SigniT qalebi tradiciulad ufro
SezRudul mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen, vidre mamakacebi.
mniSvnelovania imis gaTvaliswinebac, rom msjelobisas ar vgulisxmobT
konkretul qalebs, aramed ama Tu im epoqisa da sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
qalurobasa da mamakacurobas. moviazrebT genderul rolebs istoriul-

15

Zalaufleba
Zalauflebisa da Sromis ganawileba aris socialuri da ekonomikuri cxovrebis
genderuli niSniT gadawyvetili ori umTavresi faqtori. qalTa mdgomareobis nebismieri analizi Zalauflebis asimetriuli gadanawilebis (mamakacebis sasargeblod)analizia. Zalaufleba rCeba feminizmis Teoriis udidesi interesis sagnad.
Tanamedrove msoflmxedveloba gmobs Zalauflebis gamoyenebas batonobisa da
eqspluataciiis gawevis mizniT, maSin rodesac Zalauflebis gamoyeneba imisaTvis, rom
gqondes Tanabari politikuri, samarTlebrivi da ekonomikuri uflebebi qalTa
moZraobisTvis misaRebia.
feministebi xSirad akritikeben `sajaro~ anu sazogadoebriv sferoSi Zalauflebis
borotad gamoyenebas, romelic gamoixateba militarizmSi, ekonomikur eqspluataciaSi, kolonializmSi. aseve akritikeben `kerZo~ sferoSi Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebas, gamoxatuls gaupatiurebaSi, ojaxur ZaladobaSi (fizikuri, fsiqologiuri,
sqesobrivi, ekonomikuri) da incestSi. feministi mkvlevrebi, aseve svamen kiTxvas imis
Taobaze, SesaZlebelia Tu ara Zalauflebis cnebis xelaxali gaazreba, ise, rom
qalebmac miiRon am procesSi monawileoba. maT jerjerobiT warmatebiT moaxerxes is,
rom (Zala)ufleba viRacaze batonobisa SeecvalaT ama Tu im uflebiT sakuTari
Rirsebis dasacavad. iseTi uflebebiT rogorebicaa qmedebis, sityvis, arCevanis,
cvlilebis moTxovnis ufleba.

Sromis sqesobrivi gadanawileba


Sromis sqesobrivi gadanawileba anu Sromis gadanawileba genderulad gansazRvrul `kerZo~ (saojaxo) da `sazogadoebriv~ (sajaro anu ojaxs gareT) sferoebSi anu
produqciisa da reproduqciis sferoebSi Teoriulad damuSavda gansakuTrebiT
marqsisti, materialisti da socialisti feministebis mier XIX da XX saukuneebSi. maTi
analizi efuZneba fridrix engelsis Sromas `ojaxis, kerZo sakuTrebisa da
saxelmwifos warmoSiba~ (1884), romelmac Semoitana reproduqcia da qalis Sroma
marqsis zogadad genderulad brma Sromis gadanawilebis analizSi. Tanamedrove
feministebis mravalma kvlevam daadastura, rom msoflio masStabiT qalis Sroma
(miuxedavad misi xasiaTisa) naklebad fasobs, vidre mamakacis. engelsis mixedviT,
zedmeti qonebis dagrovebam, ramac kerZo sakuTrebis gaCena ganapiroba, gamoiwvia aseve
qalis seqsualobis kontroli, radgan memkvidreoba ar gadasuliyo sxvis xelSi. aman
qali miajaWva ojaxs. Sromis amdagvari gadanawileba kargad emsaxureba industriul
kapitalizms, radgan kerZo anu ojaxis sferoSi qalis aunazRaurebeli Sromis xarjze
xdeba kapitalis dazogva, muSaxelis Senaxva da gamravleba.

kerZo da sazogado sferoebi


istoriulad adamianuri cxovrebis or `sazogado~ (public) da `kerZo~ (private) sferoebad
gayofa udidesi mniSvnelobis aRmoCnda genderuli kvlevebisTvis sqesTa Soris
arsebuli diskriminaciis gasaanalizeblad. qarTulad ufro kargad rom gaviTavisoT,
Tu ras gulisxmobs `sazogado~ da `kerZo~ sferoebi genderuli analizisaTvis saWiroa
maTi ukeT axsna. `kerZo~ sfero Seexeba ojaxur cxovrebasa da urTierTobebs, romlis
monawile da romelSi, gamomwyvdeuli aRmoCnda qali saukuneebis manZilze. `sazogado~

14

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1990-ian wlebSi feminizmis Teoretikosebma, maT Soris, ruT hubardma da tereza de


lauretisma protesti gamoTqves arsebuli dilemis Sesaxeb. hubardi miiCnevs, rom
biologiuri da socialuri faqtorebi adamianis formirebisas araTu erTmaneTs
ewinaaRmdegeba, an erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad arsebobs, aramed gamudmebul
urTierTqmedebaSi imyofeba da avsebs erTmaneTs. etic, biologiuri sqesi gadajaWvulia socialur sqesze. tereza de lauretisma, hubardisgan gansxvavebiT, wamoayena
mosazreba, rom feminizmis sagani aris ara `qali~, aramed `qaluri sxeulis mqone
socialuri arseba~ da is Tavis qalurobas mTeli cxovrebis manZilze imecnebs.

100

13

genderis, rasisa da klasis gadakveTa


yuradRebis gamaxvileba rasaze, klasobriv kuTvnilebaze, erovnebaze, religiasa
da tradiciebze gvaZlevs saSualebas gavaanalizoT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens es
kategoriebi adamianis cxovrebaze sqesisa da genderis paralelurad. adamianTa
uflebrivi mdgomareobis gaanalizebisas, maTi dajgufeba ar SeiZleba mxolod
sqesobrivi niSniT. rasisa da klasis integrirebis sakiTxi feminist mkvlevrebs
aqtiurad daudgaT mas Semdeg, rac afrikuli warmoSobisa da/an muSaTa klasis
warmomadgenelma qalebma isini arasolidarulobaSi da metic, maTi problemebisadmi
sibrmaveSi daadanaSaules, im argumentiT, rom meore talRis adreuli naSromebi
ZiriTadad aJRerebda, mxolod saSualo klasis qalebis problemebs.

ena
sityvebi, romlebsac Cven yoveldRiurad viyenebT asaxavs Cvens kulturasa da
Semecnebas da amavdroulad gadaecema momaval Taobas. ena inaxavs da warmoaCens Cvens
warmodgenebs genderze, magaliTisTvis: `kacis tvini aqvs~ niSnavs Wkviania, `kacurad
ar movkalaTdi /gamoviZine a.S.~ niSnavs gemrielad, xarisxianad anu gabatonebuli
arsebisTvis damaxasiaTeblad. `bati~, `Wuki~, `Steruka~, `qalia ra unda moTxovo?~
miuTiTebs naklebi avtoritetisa da ganviTarebis individze. qarTuli ena, sxva enebis
msgavsad, bevrs saubrobs sazogadoebaSi arsebul genderul stereotipebze.
nebismieri teqsti, iqneba es poeturi nawarmoebi Tu samarTlebrivi aqti, SeiZleba
atarebdes genderuli TvalsazrisiT Zalian mniSvnelovan informacias im sociumis
Sesaxeb, saidanac igi gamomdinareobs, amitomac lingvistebs teqstebis genderul
WrilSi gaanalizebis Semdeg sazogadoebaSi arsebuli genderuli stereotipebis
Taobaze didi informaciis mowodeba SeuZliaT.
enis anu ufro farTo gagebiT saTqmelis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania
is garemoebac, rom istoriulad qalebs ar eZleodaT TavianTi pirovnebisa da
saTqmelis pirdapiri, sityvieri Tu werilobiTi gziT gadmocemis saSualeba
(ganaTlebis, sazogadoebaSi sityviT gamosvlis akrZalvis gamo). amitom isini
cdilobdnen TavianTi saTqmelis gaxmaurebas ara sityvieri formebiT, aramed sxva,
xSirad ufro SemoqmedebiTi formebiT: xaliCebis qsova, kerva, qargva, saxlis morTva,
kulinaria. zogjer maTi garemocvisTvis Zalian uCveulo formebiTac, jadoqroba,
mkiTxaoba, xilvebis qona da a.S. ris gamoc inkvizicia maT sastikad uswordeboda.

qalis simbolos warmoadgenda. vinaidan am logikiT qalebi materiasTan ufro


daaxloebul arsebebs warmoadgendnen, maTi ganivTeba ufro advili warmosadgeni da
gansaxorcielebi gaxda, vidre mamakacebisa. vinaidan Tavisi sxeuliT qali bunebasTan
igivdeba iudeo-qristianul azrovnebaSi mamakacebs maTze mflobelobis ufleba aqvT.
penisis arqonis gamo froidis fsiqologia maT moazrebs mamakacebze ufro dabali
moraluri da mentaluri ganviTarebis arsebebad. maTi reproduqciuli funqciis gamo,
maT orsul sxeulebs da menstrualur cikls mravali kultura saxavs rogorc
mistikurs, tabuirebuls an saSiSs.
mgvarad, warsulSi da zogan dResac sazogadoebebi qalebs miakuTvneben `kerZo~ ojaxur da ara `sazogadoebriv~ ojaxs gareT arsebul sferos da uars eubnebian maT
ganaTlebaze, dasaqmebaze, da samoqalaqo cxovrebaze zogadad. mgvarad, anatomiuri,
sxeulebrivi anu sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi qalebsa da kacebs Soris iqca mniSvnelovan
maxasiaTeblebad, romlebmac gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa sqesTa sazogadoebrivi
mdgomareobis (privilegirebuli - mamrobiT sqesis, naklebad privilegirebuli da zog
konteqstSi aSkarad diskriminirebuli mdedrobiT sqesis SemTxvevaSi) Camoyalibebisas.

epistemologiebi
codna aris informacia, faqtebis, Teoriebis, gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, romlis
meSveobiTac sazogadoeba an kultura gansazRvravs ra aris mniSvnelovani da swori, ra
warmoadgens mis warsuls da rogor esmis bunebisa da sazogadoebis sirTuleebi. im
faqtma, rom qalebi da sxva gariyuli, marginalizebuli jgufebi ar monawileobdnen
codnis Seqmnisa da dagrovebis procesSi gamoiwvia is, rom isini cxovroben
`realobaSi~, romelic maT ar ekuTvniT. feministuri epistemologia miznad isaxavs
qalebis codniTa da informaciiT Seavsos msoflioSi saukuneebis manZilze
privilegirebuli mamakacebis mier dagrovili codna. es saWiroa, raTa samyaro ar iqnes
danaxuli da aRqmuli mxolod erTi kuTxidan, calmxrivi, mamakacuri perspeqtividan.

United Nations: Division for the Advancement of Women. bolo viziti 28


Tebervali 2002 <http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/reservations.htm>
United Nations Department of Public Information. bolo viziti 28
Tebervali 2002 <http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/history.htm>.
United Nations Charter.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Vincent, R.J. Human Rights and International Relations, Cambridge:Cambridge
University Press, 1986, 10. Citing Jack Donelly, The Concept of Human Roghts. Websters
Unabridged Dictionary: Newer Words Faster (Random House Inc. 1999)
Womens Rights and Status. Annual Review of United Nations Affairs 1976. Compiled
and edited by William A. Landskron. Oceana Publications, inc. New York. 1977
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady speech at the Woman's Convention (25th May, 1851).
Anthony Center for Womens Leadership, ixileT internetSi, misamarTze:
<http://www.rochester.edu/SBA/sbaecs.html>, bolo viziti 1 noemberi 2004.
Zetkin, Clara, Lenin on the Womens Question: An Interview with Lenin, 4. ixileT
internetSi
misamarTze:
http://www.marxists.org/archive/zetkin/1925/lenin/zetkin2.htm
bolo viziti 17 Tebervali, 2005.
Zurikashvili, Feride, Internally Displaced Women in Georgia, Tbilisi: Womens Studies
Center at Tbilisi State University, 1999.

esenSalizmi/ socialuri ageba / gansxvavebuloba


feminizmis Teoriis gansazRvraSi didi roli Seasrula azrTa Widilma or
mosazreabas Soris; pirveli - arsebobs istoriulad mdgradi da maradi mamakacuri da
qaluri arsi, buneba da meore, sapirispiro mosazreba, rom aranairi mamakacuri da
qaluri sawyisi da arsi ar arsebobs. `mamkacuroba~ da `qaluroba~ socialurad
agebuli anu konstruirebuli procesebia. `qalurobisa~ da `mamakacurobis~ socialuri ageba gulisxmobs kulturuli, socialuri, fizikuri da istoriuli gansxvavebebis rTul sistemas, rac sabolood ayalibebs adamianebis genderul Semecnebasa da
socialur rolebs. maTTvis, visac qaluri da mamakacuri arsisa da bunebrivi sawyisis
swams sqesobrivi gansxvaveba Sinagani, bunebrivi da mdgradia, xolo maT visac
genderuli rolebis socialuri agebadobis swams, miaCniaT, rom adamiani ki ar ibadeba
qalad an kacad, aramed igi aseTad yalibdeba socialuri da kulturuli procesebis
wyalobiT. isini aqve ganasxvaveben biologiur sqessa (mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi) da
socialur sqess anu genders (qali da mamakaci). aqve ar unda daviviwyoT iseTi
adamianebi, romlebic imyofebian rogorc biologiuri, aseve socialuri sqesis
zRvarze, iseTebi rogorebic arian or-sqesiani, transseqsuali da transvevstiti
adamianebi.

12

101

Tamar Sabedashvili

Womens Human Rights:


Gender Aspects of History of Law
Duration and timetable of the course:
The course duration is 8 weeks that is 32 classroom hours, 17 of which will be lectures and 15 will
be seminars. Each week will consist of 4 classroom hours delivered twice a week with 2-hour
sessions, first hour devoted to a lecture and the second hour to a seminar. Only the first week is
the exception to this rule, as there will be 3 lectures and 1 seminar during this first week.

Course description summery:

In order to emphasize the diverse impact law has on men and womens conditions, we will
undertake a historical review of womens human rights development in the West (western Europe
and the United States) as well as in the Soviet Union. In the beginning of the course we will review
those historical aspects that have contributed to womens subjugation and discrimination; inquiring
about the impact that social status and standpoint of a lawmaker has on legal documents. We will
start the review of womens legal rights conditions from French Revolution of the XVIII century and
will finish with the situation in the XX century. During the course special attention will be paid to
womens struggle for the suffrage (first wave feminists) from XIX century till 1930s as a historical
foundation for the improvement of womens human rights conditions.
Than we will turn our attention to the development of womens rights thought within international
organizations, such as the League of Nations and the United Nations, putting special stress on the
aspects of international womens rights protection documents translation and implementation
processes on the local level by the state parties. In this part of the course we will focus on how the
Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) has been
working in Georgias case (the country joined CEDAW in 1994). In the section of the course we will
ask critical questions related to the causes and effects of transitional states governments
accession to the international human rights documents. Setting bare the imbalance that exists
between womens rights de facto and de jure conditions, when due to discriminatory traditions
women remain disadvantaged in comparison with men, irrespective of what do international or
national legislations claim their rights to be. This reality is a vivid example that there are limits to
the authority of law when it comes to its implementation and protection of rights of people with
different ethnic, racial, gender, etc. backgrounds.
The course will provide students with cases from different countries and Georgia on those special
areas of legal regulation, where gender sensitivity of law becomes crucial factor for the protection
of womens human rights such as, for instance, sexual harassment at workplace and domestic
violence. In this regard, we will learn about the existing debates in the West.
By the end of the course we will focus on the interrelation that exists between election systems and
womens political representation; on womens chances to become legislators and on the meaning and
importance of these happening for the improvement of womens political and legal conditions. By the
end of the course we will also summarize the key topics and themes covered during the course.

maT prostituciaSi Casabmelad farTod gamoiyeneba interneti, xSirad gogonebs


sTavazoben xelsayrel samuSaos barebsa da restornebSi, kazinoebSi, an kerZo
momsxurebis sferoSi, bavSvebis momvlelad da sxva, xolo sinamdvileSi ankess
wamogebul msverpls arTmeven passports da piradobis damadasturebel sxva sabuTebs,
xSirad atusaReben da aCveven narkotikebs da rac kidev ufro damangrevelia maTi
fsiqikuri da sulieri mdgomareobisTvis aiZuleben prostitucias da seqsualuri
momsaxurebidan miRebuli Semosavlis mxolod 5%-s Tu ubruneben.
arian iseTi mandilosnebic, vinc nebayofilobiT Tanxmdeba migraciaze
prostituciaSi CarTvis mizniT, TumcaRa maTma umravlesobam ar icis im rTuli
viTarebis Sesaxeb, ra viTarebaSic maT mouwevT cxovreba da muSaoba. arc is ician, rom
prostituciiT miRebuli Semosavlis udidesi nawili maTi ar iqneba. umetes qveynebs,
TviT ganviTarebul qveynebsac, msxverplTa dacvis susti meqanizmebi aqvT, xSirad
trefikingis msxverpls romc mieces saSualeba Zalovan struqturebTan dakavSirebis,
is Tavs Seikavebs, vinaidan zustad ar icis ra uflebebi aqvs da ramdenad SeuZlia
kanons misi dacva, Tu kidev ufro meti zianis miyeneba (aris gamocdileba gogonebis
dapatimrebis, deportaciis, rodesac isini kriminalebis devnisa da SantaJis
msxverplni xdebian).
TumcaRa, globalizacia ara marto negatiur gavlenas axdens qalebis mgomareobaze, TviTon is faqti, rom Cven dRes vsaubrobT genderis da globalizaciis
kveTis aspeqtebze da Sedegad wamoWril sirTuleebze, aseve globalizaciis Sedegia.
globalizaciis Sedegia, aseve is gazrdili yuradReba, rasac adamianis uflebaTa
damcvelebi
uTmoben
igive
globalizaciiT
gamowveul
uflebadarRvevebs.
telekomunikaciisa da internetis swrafma ganviTarebam, msoflio bazrebis da
biznesebis dakavSirebam da urTierTdamokidebulebam SesaZlebeli gaxada meti da
meti informaciis gavrceleba da cnobierebis amaRleba im sazogadoebebSi, visi
interesebic ilaxeba da eqspluatirebac xdeba.
globalizaciis `wyalobiT~ aseve SesaZlebeli gaxda anti-globalizaciuri
qselebisa da adamianis uflebaTa da garemos davciTi organizaciebis gaerTianeba,9
romlebic miznad isaxaven saerTaSoriso doneze daayenon globalizaciis Sedegad
wamoWrili problemebi da sakiTxebi. TumcaRa, erTia sakiTxebis dayeneba, xolo meorea
am sakiTxebis mitana gadawyvetilebis mimReb doneebamde da lobireba sasurveli
Sedegis dadgomisaTvis, rac Zneli misaRwevia, rodesac xSirad procesSi CarTuli
mxareebis mamoZravebel Zalas, maT Soris kriminaluri elementebis mamoZravebel
Zalasac, ekonomikuri daintereseba da sargebelis miRebis survili warmoadgens da
Zalian mciria im adamianebis raodenoba, visac aqvs survilic da SesaZleblobac
globaluri
procesebi
Semoabrunos
adamianebis
uflebrivi
mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebisa da sxva humanuri miznebis miRwevisaken.

sxeuli
dasavluri10 azrovneba istoriulad ganasxvavebda sxeuls gonebisagan. gonebas
saxavda privilegirebulad (vazrovneb, maSasadame varsebob) da racionalur
arsebasTan mamakacTan aigivebda, maSin rodesac sxeuli, iracionaluri da emociuri,
9

globalizaciis ganmarteba, Definition of Globalisation ixileT internetSi Semdeg misamarTze:


<http://www.investorwords.com/2182/globalization.html>
10
dasavleTi, dasavluri naSromSi gamoiyeneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi arsebuli
msoflmxedvelobebisa da tradiciebis aRsaniSnavad

102
11

am TvalsazrisiT, sagulisxmoa meqsikuri eqsportis gadamamuSavebeli zonebis e.w.


makiladorebis gamocdileba, romlebic erTgvari `Tavisufali~ savaWro zonebia
meqsikis teritoriaze, meqsika-amerikis sazRvris gayolebiT, sadac mravali meqsikelia
dasaqmebuli, gansakuTrebiT ki, qalebi. amJamad meqsika amerikis sazRvarze 4 000-mde
makiladoris qarxana-fabrikaa ganlagebuli, romlebSic daaxloebiT erTi milioni
adamiani muSaobs.6 msxvili amerikuli kompaniebi, gansakuTrebiT, `zeniti~, `jonson
kontrolsi~, `karlisl plastiksi~ da sxvebi aiZuleben qalebs orsulobis testi
Caitaron (sisxlisa da Sardis analizTan erTad) samsaxurSi misaRebad, fexmZimoba, ki
ganixileba rogorc dasaqmebaze uaris Tqmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani motivi.
SeiniSneba fexmZimobis gamo qalebis gaTavisuflebis an daqveiTebisa da xelfasis
daklebis SemTxvevebi.7
fabrika-sawarmoebSi qalebis muSaobasTan dakavSirebiT wamoWril debatebSi
xSirad gaismoda mowodeba qalebis am sferodan daTxovis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT,
dasavleTSi, sadac muSebis SromiTi uflebebis dacvis sakiTxebi saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi etapobrivad, ZiriTadad mainc mamakacze morgebulad Camoyalibda,
vinaidan swored mamakaci moiazreboda da bevr qveyanaSi dRemde moiazreba idealur
muSa-mosamsaxured, romelsac Sesabamisad ar mouxdeba dekretSi gasvla, ar Seawuxebs
ojaxuri sazrunavi Svilebze, iqneba fizikurad ufro Zlieri da gonebrivad ufro
koncentrirebuli. TumcaRa, qalebma daamtkices, rom rogorc ganaTlebis aseve
dasaqmebis sferoSi maT SeuZliaT seriozuli warmatebebis miRweva, da is faqti, rom
samuSao pirobebi SesaZloa maTTvis naklebad xelsayreli iyos, vidre mamakacebisTvis
damqraveblisa da SromiTi kanonmdeblobis dauxvewaobis bralia. anu es ukanasknelni
arasakmarisad mgrZnobiareni arian qalebis mdgomareobis mimarT da amis gamo maT
diskrminirebas axdenen mamakacebTan SedarebiT, visze morgebuladac moxda maTi
Camoyalibeba.
globalizaciis uaryofiT Sedegad SeiZleba miviCnioT XX saukunis monobis,
trefikingis problemac. komunikaciis gaadvilebuli sistema xels uwyobs
kriminaluri qselebis Seqmnasa da adamianebis gabmas amgvar qselebSi. trefikingi exeba
rogorc mamakacebs, aseve qalebsac. xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac emigrant mamakacebs
abamen monur SromaSi, arRveven maT SromiT uflebebs da uryeven janmrTelobas. magram
ufro xSiria qalebis trefikingis SemTxvevebi, xolo Sedegad miyenebuli zarali ara
marto janmrTelobis, aramed sicocxlis fasic ki SeiZleba dajdes.
mzardi ekonomikuri uTanasworoba, romelsac gansakuTrebiT uaryofiTi gavlena
aqvs gogonebsa da qalebze, iwvevs ukiduresad Rataki qalebisa da gogonebis
motivacias gaakeTon yvelaferi gadarCenisaTvis. saerTaSoriso doneze qalebi da
bavSvebi iyidebian, raTa daakmayofilon moTxovnileba seqsualuri momsaxurebis da
monuri, uaiafesi Sromis bazarze. gaeros monacemebiT adamianebiT vaWrobis
globaluri industria yovelwliurad 5-7miliard amerikuli dolaris odenobis
mogebas iZleva, yovelwliurad sul mcire 700 000 adamianis damonebis xarjze.8
adgilobrivi seqsualuri industria globalur doneze gavida da dasavleTis
qveynebi aavso yofili sabWoTa qveynebidan, aziidan Tu afrikidan wamosuli gogonebiT.
6

Maria Patricia Fernandez-Kelly, maria patricia fernandes-keli, The Silence of Free Trade: Mexican
Maquiladoras and Globalization. dumili Tavisufali vaWrobis irgvliv: meqsikuri makiladorebi da
globalizacia. Rutgers University Press, 2001.
7
LaShawn R. Jefferson, laSaun r. jefersoni, Urge U.S. Companies to Stop Sex Discrimination in Mexican Maquiladoras,
moviwodoT amerikul kompaniebs sqesobrivi diskriminaciis Sewyvetisken, Human Rights Watch Womens Rights
Project, 1997.
8
gaerTianebuli erebis monacemi moyvanili p. arlaCis naSromSi msoflio danaSaulis winaaRmdeg, 2000.
P. Arlacchi, Against all the godfathers: the revolt of the decent people in The World Against Crime, Special Issue of Giornale di
Sicilia, 7.

Course objectives:
The course aims to explain how law, which one might think of being neutral and objective has
been gendered and has affected women and men differently through the course of a history. The
course also aims to increase students awareness of gender aspects of history of law.

Glossary of frequently used concepts:


First week of studies will be dedicated to the explanation of frequently used terms, such as
feminism, gender, epistemologies, body, essentialism/social construction/difference, intersections
of race, class and gender, language, power, sexual division of labor, private and public domains,
etc. Students will be provided with brief description of each concept, it is not expected that they will
grasp full meaning of these terms but that they initially familiarize themselves with lexicon of the
debates that will be enriched and located in concrete contexts throughout the course. Such an
introductory definition of terms is important to start building common understandings of the
language that constructs the discourse of gender and womens studies.

For and by who was the law made? The question of the subject of law. Debates of late
middle ages and French Revolution:
After the introduction, it is worthwhile to start discussing concrete topics of the course and the first
theme will help us to start our journey in history of law from a gender perspective. The overview of
the debates existent in the Western Europe of middle ages will allow the partial reconstruction of
those environment and values that stand in the foundation of contemporary Western European
society. This excursion, started in middle ages will be informative of the progress that womens
rights thought and women as a diverse group of society underwent.
The discrimination of women during the Middle Ages as well as long afterwards was embedded in
the fact that both the lawmaker i.e. the subject of the law, as well as its object was man in most of
the cases. Laws were made by men to regulate those aspects of social life where key actors were
also men, and laws mirrored existent gender perceptions and privileges. The recollection of the
French Bourgeois Revolution is highly informative from this viewpoint, therefore special attention
will be paid also to womens role and participation in the French Revolution.
Since late Middle Ages European society at large and intellectuals in particular were engaged in
heated debates over the role and place of men and women in the society. Giovanni Pico in his
epochal work On the Dignity of Man (De dignitate hominis, 1486) outlined that God was speaking
only to Adam, therefore, men were blessed to live according to their desires, while the church
depicted women responsible for the fall as descendants of Eve and as Tertullian picturesquely
expressed women were nothing but the devils gateway (janua diaboli). Augustine regarded both
extramarital and marital sexuality as sinful. Sin could only be avoided, according to St Jerome,
through chaste living, since a mans love for a woman, who embodies evil and temptation, could
not be reconciled with love of god and threatened the salvation of man. Salvation seeking men had
to protect themselves from women; salvation seeking women, from themselves.1

Of course among the medieval thinkers were those who thought higher of women and defended
their interests, but they where a minority in comparison with those who tended to mystify and
1

Gisela Bock, Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, UK.2.

103
10

degrade femaleness. Legally in many cases married women were declared the property of their
husbands, with close to no rights to divorce and own or inherit property.
In light of such prehistory the brief period of emancipation of women in the course of French
Bourgeois Revolution deserves attention. The womens rights condition in France was dramatically
changed through 1789-1804 years. In 1792-93 women were given the right to enter into marriages
without parental consent. They gained right to initiate divorce, name the father of a child born out of
wedlock, demand compensation for moral damage, and own property. On the lectures we will
discuss how did women manage to gain such rights and more interestingly how did it happen that
by 1804 they were again deprived of these rights and subjugated to severe control.
Participation of women in the early days of the Revolution is not fully reflected in the mainstream
history textbooks, but they did participate and were highly disappointed by the final outcome of the
revolution the Declaration of the Rights of Men and Citizen, which did not mention women.
Critical response from the side of women on this documents was a 1791 Declaration of the Rights
of Women and Female Citizen authored by Olympia de Gouge, in the document women claimed
all those rights that were granted to the group of privileged men by the Declaration of the Rights of
Men and Citizen.
In the period of French Revolution both radical feminists as well as anti-feminists thought that
women belong to the private domain, to their familial roles and obligations and the discourse of
emancipation debates taking place at that time reflected this perception. Women, like men of that
time where highly politicized and agitated by the prospects of the Revolution, but their selfexpression and free behavior was not supported and approved by male political elite, therefore,
gradually women where pushed out from public domain into private one and their legal rights were
limited.

Right to elect and be elected the longest battler of the First Wave feminists.
In the XIX century Europe womens demand for political rights was stated in various manifestations
of the growing womens movement. As Greek doctor Maria Kalopokathes defined, womens
movement was the conscious demand by women for their rights and the systematic efforts to
obtain them.2 The researchers label womens movement as a powerful social activity of womens
groups that occurred in XVIII century and was strengthened in XIX century.
The woman question posed by the intellectuals of the XIX century was a modified version of the
questions are women humans? or what are women? of medieval era. Therefore, the new
debate about womens rights was not focused on differences between men and women but on
inequalities and hierarchy existing between the sexes. Respectively, when John Stuart Mill joined
the demands of womens movement and spoke publicly for granting women political rights the
nobles were surprised how could such a respected gentleman ask rights for those who had to obey
to their superiors, their husbands.
The first wave of Feminism is bound to this first demand of womens movement that was right to
elect and be elected, which was successfully satisfied in the beginning of the XX century
irrespective of the controversies accompanying the process. However, the high hopes that many
women activists attached to the suffrage did not come true and women were to learn that apart
from right to vote and run for election there were many other hindering aspects, some hidden and
2

Gisela Bock, Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, 2002, 82.

genderi da globalizacia4
globalizaciis genderul aspeqtebze saubrisas Sexebis ramdenime ZiriTadi
sakiTxia aRsaniSnavi: (1) saerTaSoriso safinanso organizaciebis zemoqmedebiT
mTavrobebis mier ganxorcielebuli struqturuli cvlilebebis genderulad
disagregirebuli gavlena mosaxleobaze, (2) warmoebebis internacionalizaciiTa da
gafarToebiT gamowveuli qalTa SromiTi pirobebisa da uflebebis sakiTxi da (3) Cveni
drois monoba trefikingi, romelic qarTulad `adamianebiT vaWrobis~ saxeliTaa
cnobili.
kargadaa Seswavlili struqturuli cvlilebebis Sedegebi qalebis mdgomareobaze.
bevr qveynebSi socialuri momsaxurebebis Semcirebis xarjze gazrdilma saeqsportod
momgebianma warmoebam gamoiwvia is, rom gaizarda qalebis Sroma dabalanazRaurebad
dargebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki, soflis meurneobaSi, maSin, roca Sesabamisad Semcirda
qalebisTvis sargebeli da xelmisawvdomoba socialur momsaxurebebze. amis mizezi
isicaa, rom proporciulad msoflios masStabiT mamakacebi akontroleben, warmoebis
momgebian sferoebs, qalebi ki ZiriTadad dabalanazRaurebad samuSaos asruleben.5
globalizaciis seriozuli genderuli aspeqti ukavSirdeba dasaqmebis sferos. es
sakiTxi mravali feministi mkvlevris mieraa Seswavlili da isini erTxmad aRniSnaven,
rom ganviTarebad qveynebSi globalizaciis Sedegad warmoqmnili mxolod is
mravalricxovani samuSao adgilebia qalebisTvis gankuTvnili, romlebic yvelaze
dabalanazRaurebadia. didi saerTaSoriso sawarmoebi, iaf muSa xelze da sawarmoo
resursebze daxarbebulebi Svilobil kompaniebs xsnian ganviTarebad qveynebSi da
Zalian xSirad asaqmeben qalebs, romelTa SromiTi uflebebic, gansakuTrebiT ki
usafrTxo samuSao pirobebis ufleba irRveva da minimaluri anazraurebis gamo isini
vneben TavianT janmrTelobas.
4
globalizaciis rogorc terminis gansazRvrebebi SeiZleba orgvarad davajgufoT erTi, teqnikuri
da meore - politikuri saxis ganmartebebi. teqnikuri ganmartebebi garkveuli saerTaSoriso
ekonomikuri procesebis aRweriT asaxaven Tanamedroveobis iseT procesebs, romlebic saSualebas aZlevs
adamianebs gaadvilebuli gzebiT daukavSirdnen erTmaneTs da awarmoon biznesi saerTaSoriso doneze,
wamebSi gaavrcelon da moipovon informacia. arian iseTi mkvlevrebic, romlebic saerTod ar aRiareben
globalizacias rogorc TanamedroveobisaTvis simptomur, gansakuTrebul movlenas. maTi mtkicebiT
saerTaSoriso doneze informaciis gacvla da sxvadasxva saxis urTierTobebi gansakuTrebiT ki, vaWroba
odiTganve arsebobda, Sesabamisad, Tanamedrove epoqaSi globalizaciaze ki ara, teqnologiis daxvewaze
unda visaubroT mxolod, romelmac amgvari procesebi bevrisTvis xelmisawvdomi da masStaburi gaxada.
TumcaRa, amgvari mosazrebis mqone mecnierebis ricxvi dRiTidRe mcirdeba da sul ufro meti adamiani
aRiarebs globalizaciis, rogorc axali, Tanamedrove fenomenis arsebobas.
globalizaciis ganmsazRvrel meore tipis ganmartebebs maTi ideologiuri datvirTvis gamo, SeiZleba
ufro politikuri ganmartebebi vuwodoT. politikuri ganmartebebis mixedviT, sakmarisi araaa
globalizaciis mxolod, rogorc ekonomikuri, teqnologiuri progresisa da TanamedroveobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli procesebis amsaxveli neitraluri cnebis aRwera, radgan globalizacia warmoadgens
didi politikuri muxtis matarebel processac, romelic saerTaSoriso arenaze myof zogierT qveyanasa
da mis moqalaqeebs ufro xelsayrel viTarebaSi ayenebs, vidre sxvebs. globalizaciis politikur
ganmartebas Cveulebriv antiglobalistebi iZlevian. erT-erTi aseTi ganmartebis mixedviT,
globalizacia aris ekonomikurad susti qveynebis eqspluatireba msoflios ekonomikuri sistemebis
dakavSirebis gziT, da maTi iZuleba daemorCilon da damokidebulic ki gaxdnen dasavlur kapitalistur
weswyobilebaze. antiglobalizmi ki, Sesabamisad warmoadgens xalxis moZraobas, mimarTuls imisaken,
rom daiTrgunos globalizaciuri procesebi, romlebic udavod politikuri niSnis matarebelia da
uTanasworoba moaqvs. (antiglobalizaciis Sesavali, gansazRvreba da resursebi, Introduction to AntiGlobalization Definition and Resources, ixileT internetSi Semdeg misamarTze: <http://www.anti-marketing.com/antiglobalization.html>)
arsebobs adamianTa mTeli rigi vinc antiglobalistobisgan an globalistobisgan gadaixara
alternatiuli igive alterglobalistobisken. am jgufSi erTiandebian is mkvlevrebi, romlebic
miiCneven, rom SeuZlebelia globalizaciis SeCereba an Sewyveta, SesaZlebelia mxolod misi Secvla, ise,
rom igi socialurad orientirebuli da maqsimalurad humanuri anu adamianebisTvis sargeblis momtani
iyos.
5
keri, joana da karolin svitmani (red.), qalebi xelaxla igoneben
globalizacias, gv. 4. Joanna Kerr and Caroline Sweetman, Women Reinventing Globalisation, Oxfam GB 2003, 4.

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9

imisaTvis, rom maTac efeqturad esargeblaT am saerTaSoriso adamianis uflebaTa


damcavi instrumentebiT. amgvarad, gaeros sistemaSive saWiro gaxda specialuri
saerTaSoriso meqanizmebis Seqmna, romlebic uSualod qalebis adamianuri uflebebis
dacvas moemsaxureboda, kursis msvlelobisas Cven mimovixilavT am meqanizmebs.
sityva `adamiani~ istoriulad imdenad iyo kacuri Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvis
matarebeli. miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom TanamedroveobaSi es sityva orive sqesis
aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba, qalebTan mimarTebaSi misi gaTaviseba ar amowurula. gaeros
`adamianTa uflebebis sayovelTao deklaraciis~ miRebisas qalebs Zalian `gaumarTldaT~, rom isinic moiazres deklaraciis konteqstSi wina saukuneebis mniSvnelovan
dokumentebTan SedarebiT.3 TumcaRa, CarTvam ver uzrunvelyo qalebi adamianis uflebebiTa da maTi dacviT. qalebis CarTva am SemTxvevaSi migvaniSnebs gaeros mier
qalebis adamianebad aRiarebaze, magram es aRiareba ver iZens praqtikul mniSvnelobas,
vinaidan de faqto qalebi dResac ganicdian uflebriv Seviwrovebas kacebTan
SedarebiT.
amgvarad, termini `qalTa adamianis uflebebi~ aqcents svams erTis mxriv, im
istoriul diskriminaciaze, romlis Sedegadac qalTa moazreba warmatebulad ver
moxerxda adamianis uflebaTa koncefciaSi, xolo, meores mxriv xazs usvams adamianis
uflebaTa damcavi meqanizmebis qalebze gavrcelebaze da praqtikulad aregulirebs
qalTa sxvadasxva jgufis (gaTxovili qalebi, eTnikuri umciresobis qalebi, gogonebi
da sxva.) uflebebs.
feministi mkvlevrebi ver Tanxmdebian qalTa adamianis uflebebis artikulaciisa
da danergvis strategiebze, zogierTi maTgani, magaliTad, selina romani fiqrobs, rom
qalTa uflebebi ufro Zlieri da mravlismomcveli iqneba, Tu maT gamoTqvamen qalebis
da ara adamianis uflebebis arsebul diskursSi, romelic mamakacuri dominirebis gamo
ar aris sakmarisad mgrZnobiare qalebis problemebisadmi. sxvebi, magaliTad, hilari
Carlsvorsi miiCnevs, rom adamianis uflebebis diskursi im formiT ra formiTac
arsebobs ukve moicavs berketebs qalTa uflebebis dasacavad, gansakuTrebiT iseT
sazogadoebebSi sadac, qalebis uflebebis mZime darRvevebi xdeba.

some obvious for womens empowerment and full-fledged participation in decision-making


processes. This battle for womens rights initiated by the first wave was carried on by the second
wave of feminists since 1960s and keeps evolving even today.

Proletariat and gender discrimination the days of the early Bolshevik State Soviet Union in
1918-1936.
Along with the developments taking place in West, students will have an opportunity to understand
womens emancipation processes that have occurred in the Soviet Union, especially at an early
stage of Bolshevik state. One of the goals of the Bolshevik Revolution was to shift household work
to the public sphere, setting women and men free from such occupations. Marriage was viewed
as a union of people based on mutual love and understanding, free from obligations that institute of
family has imposed on them in feudal and capitalist settings. Thus, [t]he abolition of the family,
rather than gender conflict within it, held key to womens emancipation,3 but this abolitionist
attitude towards family or belief in familys withering away, was not expanded towards marriage
as well. On the contrary, early Bolshevik rhetoric aimed to introduce new understanding of
marriage, via institutionalization of civil marriages, easily obtainable divorces, and promotion of the
idea of a union based on mutual affection and ideals rather than on economic dependency. The
ideas related to social, economic, and political organization of the country, expressed in the years
following the Revolution were subversive and radical; The Marxist agenda of Communism
envisioned to change society by altering its economic structure4 and the ideological intention of
Bolsheviks in the years right after the Revolution should be considered with this urge to change not
only economic structure of the society but also change and abolish other forms of existence that
were before treated as a natural ways of being and the institute of family was among them.
According to Wendy Z. Goldman,
In October 1918, barely a year after the Bolsheviks had come to power, the Central
Executive Committee of the Soviet (VtsIK), the highest legislative body, ratified a complete
Code on Marriage, the Family, and Guardianship. The Code captured in law a revolutionary
vision of social relations based on womens equality and withering away (otmiranie) of the
family. [] The Bolsheviks argued that only socialism could resolve the contradiction
between work and family. Under Socialism, household labor would be transferred to the
public sphere: The tasks performed by millions of individual unpaid women in their homes
would be taken over by paid workers in communal dining rooms, laundries, and childcare
centers. 5
The state by taking responsibility for upbringing children, in the era when family is viewed no longer
as a production, but a consumption unit, not only shifts a type of domestic occupation into public
sphere but also deprives family as a social setting of one of its most important functions.
However, abolitionist attitude towards economic and legal responsibilities imposed on individuals
by a family dramatically changed already in late 1920s. The New Economic Policy introduced by
the government limited states capacity to shift domestic occupations in the public sphere.
Problems related to homeless children (bezprisorniki), rapid industrialization and collectivisation of

arc erTi Semdegi dokumenti ar moixsniebs da Sesabamisad ar exeba qalebs: kacisa da mamakaci
moqalaqis uflebebis deklaracia (miRebuli safrangeTis erovnuli asambleis mier 1789 wlis 26
agvistos); virjiniis uflebebis deklaracia (Seqmnili jorj meisonis mier da erTxmad miRebuli
virjiniis delegatTa konventis mier 1776 wlis 12 ivniss); amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
damoukideblobis deklaracia (1776, 12 ivlisi); amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis bili uflebebis Sesaxeb
(ratificirebuli 1791 wlis 15 dekembers).

Wendy Z. Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, c1993), 6.
4
Zeev Sternhell, Fascism: Reflections on the Fate of Ideas in Twentieth Century History, in Michael Freeden (ed.),
Reassessing Political Ideologies: the Durability of Dissent, (London, New York: Routledge, 2001), 109.
5
Wendy Z. Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, c1993), 1, 3.

105
8

the country, introduction of the five-year plans challenged the efficiency of the new civil legislation
and revolutionary ideas about re-organization of traditional forms of existence. However, Wendy
Goldman argues that not only the abovementioned problems posed on the new regime by the
realities of life supported the turn in states policies in relation to women and family, but mostly
changes in the political vision and decisions of the government. Thus, the Civil law of 1936
dramatically altered the radical and subversive regulations of the 1918 and 1926 Codes, formally
maintaining the rhetoric of gender equality it prohibited abortion, introduced fines on divorces,
increased alimonies, introduced punitive measures for people carrying out and undergoing illegal
abortions, people refusing to pay alimony, etc.6
In Harold J. Bermans book published in 1950 the author is referring to Soviet scholars who write
that [t]he family is now [in 1940s] considered to be a prime necessity both for its members and the
state, and, more than that, the state attempts through the law to form the moral and legal
consciousness of the family members in such a way as to promote family stability.7 There were
also attempts to increase the importance of family more than that of marriage and clear proof of it
as underlined by Berman was the regulations that allowed unmarried mother to receive support
during and shortly even after pregnancy from a biological father of the child.
Therefore, the clichd conclusion that the rhetoric of widely practiced gender equality during the
Soviet times has been substituted by traditional, patriarchal attitudes and behaviour patterns
towards women in the majority of the former Soviet republics is partly true. The parts that are
untrue about this wide-spread conceptualisation are related to the pseudo, token, equality of the
sexes practiced during Soviet times, especially since the decline of the early Bolshevik state, in
1930s, when womens equality to men was made declaratory, not actual and in real life women
never managed to be completely freed from domestic occupations as Bolsheviks planned it, but
were burdened with occupations and responsibilities of public sphere alongside with the
occupations and responsibilities of the private one.

Womens rights and international organisations


During the course students will be provided with the opportunity to understand the development of
womens rights though within such international organizations as League of Nations and United
Nations. Answering the question of what does the term womens human rights mean and why the
concept of universal human rights did not fully embrace and protect rights and freedoms of
women. In the course of the lectures such important international tools for the protection of
womens rights will be paid attention as early UN Conventions on womens rights, the Declaration
for the Elimination of Discrimination against Women and the Convention for the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Attention will be paid also to womens
mobilizing in the frames of the UN through the word conferences of women and their outcome
documents, most of all the Beijing Platform of Action of 1995 and the processes related to its
implementation.

For more information on the change in Soviet Policies regarding women, family, and work see Wendy Z. Goldmans
following books: Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1993), and Women at the Gates: Gender and Industry in Stalins Russia, (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2002).
7
Harold J. Berman, Justice in Russia: an Interpretation of Soviet Law, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University
Press, 1950), 236.

magram maT es mizezebi sakuTar cxovrebiseul gamocdilebaSi aRmoaCines da ara


Cems wignSi.~ 2
feministTa meore talRa, gansakuTrebiT samocdaaTian wlebSi gamoirCeoda
radikalizmiT. feministebi cdilobdnen revoluciuri ideebis agitaciiTa da zogadad
revoluciis gziT daemxoT patriarqaluri sazogadoeba, romelic, maTi azriT,
mxolod mamakacebs aZlevda xels da qalebs imonebda. qalTa diskriminacia universaluria! - ambobdnen meore talRis dasawyisis feministebi.
meore talRis feminizmi ar unda ganvixiloT rogorc erTiani unificirebuli
moZraoba, romelic sxvadasxva drosa da sivrceSi erTgvarad mimdinareobda. piriqiT,
meore talRisTvis damaxasiatebelia azrTa radikluri sxvaoba TviTon feministebs
Soris, gansakuTrebiT oTxmocian da oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi. mosazrebebi gansxvavdeboda aseve dasavlur da aRmosavlur, Crdilour da samxreTul qalTa jgufebs Soris.
rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, feministebi erTiandebian qalTa uflebebisa da zogadad
sazogadoebaSi maTi mgdomareobis gaanalizebisa da gaumjobesebis irgvliv. TumcaRa,
meore talRis postmodernistma feministebma wamoWres qalebisa da qalTa problemebis unificirebis, gaerTianebis problemurobis sakiTxi. vinaidan qalebi rogorc
interesTa jgufi diversificirebulia eTnikuri, religiuri, klasobrivi e.i. socialur-kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis mixevdiT. mgvarad, mniSvnelovania qalTa Soris
gansxvavebebis danaxva da ase brZola feminizmis politikuri miznebis misaRwevad.

genderi
genderi ewodeba socialuri sqess. genderi rogorc termini qalTa kvlevebSi
gamoCnda samociani wlebis miwuruls. igi Semovida laTinur enebSi gramatikuli sqesis
aRmniSvneli sityva gender-isgan da SeiZina socialuri sqesis mniSvneloba. genderis
rogorc terminis Semotana saWiro gaxda imitom, rom analizisas mkvlevrebs
erTmaneTisgan gaemijnaT biologiuri sqesi, romlis mixedviTac adamianebi mamrobiTi
an mdedrobiTi sqesis arsebebad ibadebian (SeisaZloa adamiani orsqesianic daibados,
rac plastikuri CareviT regulirdeba), socialuri sqesisgan (genderisgan) anu
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebisa da faseulobebis sistemisgan, romelic maT qalebad
da mamakacebad ayalibebs.
genderisa da genderuli kvlevebis popularizacias imanac Seuwyo xeli, rom igi ar
fokusirdeba marto qalebze, aramed kacebzec, ara mxolod imitom, rom maTi mdgomareobis qalebis mgomareobisTvis Sedarebis xarjze moxdes qalebis diskriminaciis
demonstrireba, aramed TviT mamakacurobis rogorc socialur-kulturuli fenomenis Sesaswavladac. genderi aris socialuri kategoria, romelic istoriulad
arsebobs da epoqebisa da konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT mudmiv cvlilebas ganicdis.
qalTa adamianis uflebebi
miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianis uflebebis dacva saerTaSoriso aRiarebul
prioritetad iqca meore msoflio omis Semdeg, gansakuTrebiT ki gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciis Seqmnis Sedegad da adamianis uflebebis dasacavad Seiqmna
mravali saerTaSoriso dokumenti, qalebis adamianuroba ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi mizezi
2

Targmani: Tamar sabedaSvili

106
7

xedvasa da ideebs iziareben feminizmis ama Tu im frTis warmomadgenlebi. arsebobs


mravali saxis feminizmi: radikaluri, liberaluri, ekofeminizmi, marqsistulsocialisturi da sxva. maTi saerTo maxasiaTebeli da gamaerTianebeli RerZi ki qalTa
da mamakacTa Tanabaruflebianobis moTxovna da zogadad sazogadoebisTvis, maT Soris
TviT qalebisTvisac, cnobierebis amaRlebaa sqesTa Soris arsebuli uTanasworobasa
da am diskriminaciis gamomwvevi istoriuli, socialuri, ekonomikuri Tu politikuri
faqtorebis irgvliv. feminizmis istoriaSi, mkveTrad gamoxatulia pirveli da meore
talRa (mesame talRis raobisa da arsebobis Sesaxeb feministTa wreebSi azrTa
sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs, amitom Cven ZiriTadad kursis farglebSi pirveli da meore
talRis feministTa saqmianobasa da ideebs SevexebiT).
pirveli talRis feministebi, romlebmac TvalsaCino aqtivoba XIX saukuneSi
daiwyes (Tumca XVIII saukuneSic arsebobda qalTa uflebebisaTvis brZolis momentebi)
TavianT amocanad qalebisaTvis politikuri uflebebis anu arCevnebSi (aqtiuri da
pasiuri) monawileobis uflebis mopovebas isaxavdnen.1 vinaidan miaCndaT, rom qalebis
CarTva aucilebeli iyo kanonSemoqmedebiT procesebSi maT es qalTa emansipaciis
umTavres amocanad miaCndaT. marTalia istoriam dagvanaxa, rom politikuri uflebebis mopoveba ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi qalTa mimarT diskriminaciis aRmosafxvrelad,
mainc, pirveli talRis feministTa saqmianoba qalTa uflebebisaTvis brZolis
qvakuTxedia.
feministTa pirvel talRas, romelic XX saukunis ocian wlebSi dasrulda, mohyva
meore, romlis dasawyisad zogierTi mkvlevari 1949 wels miiCnevs, anu wels rodesac
cnobilma frangma moazrovne qalma simon de bovuarma gamoaqveyna Tavisi wigni `meore
sqesi~. mkvelvarTa sxva nawili ar eTanxmeba am TariRs im mosazrebiT, rom Tavad simon
de bovuari ar miiCnevda Tavis naSroms feministTa meore talRis agorebis saTaved da
am arguments amyareben imiT, rom meore talRis feministTa aqtivoba samociani wlebis
dasawyisidan gaxda TvalsaCino. am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa wignis daweridan 27
wlis Semdeg simon de bovuaris Jurnalist jon gerasisTvis micemuli interviu,
romelic 1976 wels Jurnal `sosiaTis~ (Society) ianvar-Tebervlis nomerSi daibeWda.
`gerasi: ukve TiTqmis ocdaxuTi weli gavida `meore sqesis~ gamoqveynebis

Semdeg. bevri adamiani, gansakuTrebiT amerikaSi, miiCnevs am wigns Tanamedrove


qalTa moZraobis dasabamad. Tqven...
bovuari: me ase ar vfiqrob. Tanamedrov feministuri moZraobisaTvis [70-iani
wlebis], romelic mZlavrad sul raRac xuTi eqvsi wlis win daiwyo,
Tavdapirvelad naklebad cnobili iyo es wigni. ukve Semdeg, moZraobis
gaZlierebasTan erTad, moZraobis zogierTma liderma gamoiyena wigni TavianTi
Teoriebis safuZvlad. `meore sqess~, araviTar SemTxvevaSi miucia biZgi da
qalTa moZraobis sawyisi ar yofila. amJamad qalTa moZraobaSi CarTuli qalebis
umetesoba 1949-50 wlebSi anu, roca wigni gamovida Zalian axalgazrdebi iyvnen,
ase rom igi maTze gavlenas ver iqoniebda. me msiamovnebs is, rom maT igi
mogvianebiT aRmoaCines. ra Tqma unda, zogoerT ufros qals magaliTad beti
fridans, romelmac Tavisi wigni `qalurobis mistika~ (The Feminine Mistique) me
momiZRvna wakiTxuli hqondaT wigni da man SesaZloa garkveuli gavlenac ki
iqonia maT Semoqmedebaze, magram sxvebze amas ver vityviT. agaliTad, qeiT
mileTi erTxelac ar axdens Cems citirebas Tavis wignSi. es qalebi SesaZloa
gaxdnen feministebi im mizezebis gamo, romlebsac me aRvwer Cems `meore sqesSi~,
1
meti informacia pirveli talRis feministTa qalTa politikuri uflebebisaTvis brZolis Sesaxeb
ixileT meore da mesame kviris masalebSi.

CEDAW and Georgias experience


The main focus of this part of the course are womens legal rights conditions; presented on the
background of Georgian laws compliance with the requirements of the Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). However, before turning to
the topic of the course, I would like to briefly examine the widespread conceptualization of the
womens experiences in the former Soviet states.
The fact that under the pressure of International Community governments of the Newly
Independent States feel obliged to ratify major human rights and among them womens rights
documents is a positive challenge brought by the period of transition. It is a challenge, as
ratification should be followed by harmonization of international laws provisions in local legislations
and most importantly by its implementation, which has not been the case so far in Georgia.
On September 22, 1994, by the decree of the Georgian Parliament, the country joined the CEDAW
without reservations. It came to force on November 25, 1994. This event gave green light to
womens rights activists, womens NGOs, and legislators further to protect and raise awareness of
womens rights, create steady ground for womens development and self-realization. Below I will
briefly examine how legal status of women in Georgia complies with the requirements of the
Convention. The analysis is based on the comparison of the initial report of the government with
the shadow report of the Georgian NGOs; both reports were submitted to the UN SecretaryGeneral for consideration by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
(CEDAW).
According to Georgian legislation women have equal rights with men in access to education and
healthcare, also with respect to legal capacity to conclude contracts, administer and inherit
property, legislation treats both sexes equally in all stages of procedure in courts and/or tribunals.
However, despite the equality between the sexes before the law, traditions and lack of womens
awareness of their rights still prioritize men. Both reports submitted to the CEDAW Committee
admit, [i]n spite of the non-discriminatory provisions that exist in Georgian legislation, the
asymmetry of mens and womens social roles, with the prevalence of male principle, persists
especially in daily life.8 The NGO report in relation to de jure and de facto inheritance rights states
that despite the legal equality, by tradition women are considered as secondary heirs. In practice,
women have fewer rights than men in the division of inherited property.9 The paradox that we are
witnessing in these cases is the ineffectiveness of more or less advanced legislation in comparison
with customary law. And although the Convention encourages states to regulate discriminatory
customs and traditions, elimination of traditional forms of discrimination against women requires
more than legislative efforts. To analyze this situation further we may borrow the logic of R. J.
Vincent about what happens to human rights if they are not enforced. He himself appeals to Jack
Donelly who introduced the notion of possession-paradox,10 that is when ones car is stolen but
one still has a right to the car. Vincent points out that it is characteristic of human rights to have
a right to something without the right being enforced.11 We have a similar situation in relation to
legal and actual equality of men and women in Georgia, in many fields they are legally equal to
men but data of reality depict different picture.
8

Consideration of Initial Report Submitted by States Parties under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination against Women, Article 5, paragraph 33.
9
Report of Non-governmental Organizations on the Status of Women in the Republic of Georgia under CEDAW Articles,
6.
10
R, J. Vincent, Human Rights and International Relations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986,10 citing Jack
Donelly, The Concept of Human Rights, 16-17
11
Vincent, 10.

107
6

Georgian Constitution is the supreme legislative document of the country. It was adopted in August
1995, when the country was already part of the Convention. According to the article 6, paragraph 2
of the Constitution, The legislation of Georgia corresponds with universally recognized norms and
principles of international law. International treaties or agreements concluded with and by Georgia,
if they do not contradict the Constitution of Georgia, take precedence over domestic normative
acts. Thus, priority is given to the international law over the domestic as long as the country is part
of it and it does not contradict with the Constitution. However, international law cannot be
exercised directly in a country if it is not transformed in the national legislation. Having this in mind I
am going to look at transformation of the Womens Convention in Georgian legislation.
The embodiment of the principle of equality of men and women in the national constitutions is the
first requirement of the Convention (Part I, Article 2, paragraph (a)). In the Constitution of Georgia
we find article 14, which states: Everyone is born free and is equal before the law, regardless of
race, skin color, language, sex, religion, political and other beliefs, national, ethnic and social
origin, property and title of nobility or place of residence. Here sex is listed among other
variables upon which a person cannot be discriminated before the law. There is no special
mentioning of men and women having equal rights and fundamental freedoms, Georgian
Constitution uses person, citizen or individual for both sexes, for instance in the article 18,
paragraph 1: The freedom of a person is inviolable. In the document legislators put person,
citizen or individual as an embodiment of both sexes, with slight indication that there is no need
in separating citizens based on their sex. However, we know from the history of legal thought that
mostly men have been considered as subjects of law and sometimes it is more helpful to state
women and men instead of inclusive names, such as citizen, individual and person.12

sakanonmdeblo organoSi anu imaze, Tu realurad ra Sansebi aqvT qalebs sakanonmdeblo organoSi gawevrianebisaTvis da ras SeiZleba niSnavdes es gawevrianeba qalTa
politikuri da samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT. kursis
bolos aseve SevajamebT kursis mimdinareobisas gamokveTil ZiriTad sakiTxebs.

kursis mizani:
kursis mizania warmoaCinos Tu ra gavlenas axdenda, erTi SexedviT `neitraluri~
da `obieqturi~ kanonmdebloba qalebisa da mamakacebis uflebriv mdgomareobaze
istoriulad, amaRldes studentebis cnobiereba samarTlis istoriuli da genderuli
aspeqtebis Sesaxeb.

studentTa Sefasebis meTodebi:


kursi studentebisagan moiTxovs leqciebsa da seminarebze daswrebasa da aqtiur
monawileobas. pirveli saaTi daeTmoba leqciasa da msjelobas. meore saaTi, seminari,
daeTmoba studentebis mier momzadebul ZiriTadi da damxmare sakiTxavi literaturis
zepir prezentaciebs. amas garda. studentebs daevalebaT prezentaciebis Semdgomi
diskusiisaTvis kiTxvebis SemoTavazeba. kursis bolos studentebs moeTxovebaT 10-11 gverdiani saboloo esse. Sefasebisas TiToeuli zemoxsenebuli komponenti ase
ganawildeba:

In the Constitution women are mentioned only twice; in article 30, paragraph 4: the working
conditions of minors and women are determined by law. This mentioning of women along with
minors underlining the need for the state protection of their labor rights by special legislation
indicates that although it is not explicitly mentioned, the creators of the Constitution acknowledge
that women along with minors need special protection. The second mentioning of women but only
as spouses and mothers in the Constitution is article 36, which defines that: marriage is based
upon equality of rights and free will of spouses and below in the paragraph 3, states: the rights of
mothers and children are protected by law. Here for the second time women are mentioned along
with minors needing state protection. This is the second indication that although there is no
particular attention paid to the equality between the sexes, as if it is implied, women like children
need special protection, in other words in these two fields according to the Constitution state
becomes the guarantee for the protection of the rights and equality among men, women, and
children. These are clear examples of how paternalist attitudes are articulated in the countrys
supreme legal document. The content and style of these two mentioning of women also indicates
that although there is no direct stress put on the issue of equality of sexes the problem of inequality
exists.

2. ZiriTadi terminebis leqsikoni

Analyzing and comparing the Report of Non-governmental Organizations on the Status of Women
in the Republic of Georgia Under CEDAW Articles with the Initial Report of States Parties one
notices incompliance in the information concerning the protection of equality. NGO report states
that despite the above-mentioned 14th article of the Constitution, there are no specific laws that

feminizmi

12

None of the following historical documents were referring to women explicitly, but to men: Declaration of the Rights of
Men and of the Citizen (Approved by the National Assembly of France, August 26, 1789); Virginia Declaration of Rights
(drafted by George Mason and adopted unanimously on June 12, 1776 by Virginia Convention of Delegates); The US
Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776); The US Bill of Rights (ratified on December 15 1791).

leqcia-seminarebze daswreba da aqtiuri monawileoba - 25%

zepiri prezentaciebi da diskusiisaTvis SemoTavazebuli kiTxvebis xarisxi 35%

saboloo esse 40%

ZiriTadi terminebis leqsikonSi konteqstualurad ganvmartavT im terminebs,


romlebmac didi gavlena iqonia feminizmis Teoriebis Camoyalibebaze da am Teoriebis
Semadgenel nawilebad iqca. seve, ZiriTadi terminebis leqsikonis mizania studentebs
kursis dasawyisSive Seuqmnas naTeli warmodgena im mniSvnelovani cnebebisa da
terminebis Sesaxeb, romlebic uxvadaa gamoyenebuli kursis ama Tu im TemaSi. TumcaRa,
konteqstidan gamomdinare, Temebis mixedviTac moxdeba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani
terminebis ganmeorebiTi ganmarteba da damatebiTi terminebisa da cnebebis Semotana.

Tavdapirvelad daviwyoT TviT feminizmiT, feminizmi politikuri moZraoba da


doqtrinaa, romelic Caisaxa dasavleT evropasa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. is
miznad isaxavs qalTa da mamakacTa Tanabaruflebianobas da emsaxureba qalTa
uflebebis dacvas.
gamomdinare iqidan, qalTa uflebebis dacvasTan erTad, samyaros kidev rogor

108
5

kvira 1.
1. kursis `qalTa adamianis uflebebi:
samarTlis genderul-istoriuli aspeqtebi~ Sesavali,
mizani, Sinaarsi, moTxovnebi da struqtura.

literatura:
Nicholson, Linda (ed.) Introduction, Early Statements in The Second Wave: A reader in Feminist
Theory, New Yourk, Routledge, 1997, 1-10.
Moscow Center for Gender Studies, Glossary, available on-line at:
<http://www.gender.ru/russian/glossary/index.shtml>, last viewed on 6 February 2005.

kursis aRwera:
samarTlis genderuli aspeqtebis warmosaCenad kursi studentebs sTavazobs
istoriul eqskurss qalTa uflebebis damcavi samarTlebrivi azrovnebis ganviTarebis
Sesaxeb, dasavleTsa (dasavleT evropa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi) da sabWoTa
kavSirSi. kursis dasawyisSi mimovixilavT im istoriul garemoebebs, romlebmac xeli
Seuwyo qalTa uflebriv diskriminacias, davsvamT kanonSemoqmedis obieqturobis,
sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobisa da damokidebulebis sakiTxebs. qalTa samarTlebrivi
mdgomareobis mimoxilvas daviwyebT safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciidan da
davasrulebT XX saukunis miwurulis monacemebiT. qalTa politikuri uflebebisTvis
brZolas (feministTa pirveli talRa), XIX saukunidan moyolebuli vidre XX saukinis
20-ian wlebamde davuTmobT gansakuTrebul yuradRebas, rogorc qalTa uflebrivi
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis istoriul safuZvels.
kursis farglebSi dawvrilebiT SevCerdebiT im Zalisxmevaze, romlebsac
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi (erTa liga da gaero) mimarTavdnen qalTa uflebrivi
mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad, aseve im procesebze, romlebic Tan axlda qalTa
uflebebis damcavi saerTaSoriso dokumentebis adgilobriv kanonmdeblobaSi asaxvasa
da danergvas. kursis am nawilSi CavuRrmavdebiT qalTa konvenciis muSaobis praqtikas
saqarTveloSi (1994 wels Cveni qveyana SeuerTda konvencias qalTa diskriminaciis
yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb). davsvamT kiTxvebs im mizezebisa da Sedegebis
Sesaxeb, rac axlavs tranziciuli saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebis mier saerTaSoriso
adamianis uflebebis damcav samarTlis dokumentebTan mierTebas. gavamaxvilebT
yuradRebas im araxelsayrel Sefardebaze, romelic arsebobs qalTa de faqto da de
iure mdgomareobas Soris sazogadoebaSi fesvgadgmuli diskriminaciuli tradiciebis
gamo da, romelic naTeli dadasturebaa imisa, rom kanonmdebloba ar aris
yovlisSemZle da universaluri sxvadasxva viTarebaSi myofi adamianebis dasacavad.
kursi studentebis yuradRebas miapyrobs samarlebrivi regulirebis iseT
aspeqtebze, sadac kanonmdeblebisa da kanonmdeblobis genderuli mgrZnobeloba
gadamwyvetia qalTa uflebebis dasacavad. aseTi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani sferoebia abortisa da ojaxuri Zaladobis regulireba. gavecnobiT am kuTxiT amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebisa da dasavleTi da centraluri evropis qveynebis mdgomareobas.
kursis bolos SevCerdebiT im urTierTdamokidebulebaze, rac arsebobs saarCevno
kanonmdeblobas, saarCevno sistemasa da qalTa politikur warmomadgenlobas Soris

will prohibit discrimination against women on the basis of sex and marital status. Contrary to this
statement, the Initial Government Report states that the Criminal Code establishes sanctions for
acts that violate the equality of citizens; such sanctions take the form of a fine or imprisonment for
a period of up to two years. If a crime of this nature involved the abuse of ones official position, or
if it had serious consequences, it is punishable by imprisonment for a period of up to three years; in
such cases, the person found guilty may be deprived of the right to hold a specific post for a period
of up to five years. This incompliance between the two reports is not accidental, one thing is to
have such a provision in the Criminal Code13 and another thing is its implementation. The fact that
such an article exists is already a positive happening, however, as it is often the case in Georgia,
problem is not the lack of legislation but the lack of its implementation. If we could have traced
down the number of cases brought before the court under this article we could see better that in
such cases legislation remains firmly on the paper and is rarely put into practice, partly due to the
lack of individuals awareness of their rights and partly because of flourishing syndrome of lack of
punishment, especially during Shevardnadzes administration; When because of corruption
everyone felt that he/she could get away with the wrongdoing and this feeling used to become
securer if one was positioned higher on the official ladder of the government, business or was
simply well connected with those higher positioned. With the change of the government we do
see some principle positive changes in combating corruption, and we hope that these positive
tendencies will ensure the rule of law, the environment where article on violation of equality of
humans will not remain factually stated but will be actually working.
The NGO report repeatedly mentions, Georgian legislation does not protect women from violence.
The crimes against the person defined in the Criminal Code are insult, assault and battery There
is no legal protection from abuse by partners; rape by a husband or partner is not a crime. There is
no specific law banning violence against women.14 In this line the fact that there were only fortyone cases of rape and eighteen cases of attempted rape of women registered in 199715 is
symptomatic, it tells us that many cases of rape go unreported. It also tells us that women have
their reasons not to bring rape cases to the court: these can be distrust to law enforcement,
unwillingness to publicize private matters, fear of public opinion, influence of patriarchal society
resulting in the assumption that rape by a partner or a husband is not an act of violence against
women, womens lack of awareness of their rights, etc. Article 137 of the current Criminal Code
punishes rape from three to seven years of imprisonment. However, rape committed under
aggravated circumstances (such as for instance rape by a group, rape of a pregnant woman, rape
of a person under fourteen years old, etc.) is punishable from five to twenty years of imprisonment.
The Criminal Code of Georgia defines rape as: sexual intercourse through violence, threat of
violence or abusing the helplessness of the victim16, in the Article there is no mentioning of marital
rape, or rape by a spouse or partner, respectively the existing legal culture dictates citizens that
only those wrongdoings count as crimes that are committed in the public domain, while traditions
mark the private domain as inviolable from the side of the state machinery and regulations.
Article 6 of the Convention states that states parties shall take all appropriate measures, including
legislation, to suppress all forms of traffic in women and exploitation of prostitution of women17.
Like the absence of specific law banning violence against women, there exists no specific law
13

Criminal Code of Georgia, CHAPTER XIII, Crime Against Human Rights and Freedoms, Article 142. Violation of
Equality of Humans.
14
Report of Non-governmental Organizations on the Status of Women in the Republic of Georgia under CEDAW
Articles, 2.
15
Consideration of Initial Report Submitted by States Parties under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination against Women, Article 6, Paragraph 46.
16
Criminal Code of Georgia, CHAPTER XXII, Crime Against Sexual Freedom and Inviolability, Article 137.
17
CEDAW, Part I, Article 6.

109
4

regulating trafficking in the country. In 2003, the Ministry of Justice prepared a proposal for
strengthening of anti-trafficking legislation in the country, the Parliament adopted the proposal in
the same year and made changes in the Criminal Code of the country punishing trading with
humans (Paragraph 1, Article 143) and punishing trading with minors (Paragraph 2, Article 143).
Criminal Code of Georgia also provides with the list of punishable activities related to human
trafficking. As for prostitution, under existing legislation, prostitution as such is not considered a
criminal offence. At the same time, setting up and maintaining of brothels, engaging someone into
prostitution are criminal offences.
Another requirement of the Womens Convention to the states parties is stated in article 2,
paragraph (f): [States should] take all appropriate measures, including legislation, to modify or
abolish existing laws, regulations, customs and practices which constitute discrimination against
women. One example of how the state can regulate such customs and practices was Article 134
of the previous Criminal Code that criminalized old tradition of bride kidnapping. According to the
tradition a man with the intention of marriage kidnaps a woman; This crime limits womans
freedom of choice whom to marry. Such an action as kidnapping already implies an act of violence
either physical, or psychological.18 Bride kidnapping has become less popular in the past decade
due to general decrease of marriages as a result of harsh economic conditions. Maybe that serves
as an explanation for the fact that there is no mentioning of the kidnapping with the intention of
marriage in the current Criminal Code but only article 144 that defines kidnapping as hostagetaking which is aimed to coerce an organization or a person to or not to carry out this or that action
by setting a condition that the hostage will be released and lists aggravating circumstances and
intention to marry is not mentioned. This fact remained beyond the attention of the second
governmental report to the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
submitted in September 2000. However, despite the fact that bride kidnapping was punishable by
Soviet legislation the majority of cases were ending in marriage registration bureaus rather than
courts. Partly because women would want to marry the kidnapper and partly because it was risky
for the reputation of a girl not to marry once she has been already kidnapped. Public opinion
makes its point: - many people consider that return of the kidnapped woman to the family is
compromising for the latter as well as for the former.19 To make the situation more understandable
I have to mention that in Georgia the demand for womens virginal purity at marriage is still strong,
so kidnapping that did not end in marriage puts shadow on womans reputation no matter whether
she had any sexual relationship with the kidnapper or not. This is the case when de jure protection
of womens rights is de facto ineffective due to strong cultural institutions. Demand for virginal
purity at marriage and a double moral standard is a result of male-dominated society and violates
principles of womens freedom and equality. These are the cultural issues that are not effectively
regulated by state because they are not considered acute by the political decision-makers and are
unspoken on one hand and because civil society and womens interest groups are not strong and
mobilized enough to put this issues on the policy-makers agenda.
Joining the Convention had, in general, positive effects on womens legal status; it resulted in antitrafficking law, and overall increase of the states international accountability with respect to
womens rights, although much remains to be accomplished, as the society is still male-dominated,
customs and traditions prevail law and womens rights awareness remains low.

Sinaarsi
kvira 1. ................................................................................................................................. 4
1. kursis `qalTa adamianis uflebebi: samarTlis genderul-istoriuli
aspeqtebi~ Sesavali, mizani, Sinaarsi, moTxovnebi da struqtura. ............ 4
2. ZiriTadi terminebis leqsikoni ............................................................................. 5
3. visTvis da vis mier iqmneboda kanonebi? samarTlis subieqtis
sakiTxi, gviani Sua saukuneebis debatebi. ....................................................... 16
kvira 2 ................................................................................................................................ 18
1. visTvis da vis mier iqmneboda kanonebi? samarTlis subieqtis
sakiTxi, qalebi da safrangeTis revolucia................................................... 18
2. ufleba airCio da iyo arCeuli pirveli talRis feministebis
yvelaze xangrZlivi brZola................................................................................ 22
kvira 3 ................................................................................................................................ 23
1. ufleba airCio da iyo arCeuli pirveli talRis feministebis
yvelaze xangrZlivi brZola (gagrZeleba)....................................................... 23
2. proletariati da genderuli diskriminacia adreuli bolSevikuri
saxelmwifos dros sabWoTa kavSiri 1918-1936 wlebSi. ............................. 29
kvira 4 ................................................................................................................................ 30
1. proletariati da genderuli diskriminacia
adreuli bolSevikuri saxelmwifos dros sabWoTa
kavSiri 1918-1936 wlebSi (gagrZeleba). ............................................................ 30
2. qalTa uflebebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi ......................................... 36
kvira 5 ................................................................................................................................ 37
1. qalTa uflebebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi (gagrZeleba) ................ 37
2. qalTa uflebebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi ........................................ 37
kvira 6 ................................................................................................................................ 56
1. rogor sruldeba saerTaSoriso valdebulebebi:
saqarTvelos gamocdileba qalTa uflebrivi
mdgomareobis kuTxiT 1991-2004 wlebSi........................................................... 56
2. qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi:
iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli qalebi.......................................................................... 69
kvira 7 ................................................................................................................................ 74
1. sqesobrivi diskriminacia samuSao adgilze debatebi
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi ............................................................................ 74
2. rogor davareguliroT ojaxuri Zladoba,
gasaTvaliswinebeli gamocdileba..................................................................... 77
kvira 8 ................................................................................................................................ 87
1. saarCevno kanonmdebloba sakanonmdeblo organoSi qalTa
warmomadgenlobis zrdasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi ............................. 87
2. kursis ZiriTadi Temebisa da sakiTxebis Sejameba.
konsultaciebi saboloo esses dasawerad...................................................... 97
bibliografia ................................................................................................................ 98

18

Khatuna Madurashvili, Womens Rights and their Protection by Georgian Criminal and Labour Legislation,
Almanakhi, 1998: 31.
19
Lali Kipshidze, Family Violence and Social Problems of Women, Almanakhi, 1998:21

WOMENS HUMAN RIGHTS: GENDER ASPECTS OF HISTORY OF LAW.............. 102

110
3

socialur mecnierebaTa seria

Sexual Harassment at work place the United States debate

mTavari redaqtori:

marine CitaSvili

enobrivi redaqtori:

lia kaWarava

Since 1980s sexual harassment at the workplace has become one of the controversial issues
debated in the United States. The history of identification and naming of the problem has shown
that is was not easy for women, who were sexually harassed at the workplace to protect their
rights. After series of court hearing and cases, employers now are obliged to elaborate policies and
mechanisms addressing cases of sexual harassment. As, the experience shows that if they fail to
do so, employers are as much responsible for the violation of employees rights indirectly as the
direct harasser.

dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini:

giorgi bagrationi

After having examined the cases of sexual harassment, lawyers have identified two forms:

socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006


Center for Social Sciences, 2006
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. 10
el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge

wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa


centris~ (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI Zug,
budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis
mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT

Quid pro quo occurs when a sexual demand is made as term or Condition of employment and
refusal of the demand leads to adverse employment consequences.

Hostile work environment involves acts of verbal abuse, physical touching, sexual demands or
other conduct of a sexual nature. This behaviour must be so pervasive and persistent as to have
the effect of unreasonably interfering with an individuals work performance or creating an
offensive and intimidating working environment.20
In Georgia there exist certain provisions in the Criminal Code that protect employees only from
extreme forms of sexual harassment at work place: such as rape or forcing to intercourse.
Georgian legislation does not provide protection from such kind of sexual discrimination that are
envisioned under hostile work environment definition, the employers are not requested to elaborate
mechanisms for protection of employees from the instances of sexual harassment, therefore it can
be concluded that Georgian legislation in this regard is not satisfactory.

How to regulate domestic violence, experiences to consider

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences,
sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education
Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.

ISBN: 99940 - 871 - 0 - X

In this part of the course students will be introduced to the definition of domestic violence, its forms
and manifestations. We will discuss the cycle of domestic violence and the risks, emotions and
patterns of behaviour attached to the cycle. The students will also learn about the history of
identification of domestic violence as a problem and different mechanisms and approaches to
combating the problem on institutional and legal levels. Special attention will be paid to the
experience of developed countries for solving the problem of domestic violence as well as to the
situation in Georgia.
Although women and men are declared equal before the law, legal system, including laws,
procedures, and representatives of law-enforcement remain insensitive to womens concerns and
difficulties in Georgia. Georgian legislation does not define domestic abuse; respectively there exist
no laws regulating instances of domestic violence. Instead, representatives of law-enforcement
appeal to different provisions in the Criminal Code to punish domestic abuse such as (Chapter
XIX) Crime against Life; (Chapter XX) Crime against Health; (Chapter XXI) Exposing Life or Health
of Human Being to Danger; (Chapter XXII) Crime against Sexual Freedom and Inviolability. There
exists no provision punishing marital rape. The number of women, victims of domestic violence
appealing to the law-enforcement is very low, as they are afraid that the society will disapprove of
their behaviour of publicizing private matters or of being blamed themselves for the aggression
from the side of a spouse.
20

Glendora C. Hughes Sexual Harassment: Then and Noa, Maryland Bar Journal May/June, 2000, 2.

111

Students will be given opportunity to share their ideas and understanding of domestic abuse,
distinguishing among the diverse approaches and methods to overcome the problem those ones
that they think would work best in Georgian environment.

Election legislation questions related to the increase of women in the legislative branches
of government

socialur mecnierebaTa seria

In this part of the course we will attempt to analyse Georgian parliamentary and local electoral
systems, determining its effects on womens political participation. We will analyse system through
electoral systems dimensional criteria outlined by Lijphart, in Electoral Systems and Party
Systems.21 By looking at electoral formula, district magnitude, malapportionment, electoral
threshold, assembly size, and the possibility of linked lists. Through this analysis we will attempt to
determine the chances of women to get elected in the Parliament of Georgia.
We will also look at history of political parties in Georgia since 1991 from the viewpoint of their
gender sensitivity. Inquiring about the role of political parties as gatekeepers to womens political
activism and participation in decision-making. More specifically, students will learn the criteria
outlined by Miki Caul, that will help them evaluate the role of political parties in womens
representation in parliament. According to Caul, four party-level factors have some explanatory
power [in relation to the proportion of women that get elected from a party]: organizational
structure, ideology, women party activists and gender-related candidate rules.22
We will also discuss pros and cons of quotas for increasing womens participation in the
parliament. Students will be asked to reflect on the well-known female politicians in Georgia and
brainstorm on what do they think hinders the participation of women in politics based on the
readings of the course.

Summery of the key topics and themes covered during the course and consultations for the
final essay
In this concluding part of the course, we will summarize key topics covered during the course,
making sure that students locate these themes and topics rightly with regard to womens rights and
historical events. At this stage, students will be provided also with consultations for the final essay.

qalTa uflebebis
istoriuli
aspeqtebi
saleqcio kursi
socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis

Tamar sabedaSvili

Tbilisi

21

A Lijphart, Electoral Systems and Party Systems, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994, 14.
22
Caul, M. Womens Representation in Parliament: the Role of Political Parties, Party Politics, vol. 5. no.1 (1999): 79-98

112

2006

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