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SUMMARY
Op-amp are high voltage gain integrated circuits
The function and gain of an op-amp is controlled by external
components
Open-loop gain of an op-amp is theoretically infinite; in practice it can be
well over 250 000
The two inputs to an op-amp are: 1. - inverting. The output will be 180
out of phase with the signal applied to this input. 2. + non-inverting.
The output will be in phase with the signal applied to this input.
Op-amps are usually operated in one of the three modes: 1. Singleended 2. Differential 3. Common
In the single-ended mode of operation, only one input is used. The
other is earthed.
In the differential mode of operation, both inputs are used. The opamp responds to the difference between the input voltages
In the common mode of operation, the same signal is applied to both
inputs. The resultant output should be zero volts
The output voltage level is limited to (just less than) the value of the
supply voltage
Op-amps operate from either a single-polarity or dual-polarity. If a
dual-polarity supply is used, the positive and negative voltages have a
similar value
Op-amps when used as voltage amplifiers, have one of the following
configurations: 1. Inverting amplifier 2. Non-inverting amplifier 3.
Voltage follower
Op-amp voltage amplifiers have the following gain formulae. 1. Inverting
amp AV = Rf
Rin) 3.
Voltage follower AV = 1
Common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) is a measure of an op-amps
ability to reject common mode signals
The difference amplifier stages that make up part of the op-amp provide
high voltage gain and common-mode rejection
Open loop voltage gain is the gain of the op-amp with no external
feedback connections
There are three basic op-amp configurations: inverting, non-inverting,
and voltage follower
All op-amp configurations except comparators employ negative
feedback
Input offset voltage produces an output error voltage (with no input
voltage)
The voltage follower has the highest input impedance and the lowest
output impedance of the three configuration