Gander Terry, Ed. Jane's Military Training Systems 1989-90

JANE'S
MILITARY TRAINING
SYSTEMS
1990-91
Edited by Terry
Simply the best

Air Defence.
A ir
Air Traffic
&
Gander
training for.
in
Fighter Control
.Artillery
Observation of
Fire.
.Tank Gunnery.
Anti Tank
VISRAD - ATC Radar
Defence - Sky/ire
SIMULATED SYSTEMS
Gunnery
& Tower
Visual Trainer
U,
SPECIAL VALUE
Albert Drive, Kurj;<^
West Susst-\ Kl
(0444) 2471
felex:
877766 ImJ
I.iv
Tank Gunnery - Intermediate Trainer
ll
let:
$21 3B
(0444)2441
A WHOLLY OWNED SUBl

UNITED SCIENTIFIC HOiJ
"780?40 M 0188S4"
ajtm
SYSTEM
leading technology
for military technical training
'Mi
GAJON INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

P.O.
Box 683 Genoa
Tel. 39 10 224641
Italy
Fax. 39 10 212671
Tlx.
281229
win
nUi
.v
#&
A
battlefield
combat
is
mechanised
no place to
over 30
countries,
Loral
Weapon
Simulators (DFWES) enable
Solartron
Direct
Fire
commanders and troops

tactical
vital
learn
skills.
In
Effects
moving
fast
gunnery
skills
to
learn
procedural
and
using
operational
equipment as they would in battle.

Realistic training against an
enemy
that fights back.
way
effective
to
The only
ensure
combat
readiness.
Loral Solartron,
division of Loral
Europe
Ltd.,
580 Great Cambridge Road,

Enfield, Middlesex EN1 3RX,
England
[1]
UOMATOR /ADVANCED
The
IRAINING
OYSTEMS
training simulator
concept
the
twenty-first century
CATS ESIM
lery
is
a simulator
personnel,
ESIM
is
sound
for
the training of
for
artil-
based on large picture projection and
effects.
The screen shows the
CONCEPT
The system is based on the latest developments in computer, audio and video
technology.
Placing man at the center and providing
the best conditions in any given situation
enables officers and other ranks to meet
tomorrow
demands
today.
LXX-
particular fire-control officers.
in
THE CATS
terrain sectors
is in charge of
can show whichever combat events he chooses. Symbols can be
made to disappear and then reappear wherever
desired. Strategically important sea, land and air
manoeuvers that need special attention can be
practiced by this means. By simulating smoke, fog
and a variety of activities and effects, as well as
varying daylight conditions, the system may be
which the
within
firing
fire-control officer
operations. The instructor
activity stress, thus enhancing the

effectiveness of the training. Various instruments,
e.g. laser rangefinders, compasses and binoculars, are used by the trainee as in normal field
used to create
exercises. Exercises
may be conducted
individu-
groups and the individual trainee's

evaluated.
ally or in
CATS STRISIM
is
results
the Swedish acronym for tacti-
cal battle simulator. STRISIM is based on the CATS

concept, with high quality screen projection, a
four-way speaker system and state of the art tech-
nology. It is intended for coordinated armoured

battalion training. An essential element of STRISIM
is a mock-up of an APC. The battalion com-
mander commands the tank company commanders from inside the APC. The commanders can check the tactical situation both in
a map version and "out of the window"
version. All communication between the
officers takes place on intercom equipment simulating the real radio system
KUL
-control
equipment
and evaluation
for antiaircraft artillery,
type
measurements
of new antiaircraft equipment, but can
be used for other equipment too. Its spe-
2.
KUL
is
designed
for
cial application is testing RBS 90 missiles and the

target designation accuracy of type PS-70 and
PS-90 reconnaissance radar. It can also test the
precision of point-of-aim calculations in fire control
equipment and new simple "on-mounting" AAsights. KUL2 also has a TV evaluation function for
analyzing shots at towed targets.
For further information
and demonstration
please contact us.
ABOUT OUR COMPANY
Comator Process Ab was established in
1973. The company is based in southern
Sweden. The first delivery to the Swedish
Ministry of Defense was made in 975. Our
deliveries cover complete installations,
where we accept total responsibility for
computers, programming systems and
Ljcustcr
P
Box 12050, S-250 12 Helsingborg, Sweden.
Visitors:
Rundgangen
10.
Phone +46-42-18
51 00. Fax +46-42-15 02 30
[2]
user training.
JANE'S
MILITARY TRAINING
SYSTEMS
THIRD EDITION
EDITED BY
TERRY
GANDER
1990-91
7106 0916
ISBN
JANE'S DEFENCE DATA

"Jane's"
Copyright s
1990 by Jane's
All rights
reserved.
in
is
a registered trade
Information Group Limited, Sentinel House,
No
part of this publication
any form or by any means,
may be
mark
163 Brighton Road, Coulsdon, Surrey CR5 2NH, UK
reproduced, stored
in
retrieval
systems or transmitted,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the publishers.
In
the
USA
and
its
dependencies
1340 Braddock Place, Suite 300,

PO Box 1436, Alexandria, Virginia 22314-1651, USA
Jane's Information Group
Printed
in
Inc,
the United
Kingdom
HUGHES
The Hughes commitment to training and simulation excellence.
Like a skillful
mason
laying bricks
on a strong foundation, Hughes

Aircraft
Company
is
systems
training
for the T-45,
MV-22,
and B-2.
building a
The
Hughes
team are supported by a
capabilities of the
training
Hughes is building on the success of its proven training expertise

through the acquisition and formation
foundation of service and technolog-
of leading training organizations for
than 50 years. Hughes' Support Systems organization -with its proven
one express purpose. To be the
best.
Aircraft
for
more
This
track record as a provider of system
simulators and logistics services-
part of Honeywell, Incorporated. For
over 30 years
a wide range
T&CSD
;
c*.
has delivered
nnovative military
equipment that today is

meeting the demands of major military aircraft training programs, such
as the F-15, F-16, and F/A-18. Experience gained from these programs is
contributing to the development of
training
advancement Hughes
Company has demonstrated
its
is why Hughes recently added

team the Training and Control
Systems Division (T&CSD) formerly
to
1989 Hughes Aircralt
serves as the team's cornerstone.
Hughes
stiffest training
requirements.
world-leading training team.
ical
meet the
abilities to
Training Systems,
Hughes
Technical Services Company,

Rediffusion Simulation Incorporated,
Rediffusion Simulation Limited, and
AMI Instruments complete the team.
team is
commitment to deliver
innovation and quality on military,
This performance-driven
bound by
and industrial training programs.

Performance which is underscored
by a dedication to meet the technical, schedule, support, and cost
objectives for training programs of
any scope.
civil,
To put your training program on a

sound foundation, contact our Marketing Department at (213) 513-3300.
From defining and designing total

systems to supplying individual simulator or trainer subsystems,
the Hughes training team has the captraining
HUGHES
Subsidiary of
Company
[4]
GM
Hughes
Electronics
Contents
Foreword
[17]
Abbreviations
[19]
Land-Based Systems
Arms Range Equipment and Systems
Full Calibre Gunnery Ranges and Systems
Small Arms Marksmanship Training Equipment and Systems
Sub-calibre Training Devices and Training Weapons
Training Ammunition and Pyrotechnics
Tactical Engagement Simulation
Anti-tank Guided Weapon Simulators and Training Systems
Air Defence Training Systems
Tank and Direct Fire Gun Trainers and Simulators
Tank (and other AFV) Crew and Tactical Trainers
Artillery and Mortar Fire Control Trainers and Simulators
Tank and other Driving Simulators
Weapon. Weapon System and Vehicle Maintenance Trainers
Command and Staff Level Tactical Trainers
Miscellaneous Land-based Trainer's and Simulators
Small
32
42
50
63
83
103
109
124
136
144
152
1
60
164
172
Naval Systems
Ship Handling Simulators
181
Weapon Operating
184
Trainers and Simulators
Operations Centre Simulators
Submarine
Command Team
188
192
Trainers
196
Tactical Training Simulators
Propulsion/Electrical
Power Generation and Distribution System
Simulators
Submarine Steering and Depth Control Simulators

Sensor and Electronic Warfare Simulators and Trainers
Naval Maintenance Trainers
Underwater Practice Weapons and Targets
Miscellaneous Naval Simulators and Trainers
204
210
213
228
23
236
Aviation/Avionics Systems
Aircraft
and Helicopter Simulators and Procedure Trainers
Combat Simulators and Trainers

Aircraft Weapon and Attack Simulators
241
Air Traffic and Fighter Control Simulators
283
289
292
297
302
Computer-generated Image and Visual Display Systems
306
Aerial Target Drones and Aerial Targets
328
Addenda
363
Index
367
Air
Airborne Electronic Warfare Training Systems

Aircraft
and Avionic System Maintenance Trainers
[5]
GET TOTAL CONTROL OVER YOUR TRAINING!
METS
used by the Swedish military

defense to control, present and evaluate data to and from laser shooting
and radar simulators.
is
METS has built in semiduplex datacommunication capability and for

communication uses intelligent mobile units, the communication can be
done either via radio or as an option
it
via cable.
METS
mobile unit can be used as a
data collector
poses.
for later evaluation pur-
MAIL
TELEPHONE
TELEFAX
TELEX
Box 1212
S-171 23 SOLNA
+ 46 8-83 17 48
08-82 94 15
13779 TELYS-S
Sweden
McQueen have
specialised in target
manufacture for 100 years and can offer

expert advice on all pistol and rifle targets
for small-bore and full-bore ranges.
A SERIES OF SPECIAL TRAINING
TARGETS IS AVAILABLE FOR ANTITERRORIST UNITS. SPECIALLY
DEVELOPED FOR THE SPECIFIC

NEEDS OF CLOSE QUARTER COMBAT
TRAINING. OFFERING SECURITY
FORCES A HIGHLY VERSATILE AND

FLEXIBLE SYSTEM.
WE OFFER A DESIGN AND

PRODUCTION SERVICE TO CLIENTS
REQUIRING SPECIAL TARGETS MADE
TO THEIR OWN SPECIFICATIONS.
EACH YEAR MCQUEEN PRODUCE
OVER 20 MILLION TARGETS IN A

VARIETY OF FORMS FOR MILITARY.
POLICE AND SPORTS SHOOTING.
THE EXPERTS IN
CURVED SCREENS
AND DOMES
ADDITION TO THE UK MARKET.

MCQUEEN ALSO EXPORT INTO
EUROPE. MIDDLE EAST AND FAR EAST.
IN
WE ARE
MCQUEEN LTD
QUALITY ASSESSED AND

REGISTERED WITH THE UK M.O.D. TO
AQAP9 REQUIREMENTS.
(TARGET DIVISION)
NETHER ROAD, GALASHLELS,
SELKIRKSHIRE, SCOTLAND
TD1 3HE, UK
Tel:
3-D
0896 4866
Fax: 0896 57786

Telex: 727031
R.R.
STRUCTURES,
Box 127 A\ondale Pa.
(215) 869-8500
[6]
FAX
19311
USA
(215) 268-0200
Inc
Alphabetical
CAE
list
Leentjens Boes S.A.

rue en Bois, 400 Herstal, Belgium
Electronics Ltd
8585 Cote De Liesse, C P 1800,

Canada, H4L 4X4
210
Saint-Laurent, Quebec,
opposite page
of advertisers
[12]
256
Loral Solartron
CAE-Link Corporation
a CAE Industries Ltd Company,
Binghamton, New York 13902-1237,
Division of Loral Europe Ltd
580
Great Cambridge Road, Enfield,
Middlesex EN1 3RX,
USA
UK
[1]
[16]
Comator
PO Box 12050, S-250 12

Sweden
Helsingborg,
[2]
MCQUEENS
Custom Training Aids, Inc.
PO Box 759, South Carolina 29160,
USA
19311,
OAK
Simone
Illinois
[6]
dei Sistemi
Martini 126,
UK
[6]
Switch Systems Inc
PO Box 517,
Pa,
USA
Datamat Ingegneria
Via
Nether Road, Galashiels,

Selkirkshire, Scotland TD1 3HE,
[12]
3-D Structures Inc

RR 1 Box, 1 27 Avondale,
Ltd
(Target Division)
Crystal Lake,
60014, USA
[13]
SpA
00143 Rome,
Italy
[11]
POSTEC
PO Box 1212, S-171 23
Sweden
Ericsson Radar Electronics AB
Airborne Electronics Division,
S-164 84 Stockholm, Sweden
&
Evans
Utah 84 1 08,
600 Komas
Drive, Salt
USA
[6]
outside back cover
Sutherland
Simulation Division,
Solna,
Lake
Rediffusion Simulation Ltd

Sussex Manor Business Park, Gatwick Road, Crawley,
Sussex RH10 2YD, UK
City,
opposite page
257
[4]
RGB Spectrum
2550
Ninth Street, Berkeley,
California
FN
Herstal,
Belgium
[20]
Gajon Institute of Technology

PO Box 683, Genoa,
....
[10]
back index section
Spartanics Ltd
3605
Edison Place, Rolling Meadows,
linois
60008-1077,
USA
inside front cover
Italy
USA
RX Products ltd
Pontygwindy Industrial Estate
Caerphilly, Mid Glamorgan, CF8 3HU, UK
Herstal S.A.
B-4400
94710,
[8]
Specialist Training & Technical Services Ltd

South House, Bond Avenue, Bletchley, Milton Keynes,
Buckinghamshire
MK1 1RQ, UK
[12]
INDEP
Rua Fernando
1802
Lisbon,
Palha, Apartment 8106,

Codex Portugal
Invertron Simulated
Albert Drive, Burgess
UK
[10]
Systems Ltd
Hill, West Sussex, RH15 9TN,
Vitroselenia
Via Tiburtina 1020,
00156 Rome,
outside front cover
[7]
Italy
PO Box 7119,
[15]
j&
cypartaaics
weaponeer
SMALL ARMS TRAINING SYSTEM
THE BEST
IN SMALL ARMS TRAINING
The best
is
now uctter.
is now
WEAPONEER
available
in
networks, with multiple
weapons, multiple targets and computer assisted instructions.

A field retrofit can upgrade all fielded systems to these
capabilities. Moving targets are also available.
For teaching
Over 500
every day.
live fire skills,
fielded
nothing works
like
WEAPONEER.
systems are saving thousands
of dollars
jfr Qjpartantcs
CONTACT MILITARY SALES:
3605 EDISON PLACE
ROLLING MEADOWS. ILLINOIS 60008-1077

TELEX 240-329
TEL. (708) 394-5700

FAX (708) 394-9349
Your small arms training needs are our business.
[8]
U.S.A.
Classified
The companies
advertising
listed,
in this
list
of advertisers
publication have informed us that they are involved
Action Speed Tactical Trainers

CAE-Link
Computer Based
Datamat
Invertron Simulated
Training
Systems
in
the fields of manufacture indicated below:
Naval Target Systems
CAE
CAE-Link
Systems
Electronics
Loral Solartron
Gajon
Aerial Target
CAE
RGB Spectrum
Systems
Part Task Operator Trainers
Spartanics
Electronics
Specialist Training
Aircraft
&
Technical Services
CAE-Link
ECC
and Helicopter Simulators and
Procedure Trainers
Computer Generated Imagery
CAE
CAE-Link
Electronics
CAE-Link
3-D Structures
International
Specialist Training
Custom
Technical Services
Weapons
Practice
Loral Solartron
&
Training Aids
Rediffusion Simulation
Specialist Training
&
Technical Services
Damage Control
CAE Electronics
Trainers
Radar/Sonar Operator Trainers

CAE-Link
Aircrew Trainers and Simulators
CAE
Datamat
Electronics
CAE-Link
Decoys
Custom
3-D Structures
Datamat
OAK
Specialist Training
&
Electronic Warfare Training
Technical Services
Air Defence Tactical Training

Ericsson Radar Electronics
CAE
Systems

Specialist Training & Technical Services
Air Traffic Control/Radar/Visual

Control Training Simulater
CAE
and Simulators
Electronics
Arms Marksmanship
Training
Systems
FN Herstal
Oak Switch Systems
and Fighter
Datamat
Submarine

Specialist Training & Technical Services
CAE-Link
Datamat
Command Team
Trainers
Invertron Simulated
Systems
Air- To-Air
Full Calibre
Custom
Combat Simulators
Gunnery Ranges and Systems
Training Aids

CAE-Link
Electronics
Tank (and other AFV) Crew
CAE-Link
Interactive Video Training
3-D Structures
Anti-Tank Guided
Simulators
Weapon
Specialist Training
Trainers and
Electronics
Invertron Simulated
Systems
CAE-Link
Gajon
RGB Spectrum
Systems
Anti-Tank Missile Training Systems

Electronics
Invertron Simulated
Systems
Technical Services
Tactical
Command and
Tank
Land Mine Training Sets

Custom Training Aids
OAK Switch Systems
Loral Solartron
CAE-Link
Gajon
(or Direct Fire) Fire and Fire Control

3-D Structures
Invertron Simulated Systems
OAK
Switch Systems
Visual Modification for

Specialist Training
&
Weapon and Attack

Military Training
CAE
Systems
Electronics
CAE-Link
Custom
Battlefield Air Defence Weapon Trainers
Systems
Armoured Vehicles
Technical Services
Fire Trainer
Systems
Switch Systems
Invertron Simulated
Invertron Simulated
Technical Services
Maintenance Training Systems

Control Trainers
Herstal
Observation of
&
Thermal and Visual Recognition Training Sets

CAE-Link
Artillery
Specialist Training
Integrated Thermal Signature Targets

Loral Solartron
Army
Tactical Trainers
CAE-Link
3-D Structures
Loral Solartron
&
Loral Solartron
OAK
CAE-Link
CAE-Link
FN
Electronics
Small
EW Trainers
Defence Training Simulators

CAE
CAE
CAE-Link
3-D Structures
Electronics
CAE-Link
Systems
Air
CAE
Gajon
Switch Systems
Systems
Elisra Electronic
CAE

Training Aids
Simulators
CAE-Link
3-D Structures
OAK Switch Systems
Training Aids
Weapon
INDEP
CAE-Link
Systems
Invertron Simulated
Fire
and
Effect Simulators
and Systems
Loral Solartron
Gajon
Weapon
Loral Solartron
Command
Information Centre/Operations
Simulators
CAE-Link
Datamat
RGB Spectrum
Room
OAK
Switch Systems
POSTEC
Spartanics
Specialist Training
&
Technical Services
[9]
Operating Trainers and Simulators

CAE-Link
Gajon
3-D Structures
OAK Switch Systems
/!
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RUA FERNANDO PALHA, APARTADO 8106

802 LISBOA CODEX - PORTUGAL
1
SPECTRUM
(Formerly RGB Technology)
2550 Ninth Street Berkeley. CA 94710
TEL: (415)
848-0180 FAX:
(415)
8584371
8582330
TELEX: 12514 INDFBPP
TELEF: (351-1)
FAX: (351-1)
848-0971
[10]
300
Alexandria
Coulsdon
683 3700
SOFTWARE
LOGISTIC
SUPPORT
Information
Engineering
Technologies
Systems
(RDBMS)
TRAINING
Mine hunters
Submarines
SIMULATORS
SPACE
Helicopters
Operator Trainers
(Radar, Sonar)
Team
Land based
Satellite
Ground
Trainer
Stations
Tactical Trainer
SYSTEM
INTEGRATION
PRODUCTS
1553 System Integrator
Test Bed
I
Platform Simulators
IMAGE
Processing Systems
the information
experts
H^MHSfiBEJKgS^
^ DATAMAT
"--"
management
'kM8&?3v*
INGEGNERIA DEI SISTEMI SPA
Via
Simone
Martini 126,
00143- ROME, ITALY Phone:
(06)
50451
Fax: (06) 504 5305
Telex:
613436
DTMT
SPECIALIST TRAINING
#^*T*yf
:M
JTm
STftTS
CUSTOM
TRAINING
&
aids, inc.
TECHIS cal
:rvices
803-794-3219
STATS
vX 803-796-1810
systems and Technical Documentation to the

defence, commercial and industrial sectors
P.O.
Box 759
SC 29160
is
a leader
Swansea,
providing total training
in
worldwide.
Our professional
O
O
O
O
O
O
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Manufacturer
of the
Most Durable,
Economical
12VDC, 110VAC or 220VAC
Integrated
services include:
Training analyses
Course design
Training aids
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Evaluation
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UK Headquarters
Targets
Specialist Training
South House
& Technical Services Ltd
Bond Avenue
Bletchley
Milton Kevnes Buckinghamshire MK1 IRQ
Tel: (0908) 271660
Fax: (0908) 271332
International +44 908 271660
Other
Military Training
Devices Available
Offices in
ia^
UAE, Belgium and USA
Experienced soldiers
tactical
there
is
know
that
and strategical behaviour

no room for mistakes.
By enabling
all
efficiency in
is vital
armies to exercise
when
tactical
and
frequently,
realistically
and
economically, MINIDRA Tactical Engagement
Simulator enhances combat readiness.
gunnery
skills
The equipment comprises laser transmitters together with body and helmet harnesses. Specific
adaptors are available for all weapons including
pistols and submachine guns.
Fitment of laser transmitter
boresighting is required.
MINIDRA
Tactical
is
simple and no
Engagement Simulator
is
al-
use for military and law enforcement

training; it is the choice of the Belgian Air Force.
ready
in
Minidra.
A matter
of efficiency.
For further information please contact
xfegnffg/g
LEENTJENS-BOES
sa.
210, rue en Bois

4400 Herstal - Belgium
[12]
INNOVATION
IN SIMULATION
Oak Weapons Effect Signature Simulators (WESS)
When
simulating the effects of direct or indirect
fire,
you
require safety, reliability, cost-effectiveness and versatility.

Oak innovation built all four into our WESS devices.
These rugged WESS units are designed to simulate the
flash,
smoke and report
of artillery
fire.
Innovative, low-
cost mechanically-initiated pyrotechnic cartridges
eliminate the safety problems associated with electricallyinitiated
And
charges.
mil-qualified
lightweight units
WESS
a variety of deployment
indirect fire systems,
ment
trainina of
systems are versatile.
draw low power, making them

situations such as direct
combat decoys and
hostile
What's more, they're field proven and compatible with

major training systems. Call or write today for
information on our standard WESS units. Or we'll act as
all
your partner, designing
For
to
your special requirements.
more information on WESS or other
Oak
military systems, call John Golbeck,

Director/Government Systems Group.
The
ideal for
and
engage-
all typi
1^5
Switch
System^
ThePeVefonrrpgination
-
^-*-^Q. Box
IL 6001
459-501
5 1 7, Crystal Lake,
H8T5T459-5000
FAX
(815)
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will
Coulsdon, Surrey
CR5 2NH
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22314-1651
[14]
Installations,
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THE WARRANTY.
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Copyright 1990 CAE-Link
Link
[16]
Foreword
One of
compiling any of the Jane's

many mergers, takeovers and
general upheavals that are endemic in the defence industry. Every
year new training orientated companies are formed, mergers create
the greatest
Yearbooks
is
difficulties
very latest systems can generate.
in
COMPU-SCENE V was included in last year's

Yearbook and the system is already in use with the US
military in the field of what has become known as mission rehearsal
simulation. Flight crews can thus carry out all stages of any mission
on a simulator knowing that the images they are looking at are as
keeping abreast of the
General Electric's
edition of this
new names, minnows turn into giants and many respected logos fade
from view. The last year has been no exception with what might yet
emerge as one of the most significant events being saved until most of
this Yearbook had been completed. The last major 'all-British' simulation company, Link-Miles, has been taken over by the French
Thomson-CSF. Exactly what this takeover will entail has yet to be
revealed but the two concerns involved have too many areas of
overlap for both to remain operating as they have been. We will have
to wait and see what emerges and under what form the ThomsonCSF and Link-Miles entities will continue.
close to the 'real thing' as can be technically obtained.
COMPU-SCENE V has now been joined by a new Evans &

Sutherland system known as ESIG 4000. Both systems offer simulator manufacturers and armed forces advanced degrees of realism
that have to be seen to be believed - the illustrations used in this
Yearbook can provide only a slight impression of how advanced the
images produced by both systems actually are.
In fact the moment has long since passed where better imagery is
only limited by the computer power involved. As computer capacity
increases, the imagery end product can only increase in complexity,
flexibility and sheer technical brilliance. Thus CGI realism is constrained only by the computer involved but there is another factor.
That factor is that any computer relies entirely on the quality of the
data and programs it contains. COMPU-SCENE V and ESIG 4000
have amply demonstrated just how good the programs can be, so that
Concept 90
The fact that a takeover need not hamper or outwardly affect simulation companies but may enable them to remain market leaders under
their own respected names can be demonstrated by the 1990 launch
of Concept 90 by the British company, Rediffusion Simulation Limited. This advanced project was already well under way when
Rediffusion
came under
American Hughes conHughes upon Rediffusion's activi-
the influence of the
cern, but to date the influence of
leaves only the data.
amount of cost and time to model the datasystem. The creation of new databases
can involve considerable skilled labour, while even minor modifications to existing databases can be no less demanding. This has given
rise to the numerous CGI 'input' systems that have been developed
It
low.
Concept
flight
90. may be regarded as a design exercise that enables full
simulators to look
modern and
far
more
of being designed for a definite purpose and to a definite specifica-
many
Despite their
many modern
flight
technological marvels and novelties, too
they can be used by virtually anyone able to follow simple instruc-
one fault. They are expensive both in computer

power and hardware so use of the really rapid digital image conversion and production system is usually limited to the armed forces or
simulators are very difficult to operate and
tions but they have
maintain. All too often their myriad components have been assem-
thought having been given to maintenance

With Concept 90, Rediffusion have returned to
basics and have designed things so that the maintenance engineer
can get to components easily and rapidly. In addition an element of
standardisation has been introduced; any particular component will
be in the same area on every type of simulator produced. A modular
design and assembly approach has also been adopted which will
reduce production time and enable faster delivery in an ever more
competitive market place. There are many other such innovations
with Concept 90.
The benefits of this overall approach are manifest. Less time will
have to be spent carrying out maintenance, repairs or changing components. Therefore more time can be spent actually using the simulabled together with
little
the extremely concerned commercial user. In time this will change as
access, for example.
tor.
Users
will also notice the
many
other differences.
CGI
over the last few years. Digital technology has reached the point
where photographs can be scanned and used to create threedimensional images ready for database use and projection within
minutes.
These 'conversion' systems have already reached the state where
attractive than they
have often been to date, but there is more to Concept 90 than mere
appearances. The Sussex-based company has taken the trouble to
recognise that the flight simulator is a device that has 'grown' instead
tion.
takes a significant
bases required for any
appears to have been slight, enabling Rediffusion to introduce a

product that indicates the way that future aircraft simulators will fol-
ties
the computer continues its progress along

combined with power enhancement.
The
the lines of miniaturisation
situation might well be affected by the involvement of
nation that has
made
one
miniaturisation and technological novelty
its
trademark, namely Japan. There are already indications that the
Japanese are ready to expand their interests from commercial electronics to the military market. When that happens, and it may not be
too far in the future, the commercial attractions and overall flexibility
of CGI will probably make it one of their first military orientated
market products. It is a prospect that must be viewed with trepidation by even the most well-established CGI system producers. We
will have to wait and see what happens.
The simulator
been attractively styled to resemble more closely the

working 'office' environment it is meant to represent and consideration has been given to domestic details such as stowage and lockers.
For once it has been appreciated that the instructor is the most
important person inside the simulator and he has been provided with
proper seating and system control access.
It could be argued that simulators from other manufacturers also
have many of the features used with Concept 90 but Concept 90 is
the first to introduce them on an overall planned and deliberate
basis. The end result is that the Concept 90 type of simulator is not
just good-looking but also commercially attractive to many operators. It has to be accepted that the Concept 90 approach to simulator
design is the one that will have to be followed by others in the future,
not only in full flight simulation but in other areas of simulation as
interior has
The Future
The speed at which
the members of the old Warsaw Pact have

thrown off their old systems of government and carried out the initial
moves towards more democratic methods of self-organisation will,
in time, become recognised as one of the most remarkable features of
the 20th Century. Equally important is the impact these moves may
well produce on the many nations that make up NATO and the
Western bloc. Within a few months the way we have lived and
conducted our defence and other international affairs since 945 has
been profoundly influenced by the confusing events taking place on
1
the other side of the old Iron Curtain.
While it is still too early to determine exactly how we in the West

conduct ourselves regarding the upheavals in Eastern Europe, it
is already evident that the huge forces and expensive arrays of hardware assembled by NATO and other nations are increasingly unlikely
to be required in the foreseeable future. This has already led to
demands for a complete turnaround in the overall defence strategy
assumed by the West for the last four decades. Accompanying such a
turnaround would be a corresponding wind-down of defence forces
and a diversion of defence funds for more socially acceptable purwill
well.
Computer-Generated Imagery (CGI)

One of the most interesting and fascinating
sections to compile in
Image Systems
and Visual Display Systems. Most people in the training industry
have grown used to the degrees of realism and technical flexibility
that computer-generated imagery (CGI) can produce but relatively
this
Yearbook
is
the section on Computer-Generated
poses.
Such moves should be avoided during the immediate
few appreciate the degrees of sheer breathtaking realism that the
[17]
future.
Not
i-GREWORD
for such drastic policies to
is it still fa
to bo
accepted
bj
be assumed but
still be a
which
is.
as ever,
armed forces, whatever happens to the old

The world remains a turbulent place. The Middle East
on the point of major
conflict, all
between nations
As always,
Historically, we have been through similar stages before. The

^20s were years of disarmament and low defence budgets which, in
part, led to the dreadful events of 939-45 and all that has followed.
Let us hope that the 1990s will not lead to a similar era. Yet it will
have to be accepted that, as the threat of a European-based war
diminishes, so does the need for the removal of the massive armed
1
The future would seem to offer a

one in which light and mobile intervention
place of the old set-piece armed establishments
established since 1945.
different type of prospect,
forces will prevail, in
throughout
all
are already being
felt
sectors of the Defence Industry and, as ever, the
training and simulation sectors are deeply involved. Yet no matter

what form the armed forces of the future might take, the need for
constant, on-going, cost-effective and efficient military training will
remain. Exactly what form that training might assume is still, like so
much that is happening on the international scene at the moment,
difficult to forecast.
One
thing
is
for certain, Jane's Military Training
Systems
difficulties
and
bulk of the
the
information contained
within
this
we have at present.
The effects of these forthcoming changes
was caused by production
Yearbook has originated from within the international military training industrial complex and the many individuals involved. So many
have given their time, knowledge and information that it is impossible to thank them all in the space available but
hope they will
recognise their inputs and accept my collective thanks.
Thanks are due for the considerable support and general backup
provided by the corps of Jane's Yearbooks Editors. Once again the)
have all been generous with their time and comments but special
thanks must go to Ted Hooton for his invaluable assistance in the
preparation of the naval and avionics sections.
The Jane's Defence Data production team led by Keith Faulkner
has, once again, provided considerable support to the Editor. The
hard work and co-operation provided by the production teams led by
Sally Znidericz and Ruth Simmance means, as ever, that the end
result is a tribute to their efforts. Many thanks arc also due to Helen
Warren, who has been the vital link between the Editor and the
Typesetters and has carefully sub-edited all the entries that follow.
Finally a word of thanks to all the skilled printers and bookbinders
at Butler and Tanner without whom this Yearbook would be but a
collection of blips on a computer disk. Their continued cheerful
assistance is once more acknowledged and appreciated.
in all areas. International
terrorism remains rampant.
camps
regrpttcd
Acknowledgements
around the globe

and many old
nationalistic tendencies are continuing to ferment,

led
much
apologise to our readers and to Loral Solartron for an\ inconvenience caused.
etention of
Soviet Union.
is
we
responsible societies that there will
will
continue to compile and present the latest training equipments, systems and hardware involved in what promises to be a most interest-
Julv 1990
Terrv
Gander
ing decade.
Please Note
Correction
In the 1989-90 edition of Jane's Military Training Systems (page
201 ). we wrongly reported the manufacturer of the On Board Visual
Aimer Continuation Trainer (OBVACT) as Ferranti Computer Systems Limited. In fact the manufacturer is Loral Solartron and the
correct details can be found on page 185 of this edition. The error.
Any comments,
additions and alterations regarding the information
Yearbook would be appreciated. Any correspondence should be sent to the Editor, Jane's Military Training Systems.
Jane's Defence Data. Sentinel House, 63 Brighton Road. Coulsdon.
contained
in this
Surrey
[18]
CR5 2NH, UK.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AATS
Anti-Aircraft Training System
LDTM
ac
alternating current
LED
Light-Duty Tank Target Mechanism

Light Emitting Diode
ACOVS
Artillery
LHN
Long-Haul Network
ADT3
Air Defence Tactical Training Theatre
LKL
Lochkegelleitwerk
AITAT
Armoured Infantry Training and Advisory Team
LOCAT
Low Cost Artillery Trainer
AMFCTS
LP/C
Launch Pod Container

Long Range Anti-Tank Guided Weapon
ASET
and Mortar Fire Control Training Simulator

Automatic Marking System
Annual Personal Weapon Test
Automatic Scoring Electronic Target
AVDS
AWESS
Armoured Vehicle Driving Simulators

Automatic Weapons Effects Signature Simulator
AMS
APWT
Combat Observer Vehicle Simulator
Artillery
LRATGW
MAGLAD
MET
Marksman And Gunnery Laser Device

Multi-Weapon Combined Arms Tactical
Management, Command and Control
Manual Control and Counter
Medium-Duty Tank Target Mechanism
Marksman Expert Trainer
MILAN
Missile d'Infanterie Leger Antichar
MLRS
MTBF
Multiple Launch Rocket System
Chemical Agent Training Mixture
MTM
CET
CEV
Combat Engineering Tractor

Combat Engineer Vehicle
MTM(WD)
MTS
Moving Target Mechanism

Moving Target Mechanism (Winch Driven)
Moving Target Simulator
CGI
Computer-Generated Image
CGS
Crew Gunnery Simulator
NiCd
Nickel-Cadmium
CMOS
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

Conduct Of Fire Trainer
Computerized Battle Simulation
NTC
National Training Center
PC
Personal Computer
Command Post /Observation Post
PGCT
Precision
cps
characters per second
PGS
Gunnery Crew Training

Platoon Gunnery Simulator
CQB
CQBR
CRT
Close Quarter Battle

Close Quarter Battle Range
PLS
Projectile Location
PMTRADE
US Army Program Manager for Training Devices
Cathode Ray Tube
pvc
poly vinyl coated
CSI
Computer Synthesised Image

Cine Target Range Projection System
RAC
Royal Armoured Corps

Radio-Controlled Miniature Aerial Target
Range Control Station
Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
Remote Target System
Radio Frequency
Return Fire Simulator
Royal Ordnance Training Ammunition
Remote Trigger Activator Device
BBGT
Brigade and Battle
BBS
BC
Brigade and Battalion Simulation
BMTR
Basic
CATM
COFT
COMBAT-SIM
CPOP
CTRPS
Battery
M-CATT
MCC
MCC
MDTM
Group Trainer
Commanders
Marksmanship Training Range
RCMAT
DARKAS
Darstellungsgerat Kanonenabschuss
RCS
dc
direct current
REME
DET
Detonate
Department of National Defence
Dual Vision Viewing Device
RETS
RF
RFS
EOD
EPROM
Explosive Ordnance Disposal
ROTA
RTAD
ETR
Electric Target
FAST
FM
FOO
FSMTC
DND
DWD
GTTC
Erasable Programmable Read Only
Mean Time Between
Trainer
Failure
System
Memory
SPAL
STE
Simulator Projectile Airburst Liquid Chemical Agent
Fully Automatic Scoring Target
SWATT
Simulator for Wire-guided Anti-tank Tactical Training
Frequency Modulation
Forward Observation Officers
Full-Size Moving Tank Target Carrier
TAC
Tandem Air Cartridge
TALAFIT
Tank
TALISSI
Tactical Light Shot Simulator
Range
TCB
TCS
TCT
TDT
Ground Tactical Training Centre
SimulateurdeTirEmbarqiie
Level
Aiming and Firing Trainer
Target Connection
Box
Target Control Set
HCT
HOT Compact Turret
HDTM
hp
Heavy-Duty Tank Target Mechanism

High Explosive Anti-Tank
High Explosive Plastic
High-Explosive Squash-Head
Hand-Held Control Unit
Haut subsonique Optiquement Teleguide
horse power
TTOMT
Tube-launched Optically-tracked Wire-guided

Tank Precision Gunnery Inbore Device
Tank Turret Organisational Maintenance Trainer
Hz
Hertz
TVT
Television Trainer
IDF
IED
Israeli
Defence Forees
Improvised Explosive Devices
UCQBR
UHF
IFT
ITS
IT 3
Indirect Fire Trainer
UTT
Urban Close Quarter Battle Range

Ultra High Frequency
Union Internationale de Tire (International Shooting
KD
KN
Known Distances
VDU
VHF
KiloNewtons
VHIS
LAN
LAR
Local Area Network
HEAT
HEP
HESH
HHCU
HOT
TLFS
Tank Crew Trainer

Tank Driver Trainer
Tank Laser Firing Simulator
TOC
Tactical Operations Center
TOM
TOW
Training Outdoor Military
TPGID
Standard)
Integrated Target System

Interactive Tactical
Team Trainer
Light Artillery Rocket
[19]
Visual Display Unit
VTRPS
Very High Frequency

Visual Hit Indicator System
Video Target Range Projection System
WIA
Wounded
In Action
WHEN a weapon
systems manufacturer
can give you THE
TRAINING POWER..
a^^St^ll^
|Hf
-.*.
a world leader
is at
NOW
Our
SEE
ON PAGE
tradition is innovation
in
small arms
work
FN HERSTAL
B-4400
HERSTAL
(Belgium)
Telex: 41 223 fabna
[20]
S.A.
-
Tel:
32/41/40 81 11
Telefax: 32/41/64 54 52
Land-Based Systems
Small

AUSTRALIA
SuperOart Projectile Location
System
SuperDart is the name given to a system that permits
supersonic rounds to be automatically marked and
scored whether or not the rounds hit or miss the
target. Such ranges are normally purpose-built but
standard classification and static electro-mechanical ranges can be converted and modified to
accept a Projectile Location System (PLS).
There are two versions of the SuperDart PLS; an
open array of sensors and an enclosed array.
The open array uses a T-bar which is located
below the target and protected by the range mantlet
The T-bar may be positioned on a target lifting
mechanism or mounted on a bracket with a permanently raised stationary target or aiming mark
The T-bar can also be mounted on a variety of
moving target mechanisms The T-bar contains an
electronic package connected to four sensors which
can locate supersonic rounds of all calibres passing
over, or in the vicinity of. the sensors The detection
area is relative to the size of the round being used.
The enclosed array is used in a box target for
precision or target rifle shooting The box target
consists of a frame with panels of self-sealing membranes secured on both faces, providing an enclosed
volume of air. Within this compartment are situated

three acoustic sensors. Supersonic projectiles
entering the enclosed space produce a shock wave
which is triangulated to give accurate positioning
At the base is an aluminium housing containing
the sensor processing electronics. The housing is
integral with the frame giving air sealing and mount-
The box target can be mounted on a

moving target mechanism for sniper and countersniper training, and can be used at ranges up to
1000 m. The enclosed array/box target system is still
ing rigidity.
under development.
The location
round
displayed at the
firing point on a Visual Display Unit (VDU) which is
normally located adjacent to the firer. Additional
monitors may be available at a central control point
Each lane of each firing point (except with some
single lane systems) has a lane initiator or sensor
positioned in front of the firer to identify the shot or
shots fired. Thus short rounds, ricochets and crossfires are identified, but are not allocated a score
When there is more than one firing point the VDUs
and lane initiators can be moved between firing
points as required.
PLSD and VDU configurations can be varied to
suit existing ranges, or can be purpose-built to suit
training
requirements and throughput.
Configurations can include single and multi-lane, single
and multi-target banks, and single and multiple firing
of the
fired
is
mounds. When a single or main firing

used it may be covered to permit firing to
continue in extremes of weather
With the SuperDart open array of sensors the
detection area for small arms is a radius of 5 m from
points or firing
point
is
the centre of the target. (The radial distance
is
increased to 20 m for AFV main armament rounds.)

The accuracy of the mean point of impact of a group
of shots located in the centre of the target is 1 mm.
The accuracy gradually diminishes towards the
outer edge of the detection area and as the velocity
of the projectile drops below 450 m/s.
Rounds that miss the target but are within the
detection area of the open array are located and
displayed on the firing point VDU Wide shots that
are outside the VDU display area are indicated by
an arrow pointing in the direction of the shot position
Shots which fail to arrive at the sensor array are
identified when a lane initiator is used Ricochets
passing through the detection area of an open array
are identified as such but no position is displayed
on the VDU. Cross-fire shots from other lanes are
DART 100 Range Control System

of the DART 100 Range Control System
the lightweight battery-powered Transceiver, or
Hand Held Controller (HHC) assembly which
The core
is
SuperDart Single Lane System (SLS) components showing T-bar. target and VDU
sub|ected to a high degree of discrimination and are
indicated, rejected and not scored
All modes of firing, ie single shots, semi- and fullyautomatic fire, may be used with the system provided
that the projectile velocity is at least 450 m/s; some
subsonic projectiles are detected using the enclosed
may be stationary for standard comand moving for specialist sniper training
Scoring results from this system are easily interfaced with most computers to provide statistical
array.
stantial
Rounds are numbered
in
order of arrival along
the side of the shot position with the last shot of a

string marked by flashing on the VDU screen
of fire up to a maximum of 6000 rpm can be
accommodated by the system The system can be
programmed to operate with virtually all combinations of weapon and ammunition types
Rates
SuperDart Software
Applications
of
SuperDart
include grouping,
zeroing, application of fire, precision and competition shooting, and basic analysis of ammunition
and weapons Software programmes used with
SuperDart may be modified to suit particular applications and user requirements
The grouping programme permits the firer or
instructor to select the number of rounds to be used
per group. At the completion of the group the extreme
spread of the group is displayed Shots may be
displayed as they are fired or after the completion of
the group. The size of acceptable groups may be
specified and programmed for selection
The zeroing programme calculates the mean
point of impact and extreme spread of the group and
displays the displacement of the mean point of
impact from the point of aim The DART Zeroing
Calculator can then be used to determine the sight
adjustments to be applied to the weapon to move
the point of impact to the correct zero position.
Alternatively the sight adjustments to be applied to
the weapon mav be programmed to be automatically
displayed at the completion of the group.
The application of fire programmes provide for a
variety of scoring methods both on and off the target.
Scores are totalled progressively and fire may be
applied to both stationary and moving targets by day
and by night.
The DART box target is used when a high degree of
is required for shot location. In competition
shooting the size of the aiming mark can be quickly
changed to match the type of shoot and range to
accuracy
controls up to 100 target assemblies The target

assemblies may be stationary or moving vehicle
and figure targets and can be operated using single
and multiple exposure combinations
At the firing point the system comprises a
target Targets
petitions
analysis.
analysis programme provides a subamount of additional information on each

round and group of rounds fired. Examples of this
The
ballistic
information could include horizontal and vertical

spread, remaining velocity and energy, mean point
of impact, measures of dispersion, cyclic rates of
fire, and fastest and slowest rounds.
SuperDart Single Lane System (SLS)

The SuperDart Single Lane System (SLS) is a lowcost, multi-purpose target marking system
is a
variation of, and an extension to. the DART projectile
It
location technology.
SLS may be permanently
The
installed
or
In the portable mode the system is easily

transported to range areas and can be assembled
and deployed ready to use within minutes.
portable.
Rechargeable batteries or mains power may be

used at the target and at the firing point. The software
used may be standard or designed to suit the user.
Communication between the target array and the
firing point may be via land line or UHF telemetry
link.
Up
each located at a different

can operate to one Intelligent Visual
Display Unit (IVDU). Each IVDU has an optional
integral printer and is user friendly. Several systems
may be deployed to form a multi-lane, multi-bank
facility which may be linked to a central computer.
The T-bar used with the SLS weighs 10 kg without
a battery pack and is 1.2 m across. The IVDU also
weighs 10kg
10 T-bars.
to
distance,
STATUS
In production and widespread service The enclosed
array/box target system is underdevelopment
MANUFACTURER
Australian Defence Industries Limited,
PO Box E349
Queen Victoria Terrace Canberra ACT 2600

Australia.
Tel: (06)
270 671
Telex:
AA 462 730101
Fax: (06)2706744.
programmable UHF HHC

target
is
UHF
with a battery pack. At the

transceiver to control the target
assembly.
The HHC has a 32 push-button keyboard

of the buttons
are used to
programme
Eight
the target
SMALL ARMS RANGE EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS
Australia
sequences and the remainder are used to operate

and obtain scores from the targets Control functions
include: target up; target down; target up if not hit.
target up after hit; target hold up; target detonate/illuminate; bank (of 10targets); all targets; target
score; clear score
For moving targets the functions are: target move
left; target move right; target auto-traverse; target
stop.
first three of the moving target functions are
slow or fast speed
Target commands and scores are displayed in a
window above the keyboard. The display uses a
The
all
at
2 x 16-line liquid crystal display.

For programming the HHC uses a real time sequ-
encer which enables the operator to programme up

to 500 events within one hour One event equals one
target command, for example targets up or targets
down. Alternatively a computer may be used to
programme, store and transfer target exposures
sequences. All targets may be controlled individually, in groups of 10 targets (bank function), or
all targets may be controlled simultaneously, for
example all targets down.
The number of HHCs required is dependent upon

the number of firing points to be operated simultaneously or the number of locations at which the
target mechanisms are deployed.
The HHC can be used with virtually all DART
targets and target mechanisms By using a head-set
with a microphone, two-way communicationscan be
obtained between the deployed target assemblies
and the HHC.
All range practices that require the target to fall
when hit' can be conducted with the HHC. Using 30
figure target mechanisms deployed in three banks
each of 10 targets, all small arms range practices
normally conducted on known distance ranges by
day or by night can be programmed and run repeatedly, and the scores obtained. Subsequently the
targets can be re-arranged to simulate a defended
locality under assault or configured to enable firer
moving and other assault practices to be conducted
for indivi dual and advanced collective training. Similarly tank main armament and anti-tank live firing
practices may be conducted separately or in
DART
100
Hand Held
Controller (HHC) with transceiver and battery pack
combination with all types of semi-automatic and

automatic weapons
The electronics of obsolescent in-service DART
equipment may be up-graded to UHF DART 100
standard simply and quickly as it requires only the
transceiver, cable and antennas to be replaced and
the target mechanisms.
The DART 100 HHC weighs 2 kg with an antenna
The transceiver weighs 3 4 kg and the battery pack
fitted to
3.6 kg.
STATUS
In
production and widespread service.
MANUFACTURER
Australian Defence Industries Limited PO Box E349
Queen Victoria Terrace. Canberra ACT 2600
Australia.
DART WO Hand Held Controller (HHC)
connected
to
Tel: (06)
270 671
Telex:
AA 462 730101
Fax: (06)2706744.
battery pack
DART Computer Controlled Range

(CCR)
The DART Computer Controlled Range (CCR) simplifies the programming and controlling of multilane, multi-bank ranges for all types of small arms
Target mechanism involved can be all stationary
or all moving, or in any combination. By using a
computer to control a range, repetitive operator
functions can be performed automatically, thus
leaving an operator free to control the firers rather
than the targets
The computer used to control the range functions

uses high resolution graphics, normally in colour,
and all information used in programming the range
is stored on a hard disc A comprehensive on-line
help' facility is integral to the system If required the
computer may be controlled remotely by a portable
hand held controller
Simple and complex target exposure sequences
can be programmed and stored on disc for use
as often as necessary The operator can revert to
manual control at any time. Hard copies of scores
can be printed out in graphics or numerically, on
request.
The CCR is fully self-testing. An automatic test is

conducted at start up' and further tests may be
undertaken as part of the comprehensive Maintenance Programme' which enables faults to be
The controller s position on a
DART Computer Controlled Range (CCR)
quickly located
MANUFACTURER
STATUS
Australian Defence Industries Limited. PO Box E349

In
production
2706711. Telex:
Fax (06)2706744
Tel: (06)
AA 462 730101
Australia.
DART Moving Figure Target

Systems
systems can be fitted with the SuperDart ProLocation System (PLS - see entry in this
section) and can be used alone or in conjunction
with the Computer Controlled Range (CCR - see
previous entry) An alternative method of control is
All
Moving figure target systems produced by DART

Defence Industries include the following:
Moving Target Mechanisms Winch Driven
(MTM(WD))
Moving Target Mechanism (MTM)
Moving Turning Target
jectile
the
DART
section).
100
Hand Held
Controller (see entry
in this
Driven
Winch
Mechanism
Moving
Target
(MTM(WD))
The DART MTM (WD) was designed to provide a costeffective and versatile moving target system for
small arms and some sub-calibre devices With the
system a figure target is moved in two directions
on a straight run of up to 20 m Any three speeds
Australia
and 13km/h may be preset by the

will fall when hit and can be
at any time during traverse
At night target illumination is provided for target
detection and hit indication. The MTM(WD) may be
stopped and used as a stationary target
The MTM(WD) is permanently installed and
requires mains power Crossing angles can be
between
1.3
operator The target

raised and lowered
varied
The weight of a MTM(WD) is 17

mm wide and 320 mm high
kg.
It
is
1.52
m long.
400

The Moving Target Mechanism (MTM) is a multipurpose target mechanism which accommodates
figure targets and scaled vehicle targets The mechanism may be mains-powered for use on permanent
ranges or battery-powered for field firing and temporary ranges.
Any two speeds up to 13km/h may be selected

and pre-programmed Up after hit. target hold and
target score facilities are provided. The MTM may
change speed and direction without stopping first,
and auto-traverse indefinitely Target presentation
may be head-on or in profile For night engagements
the target is illuminated with a blue light and an
orange light provides visual hit indication
The MTM uses a monorail guidance system which
requires little or no maintenance and is easily laid
with minimum earth disturbance to follow ground
contours and negotiate bends The monorail may be
of any length and several mechanisms can operate
on the one rail as each is fitted with an anti-collision
device Alternatively several monorail runs may be
installed at one location The choice of locating the
target carrier on one of several runs prevents the
firer from knowing in advance where a target will
appear.
The weight of the MTM is 120 kg when mains
powered and 100 kg in DC form (less batteries and
wide and 430
long, 640
target) It is 740
mm
mm
mm
high
Moving Turning Target System (MTT)

The Moving Turning Target System (MTT) can
support several types of target through a variety of
speeds Target types include the DART box target in
DART Moving
Target
(MTM(WD))
Mechanism Wine
fitted with
SuperDart
two-way turning configuration
DART Moving
vehicle (tank) target (either

sional)
and an
flat
or three-dimen-
inflatable three-dimensional target of
a full-sized figure or a scaled vehicle Rounds fired

at the box target are located with great accuracy
regardless of the angle of engagement The target
will rotate through 360 A hit kill' is distinguishable
disable' on
under development.
STATUS
MTM(WD) and MTM
in
production.
MTT under
development
MANUFACTURER
2706744
and inexpensive target rest control device fitted to

the Series 5 target mechanism The device is used
instead of a receiver or transceiver to raise the
target to the upright position automatically after it
has been hit. A control switch on the UAH generator
enables the period of time the target is to remain
down to be pre-setand varied between 1 and 10 s.
The target mechanism required no modification
as the UAH generator plugs directly into the receiver
outlet on the mechanism or night light. The mechanism may be re-converted to radio control by
unplugging the device and re-connecting the
receiver or transceiver cable. The UAH generator
can be used in conjunction with a manual hit counter
mechanisms, the
Proximity Detector
The DART Proximity Detector comprises a detector

assembly and reflector assembly and may be set up
for use indoors and outdoors The detector can be
used with a single target or with multiple targets
the firer breaks an infra-red beam between
the detector and reflector the target functions The
Proximity Detector is compatible with both the
Series 5 and Two-way Turning Target mechanism
(for details of the latter see following entry).
When
At night, target indication and target hit indication

are provided by a Night Shoot Attachment or a Night
Effects Simulator (NES). The NES has an additional
function of being able to silhouette the target with a
blue haze effect. On the Series 5 a retaliatory device
uses detonators or squibs to simulate return fire
from the target. The mechanisms are fitted with a
Series 5 figure lifting target mechanism fitted with

DART 100 transceiver and showing DART 100 Hand
Held Controller (HHC) and battery pack
weather shield and are waterproof.

Control of the mechanisms may be by cable, radio,
computer, automatic or remote. A manual control
and counter uses cable to control the target
ate/illuminate, score,
The DART Two-way Turning Target System was

developed to meet the requirements of training
soldiers, police personnel and security agents in the
demanding skills of counter-terrorist and security
is
Fax: (06)
Series 5 and the Series 6 Both are suitable for use

with all types of small arms.
The Series 5 is both mains and battery powered
and can be used on static and portable ranges The
Series 6 is mains powered only and is used only on
static ranges; it has no retaliatory function.
Both mechanisms are able to present several
types of targets singly, in pairs or as a triple presentation. The targets can be programmed to operate
as follows: fall when hit; reappear after falling;
appear on command, hold-up to accept a number of
rounds per minute (rpm) and count automatic fire
(up to 1000 rpm); bob. which means cycle up and
down every 5 s until hit.
There are four types of target arm which permit
the target to be presented; towards the firer. sideways and from around corners The fourth method
exposes an edge-on target which remains upright
DART Two-way Turning Target
The MTT
fore reduced
all
Industries manufacture two types
System
location

Australia
Tel: (06) 270 671 1 Telex AA 462 7301 01
hit
Mechanisms
DART Defence
Mechanism (MTM)
may be by computer or radio, and a

computer may be radio-controlled from a remote
Control
three-dimensional targets
The MTT requires three-phase mains power It
has infinitely adjustable speeds from to 5 m/s. and
can operate in wind speeds of up to 50 km/h
The MTT system may be ceiling-mounted and
protected by baffles so that the box target hangs in
space Ballistic protection requirements are there-
from a
DART Figure Target Lifting
of stationary figure target lifting
Target
(friend or foe), a
full-sized three-dimensional figure target, a scaled
STATUS
In
production.
In
widespread service.
MANUFACTURER
functions, which are raise
and lower, hold-up, deton-
and reset scores.
Australian Defence Industries Limited, PO Box E349

Queen Victoria Terrace, Canberra ACT 2600
Australia.
Up After Hit (UAH) Generator

The DART Up After Hit (UAH) Generator
270 671 1 Telex:

Fax: (06)270 6744.
Tel: (06)
is
a simple
operations The system is designed for use on both

indoor and outdoor ranges and may be permanently
installed or used in a portable role.
The two-way turning target mechanisms are contained within their own carrying frame and can be
fitted with all types of realistic full-size figure targets.
From the edge-on position the mechanism can be
turned through 90
to
AA 462 7301 01
present either of two faces of
The turning time is 0.3 s.

The mechanisms offer a choice of hit functions
such as waggle when hit, turn away, or turn away
and return. Power is supplied by an internal 12V
battery with an in-built charging system Mains
powered systems are available.
the target
Australia
Standard control consoles are available for

systems of 6 or 12 mechanisms The console unit
contains a timer unit to allow exposure times to be
varied and the number of exposures to be preset
^h^jftjK-v
ÊF
Friend and Foe Target System

The DART Friend and Foe Target System is a priceorientated system that can be used with all small
arms Each target mechanism is independently controlled and a system may comprise a single or
any number of target mechanisms. An inexpensive
three-core flexible cable of any length connected to
a three-position toggle switch controls the target
functions From an edge-on start position the target
will face either direction in less than one second A
variety of target types may be used. The basic
system has no visual target hit indication but there
is provision for a turn away when hit' function as an
The mechanism is powered by a

V battery
A target mechanism weighs 38 kg complete and
is 370 mm high. 550 mm wide and 670 mm deep
^B
^rw ZgrX\ 1
^H t-r
optional extra.
rechargeable
MANUFACTURER
STATUS
In
production
Australia.
270 671 1 Telex:

Fax: (06) 270 6744
Tel: (06)
AA 462 730101
WkSi
Two-way Turning Target System

figure target
DART Robot Target System (RTS)

The DART Robot Target System (RTS) was
developed as a training aid for counter-terrorist and
special police forces The RTS also has applications
in military operations and urban training and in the
close-quarter battle. In the urban environment the
RTS has a role as an agile figure target and several
RTS present very
realistic targets
on an ambush
range
The RTS. also referred to as Baxter' at times,

comprises a low profile platform base on which
stands a human-form target. Rechargeable batteries, circuitry, an obstacle-avoidance system and
drive mechanisms are contained within the base
which is protected by lightweight armour panels
The system uses a replaceable three-dimensional
human-form target which is realistic in appearance
and can be dressed for all occasions It has fatal'
zones in the head and heart areas so a hit in either
of these areas causes the platform to stop or the
target to fall, depending on a switch setting The
machine can also be set to react to non-fatal hits
withastoporfallcapability. Reactivation isachieved
by radio control. If the target is set to fall it must be
manually reinstated afterwards.
The target can accept all small arms calibres up
to
45 inch (11.43 mm): shotguns may be used but
the target life is reduced Once shot out' the target
is quickly and easily replaced. The target hit tolerance is stated to be around 5000 rounds
When the RTS is set for automatic movement it is
capable of moving around a furnished room without
colliding with the walls or furniture. It can turn away
from objects cleanly and with a minimum loss of
speed. The platform turns in curves such that the
target is always on the move and is therefore difficult
to hit in a fatal' area. The RTS can also move at
mode behaves erratically whilst

between obstacles and is thus extremely
difficult to kill' whilst moving at full speed Sustained
automatic fire can reduce this difficulty significantly
but such a practice is considered unrealistic due
random
In this
it
travelling
to the potential effect of indiscriminate
automatic fire inflicting casualties

hostages in real situations.
to
sustained
bystanders or
The RTS is radio controlled via the UHF frequency

range A joystick governs the speed and direction of
the platform while the obstacle-avoidance system
may be left operating to avoid accidental collisions
When activated, the obstacle-avoidance system
takes over from the operator, avoids the collision,
and then returns control to the operator The
maximum radio control range is between 600 and
1000
The RTS is supplied with replaceable, bullet-proof

armour The base is protected against low-velocity
rounds by the panels but as the panels are easy to fit
they can bechanged according to the weapon calibre
in
use
The RTS
is designed to operate indoors and outdoors within certain surface and

weather
parameters The on-board power supply is taken
titled with
No
Australia
from 42 V rechargeable batteries which provide an
operational life of between 60 to 100 operations at
30 seconds per operation Maximum speed is3m/s.
wide. The
The RTS is 1.775 m tall and 457
unit weighs 33 kg without armour while low velocity
mm
armour weighs 12 kg and high

weighs a maximum of 26 kg
velocity
armour
MANUFACTURER
Australia
Tel: (06) 270 671 1 Telex: AA 462 730101
STATUS
In
production.
Fax (06)2706744
DART Figure Targets

DART Defence
Industries manufacture a variety of
figure targets suitable for
types of mechanical
main types are ABS
all
The two
vacuum-formed and the polytalc, which is injection
moulded
The vacuum-formed targets are available in
standing man, measuring
1 1 D,
three sizes:
1220 x 457 mm; 13 D, weapon crew prone, measuring 665 x 689 mm: 15 D, prone man. measuring
target
systems.
660 x 457
mm
DART International Pistol Target
in
to
fit
three- and
STATUS
In
production
MANUFACTURER
a variety of colours
Depending on the shot concentration and calibre

of the rounds used, both types of target will accept
between two and three thousand rounds of service
ammunition before becoming unserviceable All
targets are ultra-violet protected and operate
this results in a
much
shorter and lighter target
board The lighter board has allowed DART to

produce a target mechanism which does not require
a framework or bearing assemblies for the upper
part of the target boards and therefore no metal work
is exposed to the field of fire Therefore there is no
need to provide protective armour for any upper
bearings or target holders, the whole assembly is
lighter, easier to assemble and requires virtually no
maintenance, and by simply removing the target
boards the firing range is unobscured for other types
of target use There is no need to move the IPTS
frame away as its low profile is hidden behind a low
protective wall On some indoor ranges with suitable
ceiling baffles the frame may be mounted on the
ceiling
Pistol Target System
aluminium construction and is
weight It was designed to meet the standards
International
(IPTS) uses mainly
required by the UIT/ISU regulations for the conduct

centre fire standard and ladies' pistol
matches The system is also suitable for other disciplines such as service pistol matches and security
and law enforcement officers hand gun training.
The system comprises one or more target frames,
an electronic range timing unit and an air supply
Each target frame holds five targets which turn
together One pneumatic ram on the bottom of the
frame turns the targets through 90" in less than
300 milliseconds The ram contains an adjustable
cushion which dampens the shock at the end of each
movement, thus preventing vibration and equipment
damage The target frames are manufactured from
heavy gauge aluminium channel and require virtually no maintenance other than routine cleaning
of rapid fire
DART Defence Industries have produced a new

concept in pistol target systems specifically
designed to meet the modified UIT/ISU rules Under
those rules the target presentation is restricted to
the 6 scoring ring for the lower part of the target and
light in
factured
The targets are manufactured

four-clamp target holders.

Australia
Tel (06) 270 671 1 Telex AA 462 730101
Fax: (06) 270 6744
efficiently in all climates.
System (IPTS)
The DART
For added realism a figure silhouette is painted

on the target surface.
In the injection-moulded range there are two
sizes
One is a kneeling man (measuring
1025 x 495 mm) and the other a prone man (measuring 535 x660 mm) These targets are manu-
and target replacement

The target boards are made of compressed chipboard or plywood and are from 6 to 16 mm thick
(10 mm plywood is recommended) The centres of
the target board can be cut out and removed to
prolong the target board life The target boards
are capable of accepting a variety of paper target
enables an operator to select any one of 13

all of which meet UIT/ISU regulations
Alternatively the target exposures may be controlled
manually or by remote control, which can interrupt
or reset an initiated programme.
For target ranges or ranges which have a high
throughput of firers, a range extender unit can be
installed between the electronic range timing unit
and target frames This permits more than three
target frames to be controlled simultaneously by
one electronic range timing unit
The air supply required must be from a clean and
dry source at a pressure of 6 bars and may be
provided from an air bottle or a compressor DART
Defence Industries can supply a suitable compressor appropriate to the number of frames
unit
programmes,
required.
STATUS
In
production
MANUFACTURER
Australian Defence Industries Limited.
PO Box E349
facings.
Queen Victoria Terrace Canberra ACT 2600
Up to three target frames may be controlled by

one solid state electronic range timing unit which
Tel (06)2706711 Telex:
requires a 240V single phase supply or a 12V DC

supply from a battery or power pack The timing
DART International Pistol Target System (IPTS) showing targets side on
Australia
AA 462 730101.
Fax: (06) 2706744
DART International Pistol
Target System (IPTS)
SMALL ARMS RANGE EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS/ Belgium
BELGIUM
FN TOM
Military Firing
Ranges
Developed and produced by FN Herstal SA the Training Outdoor Military (TOM) tiring range is a novel
concept in outdoor firing ranges that combines
realism and efficiency. TOM is available in two basic
versions, TOM FL and TOM CC.
TOM FL is a flexible (FL - flexible) system
designed to meet the needs of outdoor military
training
for
all
combat
conditions.
It
is
radio-controlled training system using original and

high performance software which is easy to use
without lengthy prior training All types of firing
training can be carried out using TOM FL for
weapons with calibres up to 120
and at ranges
mm
up to 5000 m
TOM FL is
totally modular so can be readily

matched to specific customer requirements while
developments will, by design, be automatically compatible with the basic system. This concept enables
the users to
upgrade their training system according
evolution of future threats and missions

Transport, installation and maintenance are simple
and low cost The TOM FL system can be used for all
types of training, including defensive and battle
firing, fire and movement, individual assault lanes.
to the
and instinctive firing

main features of TOM FL is the system
software which can be used by non-specialist personnel after a minimum of training The software is
unit firing
One
of the
TOM CC target unit showing a foe target
TOM FL computer monitor display showing range target locations
A soldier engaging TOM FL
TOM FL targets being engaged
TOM FL infantry targets,
from
left:
standing, prone, kneeling
The
targets under
combat conditions
TOM FL system computer and monitor in use in a field environment
Belgium
used
to
operate the system computer
to
check the
correct functioning of all targets and also check the

position of targets compared to a selected scenario
The computer monitor can be used to provide a
complete view of a range and close-ups of specific
areas on the range. The system computer and its

associated hardware is fully militarised, with all
major elements located in shock-proof metal racks
All the hardware can be transported in Jeep-type
vehicles without risk of damage.
The targets used with TOM FL are metallic and
weatherproof and require little or no maintenance
Three types of pop-up infantry target are available;
prone, kneeling and standing Basic target units
can be assembled into either a head-on or profile
armoured vehicle target or a troop carrier target All
target actuating units are identical, using individual
address plugs to guarantee electronic identification
of each target The address plugs allow the autochecking of the exact position of targets at any time
using the system computer monitor screen, without
recourse to on-site inspection
The TOM FL system uses one emitter/receiver
Browning Mobile Target Stands

There are three mobile target stands
range, the P1 and P2, and the B3
Browi
in
the Browning
three were
All
nobile target stand with target

up configuration
in
Browning P2 mobile target stand with target in

ing configuration; the P1
is
pop-

monitor up
pair of twin-gun units
provide close combat training, using weapons up to

in calibre and at ranges up to 500 m.
TOM CC is cabled. Its command unit manages up
to four range racks redistributing messages to and
from 100 targets each, thus allowing up to four
different combat centres to be managed from one
central unit. The real-time display of all sites
appears on screen for full control. Operation is
easy, in both full manual mode and sophisticated
scenarios, which include random for rapid and
simple programming of long duration shooting exer-
Effects
cises.
unit to
retain their
bilateral
is
to 16 targets. All 16 targets
can
autonomous functioning. Data exchange

and is carried out in real time. Only two
radio frequencies are required irrespective of the

number of targets, which can reach a total of 4000
units.
Among
accessories available for use with TOM

a gas gun producing an explosion simulation,
adjustable to simulate a small or medium calibre
weapon report It is available as a single gun or a
FL
is
capable of simulating bursts

produced are sound, shock wave and flame
A special power system has been developed by
FN to power TOM FL which uses constantly charged
batteries No daily battery maintenance is required
so operating and maintenance costs are low.
TOM CC is a close combat (CC - close combat)
training system which features a wide variety of
targets designed to produce realism in close combat
training situations and introduces discriminative
7.62
mm
TOM CC
ation,
can incorporate synthetic sound simulpyrotechnics or gas methods, for
using
realistic stress generation.
STATUS
In
production
MANUFACTURER
FN Herstal SA. B-4400
Available targets include pop-up. disappearing, running man and friend or foe The system
employs simple-to-use software and cables to
Telephone: 32 41 4081
produced primarily for use by law enforcement

agencies but are suitable for other applications
The P1 and P2 target stands are similar and differ
only in the method of presenting the target Both can
present targets in a pop-up, swing-up or rotating

mode, according to the positioning of the target
stand unit The P1 model allows a 90 target rotation
clock-wise or counter-clockwise according to the
firing.
Herstal, Belgium.
11.
Telex: 41223 fabna.
Control point lor Browning mobile target stands showing manual or timing control cc
control unit behind it. and a computer control on right
rotat
essentially similar
Browning B3 mobile target stand
left)
with a radio
10
preselected position of an inverter unit inside the

stand case The P2 model can rotate through 90'
either way without preset controls Both target
stands are supplied in the form of a stainless steel
case Both have dimensions of 200 x 280 x 300
and weigh 15 kg without its 12 V rechargeable
mm
battery
Belgium China
three methods; manual, timing or computer In all

three cases control signals may be sent to the target
stands by wire, radio or via an electrical mains
induction system The P2 and B3standscan befitted
with an impact detection system
For manual control each target stand is controlled
by one or more switches on a console located at a
larger and provides a

combination of pop-up and friend or foe targets For
the latter, targets can be rotated through 180 when
the target arm is in the down position The B3 target
The same console can be used

for the timing control mode when two timing systems
are used One timing system controls the exposure
of a target after a timing sequence is initiated while
stand is powered by compressed air provided from

an outside source The B3 weighs 25 kg and measures 660 x 500 x 700 mm.
All three target stands can be controlled by one of
the other determines the length of time a target
The B3
target stand
is
range control
point.
is
exposed
Computer control is carried out using a standard
personal computer with programmed sequences
stored on a floppy disc Once a programme has been

stored the use of the system is simple and no prior
knowledge
of
computer programming
required Up to 99 control
stored on one floppy disc
is
or operation
programmes can be
STATUS
In
production and widespread service
MANUFACTURER
Browning SA. Police Department. B-4400 Herstal
Belgium
Telephone 32 4164 65 55 Fax 3241481490
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

Pop-up Infantry Target Unit
Electric
**'
a lightweight electric pop-up infantry target

portable and suited for
that
is
all-weather operation It can be powered from a
24 V DC or 220V AC electrical power source with
the target actuation mechanism driven by a 24 V
permanent magneto motor. The target used is an
aluminium board which, when hit. actuates a
vibration sensor to control the lowering of the target
via a sealed gearbox The target can rise again
under manual or remote control and can be used in
This
is
mechanism
wind speeds of up to 10m/s.

The target can be used in conjunction with sound
units and other range accessories. By using an
extension bar the target mechanism can be used to
raise and lower AFV-type targets.
Other similar target mechanisms powered by
pneumatic systems have been developed as well as
petrol-driven moving targets. These, as well as
8*^
electric targets, are in service with the People's
Liberation Army.
Electric pop-up infantry targets scattered around a firing
STATUS
In
production.
In
range together with moving targets
service with the People's Liberation
Army.
(NRIST).
PO Box
1607 Nanjing 210016. Jiangsu Prov-
DEVELOPING AGENCY
ince, People's Republic of China.
Nanjing Research Institute on Simulation Technique
Telephone: 648061/647765. Cable: 0319 Nanjing.
Electric pop-up infantry target with remote-control unit
Electric pop-up infantry target unit adapted to operate a
pop-up AFV target
BRC-1 Portable Programmable

Radio Control System
The BRC-1 portable programmable radio control
system can be used to control small-arms range
taigets but has other applications
in
areas such as
traffic control, etc.
The complete system comprises a command

one spare unit) and 36 receiver
transmitter (plus
units.
Every receiver can perform four functions.
The transmitter has three preset frequencies with 12

receivers for each frequency The effective control
range is more than 3000 m in open terrain and not
less than 1500

in built-up areas.
The
controller
can
use
programming, manual or automatic preset control

commands can be written in EPROM for
in the memory and use at any time
Each receiver unit has four twin-pin output points
Control
storage
with a capacity of
either
random
A at 27 V.
China France
Transmission frequencies: 3 points around 154
Transmitter power: more than 2.5
RF modulation: FM
Weight:
(transmitter) 5.5 kg
(receiver) 0.85 kg
11
MHz
Dimensions:
(transmitter) 290 x 160 x 210
(receiver) 160 x 110 x 70
mm
mm
STATUS
In
production.
In
Army
DEVELOPING AGENCY
Nan|ing Research Institute on Simulation Technique
(NRIST), PO Box 1607 Nanjing 210016. Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
Telephone: 648061/647765. Cable: 0319 Nanjing.
BRC- 1 portable programmable radio
control system
FRANCE
P101 Multi-function RemoteControlled Target
was developed in collaboration with the
French Army and Police as an improvement on the
earlier P-10 system, and is intended for the training
of infantry in small arms firing under realistic conditions. It can be deployed as a formal firing range
or as an irregular tactical-type display, and can be
used by day or night. It is fully waterproof.
The system consists of a remote-control unit with
the possible use of any radio transmitter, and up to
This system
100 target-holders with receivers and batteries. The

targets can be deployed at any distance from the
firing point compatible with the type of radio in use.
On impact, the target automatically falls, thus
indicating a hit; its return to the upright position can
be either automatic or manual under the push-button
and raising the

targets can be performed by remote-control, either
individually or collectively up to the maximum
control of the instructor. Lowering
number of targets deployed. In order to give a wide

and varied range of exercises, and also to prevent
the trainee from memorising sequences and timing,
the target can hold four arms and execute five
different movements.
The remote-control unit consists of an MSI fullyintegrated computer and radio command with the
possible selection of any individual target, and the
possible tape recording of various target movement
scenarios (up to 2 h) The system includes automatic
feed-back of the scoring of each individual target
and display at the control unit The MSI control box

is equipped with user-friendly systems with a US
microchipterminal.
The P101A anti-personnel target is the only one
able to execute five different movements: Eclipse to
the rear; Pop-up, right and left; Rotation to the rear;
Axial rotation (UIT); Rotation with friend or foe face
display.
Liaison with the control unit can be carried out by

radio or by wiring. The P101 A target is designed for
reflex and selective training. Rotation through 90 is
possible in both directions in less than 0.2s. This
equipment can be used for UIT Olympic firing or for
law-enforcement training with the Friend or Foe
silhouette.
Cyclic or unpredictable
appearance
of targets
P-1 0/20/30 Multiple Position Target
System
This system combines three electro-mechanical
modules in the target holding mechanism which
permit a variety of movements. The target can be
made to rotate through 90, thus permitting the
presentation of enemy' or friendly' aspects, as well
as an intermediate edge-on' position; it can be
commanded to rise and fall; the rising action can be
combined with the rotating action; and the entire
Elements of the CGEE-Alsthom P101 target system
can be programmed, and the silhouette can be

presented normally or obliquely. The results are fed
back to the range officer who is informed of the
scores of each trainee Security and safety of personnel are thus improved, as there is no requirement
to approach the targets at all.
The entire system is modular and can be configured as a permanent or temporary facility. The
range of available equipment and accessories
permits a wide variety of permutations.
Control unit
Weight: 0.5 kg
Target
Weight: 25 kg
Dimensions: 600 x 270 x 300
Power supply: 24 V DC by incorporated batteries, or
120 VAC, 60 Hz or 50 Hz
CGEE-Alsthom, Groupe TMT, 13 rue AntoninRaynaud, 92309 Levallois-Cedex, France.

Telephone:
target unit can be revolved so as to add a third

movement to the other two. Almost any conceivable
target movement can thus be simulated, and the
Turn:0 2s
mm
Power supply: 1 2 V DC battery

Temperature limits: -30 to + 50C
STATUS
In production. In service with the French
various police forces.
Army and
MANUFACTURER
mm
system provides a versatile training device for military or law-enforcement personnel, as well as offering a wide selection of options for competition. It can
be used with live or blank ammunition or with laser
simulation systems. The target unit can befitted with
a hit recorder on request.
Power supply: 220 V 50 Hz
(60
Hz optional)
47 48 70 00. Telex: 620 454
F.
Movementdelay
Rise: 0.6 s
STATUS
In
production.
MANUFACTURER
CGEE-Alsthom, Groupe TMT, 13 rue AntoninRaynaud, 92309 Levallois-Cedex. France.
Telephone:
47 48 70 00. Telex: 620 454
F.
12
EM-10 Variable Speed Target

System
This
is
a monorail system which carries one or
Battery life: 3000 operations

Radio transmitter: 150MHz.
Trolley speed: (max) 5 m/s
MANUFACTURER
falls
more
operation of the trolley is controlled by radio from a

control point, which allows the instructor to raise
and lower the target and move the trolleys back-
Programmable Control Desk

This is a P10 standard control desk with an interface
for the connection of a low-cost magnetic tape
recorder (300Hz-3kHz bandpass) allowing the
recording and/or execution of scenarios conceived
by the user No special programming knowledge is
necessary The instructor controls the targets in the
automatically
at
when
mm
Motor
rating:
4kW
Arms
Ranges
East German armed forces are making
increased use of radio-controlled small arms
ranges As old small arms ranges are updated or
new ranges installed, new control equipment is
W.9VDC
STATUS
In
production
Groupe TMT 13 rue AntomnRaynaud 92309 Levallois-Cedex. France.
CGEE-Alsthom.
Power supply: 220/280 V. 50 or 60 Hz (optional

Target support power: 24 V DC battery
usual way and can record the scenario in real time,

of a duration limited only by the magnetic tape used
It is thus possible to automate training, to construct
complex figures, and to repeat the same scenario
as many times as desired The programmable desk
may be used with wire control, for CGEE-Alsthom
police targets, or with radio control for infantry
Telephone: (1)47 48 70 00 Telex 620 454 F
STATUS
In
production
MANUFACTURER
CGEE-Alsthom. Groupe TMT 13 rue AntoninRaynaud, 92309 Levallois-Cedex. France
Telephone (1)47 48 70 00 Telex 620 454 F
targets
GERMANY
Radio-controlled Small
France Hungary
varying speeds. The target

hit and is re-erected by
radio control The system is adaptable to any service
calibre weapon from 5 56
to 20 mm.
wards and forwards
trolleys bearing falling targets The rail can be of

any length and the trolleys are moved by cable The
(EAST)
being introduced to provide accurate monitoring
and control of targets of all types, including moving,

pop-up and disappearing targets Attention is also
being paid to range communication systems.
The
STATUS
In
service with the East
German armed forces.
The interior of a command post on a radio-controlled

rifle range
HUNGARY
Portable Programmable Target
Controller
before an exercise but the programme can be interrupted and altered at any stage. It is stated that no
special skills are required to operate the controller.
programmable target controller can

control up to 199 targets. An alternative frequency
increases the total to 796 The controller can make
targets appear or disappear as required and the
Number
Operating frequency band: 60

Range: approx 5000 m
MHz
STATUS
This portable
controller can also initiate training pyrotechnics

and smoke The controller can be pre-programmed
of targets controlled: 199 (up to
796 with
frequency change-over)
Number of orders per target: up to 8
Number of programme steps: up to 999
Programme run time: up to 1 h
Power supply:
12
VDC,
integral or external battery
In production.
forces
In
service with Hungarian
armed
MANUFACTURER
Industrialexport. Hungary.
pest.
Hungary.
PO Box
24. 1251.
Buda-
taly
13
ITALY
An
Training System
The
Officine Panerai
SAT213
instinctive shooting
system consists of a control unit and a

number of dynamic targets. The targets may be of
the turning or pop-up type and are intended to
provide training in the instinctive and accurate live
firing of small arms under day and night conditions.
The SAT 21 3 system enables instructors to present
training
using a number of pre-programmed

sequences The programme can present friend or
foe targets, vary the exposure time for each target
targets
0.1 to 10s in 0.1 s intervals, vary the order of

activation of the targets, and vary the number of
target activations for each training sequence (up to
from
60).
The control unit consists of a personal computer

with an 8086 processor, featuring 256 Kbytes of
random access memory and a floppy disc unit with
360 Kbytes. The computer is housed in a special
metal container together with the interface elec-
There
provision for connecting a printer

in a metal container can
be supplied separately for connection to an IBM
personal computer together with the user programme on a floppy disc.
The control unit is used to programme, check and
connect the operational parameters of a training
tronics.
SAT 213 Instinctive Shooting
is
interface unit enclosed
sequence. The
unit also contains in
memory
the
full sequence of 60 target activations, carries out its
own self-test procedures, controls the programmed
sequences, monitors the trainee's scores and
subsequently evaluates the results
Each target is controlled by its own microprocessor and is equipped with a three-colour
lighting unit for use during night firing Each target
can be used either connected to the control unit or in
a stand-alone mode using a random sequence of
operations Each hit on the target is detected by a hit
sensor and recorded together with the length of time
from the initiation of the target exposure At the end
of a sequence the control unit provides an indication
of results by presenting a score of from
to 100,
indicating target discrimination, accuracy, speed of
its
reaction and
for
economy
of fire (number of rounds

can also provide detailed results
each activation of each target involved. Two
fired)
The
unit
standard-sized targets are available. One is for a

standing figure and measures 1270 x466
overall The other is for a kneeling figure and measures 980 x 466
overall. Each target can absorb
several hundred hits before replacement is necess-
mm
mm
ary.
The SAT 213 system can accommodate acoustic

and infra-red sensors for target initiation in place of
the control unit
The SAT 213 system requires a 220V AC supply

10%). 50 or 60 Hz. All connectors are water-tight
STATUS
In
production
MANUFACTURER
Officine Panerai SpA, 2 Piazza Galileo Ferraris,
50131 Florence.
Italy.
Telephone: (055) 579304 Telex: 573144 PANFIRI.
SAT 21 3 shooting system control unit
Detail of SAT 21 3 shooting
system pop-up target
SA T 21 3 shooting system turning target
SMALL ARMS RANGE EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS /Sweden
14
SWEDEN
SAAB Portable Target Systems
The SAAB portable target system is used for field
and combat training The complete range includes
infantry pop-up targets; tank pop-up targets; gun
fire simulators; rifle fire simulators; combat noise
simulator, and a radio control system.
The system is flexible and can be used in any
combination for the most varied training situations
BT 18AF Pop-Up Target

The BT 18AF pop-up target
installations but
is
may be used
in fixed range
as a moving target
used
when placed on the trolley of the BT37B target

system. The BT 18AF is normally mounted on a solid
vertical protective concrete or wooden wall Power
to 240 V AC supply
is derived from a single phase 11
and the unit is controlled by the BT32M remotecontrol system via low voltage signal cables There
are two versions of the BT 18AF. one with and one
without a lamp for hit scoring and target illumination.
All the mechanisms are contained in a watertight
box. The unit can be used for weapon calibres of up
to 12.7
mm
mm
Rising and falling time: 1 s

Hitfrequency: up to 1200hits/min
Weight: 21 kg
BT18BF
Infantry Target
The BT 18BF pop-up
infantry target
is
portable and
A frame supports the

mechanism box, battery and receiver box. The target
is normally controlled by the BT 22FM radio system
or the BT 24 range controller. The whole group is
then controlled by one receiver.
There is a built-in lamp for scoring and target
used
in flexible installations.
illumination for nightshooting.
The box containing the electric motor and mechanism and the box containing the electronic-circuit
cards are both hermetically sealed.
The target disappears, reappears and is illuminated by radio control. The target is sensitive to hits
in
the raised position.
Dimensions: 830 x 620 x 240 mm

Power supply: Ni-Cd battery 24 V, 7 Ah
Capacity (number of cycles up and down): approx
4000 per charge atapprox 15Nm load and 10C
Weight: (excluding battery) approx 35 kg
BT19F Sound Unit

The BT 19F sound unit is used to increase realism in
field and combat training by adding sound effects. It
can either be used for general combat noise or for
machine gun sound. When used for general combat
noise the sound is stored on a magnetic tape
recorder. Sounds such as tank noise, and helicopter
landings can easily be reproduced. In machine gun
simulation the BT 19F is connected as a slave to a
pop-up target or controlled from a separate radio
BT18BF infantry target
(Right)
BT 18BF
infantry remotely controlled target
(Lett)BT19E
rifle fire
simulator
receiver The machine gun sound is generated by

high efficiency compression driver units controlled
from an integrated electronic unit with sound characteristics stored in a non-erasable memory. The
characteristics of the sound from machine guns have
been analysed and broken down in a very special
form that can be stored in the memory. This information is used to synthesise the machine gun sound
without distorting the characteristics.
The simulator can also be used as a high-power
public address unit near or remote from the speaker.
When used in this way it can be controlled from a
cable connected microphone or from a walkie-talkie.
The ability to use the simulator as a loudspeaker is
extremely valuable when instructing soldiers in the
field and in all other situations when large groups of
people need to be addressed outdoors The design

principles guarantee excel lent sound over very long
distances.
The simulator unit is self-contained, stackable
and easily portable by two men. It is powered from
an electric rechargeable battery and is fully rain-
8 T 22FM
radio-control system
can be used together with various kinds of training

equipment. It is designed for minimum current drain
MHz
FM frequency shift 1.95-2.6 kHz
Number of functions: 3 -Fire. Up, Down
Frequency range: 143-165
Modulation:
Temperature range: -40 to +70C

Operating range: up to 5 km, open terrain
Transmitter
Output: 6
Supply: Ni-Cd battery 12 V, 1.8 Ah
Weight: 7.5 kg including battery (0 95 kgj
Width: 320
Height: 180
Depth: 165
proof.
Dimensions: (horn down) 1070 x 580 x 400

Weight: (excluding battery) 47 kg
Battery: Ni-Cd 24 V
Capacity per charge: more than 15 000 shots
mm
mm
mm
mm
BT 22FM Radio Control System

The remote-control system BT 22FM consists of one
transmitter and a number of receivers (from 1 to 40).
Each transmitter offers the choice of any one of
five different frequencies. On each frequency eight
Width: 130
Height: 140
Depth: 160
Weight: 1 1 kg
receivers with three different functions can be operated The equipment is intended for the operation of
stationary or mobile training equipment
The transmitter is portable and is built into a
rugged, rain-proof housing It is designed with
CMOS-circuits which require a minimum of standby power. The front panel has a keyboard with
27 push-buttons for operating the eight receivers,
individually or as a group, a lamp for transmission
and battery indication and a channel selector knob.
This knob is removable and also functions as a key
for the transmitter. It is supplied with an easily
replaceable nickel-cadmium battery pack.
The receiver is housed in a diecast alloy metal
cabinet which is both rugged and waterproof. It
SAAB Moving Infantry Trolley Target System BT37C

The BT 37C target trolley system is a portable
modular-built system with a track, trolley and driving
unit for moving targets It is intended for temporary,
semi-permanent or permanent installations and
requires a minimum of preparatory work. The
modular design facilitates construction and minimises manpower requirements for assembly. A 25m
long system can be assembled by two men in less
than one hour.
The BT 37A system has three speeds; 4. 8 and
12km/h. It is powered by a 11 5-230 V single phase
supply or batteries There are two types of supporting legs for the system One type has fixed
Receiver
mm
mm
mm
The SAAB BT37C moving infantry target trolley system
Sweden Switzerland
legs for permanent installations and the other has
adjustable legs for use on uneven terrain
The system can operate at speeds up to 20 km/h
and speeds can be pre-programmed and controlled
by the BT 24 or BT 22FM radio control systems.
Minimum track
length: 14
MANUFACTURER
SAAB Training Systems
AB, PO Box 2049, S-561 02

Huskvarna, Sweden.
Telephone: 4636 194600. Telex: 70045 saabjkg s.
Required protection height:
m
(minimum)0.4 m
(maximum)
STATUS
Rail length: 3
In
Rail cross section: 40 x
Total length: 200
40 x 2
mm
production.
service with several European
In
armies.
SWITZERLAND
DIXI
(battery) 7 kg
AK-2 Target System
(reflector)
The DIXI AK-2 target outwardly resembles most

similar devices, but there are some differences. It is
designed to be fitted with its own armour, although
does not mean that the controls can be left

above ground. The armouring is intended to prevent
damage from ricochets and falling rubble. The other
difference is that the target swings sideways instead
this
more usual fore-and-aft movement

For night shooting there is an electric flash and,
instead of lighting the front surface of the target as
do many others, the flash is reflected from steel
mirrors at the side and directed forward by one which
This rather complex
is just above ground level
arrangement ensures that the source is well clear of
of the
any bullets and the only damage that can be done is

to a small mirror It also gives a clearer and brighter
light, while the intensity can be controlled.
The swinging target can be of any size up to 1.5 m
high and a fully charged battery will move this up
and down for roughly 1000 cycles. Much attention
has been paid to ease of maintenance and the
manufacturer claims that work is restricted to
cleaning off loose dirt and changing the battery
Target unit
Weights:
(unitalone) 20 kg
DIXI
AK-30
kg
armour) 28 kg
Battery: fully sealed 12 V, 10 Ah
Temperature range: -25 to +55C
(full
Control unit

Weight: 6 5 kg
Number ot channels: 8
Capacity: 12 targets/channel
mm
down) 2
down) 2
Frequency ranges: 140, 160. 420 and 460 MHz band
Commands/target:
Collective
(up.
commands:
(up,
STATUS
In
production.
In
service with the Swiss and West

Far East
German armies and some Middle and

armies
MANUFACTURER
DIXI SA, Usine
No
1,
35 rue de
la
Cote, CH-2400 Le
Lode, Switzerland
DIXI AK-2 side-swinging target
System
The automatic AK-30 target is radio-controlled or

can be connected to a range control station, can be
operated at fixed ranges by programmable control
units, or can be controlled with the DIXI portable
computer remote-control unit. It is a motor-actuated
pop-up type and can be fitted with single or multiple
target screens Compact, rugged, and designed to
meet the most severe environments, the AK-30 is
reliable, cost-effective and almost free from maintenance costs. The self-contained mechanical
elements have a minimum 15-year life expectancy,
and a special feature is an electronic unit which
prevents total discharge and possible reversal of
polarity of the battery cells. There is also circuitbreaker protection against overload.
is
Optional equipment includes night illumination and

flash hit indication, small arms return fire simulation, and armour plating to protect the operating
unit
from bullets up
to 12.7
mm calibre
mm

Weight: 60 kg (48 kg without battery)
Target silhouette size: max 2 m 2
Power supply: 12 V DC lead acid or Ni-Cd battery
Battery capacity: 55 Ah
Frequency range: 68-87 5 MHz (i); 138-174 MHz (ii)
Number of channels: 8
Operating life: over 3500 cycles
STATUS
In
production.
In
service with the British, West

Far
German and Swiss armies and some Middle and

East armies
sufficiently sensitive
register hits from small-calibre ammunition,

rubber bullets and plastic training ammunition as
well as all types of service small arms ammunition.
to
kg
mm
Infantry Target
The shock detector system
(front plate) 14
MANUFACTURER
DIX; SA, Usine
No
1,
15
35 rue de
la
Cote, CH-2400 Le
Lccle, Switzerland.
DIXI AK-30 target system
16
Switzerland
SIUS-ASCORSA-9001 Target
System
is an automatic scoring system. It
provides the firer, trainer or scoring official immediate shot-by-shot location and scores to an accuracy
of 0.5
at the centre of the target.
The SA-9001 eliminates all requirements for
Known Distances (KD) range equipment and accessories as currently known. Most importantly the SA9001 eliminates all manpower, communication,
paper targets, pasters-up. spotters and other associated requirements for operating KD target butts
Furthermore, the system eliminates the necessity
for having score-keepers on the firing line, as a hardcopy print-out for each shot fired, along with the total
score, is provided.
The measuring instruments of this patented
system detect the penetration of the tip of the projectile into the acoustic chamber This chamber also
contains a measuring system which records any
variation of environmental parameters such as temperature and air humidity These variations are
then automatically compensated for each individual
target; this unique feature maintains the high level
of accuracy regardless of weather conditions Rain,
snow or hail do not affect the operation or accuracy
The SA-9001
mm
system
The SA-9001 target skin wi accept between 20 000
and 50 000 shots before replacement is necessary.
A variation of the basic SA-9001 target system
uses a T-bar mounting for microphones below the
target. The point of strike of a projectile can be
determined by the measurement of the time
differences of the shock wave produced by the
projectile on the microphones SIUS manufactures
the T-bars with lengths of from 1 to 6 m. Depending
of the
on the application, calibres from 5.56 to 205 mm can

2
be located on targets from 2 up to 50 m Three basic
systems employing T-bars are produced The SA9001 TBS has a T-bar length of 1 m while that for the
SA-9001 TBM has a length of 1.3 m. These two
systems can be used with weapons having calibres
of from 5 to 30 mm. The SA-9001 TBB uses a T-bar
5.06 m long and is intended for use with weapons of
from 12 to 200 mm It can deal with tank-sized targets
All three systems can deal with rates of fire up to 30
shots a second Results are displayed on the same
unit as that used with the basic SA-9001 target
system.
.
Polytronic Indoor Shooting
Sius-Ascor SA-9001 target system
in
use
STATUS
Data for basic SA-9001

Target frame
Weight: 30 kg
Target electronics
Weight: 6 kg
Monitor
Weight: 8 kg
Infra-red lane initiator weight: 2.5 kg
Target accuracy: 1
In
mm
production.
tries;
In
service with most European counin use in Switzerland.
over 5000 systems
MANUFACTURER
mm
SIUS AG. Im Langhag. CH-8307
Effretikon. Switz-
erland
Telephone: 052 321200 Telex 828824siusch.
mm
mm
250-1500 m/s
Temperature range: 20 to +50C
Bullet velocity:
Humidity: 95%
Rain and wind: no influence
Ranges
Polytronic International Limited has specialised for
many years in shooting range equipment and range

design and can supply and advise on bullet traps,
range illumination, floor screens, sound insulation,
control systems, flooring, separating walls, ventilation, target installations and other aspects of
indoor range design.
Bullet traps include the Polytronic steel lamellas
trap combined with a PVC bullet curtain. The rear
wall of this trap has 6 mm thick steel plates and the
lamellas, side and central supports are 10 mm thick
A
mm
is made of 3
thick
material and is fixed to the range ceiling in
1.4
wide panels. An alternative bullet trap is a
rubber granulate trap with the front face made of a
splinter protection curtain
PVC
Polytronic indoor range with indirect lighting
number
next
to
large-meshed special frames arranged

each other and fitted onto wall and
of
angular
profiles.
Flexible
of
plates
500 x 500 x 45
are placed in front and behind
the mesh frames with the outer plates nailed into
floor
mm
position
Polytronic steel lamellas bullet trap
and the inner plates loosely positioned
(as
rubber granulate is inserted behind the frames) In

use bu Nets penetrate the flexible plates and are then
stopped by the rubber granulate filling.
and IDEKELL sound insulation
Range lighting may be diagonal to the shooting

axis and can include spot lamps for target illumination As an alternative, indirect illumination can
be installed. In both cases lighting intensity can be
controlled
Sound insulation can be provided by foam burls
using a porous absorbing material made of soft
thick overall and with
polyurethane foam 100
burls approximately 70
mm
mm high
Also available
is
>
Switzerland
17
IDKELL B201, a noise absorbing material in standard elements made of moulded fibres with a textile
or similar porous overlay. The surface has a relief
structure.
medium
is
A further and most-used sound insulation

known as SIANG With this material, walls
and ceilings are lined with sound absorbing plates

fitted onto a wooden grid with aluminium profiles
and with an air gap between the walls and the plates
Compact foam rubber mats are glued onto concrete
walls for extra sound insulation
Flooring may be SSB 29/30 rubber granulate laid
plates 30
in
mm
Ventilation systems
full
An
thick.
FLOR S carpet/rubber
alternative
is
HEUGA-
plates
may be
either forced air or
air conditioning.
Shooting/target installations supplied by Polytronic include the following:

TG 160/03. Stationary rotary target
TG
160/04 Stationary rotary target; a special

for indoor ranges without lateral supports
and with upper struts mounted to the ceiling.
TG 161/03 Mobile rotary target installation for
mounting to the ceiling.
TG 161/04. Mobile rotary target installation,
mounted to the ceiling and including a weapon
design
bench.
TG
TG
162/01 Single rotary target, 90 rotation

162/02. Single rotary target, group of five. 90
.
rotation
TG
162/04 Single rotary target, 90, 180 and 360
rotation
Pop-up targets with special control - see

in this section and in Full Calibre
Gunnery Ranges and Systems section.
TG 94/07. Monorail target transport installation up
to 50 m (small bore and pistol); also available for
TG
82.
separate entries
intermediate ranges.
TG 94H Target transport installation (small bore
and pistol), mounted totheceiling.
TG 94Z. Target transport installation with one
intermediate distance.
TG 171/04. Lateral moving installation with popup target rigging (two speeds).
TG
171/05. Lateral
moving
installation with single
rotary target rigging (two speeds).
Polytronic
System for
Polytronic indoor range with
TG
171/06 Lateral moving installation with popup target rigging, continuously adjustable
TG 171/07 Lateral moving installation with single
rotary target rigging, continuously adjustable
TG 2002. Electronic hit-scoring system (see separate entry)
Special designs can be provided and optical range
installations based on the use of cine film, slides and
video can be provided Other special installations
include provision for light turbulence and double
flash
Range accessories available include ear
foam burl sound insulation

defenders, communication systems, loudspeakers,
weapon tables and barricades, and target changers.
STATUS
All the above are
spread use.
in
production and are
in
wide-
MANUFACTURER
Poiytronic
1 1
25,
International
Limited,
Pilatusstrasse
CH-5630 Muri, Switzerland.
Telephone: 057 45
1 1
45 Telex 828 080 poly ch.
TG 82 Pop-up Target
Infantry
The Polytronic TG 82 pop-up target system for infantry is one component in the TG 82 target system, the
other being a tank target system (see entry under
Full Calibre Gunnery Ranges and Systems section
for details)
The TG 82 system consists of single pop-up target

mechanisms, target tracks for moving targets,
mono- and bi-directional wire or radio control, night
lights and muzzle fire simulators, hostile fire simulators and hit indicators The customer can select the
components that meet his particular requirements
and as the system is modular, other components
can be added to up-grade or alter an installation.
The target mechanisms and combat simulators
operate on 12V DC and are powered either by a
battery unit or, in the case of fixed installations, by a
power unit. The primary voltage of the power unit is
110or220V(10%),50or60Hz.
Each target mechanism is equipped
with a mode
selector and the functions vary according to a switch
position These functions are: target falls automatically for transport; target falls when hit; target
when hit and lifts again; target remains standing

when hit (hits can be recorded); night light on, target
falls when hit; night light on, target remains standing
when hit, night light goes out; night light on. targef
falls
remains standing, night

be recorded).
sensitivity selector
light
remains on
serves to adapt the hit-sensor sensitivity

to the target
(hits
car
Polytronic
on the target mechanism

in
material and the calibre of the
ammu-
electronic
The target mechanisms, together with any simuand night
hit
scoring and evaluation system (see
separate entry).
nition used.
lators
TG 82-10E remote-control pop-up infantry target mechanism
relation
lights
connected
to
it,
can be
is
It
and can raise and lower

a full-size silhouette or three-dimensional target in
remotely controlled by radio or by a two-core cable

The address for each target mechanism can be
preselected (from 1 to 99) and targets can be
addressed individually, in groups, or all together. If
a bi-directional control is involved it can be used to
and fixed range
indicate a unit's status and can also be used to

display individual scores at an instructor's position.
A remote-control unit can use an input/output RS 232
simultaneously or can swing targets left or right.

Weight of the TG 82-10 is 25 kg. There are several
variations on the type of equipment used with this
port for direct connection to a personal
computer
TheTG 82 target system can be used with the LOMAH
TG 82-10
installations
The unit is fitted with a solidstate hit detector mounted on the target arm.
Optional target arms allow two targets to be raised
in
s.
unit.
The remote controlled TG 82-10E
is
similar to the
but can be used with
theTG82
radio
below) Weight of this unit is

46 kg As with the basic TG 82-10, there are several
variations on the type of equipment used with this
range control
TheTG 82system basic infantry targetmechanism

known as the TG 82-10. can be used on portable
55km/h winds
basic
unit (see
unit.
Both types of unit can accommodate double-sided

oil-tempered Masonite or reinforced plastic targets.
For small targets plywood may be used.
Accessories that can be used with the TG82
system nc ude the HF- 10 hostile fire simulator which
can be connected to an infantry target mechanism
i
a3m cable. It can duplicate the sounds of singleshot and automatic weapon fire. Weight of the HF-10
is 40 kg.
via
18
Switzerland
STATUS
For use with remote-control TG82 units are the

radio range controller and adaptor units
There are several variants ot the basic control
system to suit particular applications but they can
sound simulators and moving targets

The TG82 radio adaptor consists of a logic unit
and an RF module which receives and/or transmits
In production During 1988 Polytronic installed two

computerised infantry ranges for the US Army in
data from the controller and interfaces with the TG 82
Berlin
be used to control the rise and fall of targets on

ranges to produce a measure of tactical realism
Target mechanism status and hit data can be trans-
target
mitted to the controller by a mono- or bi-directional

radio link. The system operates on a preselected
frequency in the 27 to 70 MHz band with a range of
up to 4000 m Up to 100 individual targets or groups
of targets can be controlled, along with associated
00 to 99.
Other accessories used with the TG82 system
include a test unit for the printed circuit boards used
with the system and a special trailer to carry targets,
target mechanisms and other components
TG82
all
night lights,
mechanism and
equipment The
radio adaptor is integrated into the target mechanism and each unit uses a coded number of from
ancillary
MANUFACTURER
Polytronic
1
International Limited.
125 CH-5630 Muri, Switzerland
Telephone 057 45
11
Pilatusstrasse
45 Telex 828 080 poly ch
Polytronic TG 2002 Electronic Hit

Scoring System
The Polytronic TG 2002 electronic hit scoring system
is used to provide small arms range users with
details of their scores, target hits and shot-by-shot
hit locations. It consists of two main components, a
targetand a monitor.
The TG 2002 target operates on the principle that
a supersonic shock wave entering a sound chamber
behind a target is picked up and measured by three
microphones arranged at the base of the target. The
time difference of the shock wave reaching the three
microphones is used by the system computer to
calculate the hit position of the round on the target.
This information is transmitted to the monitor where
the hit location is shown graphically on a 9-inch
(228 mm) cathode ray tube display. The monitor
shows the type of target in use, the shot score, a
sector indication for hits out of the target area and
an indication forshots completely off the target. Also
displayed is a running total, the shot number and an
indication of any stray shots on the target
The TG 2002 system can score at a fire rate of up
to 20 shots per second. The system memory can
accommodate the last 60 shots.
Additional equipment that can be used with the
Polytronic
TG 2002 electronic hit scoring system monitor and control unit
TG2002 system
includes a printer, television

repeater monitors, and a data transmission system
for a central computer.
The transmitter on the TG 2002 target unit weighs
1 5 2 kg
The control unit/monitor weighs 12.25 kg.
Polytronic
TG 201 LOMAH
Hit
Scoring and Evaluation System

The Polytronic TG2010 LOMAH (Location Of Miss
And Hit) electronic hit scoring and evaluation system
is described as an open' system which imposes no
demands on the construction and design of the
targets involved with the system. It can thus be used
with any type of target including pop-up and moving
targets.
The LOMAH system is based on an acoustic measuring principle in which a projectile travelling at
supersonic speed produces a conical-shaped shock
wave which can be detected by a piezo-electric
crystal The opening angle of the cone is determined
by the ratio of projectile to sound velocity The cone
propogates perpendicularly to its surface at the
speed
sound and
its
axis
jectory of the projectile
The
ot
The
is identical to the trapoint of intersection of
LOMAH system control desk
STATUS
In
MANUFACTURER
Polytronic
International
Limited.
Pilatusstrasse
CH-5630 Muri. Switzerland.

Telephone: 057 45 1 1 45. Telex: 828080 poly ch.
1
the cone axis with the target surface corresponds to

the impact location of the projectile. The arrival and
location of the supersonic cone is measured by three
piezo-electric microphones and a further microphone located on a T-bar placed just in front of the
target. The projectile velocity is measured by the
central microphone on the T-bar and the front microphone An additional device consisting of a speaker,
a resonance tube and a microphone
is used for
measuring the momentary sound velocity Using
these measured values it is possible for the system
computer to determine the exact position of the cone
axis and consequently the projectile impact location
This information can be displayed on a monitor and
recorded in the system computer.
Thus the central feature of the LOMAH system is
the T-bar located in front of the target in use. The
bar comprises a stable chassis made of aluminium
sections on which four detector blocks and two spirit
125.
levels are installed
On the bottom, between the legs
is a metal housing containing

the equipment for measuring the sound velocity and
a socket for connecting the T-bar to the transmitter
The T-bar is mounted on a rack connecting it to the
associated target unit by means of three rubber
shock absorbers. Also close to each target is a
transmitter unit.
At each firing point are three components of the
system: a sound detector, a monitor and an intercom
of the U-section,
there
unit. The sound detector is a special microphone on

a support installed under the muzzle of the weapon
involved The sound detector records each shot fired
from its firing point and should a shot from another
firing point strike the wrong target, that shot information is recorded separately.
The monitor displays firing results in graphic and
numeric form. Up to 60 shots in a series can be
displayed graphically at the same time with the last
LOMAH monitor unit
Switzerland
shot fired denoted by a flashing point. The current
shot number, the sector of impact, thecorresponding
score, the running total, as well as the projectile
velocity, are all displayed graphically At the end of
a series the mean point of impact can be displayed.
To restart a firing exercise a reset button is provided
on the monitor to delete all stored data.
On a LOMAH-equipped firing range each lane has
its own target system and monitor with the complete
system control led and monitored from a control desk
located in a control tower or room close to the range.
From this desk the target mechanisms are controlled
and there is one control unit for each lane Each
control unit is responsible for data transmission
from one lane and producing a video image for the
monitor involved. The control unit can also operate
a thermal printer to produce hard copies of firing
results. The control desk has its own self-test
programme and uses
simple
19
menu-assisted
programming system. The control desk also controls

the intercom system and the instructor can select
the monitor display for any particular lane.
to
A LOMAH-equipped firing range may be from 70

600 m long Up to 20 shots a second can be
over a rectangular area measuring

m around the geometric centre of each target.
Each monitor can display up to 60 of the latest series
of shots in each firing exercise.
registered
5 x 3
STATUS
In
production.
MANUFACTURER
Polytronic
1
125,
International
Limited,
Pilatusstrasse
CH-5630 Muri, Switzerland.

1 1 45 Telex: 828080 poly ch
Telephone: 057 45
LOMAH target unit showing
the associated T-bar

unit
TIRAX Target Systems

TIRAX
refers to its target systems as combat simuThey are target presentation device units that
are handy and lightweight, can be used as rotary,
turn or pop-up target mechanisms, are easy to install
and operate, and require a minimum of maintenance
Each TIRAX unit consists of a small cylinder containing a power source such as four 1.5V alkaline
batteries and a target turning drive mechanism. For
turning devices the unit is placed on its base while
lators
for
pop-up targets the
unit
is
located on
a suitable bracket or other securing
its
side using
method Some
devices have a friend/foe function Remote-control

by wire or radio allows the synchronous use of up to
20 targets Since the units weigh only 2 .7 kg or 3 3 kg,
depending on the unit involved, they can be placed in
any number of range configurations and are suitable
for indoor and outdoor use under any weather conditions.
Tl 92 weighs 2.7 kg, is 190 mm high and
diameter and is also used with the TIRALAST laser shooting system (see entry under Small
The Type
145
mm
in
Arms Marksmanship Training Equipment and

Systems section for details) It can be used for
turning, pop-up and rotary targets and has a programme switch where five different intervals can be
chosen during which the target remains invisible
A TIRAX TR 100 target turning unit operating a popup target
is controlled by a TC4 control unit connected to the unit by 100 m of two-core cable carried
on a reel known as a TCR This combination allows
up to 50 target units to be controlled but the Tl 92 can
also be controlled by radio using a TR 101 master'
unit. An integrated sensor registers hits and causes
This unit
the target to turn.
similar unit, the Tl 91
cable control. The battery

upto20 000targetturns.
life
of
A TIRAX TR
101
target turning unit mounting a

'friend' target
lacks the
both units permits
,
The Type TR101 weighs 3.3 kg, is 220 mm high

and 145mm in diameter. It has the same target
functions as the Tl 92, plus a friend/foe presentation
mode, and is radio-controlled using aTT 100 control
weighing 2.3 kg. A single TR 101 can act as the

master unit for up to 50 Tl 92 units (the similar TR 100
unit
unit lacks this
theTR
master' function). The battery
101 permits
up
to
life
of
5000 target turns.
STATUS
production. Over 8000 units are in service with the
police units of over 35 countries
including Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, France,
In
armed forces and
West Germany (GSG
9), Greece, Hong Kong, IndoneJapan, Mozambique, Norway, Qatar,

Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia,
United Kingdom and the United States (US Army in
Panama and the US Marine Corps) The Swiss Army
uses more than 3000 units for basic training.
sia, Iraq, Italy,
A TIRAX Type
Tl
100 target turning unit
A TIRAX TT100
MANUFACTURER
ILEE - TIRAX AG, Schijtzenstrasse 29, CH-8902
Telephone: 41
Urdorf/Zurich, Switzerland.
Fax: 41
734 27 77 Telex: 827 775 ILEE CH.
1734 27 22.
control unit with a

turning unit
TR100
target
20
UK
UNITED KINGDOM
Nitor
Ranges and Range Equipment
Nitor Group acts as a holding company for

four operating subsidiaries; Sector Limited. OTEC
Support Services Limited, UK Training Limited and
The
OTEC Special Products Limited Each company can

trade independently or pool their resources and
skills to provide a comprehensive professional
service covering every aspect of the development,
construction, operation and maintenance of all types
of training establishments and ranges in the military,
special forces, police and commercial markets, with
a present emphasis on the internal security and
counter-insurgency/terrorist aspects of training.
Sector Limited is a multi-discipline design consultancy and is also the only company to have formal
agreements with the United Kingdom Secretary of
State for Defence which enables it to study and apply
British Army technology and experience in shooting
ranges and parachute training systems
OTEC Support Services Limited acts as the project
management and contracting arm of the Group and
OTEC Special Products Limited undertakes the promotion of specialist products, including the OTEC
Frangible Training Ammunition (FTA - see entry
under Training Ammunition and Pyrotechnics).
UK Training Limited offers training, both in the

United Kingdom and elsewhere, in support of products and systems supplied as well as in a wide range
of associated professional, academic and practical
Sector Live Fire Duelling arrangement
later
assessment
of reactions
and shooting accu-
racy.
The floors and walls of each room are covered by

anti-ricochet tiles and the rear of the screen is
protected by a bullet trap Infra-red or night lighting
can be incorporated.
subjects.
The Group undertakes a continuous research and

development programme to ensure that their training facilities and equipment are among the most
advanced of their kind and making full use of the
latest concepts and technologies.
Sector Live Fire Duelling System
This system makes use of video technology whereby
two opposing teams' can view each other in real
time and engage each other using live fire. The range
has numerous applications in hostage recovery and
similar operations and can be configured to suit
numerous operational scenarios.
The range comprises two separate rooms, either
purpose-built or established in existing ranges that
can be rendered bullet-proof Each room is equipped
with video projectors, cameras and microphones
sited in key positions and the range system is
arranged so that each team can view an image
of
the other along with the associated aural exchange

Thus as an attack' team enters a room its actions
are viewed by the defenders' in another, both teams
viewingeachotheron life-sized screens. Bothteams

can then engage each other using live firing with
full-bore ammunition All events are recorded for
Sector Partition System

This consists of a series of ceiling-supported panels
which can be rapidly arranged to form diverse
environments such as offices, rooms, shops and

corridors. The system can be fitted into existing
ranges to allow them to be used for both conventional
and advanced firearms training, training in houseand room-clearing drills and training for VIP protection, individual fire and movement, team operations
and similar activities.
The system comprises a number of panels, including doors and windows, which are suspended from
overhead trackway and can be moved rapidly into
positions to simulate the configuration required
Video cameras can be located overhead to cover

each area or room to track trainee progress. All
activities are recorded in a control room where a
passive infra-red matrix provides the position of
each trainee on a mimic board for added safety
control in low light conditions. For added realism
the Sector Live Fire Duelling System can be incor-
180 Projection Range

With this range a combination of slide and video
projection system project both static and moving
images and targets onto a 180 semi-circular screen
Targets can be engaged with full-bore live rounds
using either a direct or electronic accuracy assessment system. The range requires an area of not
less than 10 x 12 m. Targets are projected onto the
screen either from a central video projector or by
slide projectors All projection
a series of 35
systems are computer-controlled and performance
assessment can be director by replay.
The 180 Projection Range can form one half of
the Sector Live Fire Duelling Range.
Tactical
Operations
Range Modules
(STORM)
The Sector Tactical Operations Range Modules
(STORM) is used for training in counter-insurgency
and counter-terrorist tactics. The system comprises
inter-linking modules that can be assembled to any
Sector
configuration to suit individual training requirements; the modules can be stacked three high It can
be fully bullet-protected for all small arms up to
5 56 mm. Each steel-framed pre-fabricated module
consists of a room measuring 8.5 x 5.5 x 3 m.
Different types of stair arrangement can be used and
the modules can be linked via nodes to form interconnecting corridors Targets can be placed anywhere around the system interior to form variable
scenarios, and refinements such as self-opening
doors may be added.

The STORM system
of typical
indoor shooting range

partition
mode
in
the Sector
designed STORM modules
Facility for Infantry Situation Training (FIST)
The
porated.
mm
Model
Three-storey training theatre created with Sector-

consists of a number of concrete units which can
be quickly and easily positioned by crane to form
layouts of town areas, villages or camps to enable
troops to exercise patrolling techniques and incident
reaction drills, using live firing. Each FIST unit compares in size to a 20 ft ISO container and can be
transported and handled accordingly The units can
be stacked three high.
There are two basic types of FIST. The FIST 2 unit
is of an H' construction with top and bottom floor
and roof slabs Both sides of the FIST 2 unit can form
the sides of roads or alleyways and can be faced
with low-cost local materials to create whatever
building style is required. Windows and doors can
be provided and
urban areas
or within existing installations STORM modules do
not need special foundations and can be positioned
on any suitably prepared surface
located
in
to
room- and house-clearing drills fighting

area (FIBU A) training, and so forth
FIST 2 and FIST 3 units are constructed of antiricochet concrete with pre-cast channels to permit
the retrofitting of monitoring and control systems
when required. No specially prepared base is
necessary for the units other than for it to be level
and firm.
training
in
in
built-up
above specialist ranges, the

Group can produce most types of conventional
firing ranges and their associated equipment such
In
addition to the
Nitor
as bullet traps
maybe
may be opened mechanically
reveal targets.
With FIST 3 each unit is a box section with the end
walls in place The sides are open and units can
be placed alongside each other to form rooms of
different sizes. The exposed side walls are covered
with a selection of panels including windows and
doors The resultant rooms can then be used for
targets
target units,
hit
sensors
walls and
panels, shot identification screens and various lighting systems, including a night light simulation
hostile
system
fire
simulators,
anti-ricochet
UK
21
STATUS
All the above ranges and associated products and
equipment are a vail able and are in service.
MANUFACTURER
The
Nitor Group, Nitor House,
PO Box
Godalming.
SurreyGU7 1UJ,UK.
Telephone: 0483 426299 Fax: 04868 5953
Artist's
impression of FIST 2 and FIST 3 modules

mixed layout to form
an urban range
(with facades erected) in a
Combat Training Systems Range
cue up the desired sequence on the system's

commencing projection on
the target sceen By use of the latest technology,
to
excellent picture quality is assured, particularly in

the freeze frame' mode
The VTRPS offers the following facilities:
(1)The instructor chooses the mode in which to
run the system: Green Mode gives a green image,
simulating passive night sight devices; Red Mode
gives a red image, simulating infra-red sighting
systems: Dim Mode has an infinitely variable light
output control giving simulated night/dusk vision;
Normal Mode gives a normal image; and the picture
can be overlaid in any monochrome colour for
special effects
(2) The instructor can cue the desired section of
tinuously,
to
integral monitor before
Systems
Cine Target Range Projection System
The Cine Target Range Projection System (CTRPS)
was specially devised for use by reserve forces and
police. It is a low-cost cine target which is entirely
portableand requires nospecialworkfor installation
on indoor ranges. The heart of the system is the
ES 500 electronic control unit which is coupled to
a normal 16mm cine projector and to a Saville
motorised target screen. The ES 500 contains all the
components necessary for operating the screen
and projector, and no more items are required
Preparation is therefore quick and straightforward
The projector is lined up and the picture projected
onto the screen, and the control unit is placed on the
side of the range The firer uses .22 ammunition and
aims at the picture displayed on the screen.
The sequence of events and the facilities available
are as follows: when a shot is fired the control unit
receives the sound and freezes the projector at the
same time switching on a lamp behind the target
screen. The firer can now see his shot and deduce
his accuracy. An instructor standing behind can also
see the shot hole and can give instruction for the next
shot. If the ES 500 is set to' manual, the instructor will
start the projector running at his command using a
remote-control
The lamp behind the screen
remains alight throughout the freeze time. Should
the ES 500 be set to auto', it will automatically
start running again after a set period which can be
adjusted to be any interval between 10 and 30 s.
During the freeze period the light behind the screen
will flash intermittently.
This arrangement
film,
(3)
his
The trainee views the projected
target
and fires
weapon at the appropriate time
(4) The video player instantly goes into freeze

mode, activated by the report of the weapon, and
controls allow the image to be overlaid with a monochrome colour while in this mode if desired The
bullet hole in the special screen module will be backlit by lamps to give an indication to the trainee of the
accuracy of his shot
(5) If the control unit is set to AUTO the video
player, after a variable preset time interval of 10
30s, will automatically return to RUN; this is

especially useful for instructor practice. The lamps
behind the screen will either flash or operate con-
depending upon what the instructor has
selected.
Ifthecontrol unitissettoMANUALtheprojector
in the freeze mode for as long as
required This is control led directly by the instructor,
(6)
will
remain
by remote-control, allowing time for each shot to be

discussed The lamps behind the screen will flash
or operate continuously, as selected.
(7) When the projector is returned to its normal
run mode, the lamps behind the screen will
extinguish and if a freeze mode monochrome was
selected, the video player will return to a normal
coloured image or to the preselected monochrome
run mode.
(8) The control unit, when giving a command to
the video player to run, will provide current to the
motor in the screen module for approximately 3 s,
which moves the screen loop to put the bullet holes
out of alignment for the next shot.
The target screen can be used in any standard
range in conjunction with the VTRPS equipment. It
is mobile and consists of a paper roller screen, a
Linotex backing, a small but powerful electric drive
motor, and triple lighting at high level behind the
screen It comes complete with all baffles, wheels
is suit-
marksmen who need pracA low-wattage lamp may be connected to the
able for trained shots or

tice.
ES 500 which illuminates the firing point during the

freeze time so that the firer can re-load or be taught
some particular aspect of the training. This lamp
extinguishes when the projector restarts. When the
projector restarts, whatever the mode, it first drives
the target motor for about 3 s, so moving the shot
holes out of register. The projector is supplied with
a special long-range zoom lens so that the distance
of the firing point can be varied as can the size that
the firer can train with a telescopic sight.
The screen is a movable assembly, fitted with

castors so that it can quickly and easily be pushed to
one side to allow other training to take place. It is a
motorised screen, driving a paper roller and connected by a cable to the ES 500.
Approximately 200
of
these systems have been
supplied to British reserve forces and police forces.
Video Target Range Projection System

This development in small arms training allows
users to make their own training films at a realistic
cost. Students can therefore be offered a constantly
changing selection of action, all recorded and stored
on low-cost robust video tapes. Instructors are able
CTRPS in use.
Control unit
is
on lower shelf beneath projector
22
UK
contained in one secure and robust case

x 620 x 340 mm. which requires
only the unclipping of one side sliding open three
hinged covers, and plugging in to the mains power
supply, to become operational One man can carry
the complete system.
Also included with the system is the Combat
Training Systems Target Screen, in either standard
or Cinemascope format As with other Combat Training Systems range equipments, this is a double
screen on to which a scene is projected After firing
takes place a lamp behind the screen shows the
bullet strikes, after which the double screen is
moved so as to de-register the bullet holes ready for
the nextshot
The system is supplied with three programmes
(1)A virtually precise simulation of the British
military Annual Personal Weapon Test' (APWT) is
offered as standard: however, given an advance
order with details of any specific shooting test, this
can be simulated and offered as Programme 1
(2) An alternative set of slides which, when used
in conjunction with the remote hand control, enables
the operator to create effectively his own proThis
is all
measuring 600
Video target range projection system
in
use
and reflector back plate The ease with which the

screen, projector and control equipment can be
moved enables the range to be used for other types
of firing practice with the minimum of delay.
A computerised version of this system, including
a Reaction Timer, is available
Static Target
Range
Projection
System
This system realistically simulates outdoor shooting

within the confines of an indoor range. In particular,
the system can simulate in a precise way the British
Army's Annual Personal Weapon Test' and can be

make up his own
controlled by the operator to
programme.
The system comprises twin Carousel slide projectors, with zoom lenses accommodating projection distances between 17 and 27 m; an audio
cassettedeck incorporating projector command unit
electronic control/decoding unit, target screen
control unit, loudspeaker system, and a comprehensive remote hand control
grammes.
(3) Utilising the audio tape and computer generated graphic slides, this programme takes the
operator step by step through the simple procedure
to set the equipment for operation
Modes Of Control
Four modes of control are possible with the system:
By utilisation of the remote
(1) Manual control
hand control the instructor has absolute control of
the programmes.
(2)
Automated control
Marksman System
The Ferranti Training Systems Marksman system

was formerly the GQ Marksman system and embodies a range of indoor weapon training products that
operate on the general principle of live firing using
weapons ranging from full calibre small arms
(including 9 mm. 7.62 mm and 5.56mm) down to .22
and sub-calibre weapons, against targets projected
by cine and slide equipment.
The Marksman system of training superseded
most cine-target equipment in service with the
British Army and with more than 30 other countries
worldwide. It is designed specifically to meet the
training needs for both small arms and anti-tank
weapons. Its major assets are the realism of the
targets presented, the ease of adaption to all forms
of training and the savings it makes in the training
costs in ammunition, man power, training time and
space.
Military, police and civilian users are able to
take a firer from the most basic shooting practices
Marksman trainer in use
with cine projector
commands
with the pre-recorded

this mode, with the
In
equipment in position, the operator need only switch

on at the mains, press one button, and the system
will play the complete APWT programme, or any
other specified test giving all instructions and range
commands On completion
of the programme the

system will reset, consequently the operator needs
only to switch off at the main supply, confident that
at the next training session the system will be ready
for immediate use by merely switching on and
pressing the PLAY button
(4) Control of an individual segment within programmes Repetition of a practice, or selecting a
specific practice, can be achieved by virtue of the
slides always being in synchronisation with the
audio cassette
This equipment is useful when familiarisation of
not only a weapon but also a particular test is
desirable Experience has shown that prior familiarisation of a test on an indoor range will save
time, fuel and ammunition and realise the maximum
potential of recruits and trainees, who will be able
to show their full capabilities during their actual test
on the outdoor range When trying to familiarise
recruits on an outdoor range, inclement weather
conditions will often prevent them giving their full
concentration, and the instructor's time can easily
be wasted.
STATUS
All
the above systems are
in
production
armed forces, some

and various overseas armed forces
with the British
In
service
police forces
of the
programmed audio cassette, with the volume turned

off, the instructor gives his own commands and uses
the pause function to create his own timing when
Combat Training Systems Limited. Millfield Lane.

Nether Poppleton, York Y02 6PQ. UK,
required.
Telephone: 0904 782782
(3)
Total
MANUFACTURER
automated control Through the use of the
Demonstrating portability of static target range projection system
Ferranti
Through the use
programmed audio cassette

voice issuing
Static target
range projection system
in
operation
UK
through
advanced quick reaction 'shoot/no shoot'
to
situations
in
poor
comprehensive
in
visibility-
self-testing facility;
mechanism
all
A prismatic
a lockable cabinet
for trajectory
contained
optical tilting
compensation
is
situation.
The trainee
own weapon
against presented targets and hence most small arms, rifles,

fires his
and anti-tank weapons can use
this training facility.
The projector automatically stops when a shot is

fired. The resultant bullet hole in the screen is
illuminated from behind allowing assessment of
accuracy against the now stationary target. For
longer ranges allowances are made for times of
flight and trajectory, controlled from the projector
console unit. These can be varied to suit the ballistics
of the weapon being fired.
The film re-starts automatically unless overridden
by the instructor and a new target sequence commences. The bullet hole in the screen is covered
automatically at the
same time
Marksman Options
Three major equipment options are available
depending on the equipment applications required
Features
include
manual range
automatic
facilities,
manual
range
flight
decoding,
time and tra-
jectory input facilities, variable firing position facility

(optional), reaction timer facility, static mode operation with slide projection system, interchangeable
weapon data store modules enabling a maximum of
eight sets of ballistic information to be selected.
Flighttime: (max) 19.99s

Trajectory elevation: max 9.99 (max effective elevation limited by screen arc)
Overall dimensions: 52 x 940 x 480
mm
Static Target Projection
Cooling: silent running, enclosed radial fan

Weight: 7,9 kg with slide tray (per projector)
attached
to the top of the cabinet.
Operation
The Marksman system of training is based on the

use of films of moving targets in various tactical
situations and terrains These are projected onto a
cinemascope screen, over 4m wide, which, with
synchronised sound from two speakers and other
disruptive systems of orientation, involves the
trainee in the tactical development of the target
23
System Marksman Weapon

(
Trainer)
The hand control unit involved with this system

provides either manual or programmed control of a
slide sequence Programmed control is provided by
an integral cassette recorder capable of recording
and playing back audio and projector control signals
for the synchronised presentation of sound and
slides Presentation of si ides may be a fast (snap) or
a variable (dissolve) change In addition to slide
sequence timing, the equipment can also provide
realistic sound effects or a voice commentary The
equipment uses standard and continuous loop tapes
and the customer can produce his own standard or
Instructor's Control
This is a small hand held unit with push button
actuator to enable drive screens outside the normal
cycle and digital display which repeats range information shown on the operators console, and controls for selecting the required weapon data
Firing Position Control (Options)
A range
of connection boxes and wall sockets are

available to meet range building layout, number of
firing positions and individual requirements to avoid
long trailing cable
Reaction Timer
This built-in facility enables the instructor to assess
the speed of his pupils to a given situation
Power Requirements
210-250 V rms 50 Hz, single-phase (also
option)
Consumption
10 V, 60 Hz
kVA max
Environmental Limits
Operational: 0-38C at 80% relative humidity (noncondensing)
Storage: -40 to + 70C (relative humidity not
exceeding 50% at 52C)
a relatively low
MARKSMAN POLICE TRAINER

The Marksman police trainer does not have the
The remote-control system provides either proor manual operation of slide sequences
Forward and reverse slide control, focusing and
programme assessment hold facility and target
additional electronics to cater for different times of
to train
MARKSMAN WEAPON TRAINER
paper movement are functions of the instructor's

control, which can be used up to 5 m from the pro-
who need
Screen Unit
jection point
The Marksman Trainer for static targets

The Marksman Police Trainer for static and
moving targets up to a range of 300 m
The Marksman Weapon Trainer for static and
moving targets up to a range of 1000 m
This is a substantial movable metal frame mounted

on castors and protected by plywood cladding
affixed to 3
mm steel plate.
The screen consists
of two horizontal layers of

duplex paper, which move in opposite directions,
backed by a layer of black paper which moves
vertically from top to bottom All layers are pulsed
simultaneously and move after the assessment of
the shot fired. Assessment is provided by flood lamps
fixed to the rear of the frame and these are automatically switched on to illuminate the bullet hole
Each paper layer can be switched off individually if
desired for economy purposes.
Paper screen: 1.5 x 4.3 m

Screen material: duplex paper for the horizontal
screen supplied in rolls 1.83 x 50 m Black paper for
vertical screen supplied in rolls
9 and 1 83 m wide
x 50
m long
Screen life: approx 300 000 rounds before new paper

rolls need to be fitted (Automatic reversing mechanism for horizontal screens helps extend screen
non-standard training sequences
at
cost
grammed
When
the static target projection
system
is
used
conjunction with the Marksman weapon trainer

a reaction timer is an integral part of the main
in
guided-weapons and other missiles. It is

for police or paramilitary units who need
with small arms only
flight for
intended
The trainer
particularly valuable for those users

maintain a high standard of weapon
training while coping with a busy rota of duties. It is
available for 24 hours a day and any special training
can be given immediately it is required, without the
need to arrange for range bookings or travel
is
to
projection console
Screen Unit
Equipment
Two
carousel projectors and a tape slide control

unit and instructor's hand control Options: reaction
timer, trolley, extension speaker, mounting system
Slide Projectors
Two standard
carousel S-AV 2020 projectors, allow-
ing constant projection of 35
mm slides
Features: automatic re-setting thermal cutout safety

device
Slide feed: circular slide tray with gravity feed mechanism, each projector holding 80 slides
zoom lenses
Lenses: these are normally 70-120
Other standard lenses are available to suit a particular projection distance
tungsten halogen lamps
Lighting: 24 V, 250
mm

affixed to 3
steel plate
The screen consists of two horizontal layers of
vertically from top to bottom All layers are pulsed
the shot fired Assessment is provided by floodlamps
fixed to the rear of the frame and these are automatically switched on to illuminate the bullet hole.
Each paper layer can be switched off individually
mm
if
desired for
economy purposes.
Paper screen: 1.5 x 4 3m

Screen material: duplex paper for the horizontal
screen supplied in rolls 1 83 m x 50 m Black paper
life.)
Drive motors: 2 single-phase, permanent capacitor

types with 75% full load starting torque
Overall dimensions: 5.6 x 2 29 x
73 m (screen
frame 356 mm)
Weight: 612 kg
Projector
16
mm
self-threading cine projector with optical
An anamorphic lens gives wide-screen

display Runs at 24 frames per second and will stop
on one frame with special high brilliance from onset
sound.
of control signal. Fitted with
and reaction time
detector to obtain range
serial information
from
film
mag-
netic strips.
mm
A series of 16
cinemascope coloured films
with optical sound track can be purchased with the
equipment The films depict a variety of combat
situations in different geographical areas and have
on average a running time
of 10
minutes.
Lamp: 24 V, 250 W tungsten halogen with pre-aligned

dichroic reflector
Reels: up to 610 m
Sound: 25 Wsolid-state sound system with extension

speaker
Overall dimensions:
(operational) 860 x 680 x 300 mm
(stored) 365 x 405 x 300 mm
Weight: 15 5 kg Projector mounted on electronics
cabinet
Electronics Cabinet
This contains the solid-state electronics which
control the system operation and includes the
Marksman static target projection system
24
screen supplied in rolls 9 and 1.83 m

wide x 50 m long
rolls need to be fitted. (Automatic reversing mechanism for horizontal screens helps extend screen
for vertical
UK
Environmental Limits
Operational: to
Storage: -40 to
exceeding
50%
38Cat80%
+ 70C
relative humidity
(relative
humidity not
Irame356mm)
at 52C)
Weight: 612 kg
MARKSMAN TRAINER
life.)

types with 75% full load starting torque
Overall dimensions: 5 6 x 2.29 x 0.73 m (screen
frame 356 mm)

Weight: 612 kg
Projector
self-threading Bell and
This is a modified 16
Howell projector with optical sound It is fitted with a
zoom lens for differing range lengths (7 3 to 13 m)
The projector runs at 24 frames per second with
automatic quick-stop for holding single frames, and
is modified to give high brightness when stopped,
mm
greatly
and assessment If
with a detector to sense
improving
definition
required, it can be fitted

reaction time start.
Overall dimensions:
(operational) 680 x 860 x 300
(stored) 405 x 365 x 300
mm
mm
Console
The Marksman police trainer console provides the
operation controls and contains the solid-state electronics which control and co-ordinate the system
operation. All components are mounted on printed
circuit boards for ease of servicing Connectors are
sensor, the instructor's control
there is provision for additional
printed circuit boards for the optional reaction timer
Controls: mains, projector (power to projector),
lights (manual testoperation of screen lights), paper
manual testoperation of screen paper drive
provided
for the shot
Internally
box.
210-250 V. 50/60 Hz
Outputs: lights and motor drive voltages to screen
assembly, at line voltage Contact closure to operate
the stop function in the projector Logic signals to
Inputs:
reaction timer display (when fitted)

Overall dimensions: 127 x 350 x 295
Weight: 6 .7 kg
Static
The Marksman Trainer
the most basic of the range

of Marksman trainers and can also be used as a
separate system with its own screen unit and screen
controls It provides a variety of slide programmes
with
associated
synchronised sound,
timed
sequences and dissolve features which provide
exceptional projection flexibility.
Facilities include: constant projection for a target
for basic zeroing, grouping, aiming and firing exercises, fire control exercise and range estimation,
snap change for rapid target identification and
mm
Target Projection System (Marksman Police
Trainer)
is
target recognition, identification and selection, competitive match target and classification practices.
The hand control
unit
provides either manual or
a slide sequence. Programmed control is provided by an integral cassette

recorder capable of recording and playing back
audio and projector control signals for the synchronised presentation of sound and slides Presentation
of slides may be a fast (snap) or a variable (dissolve)
change. In addition to slide sequence timing, the
equipment can also provide realistic sound effects or
a voice commentary. The equipment uses standard
and continuous loop tapes and the customer can
control
produce his own standard or non-standard training

sequences at relatively low cost.
The remote-control system provides either programmed or manual operation of slide sequences
Forward and reverse slide control, programme
assessment hold facility and target paper movement
are functions of the instructor's control which can
be used up to 5 m from the projection point
When the static target projection system is used
in conjunction with the Marksman weapon trainer
a reaction timer is an integral part of the main
proiection console. However for use with the Marksman Police Trainer a separate reaction timer is
available as an optional extra.
Both systems will measure the time elapsed from
the appearance of each target until the student
fires his first shot The reaction timer is particularly
relevant for VIP guard and special forces training.
Equipment
unit
carousel projectors and a tape slide control
and
instructor's
hand control Options: reaction

mounting system.
timer, trolley, extension speaker,
Two standard
carousel S-AV 2020 projectors, allowslides

ing constant projection of 35
device
Slide feed: circular slide tray with gravity feed mechanism, each projector holding 80 slides
zoom lenses.
Other standard lenses are available to suit a
particular projection distance
Lighting: 24 V. 250
Weight: 7.9 kg with slide tray (per projector)
mm
Instructor's Control
This is a small hand held control box attached by a
cable to the console It enables the instructor to
control remotely the length of the automatic assessment period for 0.5 to 5.5s. A projector isolation
switch allows for rapid fire and multiple shot assessment.
Pedestal
This supports the console and projector assembly
and provides tilt adjustments for the projector. It
contains a cooling system for the projector when it
is stopped
Dimensions are 940
high. 380
wide, 380
deep. Weight is 32 kg.
mm
mm
mm
Power Requirements
210-250 V, 50/60 Hz.
sumption 1.5 kVA
single-phase.
Max
con-
library of different films with
sound
is
available
covering progressively all aspects of police work

and infantry warfare in a range of different situations
and environments
Night LightSimulation
Marksman night light simulation is a comprehensive
lighting package simulating a wide range of night
conditions from half-moon to minimum starlight
The properties of electro-luminescent light
sources mean that the range can be used for night
training during daylight hours under close supervision and regardless of the ambient weather conditions Electro-luminescent light sources have the
important quality of being able to be dimmed from
full brightness to complete darkness without any
appreciable change in the colour of the emitted light
They are manufactured from ceramic layers fused
to a steel substrate and are very robust. They have
a long working life during which recalibration is
unnecessary
Normally fitted as part of a training theatre
complex, night light simulation can be used with
Marksman
trainers or a static target projection
system.
Lighting
Electro-luminescent Lighting
Main range lighting

In
a normal 25 m
and
unit.
system
Silhouette lighting
When the Marksman trainer system is not in use.
snap or silhouette targets located in the target area
can be illuminated with eight free-standing electro-
Equipment
carousel projectors, a tape hand control unit
instructor's hand control Options include a
reaction timer, trolley, extension speaker, mounting
Two standard
carousel S-AV 2020 projectors,

slides
allowing constant projection of 35
device
Slide feed: circular slide tray with gravity feed mechanism each projector holding 80 slides
zoom lenses.
Other standard lenses are available to suit a
particular projection distance
Lighting: 24 V. 250
Weight: 7 9 kg with slide tray (per projector)
Power requirements: 110/250 V, 50/60 Hz, single-
phase
mm
sequence
Two
mm
Slide Projectors
material
Ferranti Training Systems has considerable expertise in the production of such
material and can advise or produce packages
according to the customer's requirement
A selection of slides is available covering the
main stages of infantry and specialist training, for
use either singly or as part of a pre-programmed
range, about 80 standard

610 x 76 mm electro-luminescent light sources are
arranged to light the ceiling, so that no direct light
reaches the student's eye. The panels are fully
dimmable and separately controlled by illuminated
on/off and solid-state switches on the main control
mm
tices.
ol the Marksman system ol

training lies in the imaginative use of audio visual
of
Facilities include: constant projection for a target for
grouping,
aiming and firing
basic zeroing,
exercises, fire control exercise and range estimation; snap change for rapid target identification
and decision making; dissolve change and overlay
for target recognition, identification and selection,
competitive match target and classification prac-
Audiovisual Material
The key to the success
decision making, dissolve change and overlay for
programmed
Weight: 15 5 kg
Two

types with 75o full load starting torque
Overall dimensions: 56 * 229
73m (screen
Screen Unit
affixed to 3
steel plate.
The screen consists of two horizontal layers of
vertically from top to bottom. All layers are pulsed
the shot fired. Assessment is provided by flood lamps
fixed to the rear of the frame and these are automatically switched on to illuminate the bullet hole
Each paper layer can be switched off individually for
economy purposes if required.
mm
Paper screen: 1.5 x 4.3 mm

Screen material: duplex paper
for the horizontal
screen supplied in rolls 1.83 x 50 m. Black paper

for vertical screen supplied in rolls 0.9 and 1.83m
wide x 50 m long
rolls need to be fitted. (Automatic reversing mechanism for horizontal screens helps extend screen
life)
luminescent light sources (254 x 208 mm). which

throw the targets into relief, simulating for example
the overcast moon rising behind them. The main
console is equipped with switches for the control of
a range of solenoid-operated targets for grouping,
snap and rapid practice

Directional lighting
Unlike starlight, unobscured moonlight casts a fairly

sharply defined shadow and personnel must be
trained to make allowances for this Five electroluminescent panels (152 x 152 mm) can be installed
at intervals through the body of the range and these
also serve to illuminate targets and dummies as
necessary. As unobscured moonlight varies very
little in intensity, continuous dimming is unnecessary and the control unit is fitted for half and full light
only.
Tungsten lighting
Overall house lighting
dimming Red safety
is
provided with continuous

is also fitted, using low-
lighting
wattage bulbs.
Infra-red lighting
Training under
minimum
light
conditions
is difficult
supervise so infra-red lighting can be arranged to

flood the main training area using fittings specially
developed for the British Army's School of Infantry
at Warminster. Wiltshire The level of infra-red used
falls within the
8 to 1.3 micron wavelength and
permits the use of all current aids. The four units
each measure 203 x 254 x 102 mm and are of twinwalled light alloy construction of such a design that
the internal temperature remains within acceptable
to
limits.
The package also includes
target spotlights for
UK
competition shooting, control panel lighting and
special switches to improve lighting conditions for
the Marksman trainer systems.
Range lighting control unit

The lighting control unit is a wall-mounted electrical
control panel, providing switching and dimming of
lighting associated with all modern service small
arms ranges including all the above facilities. The
larger version offered has five dimmers and full
electro-luminescent lighting control. The solid-state
dimmers are electro-optically coupled, thus ensuring that each dimmer control is completely isolated
slide-projectors to con vert day light scenes into night

conditions They allow the use of weapon image
intensifiers and night sights against moving and
static targets and double the training potential of
the Marksman training and static target projection
systems.
Light emission from the projector is passed
through the night lens. The amount of visible and
infra-red radiation forming the target on the screen
can then be adiusted to simulate the radiation
emitted in real night or poor visibility conditions
Lens adaptors may be supplied to fit the filter to
non-standard anamorphic lenses
from the mains supply.
Power requirements
V AC, 50 Hz
13.4 kVA
240
Total
25
System Filters
These filters are attached to the front of the projector
Static Target Projection
lens
mm
Diameter: 90
Depth: 20 mm
Weight: 200 g
STATUS
All
above systems are
the
in
production The Marks-
man weapon trainer is in service in over 30 countries

worldwide including Australia, France, the United
Kingdom and with US armed forces based in West
Germany. The system is also used by many police
forces.
requirement
(lighting)
Night Firing Training Aids

Night firing training aids have night lenses acting as
polarised filters that can be fitted to either cine or
Marksman Weapon Trainer Filter

This filter is fitted between the projector lens and
the anamorphic lens replacing the standard lens
adaptor already supplied.
Diameter: approx 70
Depth: approx 24
Weight: approx 1 10 g
mm
mm
MANUFACTURER
Ferranti Training Systems,
Beech House, Ancells

Fleet, Hampshire
Road, Ancells Business Park.
GU138UN.UK
Telephone: 0252 81 1232. Fax: 0252 81 1376.
Gunpell Target Systems

Gunpell & Company specialise in the design,
development and manufacture of target systems and
bullet traps and all the target systems described
below can make use of Gunpell-Board target boards
(GPTB). These boards are attached to target mechanisms in the same way as plywood targets and are
specially formulated boards which allow bullets
pass through without breaking or cracking, yet

remain rigid enough to be used as target boards; full
size boards are stiffened at the vertical edges Each
board can accept over 20 000 shots before needing
replacement. As each shot hits a GPTB the material
becomes soft, allowing the bullet to pass through. It
then solidifies again and reseals itself. A second,
third and more shots can thus be fired through the
same hole and still operate a hit sensor Various
target patterns can be printed on the board without
the need for paper facings or patches
to
MINI Target Systems

The Gunpell MINI target systems are compact,
rugged and portable target units that combine
turning, pop-up and swing-out targets in one unit.
They can be set and and taken down within minutes
and will continue to operate with
s precision for
extended periods. They can be radio-controlled,
1
line-controlled or self-operating.
Each target can be converted for use as a turning,

pop-up or swing-out target by changing target arms:
the targets turn through 90. Each target mechanism
weighs approximately 10 kg and comes fitted with a
12 V rechargeable battery (together with a battery
charger), a hit sensor and turning and pop-up arms.
The targets have integral circuitry for use as rapid
fire targets. They are weather resistant and can be
rm
in
turning
MINI Target System unit
Gunpell-Board target board installed on MINI Target
System
in
pop-up mode
mode
used indoors or outdoors If installed on a permanent
range the units can operate off a mains supply.
A hand held MINI Radio Controller can operate up
15 MINI units, individually or in groups. The
operating range is at least 1000m. A MINI Line
Controller can operate up to six MINI units. Programmes can be selected from a 100 programme
menu by simply turning two knobs on the weatherproof unit The controller has an LCD panel which
displays time to 99 9 s with 0.1 s accuracy. Six LCD
bulbs light up when the corresponding target is hit,
power is taken from the target mechanism batteries
The controller allows the targets to operate in four
basic modes: all targets appear together; targets
appear one at a time in a known sequence; targets
appear one at a time at random: targets appear
in pairs at random. Programmes include UIT time
sequences, firearms training and sports shooting
to
sequences.
For competition shooting a large display panel
is
available.
MINI Rapid FireTarget

Fire Target (MINI-RFT) is a standalone target unit that will instantly turn or drop when
hit and rebound again for the next shot. It does not
require any controller or cables. The time dropped
or turned can be selected by a dial from between
1 and 30 s.
The MINI Rapid
MINI Rapid Fire Crossing Target

Fire Crossing Target (MINI-RFCT)
consists of a robust, flat-topped, self-driven wheeled
trolley with a MINI Rapid Fire Target placed on top.
The MINI Rapid
26
Each time the target is hit it will swivel and return to

face to indicate a hit The trolley is self-propelled and
operates off an integral rechargeable 1?V battery. It
guided by a wooden strip fixed to the range floor,
speed is 1 or 2 m/s. The trolley is operateJ by a MINI
is
target controller.
SLAMSHOT
SLAMSHOT
stands
for
Shot Location and Mon-
Shows Hit on Target.
It brings a target picture

shooter at the firing point so that he can observe
the exact location of each bullet hole in a target
without moving - he can then clear the target automatically Photocopies of results can be produced
itoring
to a
SLAMSHOT consists of a Gunpell-Board target

board with a double layer of water resistant paper
on a roller system plus an aluminium housing containing a high ratio-geared motor A target pattern is
printed on the transparent board and a TV camera
placed near the target: a TV monitor is placed at the
firing point The housing and target board are fitted
to a MINI or any existing turning target mechanism
in the same way as a conventional plywood target
For indoor ranges a small light bulb backlights the
target; outdoor backlighting is provided by the sky
As a bullet strikes the target it passes through the
Gunpell-Board and the double layer of paper The
Gunpell-Board self-heals but the bullet hole is
clearly seen in the paper After a group of shots has
been fired the firer can photocopy the pattern or he
can switch the motor to move the paper across the
rollers to clear all bullet holes and present a fresh
target. Every shot, or group of shots, can be viewed
on the TV monitor
For outdoor ranges the TV monitor is normally
placed on the ground near the firing point The target
may be up to 1 000 m away.
UK
to six two-way turning targets

Proare selected from a menu and the chosen
number is punched in and a start button pressed to
commence operation Targets may appear in groups
or individually with varying time intervals between
control
up
grammes
appearances The number of targets in view may

also vary Targets may face as Friendly and suddenly turn to Foe, and vice versa One or two bullet
hits can be selected to turn a target Targets may be
laid out across a 180' arc of shooting and at varying
ranges from a shooter to produce in-depth shooting
practice; the Rapid Fire Crossing Target (see above)
could be installed to complement the CQE targets
Encapsulated Bullet Trap
This bullet trap offers a combination of bullet stopping, splashback protection and downrange lead
pollution control and is available for all handguns
sub-machine guns and rifles, including 5 56
mm
weapons.
The trap consists of a steel bullet catcher surrounded by a cylinder measuring approximately m
in diameter and 1 22 m high on a protected steel table
support and placed immediately behind individual
targets where the greatest concentration of shots
fall
With this system a louvered armoured steel
bullet catcher stops all handgun ammunition. A
cylinder of Gunpell-Board surrounds the bullet
catcher, encapsulating it and preventing any spent
bullets, lead particles or dust from escaping into the
range atmosphere The cylinder can accept over
20 000 uniformly distributed jacketed handgun projectiles before needing replacement
A rubber
covering around the Gunpell-Board cylinder provides protection against bullet backsplash. The cylinder can be easily lifted and rotated while the steel
bullet catcher remains in place behind the target
required the cylinder can be inverted or turned to
1
^
Gunpell Soft Barrel bullet and pollution trap with
0.45 and 9
bullets recovered from the trap
mm
Gunpell-Cube Bullet Trap
The Gunpell Cube consists
If
Close Quarter Encounter

Close Quarter Encounter (CQE) is an interactive
three-dimensional, live fire, two-way-turning target
system that provides challenging scenarios for
advanced police and special forces firearm training

can also be used for basic and intermediate levels
utilise
the
maximum available area
The whole bullet trap system is mounted on lockable wheels and can be installed by two men within
a few hours.
It
shooting skills.
With CQE the targets are all double zone targets.
There is a Centre of Mass portion and a Wound
portion comprising the rest of the target body. A
bullet strike in the Centre of Mass puts the target out
of action. A strike in any other portion wounds' the
target When wounded the target turns to edge for
2 sand then refacesforthe next shot This is repeated
three times If the target is not hit within the facing
time allocated by the selected programme, the target
will Retaliatory Fire by electronic means. If the target
is hit while in a Friend mode a derogatory buzz will
sound The total number of Hits Wounds and Errors
will be shown on the controller together with the
shooting time to 0.1 s accuracy
A microchip-based controller has approximately
65 pre-programmed target operations and can
of
Trap
inexpensive and portable bullet trap there
are two concentric cylinders of Gunpell-Board with
the space between them filled with energyabsorbing granules The trap is placed immediately
behind a target on a softwood table and measures
1 m diameter and 1.22 m high. It can be used with
handguns, sub-machine guns and full bore rifles
with bullets passing through the Gunpell-Board into
the granules which slow them down and stop them
without shattering. Thus no lead bullets, particles or
dust escape into the range atmosphere and there
are no richochets or splashback. After a period of
use the barrel is lifted, rotated slightly (or inverted)
and replaced to bring a fresh bullet trap area into
the line of fire. This bullet trap can accept 200 000
shots before needing replacement.
Soft Barrel Bullet
On
approximately
this
of
a cubic shell
made
interlocking granules of
STATUS
the above items are available and the target
systems are in service.
All
MANUFACTURER
& Co Wildacres Reading Road North.
HampshireGU138HS. UK
Gunpell
Fleet.
Telephone 0252 617590 Fax 0252 620729.
RX Two-Way Turning and

Multipurpose Target Mechanism
PX180/B
r ;.
The RX two-way turning and multipurpose target

mechanism PX180/B uses one mechanism and
various brackets to rotate a target left or right from a
central edge position, swing a target around cover
(left or right), work as a pop-up target and have a
slicing action (sideways pop-up).
dP
The equipment is self-contained with an internal

rechargeable battery giving at least one day's shooting Weight is 17kg, sufficient to provide stability yet
light enough to be carried by one man. Dimensions
are small enough to make the equipment easy to
conceal in simulated tactical training situations
Control is by one of three methods They are
(a) line control mainly for indoor ranges offering a
selection of controllers up to computerised operation
(b) local
control for Close Quarter Battle
(CQB)
walk-through type ranges

radio link for CQB and other outdoor appli-
self-initiation,
(c)
cations
The system offers features such as remote grouping and channel selection by radio; double-tap hit
sensing options, accessory and trigger systems for
operating the equipment, including infra-red
The PX 180/B can be used in conjunction with the
PX 46 hostile fire simulator. This is a self-contained.
RX two-way turning and multipurpose target

mechanism PX 180/B
electrically
nition.
operated unit
The device
is
firing 9
mm
blank
ammu-
based on the Sterling Mark 7 C4
closed bolt, semi-automatic para pistol fitted with a

34-round magazine. An internal rechargeable 12V
of
mm thick Gunpell-Board filled with
dense rubber The

cubes can be stacked one on top of another for easy
installation in any part of a range and taken down or
moved as required The cubes stop all small arms
projectiles as bullets can enter the cube but cannot
leave. When a cube is judged to be full of lead it can
be removed and the top unscrewed The rubber and
lead contents are then poured out for separation and
lead removal The granules can then be replaced
inside the cube for re-use. For uniformly distributed
9 mm parabellum jacketed handgun ammunition
each cube can accept over 100 000 shots. Each edge
of a cube measures 500 mm and each cube can be
carried by one man.
soft
RX hostile fire simulator PX 46
UK
1
Ah battery powers the system and
is
sufficient
several thousand firing rounds from a single

charge. The device is fired by closing a normally
open switch contact and can be operated by pressure
pads, a radio link, door switches, and so forth
long
The PX46 weighs 7 25 kg and it is 440
wide.
overall and 220
Other targets produced by RX Products Limited
include the PX36 pop-up target and the PX-200
vertical rising target system. The latter is fully compatible with the PX 180 system and lifts a 5 kg target
for
mm
mm
in a vertical plane in about 0.5

by line or radio control.
s.
It
STATUS
In production. In service with United
special forces and police forces overseas.
MANUFACTURER
Limited. Pontygwindy Industrial Estate,
Caerphilly. Mid Glamorgan CF83HU, UK
Telephone: 0222 882126/886869 Telex 498902 RX
PRODG.
can be operated
Urban Close Quarter Battle
Range
Utilex is a proprietary structural lightweight soft
concrete which can be cast into large one-piece
wall panels, and moulded, shaped and coloured to
represent a wide range of building materials and
styles It also has the exceptional characteristic of
being able to absorb small arms ammunition at a
narrow angle without allowing the bullet to ricochet.
This makes the material ideal for constructing mili-
tary
and
anti-terrorist
live
Kingdom
RX Products
PX
Utilex
27
ammunition
urban
warfare training ranges.

Ranges of this type can be built life-sized, to
represent typical streets or buildings from any part
of the world or in any desired style The streets are
then suitably decorated with cars, dummies, postboxes, lamp-posts and telephone booths, the shops
have window displays, and the whole is painted
and signed to give the utmost degree of realism
Street level view of the Utilex
780/8
mechanism
Overseeing the whole area is a protected control

tower from which it is possible to cause dummies to
move, grenades to be thrown, weapons to be fired
on fixed lines, and many other effects The area is
monitored by closed-circuit TV cameras
Trainees enter the range and carry out various
assigned duties It should be emphasised that the
buildings are not all mere facades, but some are
and furnished, so that full search procedures can be followed Whilst the trainees move
around the area, the controller may operate retaliatory fires, booby-traps, pop-up targets and other
effects, to which the trainees can respond using live
ammunition At the end of the training period, the
video record which has been made by the closecircuit TV cameras can be replayed to the trainees
and the instructor can conduct a critique of the
operation, showing where and when any mistakes
fully built
were made
The principal advantage of this type of range is
that due to the controlled retaliatory fire and other
UCQBR in Hong Kong
hazards, the trainee is placed under stress throughout the exercise, a stress which leads to errors he is
less likely to make on an unstressed firing range.
Utilex constructed the largest and most soph-

(UCQBR) in the world, in Hong Kong for use by the
Hong Kong police as well as the British Army
The company has also built ranges to suit special
isticated
applications, such as airport interiors for training

counter-terrorist operations
STATUS
In service with the British Army and several police
forces throughout the world.
MANUFACTURER
Utilex (UK) Limited, 5
Copthorne Avenue, London
SW120JZ.UK
Telephone: 081-674 7989.
Controller s view of the
Hong Kong Utilex UCQBR
r
mm
_JLSjSS5s
-
t5j
"''1
ZX:
Aerial view of the Utilex
UCQBR in Hong Kong
in
Part of the Utilex
UCQBR in Hong Kong
SMALLARMSRANGEEQUIPMENTANDSYSTEMS/
28
instruction; and a variety of training aids

covering every aspect of small arms training
McQueen Target Equipment
classroom
The McQueen company has been manufacturing

target equipment since 1890 and its extensive range
STATUS
covers conventional military paper targets in all the

NATO standard patterns and for use on miniature
and full sized ranges; butt equipment ranging from
paper patches and paste to target frames; police
and security force terrorist' and friendly' targets,

complete with a wide range of stick-on accessory
pictures which allow the target appearance to be
changed frequently, pistol, rifle, and practical'
targets for competition; landscape targets for
MS Instruments Automatic Scoring

Electronic Target (ASET)
ASET
use during range marksInstruments pic developed

from its proven Acoustic Target System, one
extensive range of ballistic instrumentation
is
manship
ASET
of its
a product
training
for
MS
products.
ASET comprises two elements which
are the
and the Target Sensor. The

Firing Point Display Unit is a ruggedised. weather
proof display, with integral processor and controls,
that allows the firer to examine and process the
displayed shots at will The Target Sensor accurately
Firing Point Display Unit
detects all supersonic projectiles passing through

the detection area ASET therefore provides accurate feedback to the firer on the firing point. Accuracy
and it can accomof the system is to within 5
modate projectiles with calibres between 5.56 and
120
Target sizes may be 1 x 1 m. 2 x 2 m and
mm
mm
6 x
3m
The basic Acoustic Target system

banks
UK
utilises
two
pressure bars which provide X and Y cohit location assessment. For ballistic
testing purposes the two bars may be set at right
angles to each other but for ASET the two bars are
arranged in a 'V configuration to enable them to
remain below the line of fire.
Further development of the Acoustic Target and
ASET system has enabled MS Instruments to adopt
of
In service with military and police

In production
forces worldwide
MANUFACTURER
McQueen, Target
Division.
PO Box
5,
Buckholm,
Galashiels, Selkirkshire TD13NL.UK

Telephone; 08964866 Telex: 727031
Examples
of
McQueen targets
new technique of pressure wave sensing by

arranging the pressure wave sensors in two arrays
a
one each side of the target and below target level

Each individual array holds three pressure sensors
in a triangular (delta) formation so that each indiviaual sensor picks up the on-coming supersonic
pressure wave
at a different
time from the others
The same pressure wave is also sensed by the

sensor array on the other side of the target By
combining the data from the two arrays, and thereall six sensors, the projectile co-ordinates can
be assessed to a high degree of accuracy
The results can be displayed on the Firing Point
Display Unit, as with the basic ASET. or on a printer,
with the data being provided in a form to meet
customer requirements
fore
STATUS
In
MANUFACTURER
MS Instruments pic.
Electron House. 33-49 Farwig

Lane, Bromley, Kent BR1 3RE. UK.
Telephone: 081 290 0200 Fax: 081 464 6596
ordinates for
ASET firing point display unit
MS
Instruments
Automatic
Scoring Electronic
Target (ASET) units
Data processing unit used with
ASET
USA
29
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Caswell Integrated Target Systems
(ITS)
The Integrated Target Systems (ITS) concept Is that

of an open range in which a variety of target and
simulation devices are employed so that training
in both small arms and heavy weapons can be
tactically integrated. Since no two target areas are
alike, the Caswell ITS relies upon a number of
standard modules which can be distributed throughouttheareatosuitthe particular requirement These
modules can be operated either by wire or by radio,
and they cover individual pop-up targets for
handguns and other individual weapons, moving
pop-up targets, moving targets for heavy machine
guns, anti-armour weapons and tank guns, return
fire simulators, and thermal signature targets of all
types so permitting night fire using image intensifies and infra-red detectors Control of the various
target and simulation devices can be to any required
degree of complexity, from manual to fully computerised Laser tactical systems, which conserve
ammunition, can also be incorporated into the ITS.
Range Controller
The Range Controller is a portable transceiver and
microprocessor controller operating on an FM frequency It is capable of operating up to 200 targets
individually in groups or in unison at distances of up
is connected to it by cable Up to six targets may be

connected to a single TCS which then causes these
groups of targets to operate simultaneously The
TCS can be located at distances up to 3000 m from
the Range Controller and is powered from the same
supply as the target equipment or from an external
power pack It also sends hit data to the Range
Controller
Infantry Target
The
Mechanism
Mechanism
Infantry Target
is
an electro-mech-
anical activator of the pop-up type for Army E.

and similar personnel targets The mechanism
remotely controlled and provides
hit
F.
is
sensing and
ITS Running
night illumination It responds to the following commands: target up (expose); target down (conceal);
target down when hit; target remains up when hit;
target conceals then re-exposes when hit, repeat

cycle; and target night illumination The mechanism
is manportable and suitable for permanent or tem-
a sheltered emplacement An
The
is available as an option
mechanism is qualified for operation in severe
environments It may be powered by rechargeable
batteries or from an electrical main supply.
As an optional feature the mechanism can be
equipped for return fire simulation This includes a
built-in strobe light that flashes on the target, a plug
for the attachment of the Return Fire Simulator (see
below) and the electronics for synchronising the
flashes with the sound
porary installation
armoured version
in
3000 m The Range Controller controls stationary

pop-up type targets, moving targets, night illumination and pyrotechnic simulators Target actuation
may be manually controlled or pre-programmed Up
to 100 pre-programmed courses can be stored in a
memory and are instantly accessible. The Range
Controller receives hit data from the Target Control
Set and records hits on the display panel
Man
Target System
one end of the track The target system is installed

behi nd a bal istically secure area with only the target
to the shooter
When directed by the range supervisor the target
carrier travels from one end of the track to the other
and stops A second command returns the carrier to
its starting position The system can be operated at
full or half speed Hits are sensed by a sensor located
in the target head and are transmitted back to the
Range Controller to be displayed
at
exposed
Battle Effects Simulator
Both hostile fire and battle effects are created with

pyrotechnic charges fired by this simulator. The
hostile fire charge simulates the return fire of the
enemy The battle effects charge simulates a steelon-steel hit constituting a kill Standard 50 mm
cartridges are used
The simulator is a self-contained unit. It has a
battery of 30 mortar tubes for the charges and a case
which contains the electronics for synchronising the
firing The charges are fired sequentially Hostile
fire simulation is triggered from the master control,
whereas battle effects simulation is usually triggered automatically by a hit on the target For hostile
fire simulation it may be used unaccompanied but
for battle effects it is on or adjacent to a pop-up or
to
Target Control Set

The Target Control Set (TCS) is an addressable
target control which receives and interprets data
from the Range Controller It may execute up to 10
different target commands. The TCS is located on,
or in close proximity to, the target mechanism, and
moving target mechanism. In either case the unit

qualified for operation in severe environments.
is
Return Fire Simulator (RFS)

is an electronic sound generator which simulates the sound of small arms fire The RFS is used
in training applications to simulate the sound of
This
ITS Infantry Target Mechanism
Running Man Target System

The Running Man Target System simulates a man
moving rapidly across an open area The system
an Army E or F type silhouette target
in a fixed target head attached to the top of
the target carrier. Other targets of similar size may
be used The target is carried laterally along a track,
driven by an electrically powered drive unit located
return enemy fire It fires in a

single shots or bursts of shots
random
selection of
STATUS
In
production
utilises
mounted
ITS Target Control Set
MANUFACTURER
Caswell International Corporation. 1221 Marshall
Street NE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55413, USA
Telephone: (612) 379 2000. Telex: TWX 910 5761 306.
Caswell Mobile Shooting Range

The Caswell Road Range' is a fully functional training range contained in a trailer. It is intended for all
military and police weapon training, except high
velocity rifles, and contains three shooting points It
can be taken anywhere that training is required,
and is invariably less expensive than transporting
personnel from dispersed points to a central shooting range.
The mobile range conforms with US road traffic
regulations and also complies with the environmental and health requirements that usually apply
to shooting ranges. It has its own electric power
generator and ventilation The noise attenuation
enables it to be used close to other activities without
annoyance
The standard mobile range contains three firing
points The bullets are arrested by a special bullet
trap which allows use of all regular service
handguns, shotguns and sub-machine guns. Automatic target carriers are used since these can
Firing points inside Caswell
Road Range
Cutaway view of Caswell Road Range
service and can be readily

maintained wherever the trailer may be. The light
into the
dimming system enables combat situations to be simulated, and an audio system with speakers built
communicate with the shooters

Most standard police training courses can be
withstand
exceptional
ear protectors allows the range officer
to
30
conducted, even though the trailer is only 14.63 m

long, since the targets are scaled to simulate shooting at
all
Unisys Remote Target System

(RETS)
In
MANUFACTURER
use by two US Government Agencand one Middle Eastern police force
production
In
specified number of hits (from one to fourteen), or

after a specified exposure time if the target is not hit
Two types of communication control are available,
The Unisys Remote Target System (RETS) is a

system of modular target devices and communications equipment which can be used in a
variety of live fire configurations for advanced
infantry and armour marksmanship training Both
stationary and moving infantry and armour targets
pop up on command from concealed positions to
provide a realistic simulation of modern battlefield
where precise and quick response is
essential for successful engagement of hostile
conditions,
forces. In addition, the use of modular hardware

allows individual training installations throughout
the world to set up training exercises which meet

unique needs, from fixed lane infantry marksmanship training to a real-terrain battlefield through
which troops sweep to engage up to 512 stationary
their
and moving targets positioned throughout an

area extending over several miles.
Realism is further enhanced by the use of threedimensional infantry targets (moulded of selfhealing plastic), the simulation of hostile infantry
and the use of smoke clouds to indicate a
successful hit on an armour target. In addition,
targets can be programmed to fall down after a
fire,
Unisys
RETS infantry moving targetcarrier
both of which use a microprocessor-based range

controller This system provides full duplex communication with all target emplacements by means
of either buried cable or radio frequency links
Unisys has introduced a new command and
control system which replaces a system-unique
computer with a standard personal computer and
an upgraded software package This Enhanced
RETS (E-RETS) system allows the range operator to
display and monitor downrange targetry graphically
on the video display terminal. In additions commands can be entered via the keyboard, a trackball
or a unique voice recognition system This allows
the range operator to make real-time inputs to the
training scenario in response to the on-going training exercise events
RETS has been type-classified by the US Army,

having met all system specifications and passed
all environmental, reliability and operational tests
Both the infantry and armour targets can be used
in severe winter as well as desert environments
Prototype ranges have been operational at Fort
Benning, Georgia, since 1978 and at Fort Riley.
Kansas, since 1983. The system is in full-scale
Unisys
RETS armour moving
targetcarrier
YUGOSLAVIA
CETIDUR-ABS Panel Targets
Target panels made from a material known as CETIDUR-ABS are 4 to 5
thick and have a specific
gravity of 1.15 0.02g/cm 2 The targets are impact
resistant and do not crack following the impact of a
mm
bullet. The tensile strength is 135kN/cm 2 and at a hit

density of up to 3 bullets/cm 2 the material will not
spall or flake since a bullet piercing the target will
make a hole smaller than its calibre
The targets can be used under any temperature
conditions in the field or on ranges and are intended
to be expendable The colour can be varied to suit
customer requirements.
STATUS
In
production
In
service with the Yugoslav
armed
forces.
MANUFACTURER
Federal Directorate of Supply and Procurement
(SDPR), 9 Nemanjina Street, 1101 Belgrade. Yugoslavia.
Telephone:621 522 Telex: 11360. 11541 YU
USA Yugoslavia
STATUS
ies
the usual distances.
SDPR
CETIDUR-ABS target panels
Caswell International Corp. 1221 Marshall Street

NE Minneapolis, Minnesota 55413. USA
Telephone (612)3792000 Telex TWX 910 5761 306
production with a large number
of
ranges oper-
ational
Under the current production contract. Unisys will

140rangesthroughout mainland USA. Hawaii.
West Germany, and Korea for the US Army and
Marine Corps
Three ranges, using similar
hardware, have been installed in Egypt
The RETS ranges are supported by an integrated
logistics support package, which includes operation
and maintenance manuals, new equipment training,
and complete spares support Maintenance of the
ranges is enhanced by a programme which emphasises the substitution of modular units in the field,
with repairs performed at base workshop This logistics philosophy optimises system availability so that
malfunctioning hardware has no impact on training
install
exercises
STATUS
production In service with the US Army and
Marine Corps (140 ordered) and the Egyptian Army
In
(3).
MANUFACTURER
Unisys Corporation. Shipboard & Ground Systems
Group. 4000 South Memorial Parkway. Huntsville,
Alabama 35802. USA.

Telephone: (205) 535 2500.
RETS Range Control Station
with operator
Yugoslavia
Parachutist Target Launching
Device
M80
The Parachutist Target Launching Device M80, also

known as the UIMP-80, is an unusual training aid
intended to provide soldiers with targets simulating
descending parachutists, both in groups and as

individual targets The targets can by used by small
arms and light anti-aircraft weapons
The M80 launching device resembles a large
three-barrelled mortar carried on a trailer Once
at a launching site the trailer is stabilised using
telescopic jacks and the three barrels are lowered
to the ground from the rear of the trailer and onto a
baseplate The barrels are used to launch target
carriers which resemble large mortar bombs A
propane/air mixture is ignited in a combustion
chamber at the base of each barrel to act as the
propellant The muzzle-loaded target carriers are
re-useable.
The target carriers are fired using a hand held
control unit at 4 to 10 s intervals At an altitude of
over 350 m, controlled by a pneumatic regulator
fitted to the fins of the target carrier, the carrier body
opensand theairstream pullsoutasmall parachute

and the target Both remain attached to the carrier
body and descend to the ground at a rate of from 4 to
6m/s, The target simulates a full size parachutist
but the parachute and harness are on a reduced
scale
Parachutist
arget Launch
The M80 launching device is manned by a crew of

two and can be set up in about 10 minutes When
travelling, the M80-carrying trailer can be towed at
road speeds of up to 70 km/h.
MANUFACTURER
STATUS

(SDPR), 9 Nemanjina Street. 1 101 Belgrade. Yugos-
Available
In
armed
lavia
Telephone: 621 522 Telex: 11360. 11541
forces.
YUSDPR
Cine Target System KS-M82

TheCineTargetSystem KS-M82isan indoor training
system intended
for all
stages
of
weapons
firing
training including target selection, tracking, aiming
and
with
firing. Firing
weapons having
calibres of
mm or less is carried out using the actual weapons

For calibres of 8 mm or over, sub-calibre or slaved
arms or barrels have to be used

The KS-M82 system has two main components, a
screen and a control panel. The control panel has
terminals for the centralised system connection to a
220V mains supply, a 16 mm cine projector and a
ballistic data entry unit for the system computer.
In use the control panel and projector are set up
to one side of and 10.5 m from the centre of the
screen. The trainee firer is placed centrally in front
small calibre
of the
screen
at a
distance
of
about 10 m. Before
the instructor starts the film he enters the relevant

ballistic data from firing tables for the weapon concerned using the control panel Targets can be at
ranges requiring the projectile flight time between
and 9.99 s and within an elevation arc of to +6. As
a shot is fired the report is detected by a sensor
placed on the ground in front of the weapon muzzle
and the system computer can then determine the
time of flight of the projectile When the projectile

flight time elapses the film is stopped and the last
frame appears on the screen. An illuminated spot
formed by the projectile hole and back lighting
behind the screen indicates the hit point with 'ballistic' corrections of the projected frame made by
adjusting the position of a mirror system placed in
front of the projector lens. After shot analysis has
been made the hit is erased and the cine projection
continues.
The KS-M82 can be used with small arms, artillery,
tank and anti-tank weapons.
STATUS
In
production.
In
armed
forces.
MANUFACTURER
(SDPR), 9 Nemanjina Street, 1101 Belgrade, Yugoslavia
Telephone: 621 522. Telex: 11360, 11541
YUSDPR.
The Cine Target System KS-M82 in use
3T
32
Full Calibre
AUSTRALIA
DART Vehicle Target System
a target representative of a hull-down stationary

AFV, and may be engaged by main and secondary
The DART Vehicle Target System comprises both

stationary and moving target mechanisms which
operate with a Combat Effects Simulator The mechanisms are
Mechanism (LDTM)
Medium Duty Target Mechanism (MDTM)
Heavy Duty Target Mechanism (HDTM)
Light Duty Target
Moving
Size Moving Target Carrier (FSMTC)
High Speed Moving Target Carrier (HSMTC).
All target mechanisms are controlled by the DART
100 Hand Held Controller and may be fitted with the
SuperDart Projectile Locations System (PLS - see
entry under Small Arms Range Equipment and
Systems). A range may comprise any combinations
of stationary and moving, figure and vehicle target
mechanisms up to a maximum of 100.
Except for the LDTM, target boards are common
and may be interchanged and rearranged to depict a
variety of vehicle targets and crew-served weapons.
Full
the moving target mechanisms is permanently installed, but the stationary target mechanisms are transportable on a battery charger
storage trailer The FSMTC is also transported and
stored on a trailer andean be easily moved between
several monorail sites and its support area. All
target mechanisms, except the FSMTC. may be
staged (partially exposed) during raising and lowering
rail for
Light Duty Target
The
the
Mechanism (LDTM)
Mechanism is the smallest
Light Duty Target
DART range of vehicle target mechanisms.
Light duty tank target
It
of
lifts
target board
is of
a suitable size to
represent a half-scale vehicle target and may be

fitted with a second target arm which presents up to
full-
to
be used either permanently
installed or, in the portable role, in
all
when
live rounds need to be fired (for example

MILAN)
The monorail guidance system offers a number of
advantages over conventional track. Monorail is
more easily laid and is better able to follow ground
contours and negotiate bends The earth dis-
climates or
terrain
The MDTM is controlled by the DART 100 Hand

Held Controller and requires 24 V to power the
system The batteries and transceiver are packaged
a carrying frame
turbance required to

The Heavy Duty Target Mechanism lifts a full-size
silhouette of a MBT Due to its size and weight
is
most likely to be used as a permanent installation
and used with anti-tank weapons. The HDTM can
use two lifting shafts to expose up to seven target
boards Alternatively several groupings of target
boards could be exposed to present multiple, head-
As with the MDTM. the
Medium
monorail
target
mechanism (HDTM)
in
permanent installation
is
minimal
High Speed Moving Target Carrier (HSMTC)

The High Speed Moving Target Carrier is winchdriven on a light gauge rail way track and can achieve
a speed of 80 km/h
The carrier comprises a flat-decked platform on
which one of a variety of target mechanisms and a
mix of accessories may be fitted These include
it
on, tracks-up targets.
install
HDTM
duty tank target
HDTM;
MDTM;
mechanism (MDTM)
full
scale three-dimensional
fitted with visual hit indicator
system and gunfire simulator
Heavy duty tank
Controller
The FSMTC is hydraulically driven and is powered

by an air-cooled petrol engine carrying sufficient
fuel for 4h of continuous running For situations
requiring approaching and/or withdrawing targets
the FSMTC is fitted with a transverse target holder
to represent an AFV. tracks-up The normal target
boards can be substituted for soft target boards
head-on, tracks-up silhouette of an AFV. The

robust construction of the electro-hydraulic mech-
mechanism (LDTM)
Hand Held
smoke
size,
in
100

Full Size Moving Target Carrier is a selfpropelled system which uses a monorail guidance
system It is capable of presenting a full-size vehicle
target in profile, obliquely or head-on. at any two
pre-selected speeds up to 26 km/h When the Target
is hit the FSMTC will stop and discharge coloured

The Medium Duty Target Mechanism raises a
it
DART
The
controlled by the DART 100 Hand

Held Controller and raises and lowers a target in 8 s
It
is powered by a 12 V battery and 18 complete
mechanisms can be transported and stored on a
storage trailer which incorporates a 20-way battery
charger. When the stabilising frame is folded for
storage and transport the LDTM is compact and can
be carried by two persons.
is
anism enables
controlled by the
Full
five target figures
The LDTM
Stationary
The
armaments The
is
and requires 24 V to power the system The batteries

and transceivers are packaged in a carrying frame
Full-size
moving tank target carrier (FSMTC)
Australia
Head-on lank target on

target, a
combat
FULL CALIBRE GUNNERY RANGES AND SYSTEMS
33
FSMTC
effects simulator; or a
SuperDart
Projectile Location System.
The HDTM permits targets in profile to be engaged

is most suitable for anti-tank weapons
The
MDTM presents a head-on target while the threedimensional target enables weapons and AFVs
and
engaging the target to be tactically deployed Both

HDTM and MDTM may be fitted with soft target
boards for enagagement by live rounds (for example
MILAN). The Combat Effects Simulator (CES) houses
retaliatory and hit effects of the target, and night
lights The SuperDart Single Lane System can be
mounted on the target carrier and uses a UHF telemetry link between the firing point and the target
(see entry in Small Arms Range Equipment and
Systems for details)
The railway track can be positioned at any firing
the
maximum
is gained from the top

has been positioned to
cross at right angles Up to nine speeds can be preset
and controlled remotely from the firing point by using
the DART Hand Held Controller A straight track is
required and can be of any length The system may be
used in isolation or in conjunction with other DART
vehicle and figure target systems
The HSMTC requires three-phase 415V mains
power, or a local power pack may be used The power
source is located down range with the radio control
and winch equipment and is normally built into a
angle, but
speed
of the
benefit
HSMTC when
it
protective mantlet
The
HSMTC
is
under development and
is
claimed
Light Duty Target
to
be the
fastest
full
Mechanism (LDTM)
scale vehicle target system
with
in
Combat Effects Simulator (CES)
the
world
foreground
When the target is raised, a soft blue

projected onto the tar get to produce a realistic
when viewed through gun sights at
night When the target is hit the orange lamp flashes
The CES carrying frames are manportable. stackable and can be quickly connected to or disconnected from their parent target mechanism
When used with the FSMTC the CES is configured in
a different form
the night lights
light is
silhouette effect

The Combat
Effects Simulator provides night illumi-
nation, pyrotechnic gunfire
and
is
used with the
and target
hit
indication,
A total of 48 pyrotechnic capsules are mounted in

a frame with a night light system. Half the capsules
(gunfire) simulate main armament firing and the
other half are (normally) orange smoke to simulate
a target hit. The simulated return fire from the main
armament is initiated from the firing point when
the target is raised by using the DART Hand Held
Controller Thecoloured smoke is initiated when the
target is hit.
Two lamps, one blue and one orange, comprise
STATUS
In
production
In
widespread service
MANUFACTURER
Queen Victoria Terrace, Canberra ACT 2600 Australia
Telephone: (06) 270 671 1 Telex: AA 462 730101
Fax: (06) 2706744.
DART Scaled Tank Gunnery

Systems
DART Defence
Industries produce several types of

moving and stationary target mechanisms which
can be fitted with scaled targets for use with subcalibre firing devices when conducting elementary
tank gunnery training.
When fitted with one-fifth or one-tenth scale

vehicle targets the DART Moving Target Mechanism
(MTM) provides stationary and moving targets at
representative ranges for main armament engagements. The MTM is mounted on a light-weight monowhich may be mains or battery powered and
may be of any length The installation of the monorail
requires minimum earth disturbance, and, by introrail
ducing curves and undulations, produces a life-like

traverse The scaled targets on the MTM can be
easily exchanged for figure targets to convert a
scaled tank target range into a small arms moving
target range
The Light Duty Target Mechanism (LDTM - see
previous entry) presents a target of suitable size to
representa half-scale vehicletarget in profile.
The DART Robot Target System (RTS - see entry
in Small Arms Range Equipment and Systems
in
115th scale tank target held in
down position
34
section for details) also has a multipurpose facility

By replacing the human form three-dimensional
figure target with a scaled three-dimensional tank
target and using the platform base, the RTS hecomes
an agile scaled tank target. As with the MTM the RTS
can be quickly and easily re-converted
to its original
scale The scaled three-dimensional tank target on

the RTS is under development.
STATUS
In
production.
MANUFACTURER
Australia.
Telephone: (06) 270 6711 Telex:

Fax: (06)2706744.
AA 462 730101
Scale target mechanism looking along Moving Target Mechanism (MTM)

monorail
FRANCE
Type 1617 Remote-Control
Acquisition Target System
The Type 1617 remote-control acquisition target
system was designed to provide rapidly appearing
targets for tank gunnery and direct fire weapons.
The system can be established in field locations to
present targets
in
natural surroundings.
target system includes 10
A complete Type 1617
and a battery charger

Eachtargetunitconsistsofa long metal box mounted
on four collapsible legs. The unit has two folding
arms which raise a target screen from a drum in
under 10 s The target screen can show a diagrammatic representation of the front of a tank or
show a geometric shape or emblem One of the
screen raising arms mounts a receiver unit The
target unit also contains a 24 V motor (and its associ-
target units, a control unit
ated battery charger) to operate the folding arms

and raise and lower the target screen If required
the target can be controlled manually.
The waterproof control unit contains the system
transmitter and its aerial. There is a control panel
that controls up to 10 targets and allows targets to
be selected in any order. The control unit is battery
powered and can remain operational for up to 10 h
The operational range of the control unit is 3000 m
and an instructor can select upto 100 target codes.
A target unit weighs approximately 60 kg. The
target screen is 2 m long and 1 m high when fully
unfolded.
STATUS
In
production
In
service with the French
Army
MANUFACTURER
Ruggieri, Departement
Armement, 86 avenue de
Saint-Ouen, 75018 Paris, France.
Type 1617 remote-control acquisition target system

with control unit in foreground and a target screen
in raised position at the top of the slope
Australia
France
Hungary Norway
35
HUNGARY
pyrotechnic equipment
Moving Target Equipment
producing white or
smoke Also produced are moving
Industrialexport Hungary produces a range of

moving target equipment for use on training ranges
Equipment produced includes infantry-type targets
but also promoted is a range of moving target equip-
ment suitable for use with tank targets Equipment

produced includes single- and double-rail systems
and equipment not confined to travelling on a fixed
Target carriers can be equipped with
track
red
target carrying
systems running on overhead cable arrays.

Tracked carriers can run on tracks up to 300 m
long and carriers can carry three or four targets with
either single or double layers The systems operate
on three-phase 380V, 50 Hz electrical supplies
Power demand is from 2 to 1 1 kW.
Included in the Industrialexport Hungary range is
a pop-up helicopter target
Two-rail tank target carrier with pyrotechnic tiring
STATUS
In
production.
In
service with the Hungarian
armed
forces.
MANUFACTURER
Industrialexport Hungary.
est.
PO Box
24, 1251
Budap-
Hungary
Turning tank target carrier on two-track system
Pop-up helicopter target
NORWAY
HMV Agile Target System (ATS)
DESCRIPTION
mm
clamped to a sledge which

around a pre-placed course.
The targets can negotiate bends and each has a
maximum speed of 50 km/h Vehicles can cross the
targets.
runs
in
Each target
is
either direction
when they are stationary.

sledges can be used simultaneously.
haul cables
support the main frame of the sledge which

standard aluminium tubing The sledge
can be easily dismantled for repairs. Each sledge is
5m long, 2.5m wide and 0.55m high. Weight is
175 kg and it can carry a target weighing up to 150 kg
The FoMo98 is a capstan winch with a variable
speed facility. It is powered by a 98 hp four-cylinder
petrol engine with a 90-litre fuel capacity, sufficient
for one day's operation. All components are combined in one compact mobile unit together with a
tow bar and detachable wheels. An instrument panel
shows the position of a target on a course. For
control the system uses a radio transmitter/receiver
remote-control unit, the FoMo98A. This transmits
instructions to the winch and provides feedback to
of travel,
HMV
Agile Target System (ATS) was designed

for training with anti-tank weapons, is simple to
install and is adaptable to any local conditions.
The heart of the system is a mobile winch, the
Vossavinsjen FoMo 98, which is connected by 6
cable to one or two sledges on which are placed tank
The
Two
target
On the sledges, ground compensating skids,

which are self-adjusting according to the direction
is
made
of
the operator to monitor the target; range is 5 km. This

unitalso has a semi-automatic running programme.
The FoMo 98 B
is a manual control unit operated by

an operator seated at the winch.
Ground preparation for installation of the system
is minimal. The course can be of any shape from a
straight line to an almost full circle, so local conditions can be exploited to the full. The targets can
negotiate rough ground and relatively sharp bends
at moderate speeds but levelling is necessary for
high speeds. Steering blocks are employed anchored in the ground The winch and counterweight
should be shielded by natural or artificial protection
such as an earth bank If necessary they can be sited
outside the target area in which case a 5m high
36
steering pylon
pins, 10 snatch blocks, 20
rectly
rope drum
is used to guide the haul cable corbetween the winch and the course
Available for use with the system are the following: equipment for use over snow, equipment lor
permanent installations, additional sledges to form
tank columns: various shaped targets; hit indication,
return fire and lighting units installed on a separate
sledge behind the target and outside the line of fire
The standard equipment for an Agile Target
System includes the winch and counterweight pylon,
a steering pylon, one or two target sledges, 2500 m
of 6 mm haul cable. 42 steering blocks, 220 anchor
Norway Sweden
anchor plates and a steel
STATUS
In
production
British
In
service with the Norwegian and
armies
MANUFACTURER
Hordaland MEK Verkstad
AS. Box 23, N-5701 Voss,
Norway
Telephone: 47 55 1 1422 Telex: 42522 hmvvs
Target sledge used with
HMV
n.
Agile Target System

(ATS)
SWEDEN
SAAB BT 18SC Heavy Duty Tank
Target
This
is
a pop-up target driven by an electric motor.
It
powered by a nickel-cadmium battery and controlled by the BT22FM radio system or the BT24
range control system. The target consists of an
electro-hydraulic operating unit and one target
is
holder, which
Each
made in two parts from tubular steel
is
has a clamp for securing the

connected to each side of the
part of the holder
target holder and

driving shaft.
is
When
transporting or storing the
unit,
clamp is easily fastened to each

the target unit The target is self-indicating
each part with
its
side of
and the signal voltage for hit indication is created by
a sensor which is clamped to the lower edge of the
target board If the sensors or the cable to the
sensors are damaged by a projectile, the target
board disappears and the target cannot be operated
by the radio, indicating that the hit sensing system is
not intact. The number of hits and time to first hit can
be transmitted to the BT24 range controller where it
may be displayed or printed out in hard copy form
Firing from the target can be simulated by connecting the unit with a BT 19 gunfire simulator, which
can also be used as a hit indicator The target board,
which should be made of a rigid material such as
hardboard. can be of silhouettes of a tank or a part
of the tank.
Weight:
(torque mechanism less battery) 95 kg
(NiCd battery) 21 kg
(lead battery) 14 kg
Turning angle: 85
Capacity per charge: more than 200 cycles using
target weighing 65 kg at 15 m/s wind speed
Rising and falling speed: 3-6 seconds per operation
STATUS
In
production
In
service with several armies.
MANUFACTURER
SAAB Training Systems AB, Box
2049. S-561 02
Huskvarna. Sweden
Telephone 4636 194600 Telex: 70045 saabjkg
SAAB BT 18SC heavy
SAAB BT 37 SD Moving Target

System
The SAAB BT 37 SD moving target system is a railtrack operated and radio-controlled mobile target
for tank and anti-tank gunnery training The system
consists of standardised rail-track sections, a selfpropelled trolley with a target that can be raised and
lowered end sections with buffers, and a combined
parking/charging station. The system can be built
duty tank target and
precautions, even in difficult

motors enable the target trolley to
climb gradients of up to 8 per cent. Target hits are
without elaborate
terrain. Electric
indicated by means of pyrotechnic cartridges or by

lowering the target. The target may be controlled by
the SAAB BT22FM remote-control system or the
SAAB BT 24 range controller (see following entry).
Power for the system is supplied by nickelcadmium batteries on the target trolley which
provide a trolley range of 8km, including 40
BT19G
gunfire simulator
accelerations from standing to maximum speed

This capacity can be increased to about 100 km
with an optional on-board generator
The system can be equipped with accessories for
simulation of fire from the target using pyrotechnics
The rail track is built in modules with three main
types of section: end section with buffers, straight
section and curved sections with 5 or 15 change of
direction A track to suit any terrain can be made by
combining the different sections An embankment.
Sweden
13m
high,
is
needed
to protect the installation
can be
Alternatively, the rail track
laid in a
trench
of
corresponding depth.
The target trolley has a maximum speed of

50km/h, accelerating from standing to 30km/h
within 30 m All functions and commands are controlled by a built-in microcomputer The all-welded
chassis contains the batteries, electronics and
hydraulics All four wheels have chain drive There
is also an anti-skid device which guarantees traction
and optimum power output even under difficult conditions Radio control of the trolley is achieved either
with two BT22FM receivers for target control and
trolley control, or with a BT 24 radio control system
enabling data collection from the trolley
The batteries are charged each time the trolley
reaches the combined parking/charging station For
safety the battery temperature is monitored during
the charging period The charging power is switched
off
after a preset time (under the control of a timer)
or
when charging has been completed The power
source can be either 220 or

engine-driven generator
10
V mains
or a portable
Safety features include automatic braking when

the trolley approaches an end stop, automatic lowering of the target at the end stops, and shock
absorbers on the trolley and buffers at each end stop
that permit impact at a speed of up to 35 km/h without
simulator and a pyrotechnic hit indicator, both

holding 15 cartridges These can be carried on and
used from the trolley
Trolley
Weight:
(without batteries) 420 kg
(with batteries) 520 kg
Length: 2 2
Accessories include a pyrotechnic hostile
fire
(with target holder) 3 11
Height:
Width:
73 m
25 m
Speed: 0-50 km/h variable

Acceleration: 0-30 km/h within 30 m
Braking: 30-0 km/h within 20 m
to
Range: 8 km, including 40 accelerations from
max speed; this can be increased to about 100 km by
using an on-board generator
Target weight: up to 1 50 kg
Temperature
limits:
25 to
40
Track
Section length: 5 8 m
Track gauge: 1 m
Track height: 65 m
SAAB BT 37 SD moving target system
Max gradient: 8%
Recommended height of embankment:
13m
STATUS
In
production
British
In
some
Army
forces and
damage.
37
service with the Swedish armed

other armed forces, including the
MANUFACTURER
AB. PO Box 2049, S-561 02

Huskvarna Sweden
Telephone 46 36 194600 Telex 70045 saab|kgs
BT 24 Range Control System

The SAAB BT 24 range control system is a two-way
radio control system The full duplex data communication system can link a maximum of 3375
stationary or moving targets on a single frequency
with a radio transceiver located down range Each
radio transceiver can control 15 targets individually
and also feed back hit data from 15 targets individually The BT24 programmable controller can
direct targets with pre-programmed scenarios or
with keyboard inputs from a range officer
Before an exercise an operator can create proscenarios using the BT24 programmable
controller The scenarios are stored in a cassette
Targets can be programmed to fall after any number
of hits; to remain exposed for a certain period of
time; to ignite pyrotechnics at set times of target
gramme
exposure or
in
reponse
to hits, to link the actions
and to vary speeds or

appearances of moving targets at certain times or
locations The BT24 programmable controller can
direct pre-programmed tactical responses of target
groups that vary according to the performance of
the firing unit The controller display permits an
instructor to preview, select or re-programme a
of targets to firing results,
scenario before an exercise commences

Before commencing a scenario it is possible to
test targets, batteries and other equipment and
obtain a complete print-out of the readiness status
of all equipment The programmed scenario can
then be altered to operate around faulty equipment
Range equipment can also be re-tested following an
exercise.
During an exercise using the pre-programmed

mode the BT24 system automatically controls all
targets on the range This mode perm its an instructor
observe a
response
developing sceninstructor can

interrupt a scenario at any point and manually
operate targets The scenario may be re-started at
any programme line. An emergency key on the BT 24
programable controller enables the instructor to
lower all targets
In the manual operation mode the instructor can
control all targets in real time by using the keyboard
on the controller. During an exercise the BT24
system automatically collects hit data from all
to
unit's
to a
ario rather than control targets.
targets
data can be printed out for after-action review

or can be stored on the removable cassette. The
Hit
SAAB BT 24 programmable range controller
The
cassette provides data for an exercise replay or a

permanent record for individuals orunits The BT 24
system provides information on the number of hits
on each target, target exposure time before the first
hit, the average exposure time of all targets, the
percentage of hits, and other data to provide immediate feedback on performance
Frequency range: 38 to 70 MHz

Frequency separation: 25 KHz
Range: 4000 m
1
STATUS
In
production.
ing the British
In
service with several armies includ-
Army and the US Army
MANUFACTURER
AB, PO Box 2049, S-561 02

Huskvarna, Sweden.
Telephone: 46 36 1 94600 Telex: 70045 saabjkg s
38
Switzerland
SWITZERLAND
CB-2 Tank Target System
DIXI
under Small Arms Range Equipment and Systems)

in general principles, but is larger and accommodates a tank target for gunnery training with tanks
or anti-tank weapons. The mechanism is designed
so as to be capable of raising and lowering a target
2 v 3 m in area in a wind of up to 60km/h. It is
normally used in a fixed position, but it can be put on
a trolley so as to provide a moving target It may be
with a gunfire simulator carrying 20 firing units
so that return fire may be simulated. Alternatively,
smoke cartridges can be used to indicate hits or to
fitted
DIXI
mm
Dimensions: 500 300

430
Weight: 39 kg
Power supply: 110 or 220 V AC, 50/60z Hz
Target batteries: 6
mm
This resembles the AK-2 target system (see entry
simulate a tank
Target Unit
Weights:
(complete unit) 120 kg
(operating and electronic unit) 65 kg
Drive: electro-mechanical
Power source: 24 V DC NiCd battery
Battery life: about 500 up or down movements
Calibres accepted: 7 65-155
smoke screen
Command box batteries: 2

Gunfire Simulator
Dimensions: 1020 x 350 * 300
Weight: 59 kg
Number of rounds: 20
Sound pressure: 1 75 dB at 3 m distance
mm
in
24 h
mm
Command Box
mm

Weight: 6 5 kg
Power source: built-in battery or external
Capacity: 12 targets per HF channel
HF channels: 8
Frequency ranges: 140. 160. 420 or 460 MHz bands
NiCd Battery Charger
STATUS
In
production.
In
service with the West
German
Army.
MANUFACTURER
DIXI SA. Usine
No
1.
35 rue de
la
C6te. CH-2400 Le
Lode. Switzerland
mm
CB/25 Target System

Weight: 220 kg 190 kg without battery)
Rise and fall time: 3.5-5.5 s
Power supply: 12Vor24VDC. 15Ahor55Ah
Frequency range: 68-87.5 MHz(i): 138-174 MHz
Number of channels: 8
(
The DIXI CB/25 is an automatic tank target system It

will raise and lower full-scale plywood, plastic or
glass fibre tank or armoured vehicle silhouette
targets with areas of 3 x 2 m or more in winds of up
to 100km/h. The operation can be controlled from a
central range console by land line or radio, or by the
DIXI portable computer remote-control unit, and the
target unit also has its own controlled timer to raise

and lower the target. There is also a moving target
carrier system available onto which the CB/25 can
be
installed, thus giving all possible types of target
Operating
(ii)
life:
V 15 Ah NiCd battery) 250 cycles

(24 V 55 Ah torque starter type battery) 600 cycles
(24
Delay timer action: 5-120
STATUS
In production. In service with the British. West
German, Swiss, Middle and Far Eastern armies
presentation.
The CB/25 will withstand hits from TOW, MILAN,

Dragon and similar missiles, gunfire from helicopters and all calibres up to and including 120 mm
A gunfire simulator can be connected to give realistic
return
MANUFACTURER
DIXI SA, Usine
Polytronic TG 82 Pop-up Tank

Target System
The Polytronic TG82 pop-up tank target system is
associated with the TG82 infantry target system
(refer to entry under Small Arms Range Equipment
andSysfemsfordetails) and uses manycomponents
and accessories employed with that system, including the potential
use
of the
TG82 range
control
(qv).
The basic unit of the tank system is the TG 82-30

tank target mechanism This unit weighs 170 kg and
can raise a 6
1,
35 rue de
la
Cote, CH-2400 Le
DIXI CB/25 tank target system
fire.
system
No
Lode, Switzerland
x 2.8
tank or vehicular target
in
55 km/h winds in 6 s. The unit can present a stationary target or may be installed on a moving target
system. The target mechanism is capable of withstanding hits on a target by MBT main guns, and
anti-tank missiles such as TOW and Dragon. It can
also withstand hits from small arms rounds with
calibres of from 7.62 to 25 mm.
The TG 82-30 E is remote controlled while the
TG 82-30 SE also has a transmitter which sends
individual scores to a control unit.
While the TG82 pop-up tank target system can
accommodate the full range of Polytronic TG82associated accessories, items that are more likely
to be used with a tank-based range installation
TG 82-30 Pop-up Tank Target Mechanism
include the HF-11 and HF-11C hostile fire cartridge

devices These can be used as smoke hit indicators.
shell burst simulators and return fire simulators.
The HF-11 has a 24 shot capacity while the HF-11C
has 20 shots
STATUS
In
production.
MANUFACTURER
Polytronic
International
Limited
Pilatusstrasse
CH-5630Muri. Switzerland.
Telephone: 057 45 1 1 45 Telex: 828 080 poly ch.
1
125.
TG 82 Pop-up Tank Target Mechanism installed on a range
Switzerland UK
39
Panzerzielfahrzeug 68 Target Tank

The Panzerzielfahrzeug
68. or PzZielfz 68. is a

special target tank version of the Pz68 main battle
tank (for full details of the Pz68 refer to Jane's
Armour and Artillery 1989-90 pages 77 to 79). This
vehicle
and
is
was purpose-built
used
for the target tank role
for training anti-tank
weapon crews.
It
armour for the hull, a heavilyarmoured turret and a dummy gun The PzZielfz 68
weighs 38 000 kg and has a crew of two, the vehicle
commander and a driver.
is fitted
with extra
STATUS
In
service with the Swiss
Army only.
MANUFACTURER
Federal Construction Works. Thun. Switzerland.
PzZielfz 68 target tank
UNITED KINGDOM
winds
Hitchcox Target System

The Hitchcox Target System was developed
by the British
Army
primarily
in
for
use
the field of anti-tank
guided weapon (ATGW) training where the use of

live warheads has necessitated the use of specialised targets A thermal panel can be fitted to the
basic target to give an accurate thermal signature of
an enemy vehicle
The Hitchcox Target, both basic and thermal,
consists of a number of separate panels mounted in
a baseframe The number of panels required per
target depends on the type of vehicle depicted For a
full-size MBT eight panels are required while a MCV
requires six panels The panels are staggered, with
their lower edges clamped onto the baseframe The
tops of the panels are secured together by a strap
and peg arrangement.
The thermal panels are electrically heated Power
is supplied via a controller and cable harness from
conventional 12 V lead acid batteries connected to
give a 24 V output The power source and controller
are normally located about 10 m to the right-hand
edge of the target to minimise damage to them if a
missile inadvertently detonates at the target
The target panels can be replaced individually
when they suffer damage from shot. The basic target
panels are constructed of a material which is strong
enough to withstand the forces imposed by side
of up to 14 m/s and yet is soft enough to accept

a strike with a live HEAT missile with sensitive
fuzing without detonating the warhead The panels
measure2 7 x 1 35 m and weighs less than 10 kg
The thermal panel is so constructed that it will not
materially increase the probability of detonating the
warhead of the MILAN missile when it strikes the
target The thermal skin is robust enough to accept
a minimum of 20 direct hits without appreciable
deterioration of the thermal signature.
The thermal panels are electrically heated During
the majority of daylight hours the panels absorb
solar radiation in the
3 to 0.5 micron waveband
and radiate energy in the 8 to 14 micron waveband
Under these circumstances no electrical power is
required. The electrical connection between the
conductive element and the power cabling is constructed so as to minimise the chance of detonating
the missile
An electrical power controller is used to control
the temperature of the thermal panel. This allows
the temperature of the panels to be altered by setting
the voltage supplied from the controller to either
low, medium or high In order to conserve power
this is achieved by the use of a switched mode power
converter. The controller is fitted with flying leads
1.5
long, terminated with a connector suitable for
connection to standard in-service batteries. There
are up to eight output channels providing power to
each of the target panels The output channels are
Basic Hitchcox Target mounted on baseframe
provided with over-current and short circuit protection
The temperature of the hottest' part of the thermal

image with the controller at the maximum temperature setting and in a windspeed of 8 m/s. will
not normally be less than 12C above ambient temperature
The thermal target produces an accurate thermal
representation of a full-size AFV travelling at speed
with both main and secondary weapon systems
active, and is sufficiently accurate for a missile
operator to select known vulnerable areas on the
target vehicle as his point of aim.
The targets can be engaged by any direct fire
weapon up to and including MBT main armament

and can be used with most known ATGW systems
The thermal targets could be employed for dry
training, particularly in vehicle recognition, or could
be fitted to a B' vehicle as a moving target for

tracking The thermal panels could, if necessary, be
fitted to other target structures including tank hulks
STATUS
In
production
In
service with the British
Army
MANUFACTURER
IMVEC
Limited, North Block. Bentley Hall, Bentley.

Blacknest, Alton, HampshireGU34 4PU, UK
Telephone: 0420 23777 Telex: 538253.
Representation of Hitchcox thermal target viewed through a thermal imager
40
Miltrain Tarquin
UK
Tank Target
The Miltrain Tarquin targets are a series of tank gun

and missile targets for use on field firing ranges by
armoured, artillery and infantry forces A lightweight
a tank-silhouette-shaped
reinforced polyurethane
panels The standard target provides a three-dimensional representation of a T-62 sized target. These
targets are durable lightweight, and easily repaired
locally Shots through the panels are visible from the
firing point, so that instant assessment of accuracy is
achieved. The target retains heat after dark and can
be used as an inexpensive thermal target
The Tarquin target moves in a straight or dog-leg
path using the motive power of a light military vehicle
such as a Land Rover, moving backwards and forwards behind or to the side of the firing point. As an
alternative, a radio-controlled winch is placed to
one side of the range area and moves the targets
across the range to act as a target for longer range
weapons A feed-back system shows the range
officer the speed, location and direction of the target
carries
metal
chassis
target
made up from
even when it is invisible to the firers. The remote

radio console provides full control up to 2000 m from
the winch.
Tarquin improves on the usual fixed-speed
rail-
mounted targets which become too well-known to

the crews and therefore too easy for them to hit. On
completion of firing the target can be dismantled
and the range can be completely cleared of all
targetry so that the area need not be safe-guarded
between periods of firing practice.
Miltrain Tarquin tank target
MANUFACTURER
Miltrain Limited. 64A High Street. Godalming,
Surrey GU7 1DU.UK
Telephone: 0483 426664 Telex: 858893 FLETEL G.
STATUS
Available.
Centurion Mobile Target Tank

The
Army has been
using redundant Cenmobile targets for some

years although the number involved has never
been large. At one time as few as three were in
service although that batch was withdrawn and a
further batch was converted to the mobile target
British
turion
main
battle tanks as
role.
The Centurion target tanks are used to provide

mobile targets on weapon ranges for anti-tank
weapons such as MILAN. LAW 80 and the 84 mm
Carl Gustav gun but the missiles and projectiles
involved use inert warheads The Centurions are
converted to the target role in Army workshops
by stripping all non-essential equipment from the
vehicle, including the main gun and mantlet and all
machine guns. Layers of applique armour are added
wherever possible A length of pipe is fixed to the
turret front to simulate a main gun barrel
The vehicle is operated by a crew of two. a driver
who occupies the usual driving position in the front

hull, and a commander who has a position under a
rudimentary cupola in the turret. Both locations are
provided with armoured periscopes
The all-up weight of the converted Centurion is
over 60 tonnes and varies from vehicle to vehicle.
For full details of the Centurion main battle tank
refer to Jane's Armour and Artillery 1989-90 pages
120 to 125
STATUS
In
Army
Centurion mobile target tank used at the School of Infantry at Warminster. Wiltshire (T
Gander)
USA
41

CTA Integrated Thermal Target
The CTA thermal target has
integrated'
its
uSL*&2"
thermal image
The thermal
into the target surface.
signature coatings are powered by a 12 V

transformer/rectifier system that converts
AC
or
DC
10/220 V
AC. Power is conducted through the target surface
from wide busses that are situated well below the
target area, thereby making it nearly impossible for
hits on the target area to knock out the thermal
1
signature until the target is destroyed The thermal

image is automatically activated to a temperature of
at least 5 F
above ambient
in
approximately 10s
the target has been raised to the vertical

position
Hits on the CTA thermal target, from calibres of
5.56mm up to 120 mm, typically hole cleanly' and
do not disrupt the thermal signature except by the
amount of impact surface removed from the hole left
after
by the projectile, so even a large number of hits will

not significantly degrade the thermal image The
fit most target-lifting mechanisms and will accommodate hit scoring sensors.
The non-reflective target surface of the targets
allows them to be used with laser rangefinders.
targets are designed to
CTA thermal
targets
may be
two- or three-dimen-
and in full, half, quarter or one-fifth scale.

Targets produced to date are for the T-80 and
T-72 MBTs, the ZSU-23-4 self-propelled air defence
sional
system, the BMP-2 IFV, the 122
CTA
integrated thermal target
mm
2S1 self-proamphibious scout car,
MANUFACTURER
pelled howitzer, the BRDM-2

T-12 anti-tank gun, the
the BTR-70 APC, the 100
Ural-375 truck, the BMD airborne combat vehicle
and the Mil Mi-24 Hind' helicopter.
STATUS
TVI Thermal Signature Targets
design made up from several sections (known as

target modules) with each module simulating a particular signature cue Damage to one module will
have no impact on the operation of the rest of the
mm
TVI thermal signature targets are used to provide

training with armoured fighting vehicle thermal
In
production
main guns and secondary armament, and

systems They can perform
effectively under any weather conditions, and are
durable, lightweight, easy to install and maintain.
The targets provide accurate thermal signature
cues such as tank road wheels, tracks and engines,
to the extent that some cues (tracks and engine
exhausts for example) are hotter' than others. The
target
anti-tank guided missile
such as hull and turret sections have power leads at

each end to form redundant power circuits, so that a
hit on a power lead will not cause module failure
In use the target modules are nailed or stapled to
standard plywood or pressboard targets There are
no restrictions as to where nails or staples may be
placed on the target. No special tools are required
signatures are provided by a TVI patented flexible

heating element that uses a conductive coating
rather than resistive wires Since there are no wires
involved the elements can be cut and shaped to
simulate any vehicle cue', while hits on target will
pass through the coated area without causing the
target to cease operating. The targets are of modular
to set up,
TVI High Resolution Multi-Spectral

Targets
targets on target lifting devices or mounted on light

vehicles to produce movement. A velcro strip on the
thermal imager appearance of any vehicle likely to

be encountered on a battlefield. The target vehicle
can be produced in any configuration or camouflage
paint scheme and can be presented from any aspect,
including hull down, oblique, and side on. Whatever
aspect is required, the corresponding thermal
imager appearance will be accurately reproduced

The targets may be used as stand-alone fixed
759,
Telephone: (803) 794 3219 Fax: (803) 796 1810.
sights for
TVI high resolution multi-spectral targets are twodimensional targets suitable for use in-the-field with
laser-based gunnery simulators. Each target combines computer graphics visual technology with a
thermal signature modelling capability. They can be
used for stationary vehicle recognition and identification training and for employment during tactical
exercises where the targets can be employed to
consitute or augment an opposing force.
The targets accurately simulate the visual and
Custom Training Aids (CTA) Inc. PO Box

Swansea, South Carolina 29160, USA
Certain critical parts of the overall target
ope rate or maintain the targets. The targets
use electrical power from batteries (via a power

control interface), portablegeneratorsormainssupplies Plug connectors joining the modules to a
power supply can only be attached in one way and
are of a simple push/pull type.
The targets do not emit any RF radiation and are
target may be used to attach a MILES harness.

All the targets involved are capable of operating
with only solar loading like the real tank' which
presents a thermal signature of high fidelity. The

simulants are four colours of a continuous tone that
present a high fidelity visual image of any threat or
friendly vehicle. The result is that a two-dimensional
target will appear to the human eye as three-dimensional. The illusion is more pronounced if an
observer uses binoculars or other magnifying
devices The targets will continue to operate in
adverse weather conditions such as rain, snow, ice
and fog that are beyond the weather 'envelope' of
AFV thermal sights.
Each target is one-man portable and can be set
up in minutes. No special tools, training or follow-on
support is required. Each target is supplied fully
assembled ready for immediate use and all targets
are compatible with existing range equipments.
They can be taken down and stored for re-use without
adaptable to target raising devices, moving target

ranges and computer-controlled ranges
A typical TVI thermal target will absorb an average
of 8- 10 hits before repair or replacement is required
Repairing the targets is quick, simple and inexpensive Familiarisation for range personnel with
all aspects of setting up, operating and supporting
the system can be accomplished in one to two days
of on-site training by TVI personnel
A typical front or flank view thermal target weighs
under 2 3 kg.
STATUS
In
production
service with the
In
US Army
MANUFACTURER
10700 Hanna Street, Beltsville,
TVI Corporation.
Maryland 20705, USA.

Telephone: (301) 595 5252.
difficulty. All
systems fit
into a soft container of duffel
with a shoulder strap, zip

fastener and snap hooks for securing to various
vehicle mounting points. The maximum weight of a
complete target is about 11.3 kg.
Threat' target configurations produced include:
T-72, T-62, T-54/55, BTR-70, BTR-60, SA-8 Gecko,
ZSU-23-4, 122mm 2S1, BMP. BRDM, Hind-D and
Hind-E. Friendly' target configurations include M1
Abrams, M60A3, M2/M3 Bradley, M1 13. M901 M109,
FISTV,
HMMWV, Jeep, Chieftain, Centurion,
bag-type design
fitted
Merkava, Leopard, AH-1S Cobra, and OH-58 Kiowa.
STATUS
SI A US
I
n production.
sraeli
armed
In
service with the
US Army and
the
forces.
MANUFACTURER
TVI Corporation,
10700 Hanna Street, Beltsville.
Maryland 20705, USA.

Telephone: (301 595 5252.
)
42
Small
Arms Marksmanship
Training Equipment
and Systems
AUSTRALIA
DART Lindsay Knight Rifle Trainer
can
System
in
Practice
The DART Lindsay Knight Rifle Trainer was

developed as a measuring instrument to record,
recall and display those pressures applied to a rifle
the moment of trigger operation. This information
instantly available to both the firer and an instructor. The trainer permits the early detection of faults
at
is
in firing
differentiate, record
variations
technique so that corrective action can begin
before the faults develop into bad habits, offering

higher standards of marksmanship in a shorter training time period and savings in ammunition, time and
manpower
The DART Lindsay Knight Rifle Trainer comprises
a modified service rifle connected by an electrical
cable to a display unit. The rifle is modified by fitting
strain gauges to measure the pressures applied to
the rifle by the firer These pressures are monitored
on the display
unit by
colour-coded
relate to the various interface points
lights
which
between the
rifle and the firer. The display lights freeze' when

the trigger is operated
The firer/rifle contact pressure points monitored
are: butt to shoulder; cheek to stock, vertical and
horizontal; master hand to pistol grip, pull to

shoulder squeeze, twist and cant: finger to trigger,
rearward and sideways pull; forehand to handguard, palm pressure, squeeze and twist.
Each of the monitored points allow for seven
increments in pressure to be displayed. The pressure is indicated as varying from soft to hard
or as directional, left or right The display unit
and display 1977
million
the hold
in
aiming, holding and firing sequences
can be accomplished dry' or the modified service

The display unit
rifle can fire live ammunition
memory can be used to recall up to 20 shots or
trigger operations at any time during a shot series
or group A print-out option is available All firing
positions, supported or unsupported, can be
adopted and firing at stationary or moving targets
Deliberate and instinctive methods of
is possible
engaging targets can be taught, practised and perfected while night firing, with and without night
''
also possible
Additional features include a shot reaction timer
and an audio feedback The shot reaction timer
records and displays the time (in seconds) that the
firer takes to complete a firing sequence The audio
feedback sounds when a firer achieves the optimum
vision,
is
hold.
The display
unit is
and the service
packed
in a robust container
stored and carried in a sturdy
man can carry both packed
rifle is
carrying case. One

cases. Most service rifles can be adapted and modified to the Rifle Trainer. As an alternative, a 0.22
conversion kit could be fitted to a service rifle for
use on 25 m indoor and outdoor ranges, and cine
target ranges.
Setting up and completing the switch-on procedure takes less than a minute The display unit
incorporates a self-test system.
The DART Lindsay Knight Rifle Trainer control panel
MANUFACTURER
STATUS
Australia.
production for the Heckler & Koch G3 and HK 33E,

the FN FAL. and variants of the Colt AR-15 and M16.
Telephone: (06) 270 671

Fax: (06) 2706744.
In
Telex:
AA 462 730101
CHINA, PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC

JSM-2 Basic Laser Simulator for
Light
Weapons
The JSM-2 basic
laser simulator for light
weapons
intended to train new recruits in the basic steps

small arms marksmanship and also provides
instructors with information on an individual's
weapon aiming and holding steadiness
The basic JSM-2 consists of a simulated rifle, a
monitor and a target unit. The target unit is a quarterscale standard chest silhouette which produces the
effect of a 100 m target at 25 m. The target consists of
a series of photocells arranged in five to ten rings
and four sectors (up. down. left, right) to act as laser
detectors. By aiming the simulated firearm and
firing' ahelium-neon laseremitterthe resultantshot
is
of
placing and sector can be detected and displayed on

a monitor placed either next to the firer or at an
instructor's position Each shot is recorded by the
system and a series of shots can be played back on
the monitor to check grouping and aiming stability
The system will indicate the scoring ring and
sector for each shot If a scoring ring boundary is hit
the higher score will be shown. The total ring scores
and sectors are accumulated for later play-back
(operating current) less than 4 mA

(service life) 2 years
Output voltage from a single photocell:
more than
5mV
Power supply: 220 V AC
STATUS
In
production.
DEVELOPMENT AGENCY
Effective range: 25
Laser wavelength: 6328 Angstroms

Laser spot diameter: 8 mm at 25 m
Laser emitter:
(outout power) more than 0.5
(striking voltage) less than 4500 V
JSM-2 basic laser simulator for light weapons
Nanjing Research Institute on Simulation Technique

(NRIST), PO Box 1607 Nanjing. Jiangsu Province.
People's Republic of China.
Telephone: 648061/647765 Cable: 0319 Nanjing.
mW
in
use
The ring sec
>as/c laser simulator
Finland
SMALL ARMS MARKSMANSHIP
43
FINLAND
Noptel ST-1000 PC Marksmanship
Training and Analysis System
The ST-1000 PC marksmanship training and analysis

system represents the second generation of laser
training systems developed by Noptel. the first being
the ST-1000 system
The ST-1000 PC system operates using an IBMcompatible PC/XT/AT type personal computer. The
complete system consists of a laser transmitter, an
optical target and an interface card for the personal
computer, plus the associated software The system
can be used for both pistol and rifle shooting without
any alterations to the weapons involved. The training
distance can be freely selected depending on the
space avail able. Up to 100 mean be utilised while the
standard cable supplied is 30 m long, the minimum
training distance is 4 m. The system is portable and
can be used anywhere, requiring only electrical

power.
When switched on the laser transmitter mounted
on the weapon muzzle sends a continuous invisible
light
beam The optical target measures the position

beam 1000 times per second with an accuracy
of the
mm
on X- and Y-axes The resultant data is

transferred by a cable into the computer for storage.
The entire firing process can also be observed in
real time on the computer screen. Stored shots
within a preselectable period of time before and
after the triggering movement can be replayed in 10
different output modes in slow motion for detailed
analysis.
The software allows selective storing of shots,
and a possibility of adding comments and footnotes
to individual shots or series of shots. The software
also includes a statistical calculation programme of
the holding time, the centre of gravity, deviations on
the X- and Y-axes, and so forth
of 0.1
Noptel ST-1 5
Noptel ST-1000
PC system showing
the laser transmitter under the
rifle
muzzle, the optical target and the
associated personal computer
For group training or competitive shooting several

ST-1000 PC units can be connected into a networking
system
MANUFACTURER
Noptel Oy.Teknologiantie 8, SF-90570Oulu. Finland
Telephone: 81 500351 Fax: 81 391101
STATUS
In
production
In
service with
at least 16 countries.
Combat Trainer
The Noptel ST-15 Combat Trainer consists
of a laser
transmitter/receiver unit inserted into the barrel of
a pistol plus an electronics unit mounted in the
space normally occupied by the pistol magazine. No
alterations to the pistol itself are required and the
ST-15 can be replaced with the original parts for full
operational use of the pistol The ST-15 can be
installed in most service pistols. The ST-15 was
developed from the earlier ST- 10 Shooting Trainer.
The target is covered with reflective material and
can be of any size or shape, stationary or moving.
As the pistol is fired the ST-15 unit transmits an
invisible and eye safe short laser pulse. If it hits a

target the pulse is reflected back and the receiver
indicates the hit by a sound signal. The operational
range is from 3 to 50 m.
Weight of the ST-15 is 180 g and it can be used for
30 h of continuous operation with rechargeable 6 V
batteries.
STATUS
In
production.
In
service
in
16countries.
MANUFACTURER
Noptel Oy,Teknologiantie8,SF-90570Oulu, Finland.
Telephone: 81 500351. Fax: 81 391101.
Components
of the Noptel ST-15
combat trainer for pistols
SMALL ARMS MARKSMANSHIP Germany, East Internationa

GERMANY (EAST)
44
Small Arms Target Training Device

The East German armed forces employ a laserbased small arms target training device for use on
conventional small arms target ranges. The device
can be used on most types of service rifle or other
similar weapons and employs a laser transmitter
secured under the rifle muzzle. The user aims and
fires the rifle in the usual way but live ammunition is
not used The laser transmitter projects a cruciform
beam at a target 100 m distant The position of the
beam on the target is calculated and used as the
basis for plotting the impact at any range and results
are displayed on a portable console described as
an evaluation unit At ranges up to 500 m pyrotechnic
devices can simulate the impact of a bullet striking
the target
It has been stated that this type of training device
can also be used for training tank and armoured
personnel carrier gunners
STATUS
service with the East German
In
armed
forces.
A complete East German small arms target training

device showing the laser transmitter located under
the AKM rifle muzzle, a target and the
evaluation unit
INTERNATIONAL
APOGEE and APOGEE SCORE
Fully Interactive
Firearms Training
Systems
example a scenario may include a target wearing

non-visible body armour.
Scenarios are available with up to four potential
targets to exercise threat assessment and target
for
The system
priorities
DESCRIPTION
APOGEE System was
The
the Institute for
originally
developed by
Combat Arms and
Tactics of Albuquerque. New Mexico, as a fully interactive firearms

training system using laser fire from modified
weapons at projected targets APOGEE was the first
branching interactive video system to incorporate instant video branching on fall of fire Further
development by OTEC Special Products Limited of
the United Kingdom enabled the system to operate
using live fire as well as laser fire and the developed
version is known as APOGEE SCORE
fully
APOGEE and APOGEE SCORE
use state-of-the-
technology to provide realistic marksmanship

and shoot/no shoot scenarios. The reactions of the
projected target are determined by the action and
accuracy of the trainees fire. If the target is hit in the
kill zone it will fall down dead: if it receives a wound
shot only it will recover and return fire; if it is missed,
art
it
return fire and escape If the wrong target is

the video sequence branches to another result
will
hit
Using any one scene
it is
possible to play out a
multitude of different ways depending on the trainee's ski or how the instructor may wish to override:
1
is
fully
computerised and
the kill/wound areas and threat windows can be

adjusted to suit the user's training preferences
Performance data can be provided on hard copy or
fed into a central data bank for task selection The
system was designed to be user friendly' and for

easy operation by weapon training instructors.
Using simple key controls an instructor can select
the computer-controlled option most suited to the
level of training or evaluation being undertaken,
from basic
skills
through to advanced multi-target
operational scenarios.
The portable APOGEE SCORE system allows an
instructor to form a complete opinion of trainees
from scratch, including stance and movement,
decision skills and marksmanship, using either
laser modified weapons in a classroom or. when
placed in a range, with the trainee's own weapon.
Equipment involved with the APOGEE SCORE

system includes a large rubber video screen, a large
screen projector, a surround sound speaker and
amplifier, a video disc player, and an IBMcompatible personal computer, monitor, printer and
keyboard For live firing both full power standard or
frangible ammunition may be used and for laser
simulation laser projectors are fitted to operational

weapons Fully interactive videos from an expanding library are used and videos can be made using
the customer's own personnel and locations for
editing and encoding onto video disc An available
option is for a customer to make their own video
scenarios and use the system to play them back in a
non-interactive manner
The system provides automatic assessment
covering judgement time -identifying a target reaction time - engaging a target: on screen shot
marking; shot analysis as shots are fired or on
playback: playback on target screens or monitor;
the mean point of impact: the shot pattern over a
training period;
and hard copy printout
STATUS
In
production
MANUFACTURERS
APOGEE - Institute
for
Combat Arms and
2715 Broadbent Parkway NE. Suite
J.
Tactics.
Albuquerque.
New Mexico 87107, USA

Telephone: (505) 344 3887.
APOGEE SCORE - OTEC Special Products Limited.
Nitor House. PO Box 1. Godalming. Surrey GU7 1UJ.
UK
Telephone: 0483 426299 Fax: 04868 5953
Airtech Firearms Training Systems
(AFTS)
The Airtech Firearms Training Systems (AFTS) is a
development of the FATS (Firearms Training
System - originally intended for police training
applications) and was specifically developed for
military and police firearms training The AFTS is
a joint development by Airtech Firearms Training
Systems of the United Kingdom and Firearms Training Systems Inc of Norcross, Georgia USA
The AFTS provide a flexible in-depth training aid

teaching marksmanship and tactical shooting
for
It can be used at all skill levels from recruit to

trained marksman The AFTS consist of a computer,
a video disc and projector and a large screen measuring up to 3 x 3 m Any video scenarios may be
projected onto the screen and the trainees not only
have to practise their marksmanship against the up
to life size targets presented on the screen but also
have to practise their tactical assessment skills
identifying that some targets may be 'friendly' Any
skills.
numbers
weapons from
pistols up to manportable
can be used with the system but
ammunition is fired. The weapons may be
of
of
scenarios
is
continually being enlarged Targets

or static single or multiple, with
anti-tank launchers
may be moving
no
ranges from 5 to 900 m Battlefield sounds can be

provided if required Weapon zeroing can be by
normal mechanical adjustment or instant, through
the system computer A point of aim trace before and
after firing can be provided along with a capability for
immediate replay to analyse any problems It is also
possible for weapon malfunctions to be introduced
to enable immediate action drills to be practised.
The AFTS requires a 240V single phase mains
electrical supply. A two-man system can be set up in
a room measuring 3 x 6.1 m. the minimum space
required for the system The system measures
1320 x 690 x 870 mm and weighs approximately
114 kg Installation and removal time is under
30 minutes The system can be housed in a mobile
shelter/container if required
live
fired 'dry' or using blank plastic cartridges con-
taining a primer only to create a firing signature

The weapon also projects a laser beam from a laser
emitting device at the instant of firing. Firing can be

single shot or bursts, as appropriate The system
can provide instant replay of point of aim, result
scores and reaction time for assessment purposes
(using various coloured shot indicators to indicate
the sequence of shots fired) and/or a permanent
record of results can be made on a computer floppy
disc for later assessment and de-briefing Each
student can be issued with a hard copy of their
results and performance.
A wide range of tactical and other scenarios can
be provided and used, from target ranges to combat
situations in the field or in built-up areas The library
International
UK
45
STATUS
In production. The original FATS are in service with
over 200 customers in the United States (including
police forces and the US Army Military Police four systems delivered to the Police School at Fort
McClellan) and elsewhere The AFTS has been
ordered by the US National Guard, the US Marine
Corps, the US Air Force Security Police, and the
Royal Air Force Regiment
MANUFACTURERS
Airtech Firearms Training Systems.
Haddenham,
Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire HP17 8JD. UK.

Telephone: (0844) 291422 Telex: 83223
Firearms Training Systems Inc. 110 Technology
Parkway, Norcross Georgia 30092, USA,
Telephone: (404) 448 7318. Telex: 517354 FATS.

Fax:(404)242 6962.
An Airtech Firearms Training System (AFTS)
in
use
SWITZERLAND
TIRA-LAST Laser Shooting System
DESCRIPTION
a low energy laser unit
directly integrated into pistol, revolver and submachine barrels; no alteration to the weapon
involved is required The weapon is aimed and fired
at a target in the normal way but the laser unit on the
weapon emits a coded laser beam The target area
consists of a special synthetic and photo-sensitive
material which converts the laser light into an electronic impulse. This pulse activates and controls the
TIRAX TI92 target turning unit (combat simulator
unit- see entry under Small Arms Range Equipment
andSystems section) on which the target is mounted.
TIRA-LAST consists
of
Thus, typically, a laser hit on the target

the target to turn side-on
will
cause
The TIRA-LAST unit mounted on the weapon is

known as the LAST-Laser TLS. The LAST Sensitive
Unit, the target, is the TLT and the Target Support is
theTLE.
STATUS
Available.
MANUFACTURER
ILEE-TIRAX
AG.
Schutzenstrasse
29.
CH-8902
Urdorf/Zurich, Switzerland.
Telephone 41 1 734 27 77 Telex: 827 7 75 ILEE CH.
Fax: 41
734 27 22.
The TIRA-LAST laser shooting system showing mam
components
UNITED KINGDOM
Ferranti
SMART Small Arms
Trainer
SMART Small Arms Trainer has been
described as the most advanced rifle trainer in the
world and consists of up to 10 trainee positions
each comprising a modified in-service rifle, a highresolution monitor, ear defenders and a centralised
instructor console. The instructor's station contains
a data monitor, an exercise monitor, a keyboard, a
microphone, a graphics generator and the system
computer.
The weapons used with SMART are adapted
service rifles fitted with a light pen, handling sensors
and a recoil simulator (using compressed air).
Trainees may fire from the prone, kneeling or standing positions. The trainees' targetry is generated by
computer graphics and displayed on a high resfrom the
olution monitor approximately 700
muzzle of the rifle. The target types involved include
point of aim, zeroing, static, snap and moving. Firing
exercises encompass holding, aiming and firing,
point of aim, grouping, zeroing, gallery range, electric target range, moving target range, close quarter
The Ferranti
mm
combat range, application of fire, annual weapon

test practice and competition shooting practice.
The point of aim target allows both the instructor
and the student to track the latter's point of aim
before, during and after firing and acts as an excellent diagnostic facility. All trainee actions and performances are monitored by the instructor from the
central console from which he initiates and controls
all range practices The instructor has access to
records of points of impact, mean point of impact,

grouping circles, hit/miss analysis and scores for
each trainee
As each student engages a target the light pen
detects the point of aim and the fall of shot is
immediately displayed on the instructor's exercise
monitor. This allows for detailed supervision of up
to 10 trainees as each shot is fired. Recoil and
weapon jump are simulated, and a realistic rifle
report is reproduced through the ear defenders,
which also provide a one-way audio link between
instructor and student The system can also simulate
wind effects and can allow for time of flight of a
projectile
On completion of each practice the
instructor can replay student performances and
make group sizes and scores available to all

trainees on their own monitors.
Other facilities with in the system allow the instructor to monitor safety and ammunition state of the
rifle, the student's hold of the weapon, trigger operation and the wind speed and direction at any time.
The instructor can also initiate weapon stoppages
and check that the correct immediate action drills
are carried out Weapon handling and safety drills
can also be conducted
SMART allows for training at basic, intermediate
and advanced levels, providing realistic training for
both recruits and trained soldiers. The system is
simple
operate and no previous computer experiSMART provides detailed analysis

of trainee performance, leading to effective fault
diagnosis within a totally safe environment. SMART
is designed for maximum participation which makes
ence
is
to
needed
and cost effective at all training levels

has been adapted to operate with British
7.62 mm L1A1 rifles and the SA80 weapon system,
American 5 56 mm M16-series rifles and the West
German Heckler & Koch G3 rifle.
it
efficient
SMART
46
UK USA
STATUS
In
production.
In
Army and
Royal Air Force Police, Denmark, the French Army

and some Middle Eastern countries, including Qatar
MANUFACTURER
Ferranti Training Systems Limited, Beech House,
Ancells Road, Ancells Business Park, Fleet, Hampshire GU138UN. UK.
Telephone: 0252 81 1 232 Fax 0252 8 1 1 376
One station of a SMART small arms trainer in use

Firearms Training Systems (FATS)
Marksmanship Trainers
Firearms Training Systems (FATS) is a world leader
in the production of complete small arms marksmanship simulation systems FATS simulators are
not partial trainers They use the latest advances
in laser and interactive video technology to train
military and law enforcement personnel in all
aspects of marksmanship training from basic individual fundamentals to advanced collective combat
skills. Up to 12 individual firers can train simultaneously using life-size projected video images
on large screen displays.
FATS military systems can employ from one
student up to squad size units Students can assume

any position immediately, with no system reconfiguration, and simultaneously fire rifles, machine
guns, grenade launchers and light anti-tank
weapons in co-ordinated live action firing range and
battlefield scenarios. The trainers offer numerous
special features such as target box exercises and
target trace analysis, immediate replay and feedback of both hits and misses, slow motion, stop
action, instant
printed results
search and threat

if
identification, with
required.
FATS law enforcement systems can be used
to
students in target range and judgmental

shoot/no shoot police skills in a variety of life-size
scenarios ranging from ordinary patrol encounters
to special operations and SWAT situations.
train
The FATS system is rugged, portable, user

and does not require specially trained
friendly
operators.
STATUS
In production. In service with military and police
forces throughout the Americas. Europe, the Middle
and Far East and the Pacific Rim.
MANUFACTURER
Firearms Training Systems Inc. 110 Technology
Parkway, Norcross. Georgia 30092, USA.
Telephone: (404) 448 7318. Telex: 517354 FATS
Fax:(404)242 6962.
ff
1
^ t
*i^MF"^Bw
^B*i^H
WJbl.
FATS Light Anti-tank Weapon (LAW)
training
Weaponeer 66 and 70
Marksmanship Training Systems
system
in
first Weaponeer marksmanshiptraining system

was the Weaponeer 66 which was developed during
the mid-1970s The first prototypes were delivered
to Fort
the
Benning and Fort Knox in 1976 and 1977 and

production systems were delivered to US
first
in
use
use
Army Training Centers in 1979 By the end of 1988

over 320 systems had been delivered to over 50
The latest model is the Weaponeer 70.
The Weaponeer 66 marksmanship training system
consists of a rifle, a target range and an operator's
console. The rifle involved (M16A1/A2, G3, with
others optional) is demilitarised and uses no ammunition.
Recoil, shot sound, round chambering
and magazine loading are duplicated electrolocations.
The
FATS Squad Engagement Training System
An infra-red sensor provides

mechanically
immediate aiming point, trajectory and round impact
data to a video monitor in the instructor's console
This monitor can also replay the firers point of aim
for up to two seconds prior to the firing of any shot:
this permits the instructor to detect and correct firing
faults The target range, which may be raised or
lowered to simulate all firing positions (from trench/
foxhole
to
standing),
consists
of
four
targets
USA
Production models contain US Army field fire, US
Marine Corps known distance and British targets at
simulated ranges from 25 to 500 m. Target exposure
knockdown (kill) mode and random target

sequences are operator selectable A self-contained
printer can provide a hard copy of targets and scores
The degree of recoil can be varied and magazine
capacities can be varied electro-mechanically. It is
possible to utilise a John Wayne' magazine with an
infinite ammunition capacity.
The system is two-man portable and operates off
110 or 220 V AC. If required the system may be
times,
installed in a
mobile enclosed
trailer or in the rear
of a suitable vehicle.
The more recent Weaponeer 70 marksmanship

system is a multi-lane and multi-weapon
system with enhanced target features. Designed to
cater for all marksmanship training requirements
from basics to advanced, the Model 70 can have up
to 10 lanes operated from a master console The
master console consists of a computer with a colour
video monitor, a printer, intercom headphones and
a microphone, a mouse and a keyboard From the
console the Model 70 operator may monitor and
communicate with all the trainees or any sub-group
of trainees Basic system operation is performed
with the mouse and no special computer training is
training
required.
Each lane has
as a
fully
its own computer and can function

independent training device without being
live-lane
The Marksmanship and Gunnery Laser Device

(MAGLAD) was designed and developed for the US
Army Infantry School by the Project Manager for

Training Devices under the Naval Training EquipmentCentercontractto International LaserSystems
Inc (ILS) MAGLAD is used in place of ball ammu-
marksmanship training. The laser

most military rifles with little or no
modification and it can be used for both indoor and
nition for military
adaptable
connected to the master console. Thus extra lanes

can be added to an existing multi-lane system and
one or more lanes can be re-located as required
Most small arms are adaptable to the Model 70 (see
below) and many weapon and scenario combinations can be used simultaneously. The recoil
feature for the demilitarised weapons is carried over
from the Model 66 and simulated burst and automatic
are possible. The multiple firing position feature
also carried over from the Model 66 As with the
Model 66, no rounds are fired using the Model 70
and all weapon handling actions such as re-loading
have to be carried out correctly
Computer-assisted training in the form of interactive tutorials is provided These tutorials may be
self-paced or a group can proceed at the one pace
Computer-assessed training can record marksmanship factors such as steadiness, aiming skills,
fire
is
engagement time and

A computer-generated voice and
trigger control, hits, misses,

hit
probability.
tone can co-ordinate lessons and provide performance feedback A real-time, through-the-sight
display of the sight picture, weapon vertically and
steadiness, breath and trigger control and followthrough is available at each lane This information
may be displayed in real-time or replayed for postfiring analysis The same display may be used for
shot calling' indication Feedback includes the
order of shots, group sizes, group positions and
scores Battlefield sounds and the firing sound of
47
own weapon are realistically reproduced

through headphones.
The Weaponeer 70 has a moving target option in
addition to the usual multiple targets.
M16A1/A2 rifle the
In addition to the usual
Weaponeer 70 can accommodate several other
and
types of small arm. These include the M9 9
M1911/A1 0.45-inch pistols. AR-15. Heckler & Koch
G3, SA-80 IW and LSW. sniper rifles, the M249 and
M60 machine guns, the AT4 LAW, and the M203
grenade launcher Basic Weaponeer 70 lanes can
be configured readily to accommodate alternative
weapon options. For options such as the M249 Squad
Automatic Weapon, lanes can be provided with a
modified field fire range or a 10 m machine gun
the firer's
mm
but may also be used with rifle targets,

including the moving target option The M9 pistol
option can be provided with or without recoil, and
pistol targets are contained in a separate module
that connects to the standard range
target,
STATUS
production. In service with the US Army. US
Marine Corps and the Canadian Armed Forces
In
MANUFACTURER
3605 Edison Place,
60008-1077. USA
Telephone: (312) 394 5700 Telex: 240 329.
Fax:(312)394 0409
Spartanics
Meadows,
Limited,
Rolling
Illinois
Weaponeer 70 marksmanship training system installation demonstrating some of the multi-weapon options available
ILSMAGLAD
is
to
outdoor training with considerable realism. Blank
ammunition may be used with the system and there

are no trailing wires from the rifle, nor any battery
packs to be hung on thefirer.
MAGLAD
consists of a laser transmitter mounted on the muzzle of the firer's rifle. The
trigger for this is immediately behind the rifle trigger
and operates as the firer shoots. Alternatively, the
laser can be fired by the muzzle flash from a blank
round On firing 'he laser emits a burst of 16 pulses
for each shot. The target detects this burst and
responds if the beam strikes it correctly. The laser
beam is very narrow and it is necessary for the firer
Essentially
to
have aimed correctly
for the target to register the
laser strike.
There is a moving target which incorporates two

receivers, one on each side. These are offset to the
correct distance for the lead angle needed to hit
the target when it is moving. Since there is no
beam such an
order to simulate the
perceptible time of flight for the laser
arrangement
is
needed
in
trajectory of the bullet.
The laser transmitter can be fired in three modes;

automatic, semi-automatic and blank The selection
is by means of a switch on the casing and there is
48
also a device which counts Ihe shots fired and

switches the transmitter off after a set number corresponding to the magazine capacity of the weapon
MAGLAD
in
use
in
US Navy Marksmanship Expert

Developed by the US Naval Training Systems Center
the Marksmanship Expert
intended to familiarise, improve
and maintain rifle shooting performance using the
7.62
M14 rifle (the US Navy's standard rifle), the
Orlando.
Trainer, or
Florida,
MET,
is
mm
M-16
and the CAR-15. The
rifle
for pistol
MET can also be used
breathing Students aim at a target presented on the

video monitor and feedback to the student is by
computer generated graphics and a computer-
MTS1000 Marksmanship Training

System
The MTS 1000 marksmanship training system
a
laser-based
is
used
weapon simulation system
MILES and is compatible

US Army MILES laser transmitters.
similar to
MAGLAD
useful training
in
system can provide realistic and

quite small areas The minimum
sizeof roomfor 1/12thscaletargetsis9 .7
with
all
In
service with the
MAGLAD target
US Army
fi
synthesised voice The feedback describes the

source of shooting errors including a poor shooting
position, an improper sight picture, a lack of breathing control and trigger jerk.
The M14 rifle involved is modified by having a
light pen mounted under the muzzle and a trigger
sensor is fitted to provide trigger control data and
simulates the rifle recoil The height of the rack

carrying the cable drive and motor is adjustable to
suit the student's firing position (standing, prone
kneeling) and height.
Originally the system was devised to conduct
one day courses to teach all shore-based US Navy
mechanism. The student's breathmonitored by a sensor worn on a waist belt.
proficiency for guard duties Experience has shown

that the MET system can be used to achieve higher
instructor can monitor the progress of up to

eight students
standards than was originally intended The system

was successfully evaluated by US Navy SEAL personnel and is used during SEAL basic training
activate the recoil

ing
is
The system provides weapon
firing noise and

simulated by a cable attached to the top of
the rifle butt The cable is connected to an electric
motor assembly carried on a rack behind the firer.
The electric motor runs continuously and as the rifle
trigger is squeezed a clutch is engaged to provide a
momentary drive to a reel onto which the butt cable
is wound The result is that a sharp tug on the cable
personnel
to
achieve an adequate standard
of firing
recoil is
the student's performance and can provide a printout of the target on an optional dot matrix printer.
The MTS1000 can be configured for multiple-lane
operation. An addition feature is that in the BORESIGHT mode the MTS 1000 can be used as an
alignment system for any MILES transmitter
fielded
The usual configuration has a laser target and a

computer/controller combined in a rugged transit
case. The top half containing the target (which is
similar to the US Army standard 25 m zeroing target)
is separated and positioned 25 m from the firing line.
The computer/control console is connected to a
110 V power supply and to a cathode ray tube
monitor
In use the student performs an alignment routine
using the MTS1000's built-in BORESIGHT mode
which provides a continuous display of the location
of the laser beam on the monitor. After switching to
the MARKSMAN mode the student fires shot groups
of three rounds each at the target. The monitor
displays the exact location of each bullet' and recommends a sight correction The MTS1000 scores
STATUS
1066m
One
shooting training.
The MET is a relatively low-cost indoor system

based on the use of a colour video monitor, a Zenith
248 personal computer, and a light pen located under
the muzzle of an M14 rifle No live rounds are fired
The system is based on the four fundamentals of
shooting steadiness, trigger control, aiming and
with
USA
hangar; the targets are miniature 1112th scale, mounted on

small mounting units
Trainer
at
The
STATUS
In
production
MANUFACTURER
Simulaser Corporation. 15251 E.Don Julian Road.
City of Industry. California 91746. USA.
Telephone: (818) 369 1355. TWX: 910 584 4890.
MTS1000 marksmanship
training
system
STATUS
In
service with the
US Navy
DEVELOPMENT AGENCY
US Naval Training Systems Center. Orlando. Florida
32826-3224 USA.
Yugoslavia
49
YUGOSLAVIA
M83 Orthoscope
Infantry
Aiming
Trainer
The M83 Orthoscope is a teaching aid designed to
provide aiming and gunnery training exercises and
their evaluation. Its operation is based on the characa semi-transparent mirror, attached to the
frame of a weapon, to reflect 30 per cent and transmit
70 per cent of light. A trainee can practice aiming
undisturbed while an instructor, at the same time,
can inspect his aiming
The device may be used indoors or outdoors and
is very effective in the initial phase of training in
marksmanship By a simple adaptation the device
may be attached to any type of weapon from rifles to
teristic ot
heavy machine guns and certain types of artillery

and mortar sight.
A set consists of seven holders and two frames
with mirrors, stored in a carrying case. A complete
set, in its case, weighs 5 kg
STATUS
In production.
forces
In
armed
MANUFACTURER
Laser and Atomic Research and Development.
Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 41000
Zagreb, Yugoslavia
Telephone: (041) 435-1 1 1 Telex: 21383
M83 Orthoscope infantry aiming trainer
Laser Infantry Weapons Simulator

This laser infantry weapons simulator consists of a
gallium arsenide laser projector clamped to the
muzzle of an infantry weapon for firing at a fixed
target. The target has a laser detector so hits sensed
by the target detector are relayed back to the firing
point via a tripod-mounted laser-based connection
unitto operate a scoring and control unit which logs
results. The target may be placed at any range
between 20 and 100 m from the firer
Up to 10firers may use one target at any onetime
Hits
are signalled by a flashing light (for about 2 s)

unit automatically provides a print-
and the control
out of results.
The laser projector
mounted on the infantry

and emits a laser beam with a
wavelength of 904 nm, a pulse power of 7W and a
beam divergence of 1 5 mrad. The control side of the
system is powered by rechargeable NiCd 12 V 56 Ah
weapon weighs
7 kg
batteries.
The same basic laser projector can be used in

conjunction with a helmet-mounted detector system,
smoke cartridges and an umpire gun to convert
the system into a tactical engagement simulation
system With this system the helmet carries four
detectors to provide a full 360" coverage and smoke
devices also mounted on the helmet provide an
indication of incoming enemy fire' Red smoke
denotes a kill' and yellow smoke indicates wounded'. The weight of a helmet with the laser detectors
is
1.75 kg.
The
tactical
system can be used
at
engagement version
of the
ranges between 20 and 400
m
Components
STATUS
In
production. In service with the Yugoslav
armed
of
Yugoslav laser infantry weapons simulator complete with helmet detector and umpire gun
used with the tactical engagement simulation version
forces.
(SDPR).9NemanjinaStreet. 11001 Belgrade. Yugos-
MANUFACTURER
lavia.
Telephone: 621 522 Telex: 11360. 11541 YU
SDPR
50
Sub-calibre Training Devices

and Training Weapons
BELGIUM
MECAR TD-20-90 Sub-calibre
Training Device
produces a sub-calibre training device for
use with a range of 90 mm vehicle-mounted guns
MECAR
including the
MECAR
90/28, the Cockerill
Mark
II
and III and the Brazilian ENGESA EC-90. The device

has the general appearance, dimensions and weight
of an operational round of 90 mm ammunition. The
device
is fitted
Ferretti .22
with a barrel 700
mm
long, firing
a 20mm sub-calibre tracer round known as the

TP-T-20-90 M643 which is matched to the MECAR
90/28 HEAT-T round performance out to a range of
1000m. Firing is carried out using the normal gun
firing mechanism Realistic training can thus be
carried out with the system covering the complete
range of gun command and control drills, loading,

aiming and firing, all at a lower cost than with
conventional ammunition.
A similar device, the TD-20-90 M646, is used
with the
MECAR KEnerga
90/46 vehicle and towed
guns
It
20mm
fires a
tracer round
known as
the
TP-T-20-90 M647
STATUS
In
production
In
widespread service.
MANUFACTURER
MECAR SA. rue Grinfaux
lez-Nivelles.
25.
B-6522 Petit-Roeulx-
Belgium
Telephone:
(32) 67/21 77 95. Telex 574 38

Fax: (32) 67/21 63.07.
mecar b
Conversion Unit
is a conversion unit which allows .22 rimfire

ammunition to be fired from centre-fire revolvers.
The unit consists of an insert barrel which is slipped
into the revolver barrel from the muzzle and locked
in place by a simple yoke at the rear end There is
also a replacement cylinder which is substituted for
the normal cylinder and which is fitted with its own
extracting mechanism. The cylinder is bored with
six chambers which are inclined at an angle to the
This
cylinder axis so as to bring the rims of the .22

cartridges into alignment with the firing pin of the
revolver. The chamber boring makes a slight bend
at its front end so as to align the bullet with the
barrel, but this makes no apparent difference to the
operation of the weapon and the resulting accuracy
is. in most cases, better than with the original centre-
fireammunition.
Advantages claimed for the conversion unit
include a fitting time of under 3 minutes, no require-
ment to change the firing pin, no need to adjust

the sights, no extraction problems, and the same
balance and handling as the original weapon. It
allows revolver shooting to be carried out where
space is limited or where safety or noise regulations
make full-calibre firing impossible, and it allows
10 shots for the price of one round of full-calibre
ammunition
Theconversion isavailableforall Smith &Wesson
K- and L-frame revolvers. Colt Python and Trooper
models, and the Manurhin MR73.
Ferranti 22 conversion unit installed in a Smith &
MANUFACTURER
STATUS
In
Wesson Model 65 revolver
Daniel Dekaize, 32 rue de Bruxelles. 1300 Wavre.
production.
Belgium.
86.
BRAZIL
Britanite Sub-calibre
The
ammunition system is
used for live firing training using mortars and antitank rocket launchers. The sub-calibre ammunition
which
jectile
is
In
common
to all
weapon types
loaded through the centre of an inert prothe case of the mortar projectile the force
of firing the cartridge
to the
projectile
Britanite sub-calibre
consists of a cartridge
ground in front of the muzzle; the inert

can be re-loaded with a fresh sub-calibre
cartridge and re-used. In the case of the rocket
launcher the inert projectile remains inside the
barrel. In both cases the sub-calibre cartridge fires
a small projectile which lands within an area measuring 200 x 30 m. producing light, smoke and an
drop
Ammunition
System
is
sufficient to drive the inert
projectile from the mortar barrel
and allow
it
to
projectile
is
handled, loaded and fired
same way as a
in
exactly the
real projectile.
STATUS
In
production.
MANUFACTURER
explosion.
Britanite lndustriasQuimicasLtda..RodoviaBR-1 16,
Inert projectiles and their common cartridge are

available for 60mm. 81 mm, 120mm and 4.2-inch
(107 mm) mortars, and 3.5-inch (88.9 mm) M20
(Bazooka) rocket launchers In each case the inert
km 71 Quatro Barras. Parana. Brazil.

Telephone: (041) 772 1211. Telex: (041) 5513 FEBS
Fax: 010 554 777 1531.
,
Canada France
SUB-CALIBRE TRAINING DEVICES
51
CANADA
Training Rifle C10
The C10 Training Rifle is a 22 LR calibre weapon
designed to meet a training requirement for the
Canadian Armed Forces with whom it will be used
as a cadet training rifle. Development of the C10
was funded under contract to the Canadian Armed
Forces It is an exact facsimile of the Canadian C7/C8
(American M16) combat rifle and has the same
handling and shooting characteristics apart from
firing on semi-automatic only. The C10 has approximately 80 per cent parts commonality with the C7
rifle and the .22 calibre barrel has 1:16-inch rifling.
The locking mechanism is of the inertial breech
block type firing from a closed breech. The breech
mechanism can be removed as a unit from the
weapon for separate storage if required No special
tools are required for cleaning or maintenance purposes.
The magazine capacity of the C10 is ten rounds

and the barrel is 518 mm long. Muzzle velocity is
approximately 365 m/s. The weight of the C10 with
magazine and sling is 3.44 kg.
STATUS
Prototypes.
MANUFACTURER
Diemaco, 1036 Wilson Avenue. Kitchener, Ontario,
Training
Canada N2C1J3
rifle
C-10
Telephone: (519) 893 6840 Telex: 069 55164.
FRANCE
FAMAS a Plombs Training Rifle
The
FAMAS
intended
for
a Plombs
is
a sub-calibre
weapon
individual training of the soldier
in
elementary marksmanship and weapon handling. It

resembles the standard 5.56 mm FAMAS F1 French
Army service
by means of a
mm
air-rifle pellet
but fires a 4 5
cartridge. It will fire shots
2 gas
in the semi-automatic mode, using ammunition fed
from a vertical magazine The shape, weight and
balance are as close to the characteristics of the
service F1 rifle as possible and is issued complete
rifle
12 g
C0
with integral bipod and a sling.

This training weapon is produced at the
facture Nationale d'Armes de Saint-Etienne.
Calibre: 4 5
Manu-
mm
Weight: (without magazine) 2.8 kg

Length: 765
mm
Length ot barrel: 270 mm

Length of line of sight: 325 mm
Muzzle velocity: 130 m/s
Accuracy: 10 rounds in 50 mm circle at 12 m
Range: gallery practice 25 m; moving targets, cine
targets 15
Gas
supply: sufficient for
minimum
of
70 rounds at
20C
FAMAS a Plombs training rifle
STATUS
In
(GIAT), 10 Place Georges Clemenceau, 9221 1 SaintCloud, France.

Telephone: (1) 46 02 52 00. Telex: 260010F. Fax: (1)
production.
MANUFACTURER
Groupement
Industriel
des Armements Terrestres
Losfeld Sub-calibre Mortar

Training System
common
and
pin.
into
it.
This assembly
is
mm
in
existence for over 25 years. It consists of a special

sub-calibre barrel inserted into a standard mortar
barrel and used to fire small, cheap and recoverable
training rounds. The equipment fits all types of
mortar and closely reproduces the actual firing of
the full-size ammunition. There are different subcalibre barrels, but all lire the same 30
ammunition and all rounds accept the same series of
propellantcharges.
The sub-calibre barrel is in two parts. For muzzleloading mortars there is a fixed breech-block and
barrel joined together to make one component. The
barrel is 670
long, and the breech-block is
mm
slide down the barrel to be fired using the firing

Thus the loading and firing drills are identical to
those using real ammunition.
to all
mortars the breech rests

sizes of mortar For 60
directly on the bottom of the tube, while for other
calibres it is held away from the bottom by an
and 4.2-inch
extension tube. For the 60 mm, 81
calibre
mortars the firing pin is fixed; for the 120
it is a trigger-operated mechanism.
The extension tube varies according to the calibre
of the mortar and is so arranged that the end of the
barrel is always level with the muzzle of the mortar.
The sub-calibre projectile then has the same length
of 30
barrel for all mortars, and the same length
of shot travel. In the 120
mortar the extension
tube is so long that it carries a third centring piece to
ensure that it is always in the centre of the mortar
tube.
sub-calibre projectiles are loaded in
The 30
exactly the same way as with the full-size bombs
screwed
The Losfeld mortar training system has been
mm
460292 26.
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
For
breech-loading
60
mm
mortars
fitted
to
armoured vehicles there is a slightly different

arrangement in which the 30mm projectiles are
loaded through the breech and fired using the 60 mm
mechanism. A different sub-calibre barrel has to be
used, but apart from this the general principle is the
the loading and firing drills for the crew
are unchanged.
proThe ammunition system consists of a 30
jectile
with replaceable propellant cartridges,
smoke generators and secondary charges.
Projectiles may be re-usable or disposable. The
re-usable projectile consists of a machined-steel
shell body onto which is screwed a truncated conical
nose and a set of fins. The body contains the smoke
same and
mm
52
France
generator and is pierced with four holes to release

the smoke The fin assembly accepts the primary
cartridge in the central column and secondary
charges are placed between the fins. There are five
is the
to 4 Charge
different increments, from
primary alone while Charge 4 is the primary and
four secondaries When the projectile strikes the
ground at the target it ignites the smoke cartridge
and releases a cloud of white smoke for several

seconds The colour of the smoke may be altered
so desired
operation to
the re-usable projectiles and carry the same pay load
but appear to be manufactured from a plastic
material. They also have a different body shape
projectiles the setting-up
When using the 30
drills and all laying and firing drills are the same as
with the full-size mortar (assuming that the subcalibre barrel has been inserted beforehand). The
mortar fire-controller uses a special set of ballistic
tables to calculate the fall of shot, and to make the
corrections from the fire orders Misfire drill is the
exercise
Disposable projectiles are identical
to suit the nature of the
if
in
mm
as for full-size ammunition, and though the

rounds do not explode the crew should carry out all
normal safety drills at all times.
same
For recovering the re-usable projectiles there is a

special tool which is thrust into the ground to pull
the projectiles free. The exact location of buried
rounds is indicated by smoke stains on the surface.
Re-charging the re-usable projectiles is straightforward. The fin assembly is unscrewed using a
special spanner and the empty case removed and
is then screwed back on.
The entire process takes only a minute or two.
A recent introduction is a range of what are
described as simulated sabot projectiles that are
sub-calibre barrels resembling a full-sized mortar
subbomb. These devices are loaded with a 30
calibre projectile and are loaded into the mortar in
the usual manner The sub-calibre projectile is then
fired and the simulated sabot projectile is recovered
from the barrel using the usual recovery methods
and drills. The device can then be reloaded with a
30
sub-calibre projectile and used again as often
as required. This device is available for 81
(PP81). 4.2-inch (PP4.2) and 120mm (for smoothbored and rifled mortars - the rifled model is known
as the PPR 120 and the smooth-bored the PPL 120)
replaced. The
fin
assembly
mortar training system At the top are the 30 mm pro/ectiles

left are various sub-calibre barrels while on the right are three simulated
from
sabot projectiles
the top 120 mm rifled PPR 120. 4.2-inch PP4.2 and 81 mm PP 81
Main components
mm
(mortars) 60
Minimum
mm, 81mm,
120
mm,
4.2-inch,
range:
(Charge 0) 40 m
(Charge 4) 160 m
and
mm breech-loading
(sub-projectile) 30 mm
30 mm projectile:
(length) 191 mm
Maximum
(weight) 500 g
Primary cartridge:
STATUS
60
(Charge
(Charge
mm
mm
In
(diameter) 12
(length)47.5
Smoke generator:
(diameter) 18
(length) 66.5
calibres.
model above:
Calibre:
mm
mm
of the Losfeld sub-calibre
with the disposable
range:
0) 140 m
4)
300
production.
In
m
service with over 30 countries
MANUFACTURER
Losfeld-lndustries. 15 rue Thiebault. 94220 Charenton. France
mm
mm
Telephone: (1)43 68 10 31 Telex: 262053 F
GIAT 1 55 mm Artillery Training

Aids
1
55
GCT Training Turret
The Tourelled'lnstructiondu 155 GCT was produced

to train 155 mm GCT self-propelled gun turret crews
in gun drills and emergency procedures and also
provide some maintenance and repair training for
service personnel The turret trainer is an open
frame-work representation of the 155 GCT turret
mounted on a static steel frame The main approach
is from the rear from an open platform to which
access is provided by a metal stairway Inside the
frame are all the various items of equipment
normally used in an operational 155 GCT turret,
including the main breech, breech mechanism,
ammunition stowage and handling system and the
associated control equipment Full and complete
drills can be carried out by a turret crew and misfires
and other emergency procedures can be introduced
by an instructor manning a control panel on a
movable simulator control system outside the turret
The training procedures can include the actual
loading of training rounds. Once loaded, the breech
closes as on the operational gun and a hydro-electrical conveyor not only simulates the gun recoil
(a sound generator simulates the firing noise) but
moves the
projectile along the barrel until
it
falls
out
hopper under the trainer barrel assembly.

For maintenance training the simulator control
panel can be used to introduce faults into parts of
Dummy loader for 755 mm towed gun
into a
the turret systems. All the operating components

used in the turret are standard production items
Platforms around the turret trainer can be used by

the instructor for checking purposes or by students
drills and procedures
The 155 GCT training turret is 9 m long, 4.4 m wide
and 3 66 m high It weighs approximately 7500 kg
observing
TR Dummy Loader
This equipment was produced to enable gun crews
of the 155 mm TR towed gun to carry out loading and
rapid loading
drills.
Limited repair and maintenance
procedure training can also be carried out. The

equipment consists of a simulated TR breech and
loading mechanism mounted on rudimentary carriage trails and a cradle The mechanisms are presented at the same height from the ground as with
the real weapon and the angle of elevation can be
varied Dummy projectiles and charges loaded into
the equipment are carried through the device and
are ejected from the front. There is no barrel.
a special demonstration mounting of a complete

breech mounted on a tubular steel stand Operation
of the demonstration mounting (Montage Dyna-
miquedeFonctionnementde laCulasse) is powered

by an on-mount electrically-driven hydraulic pump
operating at a pressure of 1450 psi (100 bars). Using
system the operation of the breech can be
slowed down from the normal operating speed to a
rate slow enough for every operation to be demonstrated
this
GCT Breech Demonstration Model

In order to provide a working model of the 155 GCT
breech operation and mechanism. GIAT produced
GCT Breech Cross-section Model

To demonstrate the inner workings and assemblies
France Germany, West
53
MANUFACTURER
of the 155 GCT gun breech, GIAT produces a static

cross-section model of the breech mechanism
mounted on a steel handling frame The model
includes the method of fitting the gun barrel to the
breech The model is known as a canon coupe
d'Armementsde Bourges-EFAB
Enquiries to Groupement Industrielle des Armements Terrestres (GIAT). 10 Place Georges
STATUS
Telephone:
Etablissement
d'Etudes
et
de
Fabrication
Clemenceau. 9221 1 Saint-Cloud. France

In
production
In
(1) 46 02 52 00. Telex: 260 010 F

Fax: (1)46 02 92 26
service with the French Army.
GERMANY
Mauser-Wegmann 35 mm Subcalibre Training Device for 105
and 1 20
mm Tank Guns
mechanism The simulated
mm
cartridge, together with
mm case, is then ejected When used

mm and 120 mm tank guns the 35 mm
the spent 35
from both 105
Produced jointly by Mauser-Werke and Wegmann

and Company, the 35 mm sub-calibre training device
is intended for use with 105 mm or 120 mm tank guns.
The device consists of a 35mm barrel insert with
clamping elements and an adaptor cartridge for
35 mm DM18A1 or equivalent ammunition. In
addition there is a breech opening device with a
drive unit, control electronics and some accessories The adaptor can be fitted to a tank gun by the
tank crew in about one hour Once installed the
35 mm ammunition is loaded into the gun in simulated full-bore cartridges On firing, the 35 mm round
produces about 30mm of recoil which is used as
a control pulse for the device's breech opening
Locked
(WEST)
ammunition has the same external ballistics out to a

range of 1800 m The tank's normal fire control and
other aiming devices can be used unchanged.
Barrel insert
Calibre: 35
mm
Weight: 35 kg (approx)
Rate of fire: 6 to 8 rpm
STATUS
In production In 1989 19 units were procured by US
Army, Europe, as an off-the-shelf purchase for use
in the 120 mm main gun of the M1A1 AbramsMBT.
MANUFACTURERS
Length: 2 95 m
Weight: 88 kg
Adaptor cartridge
Length: 620
(approx)
Weight: 24 kg (approx)
Barrel opening device
Drive Unit
Diameter: 190
Length: 520
mm
mm
mm
Mauser-Werke Oberndorf GmbH, Teckstrasse
11,
Republic
of
Oberndorf/Neckar,
D-7238
Federal
Germany
Telephone: (7423) 701 Telex: 760 307
Wegmann and Company GmbH. August-BodeStrasse
D-3500 Kassel.
1.
Republic
Federal
of
Germany
Telephone
(561
105-0 Telex: 99859.
Fprrng Pin
Locked
Firing Pin Holding Sleeve
5
Index
1
Barrel
2 Protection
Tube
3 Front Barrel Clamping Element

4 Rear Barrel Clamping Element
5 Adapter Cartridge
6 Firing Pin Holding Sleeve
7 Cartridge Chamber
8 Firing Pin
9 Slide
10 Shutter
Block Slide
12 Joint
1
Main components
of the
Mauser-Wegmann 35 :nm sub-calibre training device tor 105 mm and
120
mm tank guns
Nico-Pyrotechnik Anti-armour Subcalibre Training Devices

In most of the Nico anti-armour sub-calibre training
devices a standard sub-calibre barrel of 22
is
used and in each case a small projectile is fired from
the launcher and flies along the same trajectory as
the full-sized round. Ignition is electric. The subcalibre barrel is fitted into a standard launcher and
the system can be used over and over again.
mm
3.5 inch
Rocket Launcher
For this
weapon
external
the sub-calibre barrel
shape as the
live
round and
it
same
is
the
is
loaded
in
same way, thus giving the crew realistic

handling practice. On firing the only difference from
normal firing is that there is no shift of weight as the
full-sized projectile leaves. The sub-calibre round
has a tracer element and can be followed visually
throughout its flight.
exactly the
Anti-armour Weapon Sub-calibre

Light
Nico
Devices Nico-Pyrotechnik produce sub-calibre
devices for the PZ44 Lanze and Armbrust C launchers The Lanze sub-calibre round is matched to
the real
weapon
in its flight ballistics
and handling,
having been the prime requirement of the Bundeswehr. The device is recoilless and has a range
of 400m. After firing, the flight path of the 18mm
projectile is marked by a tracer The sabot itself
remains in the launcher although it moves forward
giving added realism and balance to the recoil. The
main recoil counterbalance is obtained in the same
manner as in the parent weapon, by dispersion of
this
fine particles to the rear
54
Germany, West
Lanze sub-calibre round

Dimensions: 18 k 96 mm
Weight o complete cartridge: 320 g
Weight of projectile: I20g
Range: 400 m; test range 300 m
Initial velocity: 210 m/s
the same way as the service munition

rocket contains a sub-calibre rifled
barrel which can be pre-loaded with a special 18
tracer round which is ballistically matched to the
trajectory of the service rocket It is fired by a
connection to the normal firing trigger which is
automatically made as the training device is loaded
Nico Training System for RPG-7

This is a sub-calibre training system for use with the
Soviet RPG-7 anti-tank rocket launcher It consists
of a dummy rocket which can be loaded into the
Length ol dummy: 932

Weight, empty: 2 30 kg
Cartridge: 18 k 96
tracer
Range: 300 m
launcher
The
in
dummy
mm
Nico-Pyrotechnik Mortar Training
System
The Nico mortar
training system consists of a subcalibre projectile fired from a barrel contained inside
dummy mortar bomb The smaller projectile is

launched from the mortar before the larger (sabot)
bomb and travels for a distance of a few hundred
metres representing in miniature the flight of a fullsize bomb The sabot bomb is ejected from the
mortar and drops about 10 m in front of the barrel; it
can then be recovered and reloaded
The sub-projectile flies with considerable accuracy and on landing it emits a small cloud of marker
smoke together with an audible bang. It is perfectly
safe and no fragments are thrown out.
The manufacturer produces a special ballistic
table to enable the mortar crew to predict the point of
impact of the sub-projectile and to make corrections.
The sabot bomb has the shape and weight of a
full-size bomb so that the handling and loading are
a
into this
The sub-calibre
sabot and held in
place with a small screw. The round can then be

loaded in the same way as with the live bomb and
Dynamit Nobel 25
Training System
mm Mortar
A 25
mm
into the
barrel running through its centre-line.

practice ammunition cartridge is loaded
base
of this barrel in the tail of the
bomb.
Nico-Pyrotechnik. Hanns-Jurgen Diedenchs GmbH

4. Postfach 1227.
D-2077 Trittau. Federal Republic of Germany
Telephone (4154)2071 Telex 2189413
& Co. Bei der Feuerwerkerei
sequence already described takes place.

The cost of using this system is roughly 1/20 that
of a real mortar bomb, and it does not require the
use of a large range with safety areas. The sabot,
the firing
which can be used almost indefinitely, costs the

same amount as one live round
In parallel with this sub-calibre ammunition the
manufacturer has also made a blank cartridge for
mortars so that the crew can be given more realism
when practising their drills or when on non-firing
exercises.
Calibre:
mm. 81 mm. 82 mm, 120 mm. 4 2-inch

(sub-calibre projectile) 22
Weight of sub-calibre projectile: 500 g
(sabot) 60
mm
Charges: 1-4
Mortar sabots and ammunition
Maximum
range:
82 mm) 435 m
(120 mm) 540 m
Minimum range:
(60, 81. 82 mm) 70 m
(60. 81,
(120
Korea, Peru. Switzerland, the
mm) 140m
production.
In
service with Belgium. Cameroons.

India, Indonesia, South
Denmark, West Germany,
is loaded into the full-sized mortar where

drops to the bottom of the barrel and fires in the
normal way The propellant in the 25 mm cartridge
fires the smaller projectile up the barrel and out of
the muzzle. It also forces the bomb out of the mortar
barrel, though at a low velocity so that it just clears
the muzzle and falls to the ground a few metres in
front of the mortar.
The sub-projectile
bomb and
is
shaped
like
a distance of 70 to
520 m depending on the charge used. It gives a true
trajectory with good consistency and on landing
produces a small cloud of marker smoke and a loud
report These can be used to correct the fire of the
a small mortar
other
MANUFACTURER
STATUS
In
US Army and
armies
it
mm
MANUFACTURER
RPG-7 launcher with Nico sub-calibre adapter fitted
The bomb
The Dynamit Nobel 25 mm mortar training system is

a low-cost method of training mortar crews and
fire controllers. The complete system consists of a
training device. 25 mm calibre practice ammunition
and range tables
The training device consists of a training bomb
with a 25
production
Armbrust one-man recoilless anti-tank weapon with sub-calibre ammunition
representative of the real thing
loaded
in
mm
Nico sub-calibre insert for RPG-7 launcher
is
the above units are
mm
Lanze with sub-calibre ammunition
ammunition
STATUS
All
flies for
Nico-Pyrotechnik. Hanns-Jurgen Diederichs GmbH

& Co. Bei der Feuerwerkerei 4. Postfach 1227.
D-2077 Trittau. Federal Republic of Germany.
Telephone: (4154) 2071. Telex: 2189413
mortar and. due to the accuracy of the training

system, the trajectory can be altered in the same
way as for full-sized rounds, but using the training
system range tables.
The training device can be quickly reloaded with
another sub-calibre round and used continually
since it does not suffer any damage The subprojectiles are harmless and do not produce frag-
ments on impact.
The system is available for 60 mm, 81 mm. 120 mm
and 4 2-inch mortars The minimum area required
for the system measures 600 x 100 m with a
maximum
height of 300 m.
Germany, West
STATUS
MANUFACTURER
production. In service with some NATO armies

(including Canada) and some other armies.
Troisdorf, Federal Republic of
In
Dynamit
Nobel
Telephone:
AG,
Defence

Division,
55
D-5210
Germany.
22 41 89-0 Telex: 885 666
DN
D.
mm mortar
mm and
Training devices for the Dynamit Nobel 25

training system for 60 mm, 81 mm, 120
4.2-inch mortars
25
mm practice ammunition for the Dynamit Nobel mortar training system
General operating principles of the Dynamit Nobel 25
mm mortar training system
Dynamit Nobel 14.5 mm Tank

Gunnery Training System
To allow
full-size tanks to fire their guns on a smallscale range, Dynamit Nobel produced its 14.5
tank gunnery training system (atone time known as
the PS tank gunnery trainer) This system can be
used on ranges of from 50 to 1 25 m; for safety reasons
the range should be at least 600m long. Firing at
moving and stationary targets at a scale of 1:10 or
1:20, low-cost tank gunnery training can be carried
out using a special 14.5
sub-calibre firing device
located in the chamber of the tank main gun. A firing
solenoid can be connected to the existing gun firing
mm
mm
mechanism.
Sighting is carried out using the sight reticle grid
applicable to HESH-T or HEP-T full calibre rounds
with the range calculated at a scale of 1:20. Thus
targets at 75 m on a scale of 1:20 are sighted using
the 1500 m mark on the HESH-T/HEP-T grid. A prism
inserted into the objective path of the sighting telescope compensates for parallax between the barrel
and optical axes at the short ranges employed. As
an alternative the normal sighting device can be
adjusted to suit the system.
The training system fires the same 14.5
Artillery
ammunition as the Dynamit Nobel 14.5
Training System (see entry in Artillery and Mortar
Fire Control Trainers and Simulators section) but for
tank gunnery training three types of ammunition are
used One has an impact fuze to simulate full calibre
HE projectiles, one has an impact fuze and tracer to
simulate HEAT-T, HESH-T and HEP-T, and one has a
tracer only to simulate AP-T or APDS-T. The impact
fuze version emits a smoke charge on impact and
there is no other explosive or fragmentation effect.
mm
mm
14.5
MANUFACTURER
Dynamit
STATUS
In
production.
mm sub-calibre training device for Dynamit Nobel 14.5 mm tank gunnery training system
Nobel
AG,
Defence
Division,
Troisdorf, Federal Republic of Germany.

Telephone: 22 41 89-0. Telex: 885 666 DN D.
D-5210
56
Germany West
mm Sub-calibre
Dynamit Nobel 1 10
Training System for
MLRS
The Dynamit Nobel 110 mm sub-calibre training

system for the American Multiple Launch Rocket
System (MLRS) has been developed to allow
realistic training in the full range of MLRS crew
tasks, from loaded launch pod/containers (LP/C)
handling to rocket launching, at a lower cost and

with reduced range and safety requirements than
MLRS
those involved with using the full-size 227
mm
The subrockets and associated components

calibre rockets employed with the training system
Light Artillery Rockets (LAR) already
are 110
in service with the West German Army and also
produced by Dynamit Nobel The LAR rockets have
a maximum range of 14 000 m compared to approxi-
mm
for the MLRS. For full details of

rocket system refer to Jane s Armour and
Artillery 1989-90 pages 685-686.
system employs a launch pod/
The 110
container (LP/C) dimensionally identical to that of
the standard MLRS. The weight and centre of gravity
are also identical to those of the MLRS component.
The system LP/C has six LAR launch tubes (external
diameter 126 mm) and the necessary cabling is
mately 32000
the
LAR
mm
incorporated into the LP/C.

In order to convert the MLRS programming and
firing signals given by the fire control system into
LAR recognisable signals a supplementary electronic unit is attached to the rear part of the launcher
and isconnectedtothefirecontrolsystem bycables

The unit accepts a power supply and fire control
signals and the output circuits transmit firing, fuze
setting and ignition circuit testing signals to the two
LP/Cs carried on the launcher The electronic unit
can be easily attached and removed It has its own

self-test capability and can be used as a test set for
LP/S wiring. No other modifications to the MLRS
launcher are required other than adapting the ballisticfirecommandsforMLRSto LAR ballistics using
Heckler and Koch P7PT8 Training

Pistol
The Heckler and Koch P7PT8
training pistol
mm
is
special semi-automatic pistol for firing 9

PT
plastic training cartridges. All handling and service
operations are identical to those of the P7M8 pistol
The P7PT8 is similar to the standard P7M8 pistol
It also has a synthetic material insert at the top of
the trigger guard for heat protection In addition the
rear sight is screwed into position and the grip is
provided with a lanyard loop. In order to distinguish
clearly between the training and service weapons
the P7PT8 is marked with a blue spot on each side of
the slide and the blue inscription Plastic Training
Only' The slide is approximately 50g lighter than
that of the P7M8 and has no gas retarding piston.
Moreover the P7PT8 has a different recoil spring
110
mm sub-calibre training system rocket being fired from MLRS launcher
the unit's fire control computer An integration of

LAR ballisticdatasoftwareintothe MLRSfirecontrol
computer is possible.
The LAR rockets used with the training system
are the DM21 fragmentation rocket with a DM54
proximity fuze, the DM 25/35 smoke rocket with
DM 53/73 MTSQ fuze, and the DM 18/28/38/48 practice rocket The LAR rockets have a minimum range
of 6000 m and a maximum range of 14 000 m. Weight
of a LAR rocket is 35 kg Length is 2.263 m. The
maximum velocity after two seconds of rocket
burning time is approximately 640 m/s. There is a
and a longitudinally floating chamber to increase

the recoil force on the slide.
When used with this pistol. PT training ammunition
has a maximum range of about 125 m. which necessitates a safety area of about 170 m At a distance of
25 m the bullet energy has dropped to less than 10
joules. Depending upon the ammunition lot. the
pistol should group in a 100 mm circle at a range of
supplementary elecpractice rockets fitted
possibility of eliminating the
when
tronic unit
using
LAR
with impact fuzes
STATUS
Ready
for
production
MANUFACTURER
Dynamit
Nobel
AG.
Defence
Troisdorf, Federal Republic of
Telephone:
Division.
D-5210
Germany
2241 89-0 Telex: 885 666
DN D.
mm
PT plastic ammunition only

Cartridge: 9
Operation: blowback. amplified by floating chamber
Feed: 8-round box magazine
Length: 170
Barrel length: 105
Weight empty: 790 g
Muzzle energy: 210 J
mm
mm
8m.
an emergency the P7PT8 may be used as a
pistol for short-range firing. The special
plastic projectile reduces the probability of injuring
bystanders by ricochet, and the risk of damaging
vital components in areas such as aircraft interiors
In
combat
is
minimal.
The P7PT8 must never be used with any other

ammunition than the PT plastic training cartridge
Firing service rounds may cause damage to the
weapon, though the safety of the firer is assured.
Heckler and Koch P7PT8 training pistol
P7PT8 training pistol, showing removal of floating chamber
STATUS
In
production.
In
service with West
German
Special
Forces
MANUFACTURER
Heckler and Koch GmbH. D-7238. Oberndorf-Neckar
Federal Republic of Germany.
Telephone: (7423) 79-1 Telex: 760313 HUKO D
Germany, West Italy
5/
Heckler and Koch MP5PT Training

Sub-machine Gun
The Heckler and Koch MP5PT is a specially designed
training sub-machine gun which is based on the
well-known Heckler and Koch MP5 and designed to
fire PT plastic training ammunition only The weapon
allows single-shot tire, continuous fire or threeround bursts to be selected, and all handling and
operating functions are identical to those of the
service weapon. Two versions are manufactured;
the MP5A4/PT has a fixed butt-stock, while the
MP5A5/PT has a retractable stock To distinguish
the /PT versions from the service weapons they
are identified by a blue cocking handle and the
inscription Plastic Training Only' on each side of
Heckler and Koch MP5A4/PT training sub-machine gun
the receiver.
The
bolt
is
identical to that of the service
MP5
but
does not have locking rollers, in order to provide the

necessary impulse to the bolt to produce automatic
operation, a floating chamber is fitted.
PT
The maximum trajectory range of the 9
bullet is about 125m, thus requiring a safety area of
about 170 m At 25 m range the projectile energy has
mm
dropped to below 10 joules The sub-machine gun

will group to a circle of 100 mm at a range of 8 m
It
is therefore possible to use this weapon in
training on outdoor ranges with restricted safety
areas or on indoor ranges, as well as in natural
ricochet or doing damage to vital parts of areas such

as aircraft interiors.
The MP5PT must never be used for firing ammunition other than the PT plastic ammunition The use
of any service ammunition is likely to damage the
weapon, though there will be no danger to the firer
mm
PT plastic ammunition only

Operation: blowback. amplified by floating chamber
Type of fire: single-shot, automatic and three-round
Cartridge: 9
bursts
Length:
emergency
combat weapon for
terrain for realistic tactical training In an
(fixed butt)
680
weapon can be used as

short-range engagements
(extended
butt)
the
This
reduces the
likelihood of accidentally injuring bystanders by
Weight:
(empty, fixed butt) 2.54 kg
(retractable butt) 2 88 kg
Feed: 15-or30-round magazines
Rate of fire: 700 rounds/minute
Muzzle energy: 210 J
(retracted butt)
(barrel) 225
mm
STATUS
In production
Special Forces.
In
German
MANUFACTURER
mm
Heckler and Koch GmbH. D-7238 Oberndorf-Neckar.

Federal Republic of Germany
Telephone: (7423) 79-1. Telex: 760313 HUKO D.
660
340 mm
mm
ITALY
Armi Adler 22
.
Rifles
AP74/L Similar
to
AP
74 but with
wooden
furniture
place of plastic Weight 3 5 kg.

AP80 Reproduction of the Soviet AKM; 453
barrel, weight 2 8kg Folding stock version available Also available chambered for 22 Magnum RF
in
The Armi Adler company manufactures a number of

22 calibre rifles for the commercial market which
have obvious applications as training equipment
since they faithfully duplicate the appearance and
handling of well-known military rifles. They are not
capable
automatic
other respects their

operation is similar to the full-calibre rifles, with
such controls as safety catches, cocking handles
and magazine releases in the appropriate places
and with sights which duplicate those of the parent
weapons. The following designs are currently availof
fire
but
in
able:
AP74 Reproduction
515mm
7.65
barrel,
of the
American M16/AR-15;
weight 2 9kg; also available
mm ACP calibre.
in
mm
calibre
AP 84 Reproduction
barrel, weight
of the Israeli Galil rifle.
able Also available
in
AP85 Reproduction
453
453
28kg. Folding stock version
mm
avail-
Magnum RF calibre
the French FAMAS
22
of
Armi Adler Mod. AP 84. based on Israeli Galil
available for
in
STATUS
In
production
MANUFACTURER
22 RF models have 15- and 30-round magazines, thosechambered for 22 Magnum RF have 10round magazines A telescope mount can be fitted
to all models and slings and cleaning accessories
are available A nylon folding butt is available for
the AP 80 and AP 84 rifles.
Armi Adler Mod. AP 74 rifle, based on M16/AR-15
rifles having barrels from

diameter It permits horizontal and
vertical movement and allows weapons to be truly
vertical when the ground is uneven. The legs, when
folded, are 220 mm long and unfold to a maximum of
330 mm
is
mm
rifle,
mm barrel, weight 2 8kg,
All
A bipod
16 to 20
Armi Adler, Via delle Fornaci
4,
17025 Loano (SV).
Italy.
Telephone (19)66 92 94
Armi Adler Mod.
AP 80, based on Soviet AKM
Armi Adler Mod. AP85. based on French
FAMAS
58
Norway Spain
NORWAY
M72-S21
mm Sub-calibre Training
Device
The M72 light anti-armour rocket launcher is a oneshot throw-away munition and the full-size round
does not easily lend itself to being used for training
is also expensive to fire the live warhead at a target
It
Raufoss. which has the contract to manufacture the

M72 for NATO, has developed a training sub-calibre
rocket which closely simulates the firing of the fullsized round, yet which is both cheap and safe
The sub-calibre training device uses the same
launcher as the full-sized rocket with an additional
insert clamped inside the tube. From this is fired a
rocket which gives the noise, flash and flight
21
trajectory of the tactical round The launcher can be
a discarded item from a previous range practice
with tactical ammunition and there is no need to
procure special launchers.
The insert consists of a smooth bore barrel with a
calibre of 21 45 mm. The rear end is fitted with a
chamber which acts as a barrel support At the front
end is a muzzle sleeve and between the two is a
supporting disc.
sub-calibre training rocket consists of
The 21
a steel head and a steel rod connecting the head and
the nozzle at the rear The nozzle is formed as a tail
ring which also helps to stabilise the rocket in flight.
as well as holding the tracer element which burns
up to 200 m. The igniter is the same as that used for
the full-size rocket and is connected in the same
way. The propellant charge consists of six tubular
sticks of the same material as used in the full-sized
rocket with each stick attached to a plate at the
head.
All launcher functions are the same as for the fullsize round and the firer goes through the same
sequence of operations to fire. The sub-calibre
rocket is as accurate in every way as the full-size
round, and can be used against armoured vehicles
without harming them.
mm
M72-S barrel insert and sub-calibre rocket
mm
Time
Sub-calibre barrel
Calibre: 21.45
Weight: 1 1kg
mm
100 m) 0.7 s
200 m) 1.6 s
Tracer range: 200
(to
Complete assembly
Weight: 2 5 kg
Length:
(closed) 640
(extended) 887
Method
STATUS
mm
mm
Firing
of flight:
(to
of feed: single shot,
production In service with the armies of Australia.

Belgium Denmark. Finland Netherlands. New
Zealand Norway. Turkey, and the United Kingdom
In
hand loaded
method: percussion
MANUFACTURER
Sub-calibre rocket
Calibre: 21
mm
A/S Raufoss Ammunisjonsfabrikker.
Muzzle
velocity: 150
PO Box
N-2831 Raufoss. Norway

Telephone: (61 52000: 91500 Telex: 71 144
Weight: 200 g
m/s
2.
RA N.
Maximum range: 900 m

Charge weight:
16 g
SPAIN
mm Sub-calibre Mortar
ECIA 25
Training
Round
order to facilitate mortar training, and particularly

reduce the need for extensive ranges and danger
areas, the firm of Esperanza y Cia (ECIA) has
produced the ECIA 25mm sub-calibre training
round This round is fired from a full-sized mortar
using a special bomb fitted with a sub-calibre barrel.
The special bomb is loaded in the usual way and all
the usual drills have to be carried out by the crew
When the bomb drops to the bottom of the barrel it
fires the propelling charge in the tail of the subcalibre round and is fired up the barrel in the carrier
bomb The sub-calibre round leaves the mortar on a
trajectory identical to that followed by a full-size
bomb fired at the same elevation Due to the low
power of the charge the sub-calibre round does
not travel more than a few hundred metres - the
maximum range is 745 m (minimum range 75 m)
The carrier bomb is also expelled by the same
In
to
propelling charge but it does not travel far from the

muzzle and lands about 10 m in front of the mortar
The sub-calibre round is a small fin-stabilised
projectile fitted with a bright tracer so its ballistic
path can be followed by eye throughout the trajectory On striking the ground a small signalling charge
detonates and a cloud of smoke is ejected, clearly
marking the point of impact
Range alterations are made by changes in elevation, and only one propelling charge is needed
The manufacturer claims the following advantages over other similar systems: simplicity in range
alteration due to the one charge; better visibility of
the projectile trajectory due to the bright tracer; a
ECIA sub-calibre mortar training rounds with sub-projectile components on

clear indication of the point of impact due to the
combined bang and smoke: and simplicity of operation using the projectile There is no fuze since the
terminal effects are initiated by the tracer burning
through to the composition: safety is thus assured
sincethereare nosplinters
The system is produced for 60. 81 and 120
mortars.
mm
left
STATUS
In
production
MANUFACTURER
Esperanza y Cia SA (ECIA)
Marquina (Vizcaya)
Spain.
Telephone: (4)686 6025. Telex: 34725

Fax: (4) 686 6026
ECMA E.
Sweden
59
SWEDEN
Weibull Training
Weapons
of the Model 50 howitzer, and once
loaded the inert practice shells are driven out of the
trainer dummy barrel muzzle. The trainer is mobile
on small dolly wheels and in use is lowered onto
jacks and a support frame
loading tray
Weibull AB have produced a number of training

weapons since 1953 when they produced 20
and
gun trainers, amongst others. Most training
40
weapons produced concentrate on one aspect or
another of weapon operation, like loading, and many
bear only a passing visual resemblance to the real
weapons involved. The training weapons outlined
below are only a small selection from the range
produced.
J L
mm
mm
Loading Trainer
for 105
mm Howitzer m/39 and m/40
began in 1961 with the

Swedish Army the
following year. Training ammunition with the same
handling characteristics as live ammunition is used
When fired' the simulator recoils and the projectile
drops out in front of the trainer. The crew then loads
a new round, and the projectiles and cases are
reassembled and used again The main purpose of
this simulator is for training in the fastest and safest
way to fire and reload the howitzer, training in
passing orders between the commander and the
howitzer crew and the training of m/39 and m/40
crews to increase the firing rate of the howitzer
Optional equipment includes a sound simulator
Development
first
of this trainer
deliveries being
made
to the
mm
Loading Trainer for 105

Howitzer m/4140
This equipment follows the same general lines as
the trainer for the 105
howitzer m/39 and m/40
The trainer for the 105
howitzer m/4140 was
developed during 1962 and the first examples were
issued for service in 1963 The practice rounds
loaded into the breech are driven along the dummy
barrel until they are ejected from the muzzle for reuse. An electric motor over the barrel drives the
practice rounds through the trainer and also provides power for the breech mechanism.
mm
mm
120
mm Mortar Simulator
120mm mortar simulator is a loading trainer

intended to teach the drills for loading and serving
the 120
mortar without firing the weapon. The
difficulty in performing drills with muzzle-loading
mortars is that bombs loaded by dropping down the
tube need to be removed fairly frequently, thus
The
mm
interrupting drills with an unrealistic operation.
In
simulator the dummy mortar consists of a barrel

tube in three sections; the forward section which
resembles the muzzle of a service mortar, the centre
section which is hinged and can swivel away from
alignment with the rest of the tube, and the bottom
section which contains the firing mechanism and

other mechanical devices for the operation of the
trainer. The barrel unit rests on the service baseplate and is supported by the service bipod, so that
the remainder of the mortar is of standard pattern
and the correct drills can be carried out in laying
and aiming.
When
the simulator is in use. the soldier loads a

into the muzzle It drops, slowed by a
damper which thus simulates the normal descent
time, and comes to rest in the centre section of the
tube On operating the firing lever, the centre section
is unlocked and, by means of a balance weight, the
dummy bomb
upper end swings for ward and the rear end back The
rear end thus aligns with a bomb chute permanently
attached to the lower section of the barrel; a trip is
automatically released and the dummy bomb falls
into the chute, from where it can be removed The
swinging section closes and the mortar is ready to
be re-loaded It is possible for the instructor to
lock the swinging centre section so that it does not
function and thus simulates a misfire
STATUS
All the above equipments are
Swedish Army.
in
service with the
this
Loading Trainer
The loading
for
155
mm Howitzer Model 50
mm howitzer Model
trainer for the 155
50 follows the same lines as the 105mm howitzer

loading trainers. It exactly duplicates the breech and
Loading trainer lor 105 mm m/39 and m/40
Loading trainer for 755
mm howitzer Model 50
MANUFACTURER
JLWeibullAB.M6llegarden,Box43,S-23202Akarp,
Sweden
Telephone: 4640465080 Telex: 33159.
Loading trainer
Weibull 120
for 105
mm m/4140
mm mortar simulator
60
USSR UK
UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS

RPG-7 Sub-calibre Training Device
This device is a sub-calibre barrel insert which
tracer
fires the standard Warsaw Pact 7.62 x 39
bullet The insert is made to represent the normal
PG7-M HEAT rocket and is inserted into the launcher
mm
so as to resemble a loaded RPG-7 launcher in

appearance, balance and weight
The sub-calibre barrel is fitted with a simple boltaction breech which has a folding handle The
breech is opened and a cartridge is loaded into the
chamber when the insert is outside the launcher
The bolt handle is folded down into a recess and the
complete loaded unit is then inserted into the muzzle
of the launcher so that the striker release is automatically aligned with the launcher trigger mechanism. After firing, the unit is removed from the
launcher, the empty case extracted, a fresh round
loaded, and the unit replaced in the launcher again
The sub-calibre barrel is centred in the nose cone
of the device by adjusting screws; this permits the
barrel to be moved as necessary to zero the strike of
the bullet so that it simulates the trajectory of the
rocket at the selected training range The nose cone
can be removed to permitthis adjustment
STATUS
In service with the Soviet and
forces
Warsaw
Pact
armed
RPG-7 launcher
Breech of the RPG-7 sub-calibre device, with the bolt handle in operating position
and breech open. The striker release is below the bolt handle
with
PG 7-M rocket and sub-calibre training device below
Nose cone
of the
RPG-7 sub-calibre device removed, showing
the
method
of
adjusting barrel alignment
UNITED KINGDOM
Ferranti
MLRS Training System
Following experience gained with their LOCAT Low

Cost Artillery Trainer (see entry under Artillery and
Mortar Fire Control Trainers and Simulators). Fer-
have proposed that the compressed air launcher concept could be employed for a Multiple
Launch Rocket System (MLRS) training system.
ranti
Using a compressed air launcher will introduce

considerable savings in practice round costs and
allow the employment of smaller training ranges
than is possible using the usual MLRS training
round.
Using the Ferranti MLRS training system it will be
possible to provide the simulation of launcher and
firing drills, including the physical launch of simulated projectiles, the simulation of rocket impact
signatures and the area coverage and dispersion
of rounds, and an effective command and control
system which allows targets to be acquired and
attacked using existing means of control and communication
Ferranti have proposed a six-round magazine
which has an identical shape, weight and appearance to operational MLRS magazines (for full details
of MLRS refer to Jane's Armour and Artillery 198990 pages 687 to 691) Using compressed air this
magazine will fire the same 80
high explosive
used with LOCAT to a range of up to 6000 m. The
mm
impact signature and dispersion will be realistically represented for observer

training but the safety trace of both the round and
the complete system would be considerably less
than that for existing 227
MLRS training rounds
The training magazine could be quickly re-loaded in
the field if necessary.
Each training magazine will contain six launch
tubes and LOCAT rounds together with a complete
compressed air storage and air control system The
magazine will be ballasted to the same weight as an
operational magazine
Launch effect will be
produced by pyrotechnics, if required. The training
magazine will be supplied, loaded and connected in
exactly the same way as an operational unit. Each
training magazine will be capable of only one firing
before it needs replacing
The existing MLRS fire control system produces a
variable signal to set the time fuze of each rocket
With the Ferranti training system this signal will be
fed into a magazine-mounted processor which will
compute and set the required charge pressure for
each launch tube and charge. The processor will
then provide a return checked' signal to the fire
control computer A separate firing signal can then
be provided through the fire control system which is
received by the magazine processor to fire each
launch tube This firing signal could also activate
any launch signature device No changes will be
projectile flight time,
mm
required to the MLRS fire control system. A converter within the training system adapts MLRS
system instructions for range and firing to those
required by the training system.
projectiles used with the Ferranti trainThe 80
ing system are the same as those used for the LOCAT
Low Cost Artillery Trainer (qv) and contain 600 g of
high explosive to provide a realistic visual and
mm
audible impact signature

Recoil forces associated with the air launcher will
be sufficiently small not to affect the MLRS launcher
Minimal maintenance will be required for the training system and there is virtually no barrel wear as
the training projectile rides out of the barrel on
an air bearing As many as 5000 firings could be
undertaken before valve seals need replacing
STATUS
Private venture development at project definition
stage A prototype trainer could be available in six
to nine months from go-ahead, with production units
available in 12 to 18 months.
MANUFACTURER
Ferranti International. Mitchell Hydraulics Division.
10 Spring Lakes DeadbrookLane, Aldershot. Hamp-
shireGU124HA.UK.
Telephone: 0252 28623 Telex: 859614
28678
Fax: 0252
USA
61

M261 Conversion
Kit
The 22 conversion unit that was to become the M261

was developed for the US Armament Corporation
Following standardisation. M261 production was
carried out by the Saco Defense Systems Division of
the Maremont Corporation of Saco, Maine. Over
63 000 M261 conversion units were produced under
a contract worth $4 9 million.
M16A1
rifle fitted
with
The M261 conversion kit provides the M 16. M16A1

and M16A2 5.56 mm rifles with the ability to fire .22
long-range ammunition. The rifle can be converted
in less than one minute without the need for any
tools The outward appearance of the rifle and its
handling and characteristics are unchanged, but
by firing 22 LR ammunition it can safely be used
indoors and on ranges which are limited to low
power rounds, while still providing realistic training.
M261 conversion
Device (TPGID)
A development requirement has been issued
for a
sub-calibre device that can be fitted into the bore of
main gun used on the M1A1
the M256 120
Abrams main battle tank The device, known as the
mm
STATUS
Production complete. In service with the
some other armies
US armed
forces and
unit
bolt and
M261
Tank Precision Gunnery Inbore
Ammunition: 22 LR
Operation: blowback
Mode of lire: semi-automatic
Magazine: 10-round special box
magazine
Tank Precision Gunnery Inbore Device (TPGID), will

have to simulate the performance of service 120 mm
projectiles The requirement has been issued following an increase in tank ammunition costs, limited
range facilities, a general lack of associated
resources and the need to reduce the effects of gun
firing noise The requirement has been requested by
the
US Army Armor School
at Fort
Knox. Kentucky.
1989 19 examples of the Mauser-Wegmann

sub-calibre training device (for details see
in this section) were procured by US Army.
Europe, as an off-the-shelf purchase for use in the
120
main gun of the M1A1 Abrams MBT
In
mm
35
entry
mm
STATUS
Development
Combat Engineer Vehicle

Subcaliber Training Device
tf
In
order to reduce
Combat Engineer Vehicle gunner
training costs the US Army Engineer School at Fort

Belvoir, Virginia, has overseen the development of
Combat Engineer Vehicle Subcaliber Training

Device The re-loadable device resembles a conventional round of ammunition for the M135 165 mm
demolition gun fitted to the M728 Combat Engineer
Vehicle (CEV). The device is handled, loaded and
fired in the same way as a conventional 165
round but contains a breech mechanism and barrel
capable of firing 40mm grenades, the same
grenades fired from the MK-19 automatic grenade
launcher. These 40 mm grenades have a maximum
effective range of 1600 m but are more likely to be
the
mm
II
Combat Engineer Vehicle Subcaliber
used
at
shorter ranges for the sub-calibre training
CEV and
Training Device
a further three to every
CEV-commanding
battalion headquarters
role.
The device underwent field testing during FY88

and was expected to be fielded to all Active and
Reserve Component Engineer units during FY89
The scale of issue will be two devices for every
STATUS
Development.
M109A2 Artillery Crew Trainer

The trainer uses a
DESCRIPTION
The M109A2 Artillery Crew Trainer was originally
developed by BMY Combat Systems as part of the
development involved in the M109 HIP programme
For this programme a full-sized operating mock-up
of a M109A2 155 mm self-propelled howitzer turret
was produced and its capabilities as a crew trainer
were
at the
Sill,
realised. Evaluations subsequently took place

US Army Field Artillery Training Center at Fort
Oklahoma, and the trainer
is
now
in
service.
real
M109A2 turret mounted on
a platform and simulates all stages of the laying,

loading and firing of a M109A2 howitzer The M109A2
hull interior is fully duplicated to the exact real
vehicle dimensions. Inert projectiles and charges
can be loaded into the simulated breech using the
normal rammer system and the barrel recoils under
hydraulic control as the weapon is fired'; the inert
projectiles and charges are fed forward through
the attenuated dummy barrel The turret can be
traversed 100 mils each side and the barrel elevates
from -50 to +700 mils. If required the turret can

be loaded from a FAASV or any other mode or
ammunition resupply.
Four 12 V batteries provide the power for turret
operation. The trainer can be trailer mounted and
can be readily transported.
Safety features for the trainee crew include a
pressure sensitive floor mat which prevents firing if
a crewman is standing in the recoil path area An
instructor's Ready' switch must be pressed when
the firing lanyard
is
pulled
62
STATUS
In
production and
in
service with the
MANUFACTURER
BMY Combat Systems. PO Box
vania 17405.
Telephone
US Army.
1512. York. Pennsyl-
USA
(717) 2254781. Telex:
510657 4212
Model ofM109A2 Artillery Crew Trainer
USA
63

section the terms Training ammunition and
will describe only those munitions
produced specifically for the training role. It does
not include ammunition types such as TP or TP-T that
have the same range as their service equivalents but
does include munitions that have no function other
than employment for training purposes at reduced
In this
pyrotechnics
ranges.
AUSTRALIA
Smarex Thunderflashes
mm
long
(Simulator Battlefield Grenade F2) are 150
and 22
in diameter with a nominal weight of
30 g. The Thunderflash No 3 (Simulator Projectile
Groundburst F3) has the same dimensions but
weighs 40 g (nominal) and incorporates a projectilesimulating whistle with the body, ignition and photoflash capsule elements of the Thunderflash No 2.
All three Smarex thunderflashes are initiated by
the use of a standard friction igniter system with a
special moisture-resistant friction surface to ignite
a safety fuze which burns for a delay period prior to
ignition of the photoflash composition. The delay
mm
There are three thunderflashes in the Smarex range

from Australia, all of them designed to be safe
and cost effective hand grenade and battle noise
simulators. All three thunderflashes contain a
sealed frangible plastic capsule inside a spiral
wound paper tube body. They contain 1-2 g of a
photoflash composition which, when
ignited,
produces a sharp and loud report with a brilliant
flash of light and a compact white smoke cloud.
The Smarex Thunderflashes No 1 and No2
time for the Thunderflash No 1 is 6 to 8 seconds; for

the Nos 2 and 3 it is 4 to 6 seconds.
STATUS
In production
forces
In
service with the Australian
armed
AGENCY
Director (Marketing Operations), Office of Defence
Production, Anzac Park West Building, Constitution
Avenue, Canberra ACT 2600, Australia.
Telephone: (062) 4821
1 1
Telex:
AA 62063.
AUSTRIA
SHORGUT Short-Range
Disintegrating Training Projectile
The SHORGUT (Short-Range Gun Training) shortrange disintegrating training projectiles are
intended for use with guns and howitzers that have
extremely limited safety areas. Applications
could include live firing training from fortifications
to fire in
located
in
built-up areas,
and functional or proof
by maintenance personnel in limited areas.

SHORGUT projectile consists of a shell of
specially selected plastic which is filled with metal
particles and closed at the top by a lid When fired
the lid is detatched from the shell and the particles
are scattered about the nearby area The plastic
parts of the shell have a low cross-sectional density
and high aerodynamic drag After a short flight,
which typically ranges from a maximum of 60 to
120 m. they fall to the ground. The metal parts have

a maximum range of about 40 m. The large plastic
pieces remaining can be gathered and recycled
while the metal particles decompose into harmless
metal oxides
SHORGUT projectiles are in production for
M2 and
105
L7 and M68 tank guns, 105
M40 recoilless
M101A1 light field howitzers, 106
rifles, and 155
for guns and howitzers. Other
calibres, such as 90 mm, are available on request.
mm
mm
mm
mm
firing
The
STATUS
In
production - see text
MANUFACTURER
Intertechnik,
PO Box
100. Industriezeile 56.
A-4040
Linz, Austria
Telephone:
(0 732)
28 92-123. Telex: 02-1 522 his
a.
SHORGUT short-range disintegrating training

projectiles
SMI
SMI
Plastic Blank
plastic blank
Ammunition
ammunition
is
particularly useful
since it closely resembles a live round

in appearance, noise and flash. It also allows the
operation of automatic weapons when a suitable
muzzle attachment is provided. Even without the
attachment, safety is virtually assured even at the
muzzle since when the plastic round is fired it opens
at the tip without releasing dangerous fragments.
Another feature is that no matter how much ammunition is fired through a barrel, it does not become
fouled with metal deposits nor do metal fragments
stick in the feed mechanism.
for training
Calibre: 5.56
mm to .50/12 mm
.7
mm
weigh
Weight: 1000 plastic blanks in 7.62 x 51
6 kg; the same quantity of brass blanks weighs 13 kg
STATUS
In production. In service with most
forces and many other armies.
NATO armed
MANUFACTURER
Sudsteirische
Metallindustrie
GmbH,
A-8430
Leibnitz, Austria.
Telephone: 03452 2101. Telex: 034 405. Fax: 03452
2101305
Range otSMI plastic blank ammunition. On left is cut-away drawing showing hollow bullet and weakened tip
which opens on
firing
TRAINING AMMUNITION AND PYROTECHNICS
64
Glock Training and Practice Hand
Grenade
This training grenade is of the same shape and size
as the live Glock grenade and is used for training
personnel in all the hand movements needed when
dealing with grenades. By adding a live fuze and a
small charge of explosive the detonation effect can
be demonstrated without damaging the grenade It
Austria
Belgium
is
STATUS
cavity
In
absolutely safe and cannot burst even if the entire

is filled with gunpowder or detonating composition
The practice grenade consists of a seamless thickwalled steel core for safety, and a covering of highstrength plastic material which withstands hundreds
practice throws without
being damaged
of
The surface of the plastic is roughened for better
handling
production
MANUFACTURER
Glock GmbH. Hausfeldstrasse
Wagram
17.
A-2232 Deutsch-
Austria
Telephone 2247 24600 Telex 133307
GLOCK A
BELGIUM
MECAR Training Rifle Grenades
model except that they contain no

explosive components.
to the service
STATUS
MECAR produces rifle grenades designed for use at

all
BTU
HE-RFL-35 BTU
In
production
stages of training. The PRAC-(INT-F) RFL-35
M265 is the training grenade for the

M2623 service grenade, and the PRAC-(INT-A) RFL-
MANUFACTURER
MECAR SA. rue Grmfaux
BTU is the training grenade for the ARP RFL-40

BTU M260 service grenade The training grenades
lez-Nivelles. Belgium.
Telephone:
are identical concerning weight, length and range
Fax: (32) 67/21 63 07.
40
(32) 67/21
B-6522 Petit-Roeulx-
25,
77 95 Telex. 574 38. mecar
b.
MECAR M265 training rifle grenade
MECAR 75 mm Target Practice

Nose Marker
Rifle
Grenade
Calibre: 75
mm
mm
Length: 325
Weight: 660 g
Operational range:
m
m
Maximum range: 275 m at 45
(moving targets) 75
a re-usable target practice rifle grenade

which is the the equivalent of the MECAR Energa
This
is
appearance and
ballistic characteristics to the service Energa
grenade, but in place of the high explosive warhead
the practice grenade carries a plastic nose section
filled with coloured powder On impact the nose
releases the powder, leaving a clearly visible mark
on the target Different coloured powders are available to perm it identification of different shots against
anti-tank
grenade
It
is
identical in
the same target or for evaluation of individual progress. No tools are required to replace the expended
nose cone on the resilient grenade body, which may
thus be used for many practice firings.
(static targets)
Launch
100
elevation
m/s
Recoil energy: 15 kg nominal
Accuracy at 75 m: 1 m x 0.8 m (H x W)
velocity: 54
STATUS
In
production.
In
service with several
MANUFACTURER
MECAR SA, rue Grinfaux
25,
armed forces
B-6552 Pf tit-Roeulx-
lez-Nivelles, Belgium.
(32) 67/21 77 95. Telex: 574 38.
Fax: (32)67/21 63 07
Telephone:
mecar
b.
MECAR practice nose marker grenade
Canada
65
CANADA
Honeywell XTM-1 Anti-armour
Mine Effects Simulator
The XTM-1 anti-armour mine effects simulator
(MES) was designed and developed by the Defence
Research Establishment Suffield (DRES), a defence
laboratory of the Canadian Department of National
Defence (DND). Honeywell Canada was selected to
implement the DRES concept and produce XTM-1
prototypes for testing and user evaluation.
The purpose of the XTM-1 mine effects simulator
is
to provide real-time, cost effective simulation
of
anti-armour minefield effects
in
as realistic a
manner as possible consistent with troop safety To

this end the XTM-1 simulates an anti-armour mine
by the firing of a harmless smoke discharqe at the
close passing of an armoured vehicle The smoke
pyrotechnic is housed in a disposable canister
inserted intoa recess inthe nylon body of thecircular
training mine. The XTM-1 is completely re-usable
by replacing the pyrotechnic canister The pyrotechnic is electrically ignited if a target vehicle
satisfies magnetometer and seismic profiles These
profiles and other parameters such as delay before
arming and automatic disarm times ensure troop
and can be re-programmed to suit customer

requirements
The coloured smoke signature is visible from a
distance of 1000 m and persists for 20 to 30 seconds
Other signal devices are under development After
automatic disarming the XTM-1 emits a radio signal
to aid recovery for re-use.
The XTM-1 mine effects simulator is powered by
commercially available batteries. Safety features
safety
include: on/off and arm/disarm switches; a status

display top and bottom; a dual microprocessorcontrolled firing mechanism; seismic and magnetometer sensors: a simple arm/disarm operation;
built-in test with continuous monitoring, automatic
disarm at failure detection; and a non-explosive and
harmless smoke discharge.
Honeywell XTM-1 anti-armour mine effects simulator (MES) showing smoke pyrotechnic on the right
with (inset) assembled training mine with pyrotechnic installed
STATUS
Weight:
1 2 kg
Height:
(excluding pyrotechnic) 91
(with pyrotechnic) 116mm
Diameter: 192
Ready for production.
mm
MANUFACTURER
mm
Honeywell Limited. Defence & Systems Research

Division. 1682 Woodward Drive, Ottawa. Ontario
K2C3R7. Canada.
Telephone: 61 3/224 3822. Fax: 613/224 6674.
Power requirements:
(sensor circuit)6VDC
(firing circuit)
Cartridge 105
mm TP/FSDS-T C71
The C71 Target Practice round
for Fin Stabilised,
Discarding Sabot, Tracer (TP/FSDS-T) is a tank

L7 and
target practice munition for use in 105
M68 tank guns. The shot consists of a sub-calibre
tubular projectile with a discarding sabot pusher
mm
base, a driving band and obturator. After firing the

tubular projectile is a ballistic match for the APFSDS
C76 projectile up to 3000 m but becomes aero-
dynamically unstable beyond that range and falls to

the ground. The resultant safety template is 8 km
along the line of fire and 2 km either side at a gun
elevation of
10.
3VDC
mm
Cartridge length: 785

Cartridge weight: 16 3 kg
Shot weight: 4 kg
Sub-projectile weight: 2 18 kg
Propellanttype: M6 NH/P
Tracer: C3 MOD
Primer: C16
Cartridge case: C4
STATUS
In
production for the Canadian
Armed
Forces.
MANUFACTURER
Canadian Arsenals Limited, 2 Place Felix-Martin,
Montreal,
Canada H2Z
1Z2.
Telephone: (514) 866 1300. Telex: 055 62273.

Fax:(514)8660796
Cartridge 105
mm
TP/FSDS-T C71
for
105
L7 and M68
mm tank guns
66
France
FRANCE
Ruggieri Pyrotechnic Devices
Petard MleFl
This device, lull
Petard Simulateur de Feu d'lnused to simulate the firing or

the projectile explosion of an anti-armour weapon,
a mortar or any other similar piece of equipment. It
consists of a cardboard cylinder with plastic end
caps The body contains a friction igniter, a four- to
five-second fuze, a propellant charge and the actual
explosive charge itself. In use the propellant blows
the main charge out of the tube after a 4-5 s delay
and it explodes in the open about 1.5 m away from
the tube, accompanied by either a yellow or a white
cloud of smoke. The French Army use the white
smoke to show the firing of a weapon and the yellow
to designate the arrival of a projectile.
Length: 257
Diameter: 35
Weight: 1 10 g
Delay: 4-5 s
fantrie
Modele
title
F1. is
mm
mm
Salvo Simulator Mle F1

This simulator is made up from four charges in
one pack which is fired electrically Each charge is
contained in a spherical container with its own fuze,
igniter and wire. A set of four charges is strung up
between supports about 2 m apart and connected to
a central firing box. When fired the four explode at
short intervals to simulate the arrival of a salvo
of artillery or mortar rounds. The delay between
detonations can be 0, 2. 4 or 6 s, with the various
delays denoted by the colour of the supports
between the charges A safety distance of 30 m has
to be maintained when this simulator is detonated
P6tard MleFl
The full designation of this simulator is Artifice de

Simulation de Salve Percutante Modele F1
Diameter of one charge: 80 mm
Length of pack of four charges: 600 mm
Weight of four charges in pack: 1.5 kg
Height: 650
mm
mm
Diameter: 426
Weight: approx 53 kg
Length of ignition wire: 100
STATUS
All
Atomic Explosion Simulator F1
the
above are
production
in
In
service with the
French Army.
This simulator is a large cylindrical container which

is buried 0.5 m deep into the ground and initiated
electrically using a supply of at least 60 V. When
fired it gives an intense blaze of light, a violent
explosion and 60s of smoke which rises to about
100m above the ground, forming the familiar
mushroom-shaped cloud A smokescreen remains
atthe point of burst
The full designation of this simulator is Artifice
Simulateurd'Explosion Atomique Modele
MANUFACTURER
Ruggieri. Departement Armement. 86 avenue de
Saint-Ouen, 75018 Pans. France.
Telephone: (1)46 27 12 08. Telex: 641 581 F.
F1.
!
X SY f
Ar
Fumigeiie
"T
Grenade Mle F1
The Mle F1
plastic practice grenade consists of three

components: a blue plastic body filled with chalk
dust or talc: a plastic sheath containing the explosive
charge: and an igniter set. In operation the safety
extracted as the operating lever is held against

the body of the grenade The grenade is then thrown
and after a 5 s delay the charge explodes with a loud
detonation, and causes the grenade body to burst
and scatter the contents. No fragments are
pin
-RSIM
Complete atomic explosion simulator F1
Salvo Simulator Mle ft
Plastic Practice
The PCI practice grenade produced by Royal

Ordnance in the United Kingdom is very similar
totheMleFL
STATUS
In
production.
In
Army
is
MANUFACTURER
Etienne Lacroix SA, 6 boulevard de Joffrery, 31600
Muret, France.
Telephone: 61 51 03 37. Telex: 531478 F.
produced.
Plastic practice
This grenade can be used with any type of igniter,

including the British L25.
Tank Combat Simulator Mle F1

Type 1600/41
grenades Mle Ft
fitted with
various
igniters
tank turret. The cartridges used are the Cartouches

Simulatrices de feu de Canon Mle F1 They have a
plastic body, light alloy base and are fired elec'
trically.
The tank combat simulator Mle F1
is a series of
pyrotechnic devices intended to provide tank crews
with some measure of tank gun firing experience
relatively cheaply The system has a pyrotechnic
firing device, the Type 1600, and a further device
fitted to the target, the Type 1601 Both fire smoke
cartridges to simulate tank gun fire and the sub-
sequent
hit.
The Type 1600

mounted above the
is
firing
ten-cartridge projector
tank gun barrel. It can be
AMX-13 or AMX-30 tanks, and once fitted

can be raised to 30 above the barrel elevation. A
deflector over the gun barrel protects the barrel from
the firing flash. When fired each cartridge emits a
report equivalent to that produced by firing a 105 mm
gun and a cloud of brown smoke is emitted. The
control box for the projector is carried inside the
fitted to
The Type 1601
is fitted
to the side of the target tank
The device can

be set off by the tank crew or by an exercise umpire
fired
the Type 1601
from outside the tank and when
fires a smoke pot that produces red or orange coloured smoke. The smoke pot involved is the Cartouche Simulatrice de coup au But Type 138' It has
a light alloy body and is fired electrically.
turret
and
is
electrically controlled.
STATUS
In
production.
In
Army
MANUFACTURER
Ruggieri. Departement Armement, 86 avenue de
Saint-Ouen, 75018 Paris, France.
Telephone: (1 ) 46 27 12 08. Telex: 641 581 F.
Tank combat simulator Mle F1 fitted above gun

barrel with control box below
Germany (West)
GERMANY
Rheinmetall LKL Tank Practice
Ammunition
Rheinmetall Wehrtechnik have devised a novel
approach to the design of kinetic energy training and
practice ammunition by combining the aerodynamic
device known as the Lochkegelleitwerk (LKL) with a
kinetic energy penetrator rod. The LKL is a cone
base attached to the projectile rod tail and this base
is pierced with nine holes that run from front to rear
The hole size is accurately machined to allow a
particular aerodynamic law to take effect. The holes
beaerodynamicallyclosed when the

slows down to a certain Mach
number, which leads to an increase in air resistance
caused by eddies formed behind the LKL cone base
The eddies effectively cause drag and reduce the
velocity of the projectile rapidly, and hence the
in
the cone
will
projectile in flight
range.
appearance and handling an LKL round

resembles a conventional APFSDS round. As it is
fired the sabot falls away but once in flight the LKL
In
Rheinmetall 120
Diehl 105
Round
mm TPFSDS-T Training
The Diehl 105 mm TPFSDS-T training round DM 148

is a low-cost training and practice round that can be
comes into play after about 2000 m. Up to that

range the projectile behaves as a normal projectile.
After about 2000 m the LKL effect reduces the projectile velocity to the extent that an APDS-simulated
projectile has a range of about 7500 m instead of the
usual 30 000 m plus. A lateral safety zone about
2100 m wide at 7500 m will be required for a tank gun
elevated to over 10.
Rheinmetall has applied the LKL principle to two
types of tank gun ammunition, 105 mm and 120 mm
The 105 mm is used in L7-series and M68 tank guns
and the 120 mm in the 120 mm Rheinmetall smoothbore gun. Both calibres are identical in action and
use but the LKL cone for the 105 mm round is solid
(apart from the holes) while the 120 mm cone is
hollow. Both have near-identical range performances.
In the United States, Honeywell Defense Systems
Division has developed the LKL concept for the
120 mm M865 training round used with the 120 mm
M256 gun installed in the M1 A1 Abrams main battle
tank This round is used as the training equivalent
for the M827 and M829 APFSDS-T rounds
effect
in place of the DM 13/23/33 APFSDS-T round

from 105 mm L7-series and M68 tank guns
Regardless of gun barrel elevation and ambient
temperature the projectile fired will fall into an area
about 7500 m long in the firing direction and 2100 m
105mm
Calibre
Weight
complete round
projectile/sabot
120
mm
168kg
18.4kg
4.5 kg
5.9 kg
projectile
2 6 kg
3.2 kg
propellant
60.3kg
8.20.3kg
Diameter
mm
mm
tail
38
80
1640 m/s
(10 elevation)
7500
projectile
cone
Muzzle velocity
Max range
mm
mm
38
85
1700 m/s
7500
STATUS
In production. In service with the West German Army
and the US Army and Marine Corps
MANUFACTURER
Rheinmetall GmbH, Ulmenstrasse 125,
Dusseldorf Federal Republic of Germany
Telephone: (021 1) 447-01 Telex: 85833-0.
D-4000
Rheinmetall 105
mm LKL projectile
nose and a single element in the tail will

range of between 3100 and 4500 m from
the muzzle The nose will then separate, slow down
rapidly until it becomes unstable, and tumble to the
ground The tail unit will also become unstable and
fall to the ground at a range of less than 7200 m.
projectile
detonate
at a
A generally
used
fired
to
(WEST)
mm LKL projectile
DM 148
67
produced
mm
similar round, the 105

CL-274.
by Israel Military Industries
is
in Israel
STATUS
In
production
both sides.
The
principle of operation of the round, which
resembles an orthodox APFSDS-T round

and is handled in exactly the same way, is that at
least two of the four pyrotechnic elements in the
visually
MANUFACTURER
Diehl GmbH & Co.
Fischbachstrasse
Rothenbach/Pegn Federal Republic

,
Telephone:
(91
of
16.
D-8505
Germany.
5 09-1 Telex: 622 591-42.

.
Diehl105mm TPFSDS-T training round DM
Dynamit Nobel Training

Ammunition
Dynamit Nobel PM Blank Ammunition
Dynamit Nobel manufactures a wide range of plastic
manoeuvre (PM) ammunition for all calibres of small
arms. The rounds are made in plastic and exactly
simulate acoustically and functionally the equivalent live round For automatic operation of the
148
weapons
a blank-firing muzzle attachment is

necessary to reduce the gas flow out of the muzzle
and build up sufficient internal pressure to drive the
mechanism
The PM cartridge has its plastic section made of
injection
moulded polyethelene. This section
includes the case and the bullet part - the 9
mm
Parabellum cartridge has a metal case. The propellant charge is nickel-cadmium adjusted in quantity to suit the particular calibre in use and there is
a metal base accommodating the propellant and
primer cap. The primer cap uses SINOXID priming
composition which is non-corrosive and nonerosive.
68
Calibre
Cartridge
Muzzle
weight
safety
distance
9
mm
Parabellum
mm x 45
5.56
7.62
mm
mm
ammunition can be used indoors and also

ing in urban and street fighting exercises
5.4 g
27.1 g
x 99
mm
and
classified
12m
Practice
50
by the
4m
Dynamit Nobel PT Training Ammunition

Plastic training (PT) ammunition is intended for use
at short-range when there is no full-size range space
available. It allows training in the use of the weapon
and simulates exactly the functions of loading, firing
and the sound and flash of using full-calibre rounds
However, the effective lange is very short and the
maximum range is little more than the length of a
football pitch. The bullets are entirely plastic so that
they lose velocity very quickly, will not ricochet
and have an extremely short danger area The
cartridges
US Army
M862 and 50
Dynamit Nobel KB short-range ammunition is a type

a special bullet. Its weights and
dimensions generally correspond to those of live
ammunition and they can be handled in the same
way. Without any changes to the weapon and without
the use of any particular attachments, both singleshot and fully automatic fire can be carried out from
the weapons concerned in the same way as live
of cartridge with
Plastic
Nose Cap
have
as 5 56
mm
STATUS
All the above are in production and are in service
with the West German armed forces and some NATO
armed forces
typePlastic
M858
Ball
MANUFACTURER
and M860 Tracer

Heckler and Koch GmbH produce special versions
of their P7M8 pistol and MP5 sub-machine gun to
fire PT ammunition - refer to the entries in the
PT Cartridge
7.65
mm
9mm
.38
Spec
Dynamit Nobel AG.
5.56
mm
Projectile
62
mm
62
mm
12
DN D
7mm
0.42 g
0.49 g
0.2 g
NATOPT NATOPT-T PT
0.7 g
ig
32g
350 m/s
410m/s
280 m/s
1000 m/s
1100 m/s
1100 m/s
1075 m/s
12m
8-15m
125m
8-12
30
100
250
50 m
300 m
50 m
300 m
700
m
m
to
22g
range
Max range
90
m
m
m
m
Varieties of Dynamit Nobel
127m
PT-T
32g
1045 n
ammunition, irrespective of whether these weapons

operate by gas pressure or the recoil principle.
The KB bullet consists of an axially drilled metal
projectile body and a plastic nose cap On firing, the
plastic nose cap separates from the projectile body
while still in the barrel. Immediately after leaving
the barrel the plastic nose cap falls to the ground
while the short-range bullet continues along its trajectory Due to its flattened nose the metal body is
strongly retarded in flight due to increased wind
resistance, thus achieving a reduction in maximum
range to about 50 per cent or less of the range of live
ammunition For example the normal range of a
9mm Parabellum bullet is reduced from 2000m to
around 300 m The normal range of a 25 x 137 mm
9
mm
7.62
mm
Bullet weight
6.4 g
5.55 g
Muzzle velocity
Max training range
Max range
350 m/s
50 m
300 m
870 m/s
150
1150m
150
150
700
m
m
PT ammunition
projectile
is
reduced from 8000
approximately
3500 m.
KB
projectiles
can be fitted with tracer. They are

Parabellum. 7.62 mm NATO.
mm
available for 9
12.7 x 99mm .20 x
139mm and25
137mm.
STATUS
the above are in production and are in service
with the West German armed forces and some NATO
armed forces, including those of the US A
All
MANUFACTURER
Dynamit Nobel AG. PO Box 1209. D-5210. Troisdorf.
Telephone: 224 185 Telex: 889 66044 DN D
12.7
mm
Para
Range
Body
1209. D-5210. Troisdorf
Max training
KB Cartridge
Metallic Short
PO Box

Para
Bullet weight
Velocity
Weapons
section.
been
Plastic Practice
Dynamit Nobel PM small arms blank ammunition
Dynamit Nobel KB Short-Range

Ammunition
Sub-calibre Training Devices and Training
for train-
For automatic operation of these cartridges in the

M16-series rifle and M2HB 50/12 7 mm machine
gun, special training breech bolts (M16) and recoil
amplifying barrels (M2HB) are available The
5 56
x 51
NATO
12.7
3m
3m
4.7 g
2.8 g
Germany (West)
38 g
905 m/s
600 m
3500 m
mm
mm
mm
mm
tracer
20
P-T
25
tracer
40 g
890 m/s
600 m
3500 m
120g
122g
1040 m/s
800 m
3500 m
1050 m/s
1200 m
3700 m
180 g
1100 m/s
1000 m
12.7
20
tracer
3500
Tracer Composition
Propeilant Charge
Primer
Main components
of a
Dynamit Nobel KB cartridge
Principles of functioning of Dynamit Nobel
KB short-range ammunition
Germany (West)
Diehl
69
DARKAS Tank Gunfire
Simulator
The Diehl
DARKAS
abschuss)
GmbH and
(Darstellungsgerat Kanonenwas developed by Hoffmann-Werke
may be used as a stand-alone tank gunfire

simulator to reproduce the flash and report of a tank
main gun being fired or a tank being hit by enemy
weapons. It may also be used in conjunction with
laser-based tactical engagement simulators
The DARKAS 17 simulator holds 17 rounds of
simulation ammunition (a9-barrel arrangement, the
DARKAS 9, is also available) in a twin horizontal
layer magazine arrangement mounted directly on a
tank turret or attached to a gun barrel with a calibre
76 to 105mm. The equipment can be fitted to
any tank using special adapters and safety clamps.
Installation issimple. requiring nospecial tools, and
can be carried out by the tank crew. Special attention
has been given to safety when using the simulator
of
to the extent that all electrical circuits, including the
detonation circuit, are automatically broken if any

faulty operating or handling procedures are carried
out on critical components Loading is only possible
after a safety guard locked by two independent bolts
and electrical circuits has been unfolded Automatic
self-test equipment is incorporated in the simulator
control unit.
After loading, the safety catch can be released
and the detonation cable plug on the ammunition
rounds is inserted in the socket provided on the
ammunition tray. Only when the safety guard has
been locked can the simulator be fired. The cradle
is connected by a cable to the control unit located
inside the tank. As an additional indication that a hit
has been scored (apart from the detonation of hitsimulating ammunition), a flashing lamp can also
be connected
The control unit is fixed to its mounting inside the
tank by a screw clamp It is connected by a cable to
the gun triggering circuit, the ammunition tray and
the tank's main power supply. An interface is provided in the control unit for connecting laser-type
combat simulators
or sensors.
use the simulator is fired using the normal gun

controls and the simulator reproduces the same
flash and report as produced when firing live ammunition The report and flash are visible over a combat
In
fire
range of up
to
2000
The
DARKAS
17 simulator
Comet Pyrotechnics
Atomic Explosion Simulator
This is a pyrotechnic training device which simulates
the explosion of a nuclear device, giving the charac-
and mushroom cloud of smoke

up to a high altitude due to the develop-
Diehl
capacity of 17 rounds
is
DARKAS 9 tank gunfire simulator fitted to Leopard MB T
the
same
as that
of the
normal ready-use ammunition capacity of most

tanks and the simulator cannot be fired again until a
lapse of 6s has occurred since the last firing, this
interval being considered the minimum main gun
re-loading time.
The simulator can be used in two basic modes
The 'Without Hit' mode involves the loading of 17
simulation firing rounds (9 with DARKAS 9) The
With Hit' mode involves the loading of 16simulation
firing rounds and one hit simulation round (8 and 1
for DARKAS 9). If the exercise umpire presses the
control unit hit button or the laser beam of a combat
simulator contacts the tank, the hit simulation round
will detonate to produce a bright red flash, a report
and a cloud of smoke
The simulator ammunition
GmbH,
member of the
is
produced by Comet
Diehl group
STATUS
In production. Several thousand systems are in
service with the Belgian, Danish, West German
(1700), Italian, Norwegian and US armed forces
MANUFACTURER
Diehl
Elektronik
und
Heinrich-Diehl-Strasse
Luftfahrtgerate
2.
D-8505
GmbH,
Rdthenbach,

1 5 09-2968 Telex
623 942 Fax: 091
Telephone 091
5 09-2512.
explosion simulators for use in training Manufactured from crush-resistant cardboard, there is no
danger from flying fragments upon detonation The
two devices are similar in operation but the Thunderflash III is longer and provides a louder report.
teristic bright flash
which
is built
ment of heat after the explosion.

Dimensions: 550
360
Data for Thunderflash

Dimensions: 155 x 25
Weight: 45 g
mm
Ignition: friction/pull-wire igniter
mm
Delay:4s minimum
Weight: 55 kg
Colour of smoke: orange-grey

Height of smoke cloud: 90 m approx
Diameter of cloud: 45 m approx
Comet Thunderflash
Comet atomic explosion simulator
III
Impact Simulator
Grenade Simulator
The Comet grenade simulator represents a standard
hand grenade. It provides optical and acoustic
This pyrotechnic device, which resembles a stick

grenade, is designed to give absolute safety for the
user. Even if the simulator explodes while still being
held in the hand of the operator, it will not cause
injury. It is generally used to simulate grenades or
other battlefield explosions during exercises.
effects during infantry training.
Dimensions: 253
53
mm
Weight: 50 g
Ignition: friction igniter
Delay: 5 s
Weight: 45 g
mm (styropor head)
Ignition: friction pull igniter
Comet Thunderflash and

I
These are the usual type
III
of
pyrotechnic grenade or
Comet Thunderflash
Delay: 4 s
Report: 1 1 5
dB
at a
distance of 20
70
Germany (West
use in conjunction with various types of tank and

gunfire simulators, such as those attached to targets
on gunnery ranges or to provide simulation of hits
by APDS and other anti-armour projectiles It can
also be manually fired on instructions from an
umpire
Comet have also developed Hit Simulators which

indicate the specific signatures of APDS, TPDS and
HEAT rounds. Using these simulators a tank kill
could be indicated by a two minute cloud of black
smoke A Cannon
Fire Simulator, with flash,
and smoke, audible and visible
to
2000
is
bang
also
available
Weight:
Ignition: electric, 3
Colour
mm
50 g
mW/s/Ohm
of flare: red
Light intensity: 80 000 candela

Burning time: 2 5s
Colour
of
smoke: orange
Smoke duration: 8 s
STATUS
All
the above items are
in
production
MANUFACTURER
Comet GmbH Pyrotechnik Apparatebau, Postfach
100267. D-2850Bremerhaven 1, Federal Republic of
Germany
Comet impact simulator

Comet Hit Simulator
a pyrotechnic device which gives off a red
flare and orange smoke visible up to 2000 m. It is for
This
is

39394
PPT Simulator DM12
STATUS
The DM12
Army.
In
a pyrotechnic simulator which represents a stick grenade and is operated in the same
way, by a friction igniter fired by means of a pullcord in the handle It produces a loud report, a flash,
and a yellow-brown smoke puff.
production
In
Telex: 238731.
Fax:
04/1
German
is
mm
mm
Length: 240
Diameter: 54
Weight: 50 g
MANUFACTURER
Piepenbrock Pyrotechnik GmbH. Ruhweg 21, D-671
Gollheim, Federal Republic of Germany.
Telephone: 06351 4020. Telex: 451231. Fax: 06351
40226.
Delay time: 5 s nominal

Noise level: approx 175dB
PPT simulator DM12
Rapp
Rifle
and Machine Gun Fire
Simulator
The Rapp rifle and machine gun fire simulator is a
modernised version of the German Second World
War Zielfeuer Gerat 38

is a recoil-operated
weapon designed to fire blank cartridges only and is
chambered for NATO standard 7.62 x 51 mm blank
It
The simulator resembles a sub-machine gun in

some respects and is firmly anchored to the ground
by ground spikes driven through three legs - it can
also be bolted onto target operating
mechanism
bases Once emplaced, it is fired by means of a

simple pull-line: this releases the bolt, which flies
forward, loads and fires a cartridge A pressure
valve on the barrel restricts the flow of gas and thus
ensures sufficient chamber pressure to operate the
weapon in the normal blowback mode. If the pullline has been released, then the bolt will be held
back, ready for the next shot. If the pull-line is kept
pulled, the weapon will continue to fire until either
the line is released or the magazine is empty The
device can also be fired by a trip-wire
The simulator can, according to the customer's
requirements,
supplied
with
electrical
be
58
Rapp rifle
Comet hit simulator
Germany (West) Spain

remote-control, or mounted on a truck or
vehicle with electrical control.
armoured

MANUFACTURER
STATUS
In
production.
In
German
Calibre: 7 62 x 51 mm. blank only

Magazine capacity: 75 rounds
Rale
Theodor Rapp KG, Alte Hausacher Strasse

fach 1320, D-7612 Haslach
Army
of lire:
7*1
i.K.,
5,
Post-
Federal Republic of
Germany.
Telephone: (07832) 703-0. Telex: 752 322 rapp
Fax:(07832)70322.
(max) 500 rounds/minute
NICO Training Mine System

The NICO training mine system is a variable form of
training device that can be adapted to suit virtually
any type of operational land mine In its simplest
form it is a circular re-usable mine body that can be
fitted with an array of triggering devices such as
pressure plates, tilt rods and trip wire devices and
when actuated produces a simulated blast effect
and/or a cloud of smoke. If required the system can

be incorporated into service mine bodies or the
training mine body may be weighted to simulate a
service mine If required a special body simulating
an in-service minecan besupplied
MANUFACTURER
NICO Pyrotechnik. Hanns-Jorgen Diederichs GmbH

& Co KG, Bei der Feuerwerkerei 4. PO Box 1227,
D-2077
Trittau/Hamburg,
Federal
Republic
of
Germany.
Telephone: (4154) 2071 Telex: 2189 413 D
STATUS
In
production
NETHERLANDS
NWM
De Kruithoorn Break-Up
Training Ammunition
NWM
De Kruithoorn is an independent subsidiary

Rheinmetall of Dusseldorf, West Germany, and
manufactures break-up ammunition for a wide range
(Bofors L/60 and L/70),
of calibres including 40
35 mm, 25 mm and 20 mm. The break-up projectiles
disintegrate immediately after leaving the muzzle
of the weapon and fall harmlessly to the ground
within a very short distance. The size of safety area
in front of the gun muzzle depends on the calibre but
typical ranges are 20
50 m, 40
80 m, and
100 m
25
and 35
The handling, feeding and firing of break-up
ammunition are the same as for conventional rounds
while the firing forces on the gun are the same as
those produced when firing live rounds The breakup rounds produce identical sound, flash and report
as with live ammunition and any aircraft can be used
as a simulated target Aircraft attack trajectories can
be flown just as they would be in combat
An area in front of the muzzle of from 50 to
of
mm
mm
mm
100
mm
The break-up sequence ofDe Kruithoorn break-up ammunition; the sequence takes
mm
of 25 m wide is required as a safety area

Types of break-up ammunition are as follows:
mm
40
MN19for Bofors L/70.
maximum
mm
mm
mm
mm
40
DM 18A1 for Bofors L/60.
35
MN16 for Oerl ikon guns.
25
MN 14 for Oerl ikon guns
20
DM78A2 for Hispano-Suiza HS820 and
Rheinmetall MK20 Rh 202 guns
m long, depending on the calibre involved, and a
00016 seconds
STATUS
In
production.
In
service worldwide.
MANUFACTURER
NWM De Kruithoorn BV, Poeldonkweg. PO Box 1050,

5200 BC's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
Telephone: 073-810222 Telex: 50229.
SOUTH AFRICA
Swartklip Training Rocket
Swartklip Products produce a range of hand held

distress rockets for maritime and other uses and
have introduced a training rocket to the range. The
training rocket is activated in the same manner as
an operational distress rocket by removing a safety
pin and pushing a lever against the side of the
container. This releases a firing pin which ignites

the rocket's solid fuel motor. The motor is contained
in an aluminium housing which is ejected from the
outer container and is propelled by the motor to a
height of 300m. At that height an inert payload is
ejected, in place of the usual flare and parachute,
without initiating a false distress signal
The
training rocket
can be used
for training in
normal operating procedures, taking into account

wind direction and velocity, and can also be used as
a pyrotechnic to reproduce or simulate the effect of

a missile being launched
STATUS
In
production.
MANUFACTURER
Enquiries to Armscor, Private Bag X337, Pretoria
0001. South Africa.
Telephone: (012) 292 2891. Telex: 3-20217
SPAIN
PO Plastic Blank Ammunition
Weight ol gunpowder charge:
mm NATO) 0.75 g
mm Parabellum) 0.27 g
(5.56 mm NATO) 0.4 g
(7.62
(9
This ammunition is a one-piece plastic training

round which loads and fires in the same way as a
live ball round, but on firing no projectile is
discharged. The load is gunpowder and while it
emits a realistic flash and bang the load only serves
to split the nose portion of the round. The release of
(.38 Special) 0.3 g

(9
mm Largo) 0.27 g
62
mm PO plastic training round
MANUFACTURER
gas is sufficient to operate an automatic weapon

provided thatthe muzzle is constricted by a suitable
STATUS
attachment.
forces.
In
production.
Oramil (PO) SA, Division AM, Apdo

Correos 192, San Sebastian, Spain
Telephone: (943) 216710. Telex: 38063 ORAM E.
Plasticas
In
service with the Spanish
armed
72
PO Plastic Short-range Cartridges

PO
(Plasticas Oramil) plastic cartridges are training
rounds for use in areas where there is not sufficient

space for a full-bore range and its corresponding
safety area The ammunition provides comparable
accuracy to the full-size round at short-range, but
the velocity soon falls away and within 250 m the
plastic bullet is virtually harmless. The muzzle velocity
first
is
very high, providing a
flat
trajectory for the
m of flight, but the loss of kinetic energy is

There is no danger from ricochets since the
crushes and disintegrates if it hits a solid
50
rapid.
bullet
object
The ammunition
is
shaped
to
allow
it
to
be loaded
Spain Sweden
in the normal way The base of

the cartridge is made of brass, but the walls of the
case and the entire bullet are moulded plastic The
charge is gunpowder The whole round, except for
the brass base, is coloured blue to distinguish it from
through a magazine
other types of round
Types of PO
produced include
Parabellum, 9
short-range cartridge
NATO. 38 Special, 9
7 62
Short, and 5 56
mm PO short-range cartridge
mm
mm
mm
mm
STATUS
In production
forces
mm short-range cartridge
Calibre: 7.62 x 51 mm
Data
62
plastic
for 7.62
In
service with the Spanish
armed
MANUFACTURER
Weight:
Plasticas Oramil (PO) SA, Division AM. Apdo

Correos 192, San Sebastian. Spam
Telephone (943)216710 Telex 38063 ORAM E
(bullet) 0.7 g
(charge) 0.75 g
Max range: 300 m
SWEDEN
Bofors 105/50 TPDS-T Training
Round
During 1982 AB Bofors introduced a new TPDS-T
round for use with any 105mmtankgunoftheL7/M68
family. The round is known as the 'Flakten' (Fan) or
the 105/50 TPDS-T The projectile used with the
round provides a flat trajectory out to a range of
just over 2000 m, but after that range the ballistic
performance is degraded by the use of fixed fins on
the all-steel projectile body. The fins reduce the
projectile maximum range to less than 7500 m
The 105/50 projectile is held in a driving sabot
which starts to disintegrate directly after leaving the
gun muzzle. The pre-fragmented sabot shatters into
small splinters within a space cone defined by a 20
included angle and a range of 150 m. The sabot
base has a stable trajectory with a maximum flight
distance of 1000 m The barrel weight of the projectile
is low so the round requires only a relatively small
propellant load, resulting in low barrel wear.
Calibre: 105
mm
Weight:
(complete round) 13.4 kg
Bofors 105/50 Flakten' TPDS-T projectile
(projectile/sabot assembly)3.1 kg
(cartridge case) 5 6 kg
(propellant.
Bofors 105/50 Flakten' TPDS-T projectile and sabot
STATUS
nominal)4.4kg
In
production.
In
service with the Swedish
Army
(primer) 0.1 kg
(wear reducing liner) 0.2 kg

Muzzle velocity: (at + 15C) 1535 m/s
MANUFACTURER
Tracer burning time: 2 5 s
Sweden.
Bofors 1 05
Lindesbergs
AB
Industri
(LIAB),
Enquiries to AB Bofors, S-691 80 Bofors. Sweden.

Telephone: (46) 586 81000. Telex: 73210 bofors
Fax: (46) 58658145.
s.
Lindesberg,
mm APDS Training
Round
In
view
of the existing
large stocks of armour-
discarding sabot (APDS) tank gun
rounds
rendered obsolescent by the introduction of APFSDS
projectiles, Lindesbergs Industri AB (LIAB - a Bofors
subsidiary) have proposed a modification programme
that can convert APDS rounds into low-cost training
rounds
The programme involves the technology used
with the Bofors 105/50 TPDS-T training round (see
previous entry) in that a rotation deaccelerator on
the sub-calibre projectile involved brings about
gyroscopic instability that causes the projectile to
tumble at around a pre-determined range and so
effect a powerful retardation in the flight trajectory.
With the Bofors APDS training round the projectile
behaves as normal over operational ranges of up
to around 2500 m. After that range strakes on the
projectile body gradually act to retard the projectile
spin aerodynamically so that it becomes bal istically
unstable and tumbles to the ground after travelling
a distance less than a third of the maximum range of
conventional APDS Thus for 105
tank gun APDS
piercing
mm
Norabel Pyrotechnic Simulators

Norabel, part of theNobel IndustriesGroup, provides
a range of pyrotechnic simulators for all the usual
battlefield effects As well as standard models,
special devices can be fabricated to customer
Drawings of converted Bofors APDS training sub-projectile
range can be 15 to 20 km
instead of around the 80km that a conventional
APDS can achieve.
The con version prog ram me involves taking a conventional APDS round and removing the saboted
tungsten penetrator. Mild steel vertical strakes (or
fins) are added to the sub-calibre projectile which is
then re-installed into its sabot and replaced in the
cartridge case. The training round is then handled
in exactly the same way as a conventional APDS
round and can be aimed and fired using existing gun
training rounds a safety
sight
APDS graticules.
requirements
below
The standard models are
listed
Small Arms Fire Simulator

Also referred to as a Battlefield Simulator, this
simulator produces a succession of sharp reports
and flashes to simulate the firing of 5,56 or 7.62 mm
Firing trials of converted 105
mm APDS
rounds
have taken place.
STATUS
Development
MANUFACTURER
Lindesbergs
Industri
AB
(LIAB),
Lindesberg,
Sweden.
Enquiries to AB Bofors, S-691 80 Bofors Sweden.
Telephone: (46) 586 81000 Telex: 73210 bofors s
Fax: (46) 586 58145.
rifles
or
automatic
weapons
The reports are
produced by firecrackers contained in cardboard

cylinders connected by wires The simulators may
be for 5 or 10 shots and are ignited by a 0.7 A
mm
A 10-shot simulator is 810

long while a 5-shot version is 720
long A single
shot simulator is available.
electrical current.
mm
Sweden UK
73
Thunderflash
This simulates an explosion. The device uses a
plastic casing with a waterproof friction igniter
BulletHitSimulator
This device produces a crack similar to that
produced by a bullet hitting the ground It consists of
an electric igniter filled with a pyrotechnic charge
and in use is placed on the ground and covered
lightly with dust or sand. For firing, the device is
connected to a 0.7 A electrical supply The simulator
in
weighs 20g and is 42.5mm long and
7mm
diameter.
Air Burst Simulator
These simulators produce a
puff of
smoke and
burst
an altitude of about 50 m They

are used with a special launcher and two versions
are available, one for use at night, the other for
are
identical
in
dimensions
Both
daylight
(119 x 50 mm) but the night use version is heavier
of 10 fire-crackers at
at 147 g
(day version 126g).
Ground Burst Simulators

These simulators produce a very loud report combined with a bright flash and are used to simulate
explosions from weapons such as land mines,
mortars and artillery fire. The simulators are supplied in polythene containers complete with electrical igniters and are produced in three sizes; light,
medium and heavy The light version weighs 32
and contains 13 g of pyrotechnic composition The
medium version weighs 202 g and contains 150g of
pyrotechnics. The heavy version weighs 357 g and
contains 300 g of pyrotechnics. A safety distance of
30 m has to be maintained for the heavy version.
selection of Norabel pyrotechnic simulators: (1) battlefield simulator;

simulator; (4) gun fire simulator
(2)
Thunderflash;
They can be used with the
smoke, and are used
guns
bomb
gunfire simulator equipment
to simulate napalm or petrol

types are produced, medium
and heavy, both supplied in polythene containers
together with electrical igniters. The medium
version weighs 303 g and contains 250 g of pyrotechnic material The heavy version weighs 1.272 kg
and contains 1.1 kg of pyrotechnics.
attacks.
Two
(3)
air burst
SAAB BT
19A
STATUS
the above items are in production and are
service with the Swedish armed forces.
All
in
MANUFACTURER
Fireburst Simulators
These simulators produce a fierce ball of flame of

short duration combined with a dense cloud of black
Gunfire Simulators
These devices simulate the
firing of
large calibre
Norabel AB. PO Box 803, S-71 3 00 Nora. Sweden

Telephone: 46 587 1 1450. Telex: 73451 norabel s
UNITED KINGDOM
Royal Ordnance Training
Ammunition (ROTA)
Royal Ordnance Training Ammunition (ROTA) was
one time during its development known as
at
SPARTEN
(Special
Ammunition
produced in 5 56
Practice
Realistic Training Enfield)
It
is
for
mm
and looks and functions exactly like conventional live ammunition. The bullet is formed of
a non-toxic metallic/plastic composition and the
propellant load is less than that used for Royal
calibre
Ordnance ball ammuniton. The combination of these

two factors means that ROTA can be handled and
loaded in the same manner as fully-operational
ammunition and fired from unmodified weapons, yet
the light projectile lacks kinetic energy and velocity
rapidly falls away once realistic combat ranges have
been reached. The bullets retain enough energy to
activate automatic targets at ranges out to 150

yet
long, as
the overall safety template is only 850
opposed to the 4000
long template for a con-
ventional 5.56
mm ball round
The bullet accuracy of ROTA matches that of a

conventional NATO 5 56
ball round at 150 to
200 m The bullet will not ricochet or splashback on
impact with hard surfaces so ROTA is safe to use on
indoor, close quarter battle (CQB) and urban training
ranges.
As an example of the kinetic energy loss of a
5 56mm ROTA bullet, a bullet fired at a muzzle
velocity of 1020 m/s has a muzzle energy of
744 kj.
At 150m and 0.288s later, the muzzle velocity will
have dropped to about 325 m/s and the kinetic energy
will have dropped to 0.075 kj.
A9
ROTA round is underdevelopment.
mm
mm
STATUS
In
production.
OTEC Frangible Training

Ammunition (FTA)
OTEC
Frangible Training Ammunition (FTA) was

for use on indoor short-range combat and
other training ranges where the use of conventional
designed
5.56
mm Royal Ordnance Training Ammunition (ROTA)
MANUFACTURER
Royal Ordnance Ammunition Division, Euxton Lane,
Chorley, Lancashire PR7 6AD, UK.
Enquiries to: Royal Ordnance pic, Griffin House, The
Strand, London WC2N 5BB, UK
Telephone: 071 9304355. Telex: 919661
ammunition could create safety problems, or

where the normal range safety templates preclude
live
the use of conventional full-calibre ammunition.

The FTA projectile is manufactured using a
plastic-based compound matrix into which metal
powders and lubricants are embodied The resultant
projectile is combined with a conventional cartridge
case and propellant load so that FTA rounds can be

handled, loaded and fired in exactly the same way
as ordinary ammunition. Recoil forces and firing
signatures are the same as those produced by conventional ball ammunition. When the FTA projectile
strikes a hard surface it disintegrates into powder
that is completely free from lead particles; there is
74
UK
no splashback and there are no ricochets FTA

projectiles cannot penetrate more than 2 mm of mild
steel before disintegrating Ballistic performances
are virtually identical to the corresponding ball
ammunition at training ranges but, comparea to
normal ammunition, range safety templates can be
reduced by as much as 75 per cent.
mm
Parais available in 5.56 mm. 9

38 Special and 0.357 Magnum calibres
NATO and 50 Browning FTA rounds are
OTEC FTA
bellum,
7 62
mm
under development. The 5.56 mm FTA round can be

fired from any type of 5 56 mm weapon, irrespective
of rifling twist The 9mm FTA rounds can be fired
from pistols and sub-machine guns, including full
burst firing where appropriate. Any weapon can fire
FTA without modification
STATUS
In
production
In
service
and the Middle and Far
in
Europe
the Americas.
East.
OTEC Frangible
MANUFACTURER
OTEC
Special Products Limited.
PO Box
1.
ming, Surrey GU71UJ.UK.

Telephone: 0483 426299. Telex: 9401 1723 NITR
Fax: 04868 5953
AIL Training Ammunition

The AIL
5 56
12.7
is an all-plastic cartridge
durable plastic case and base
assembly using commercially proven propellant
and Boxer primers, at a fraction of the standard
metal cartridge cost. The round is manufactured in
5 56 x 45 mm. 7 62 x 51 mm and 12.7 x 99
(.50
Browning) calibres and is compatible with all
weapons using these rounds. The ammunition is
packaged in standard ammunition containers or, as
requested, in belts of 50. 100 or 250 rounds for
training round
comprising a
Training Ammunition (FTA) lor 5 56
Godal-
light
mm
mm
and 7.62 mm, and 100 round
belts for the

rounds. Specific requirements for the AIL
training round in any colour or in alternative calibres
can be undertaken.
STATUS
In
production
mm
MANUFACTURER
Allivane International. 15 JohnStreet.
London WC1N
2EB.UK
Telephone: 071 831 3103. Telex: 946339 ALLINT
AIL training ammunition
Schermuly Training Grenade

This training grenade is a small compact facsimile
of a standard hand grenade, for use on both training
exercises and operations. The grenade is constructed from moulded plastic and has a simple flyoff lever action After throwing the grenade the lever
is released and a delay train of approximately two
seconds duration is ignited. The contents are then
ejected through the base plate and in less than one
second explode with a very loud report and bright
flash. As the contents have no case or covering to
fragment there are no harmful particles and there is
minimal smoke discharge.
The grenade can be used on training exercises
to simulate air or ground burst explosions. After
operation the outer case can be used for dry training.
mm
mm
Length: 110
Diameter: 70
Total weight: 233 g
Explosive weight: 33 g
to ejection: 2 s minimum
Ejection to operation: 1 m
Sound level: up to 170 dB at 1 m
Packaging: 30 minimum quantity
Delay
STATUS
In
production
In
service with
some Middle
East
armed forces.
MANUFACTURER
Schermuly (Pains-Wessex
Limited), High Post.

Salisbury, Wiltshire SP46AS.UK
Telephone: 0722 411611. Telex: 474 86 PW SCH G.
Schermuly
training
grenade
mm.
38 Special and 9
mm Parabellum
UK
Aardvark Land Mine Simulators
ensure instantaneous
made.
to
The Aardvark mine simulators were developed in

conjunction with the Aardvark Joint Service Flail
Unit - for details of this equipment refer to Jane's
Military Logistics 1990-91 page 316. The simulators
were originally conceived as flail training aids but
have since evolved into a range of simulators.
The mine simulators consist of an electrical pressure switch which attaches to and initiates any
of four types of simulator The battery-operated
electrical pressure switch is a circular moulded
plastic case 150 mm in diameter and 43 mm deep It
is fitted with a safety key and has two external outlets
and a battery compartment The unit has 360 copper
contacts
and,
for
safety
armed The power source
purposes,
is fitted
is
remotely
with a booster
initiation
when
contact
is
A range of four simulators for use with the pressure switch is available: No 1 Classroom DemNo 2 Anti-personnel; No 3 Anti-vehicle;
No 4 Anti-tank.
The No Classroom Demonstrator is suitable for
onstrator;
use within a confined space and produces a loud

report, flash andasmall amount of smoke; noexplosive is used with this model. The No 2 Anti-personnel
simulator produces the sound and flash effects of a
small anti-personnel mine and was designed for
surface use only. The effects are a loud report, flash
and small amount of smoke. The No3 Anti-vehicle
simulator produces the effects of a large antipersonnel mine, hence the term anti-vehicle. It can
be surface laid or buried at a shallow depth. The
effects are a large explosive noise with a vivid red
The lull-range of Aardvark land wine simulators showing the pressure switch
flash
and white smoke. The No 4 Anti-tank simulates
the effects of a large anti-tank mine. It can be surface

laid or buried at a shallow depth The effects are a
very loud explosion with a bright flash and a large
white smoke cloud.
All simulators are supplied with a5mcable weighing 130g and are initiated by an integral electric
match head. On contact, initiation is instantaneous.

A safety test set and an arming kit are available
STATUS
In
production.
MANUFACTURER
Aardvark Clear Mine Limited, Shevock Farm, Insch,
Aberdeenshire, UK
Telephone; 0464 20122/3/4. Telex: 73509 AARD G.
Aardvark Nc
in
75
tank mine simulator
the centre
Richmond Training Bomblet

The Richmond Training Bomblet was designed to
enable realistic, thorough and regular explosive
ordnance disposal (EOD) training to take place
against bomblets which look and react exactly like
the latest NATO and Warsaw Pact versions.
The bomblet contains a programmable electronic
control module (powered by one PP3 battery) featuring a time delay in 5 minute increments up to
64 hours, and an anti-disturbance initiator which can
be set either at intermittent or continuous mode
stainless steel pyrotechnic
replaceable
pyrotechnic
when
initiated,
effect.
There
chamber contains a
module which,
effects
produces a safe flash-bang-smoke

also a disruptable nose/fuze module
which, if removed dynamically with a de-arming
tool, will neutralise the bomblet. The polythene nose
is
Astra Pyrotechnics Simulators

Astra Pyrotechnics is a long-established firework
and pyrotechnics concern which produces a wide
range of explosive devices for military purposes.
Their main production facility is at Sandwich, Kent.
Rifle Fire
cone is a replaceable item and the body is aluminium.

The training bomblet weighs 3.2 kg without the
pyrotechnics effect module It is 330 mm long, 90 mm
in diameter and is 127 mm wide across the fins.
A version has been developed which can be
initiated
remotely by a laser projector.
STATUS
In
production.
MANUFACTURER
Richmond Electronics & Engineering International
Limited, Armtec Estate, North Lopham, Norfolk
IP22
2LRUK.
Telephone: 037 988 8221. Telex: 975630

Fax: 037 988 8134.
RICHMD G
Machine Gun Fire Simulator

This consists of 10 pyrotechnic charges connected
by fast-burning fuze It may be ignited using a friction
igniter, by a match, or electrically. It produces 10
reports at short and regular intervals, simulating the
firing of a machine gun. Each simulator is 1.2 m long
and weighs 100 g.
Simulator
This consists of five pyrotechnic charges connected

by a fast-burning fuze It may be ignited either by a
friction igniter or electrically. It produces a series of
loud reports at intervals of 1-3 s, simulating the firing
of a rifle. The length of a single simulator is 810
and the weight is 67 g.
mm
NDA Series Small Arms Fire Simulator

This series of simulators consists of a range of
electrically initiated pyrotechnic effects designed to
provide audible simulation of small arms fire. Single
produces a single report; 5-Shot
Shot Mark
Random Mark produces a randomly timed series
of five reports over a period of about 5 s; 5-Shot
Automatic Mark produces a series of five reports in
about 1 s; Ricochet Mark produces a shrill whistle
for about 1 or 2 s.
II
Single Shot Small Arms Fire Simulator

This is an electrically fired squib which produces a
report and flash which closely resemble the effect of
a high velocity rifle being fired. The length of a single
unit is 35
being triggered by the Simfire shot; and a sound and

which simulates the firing of the main
gun of a tank. The smoke generator has a diameter
of 81
and is 107
high. The gunfire simulator
has a diameter of 38
long.
and is 66
flash cartridge
mm
mm
mm
smoke; Sound (Ground) Mark

produces a loud
bang, a flash and a puff of smoke.
None of these devices produce fragments other
I
than thin pieces of paper, but the force of explosion

in the audible versions dictates a safety distance of
10m.
TypeSI Thunderflash
This is a modern version
of the well-known simulrepresent any and every type of

battlefield explosion. It consists of rolled paper tubes
filled with an explosive composition and fitted with
used
ation device
to
a friction-ignited delay. The match-head igniter is

protected by a plastic cap, and the plastic-base plug
is coated with striker composition. The store is
waterproof
produced.
and
no
dangerous
fragments
are
mm and the diameter is 7 mm.
Simfire Simulator
This unit consists of two components: a smoke generator which is connected to the Simfire simulation
system so as to emit coloured smoke for 8-12 s after
mm
The laser-initiated Richmond Training Bomblet
NDA Series Explosion Simulator

This consists of a range of electrically initiated
pyrotechnic effects designed to simulate, visually or
audibly, battlefield explosions, with or without the
sound of projectiles passing overhead. Visual (Proj)
Mark produces a shrill whistle followed by a puff of
smoke; Visual (Ground) Mark produces a large puff
of smoke; Sound (Proj) Mark
produces a shrill
whistle, followed by a loud bang, a flash and a puff of
I
mm
mm
Length: 215
Diameter: 29
Weight: 55 g
Delay time: 5
STATUS
All
the above are
in
production and widespread use.
MANUFACTURER
Astra Holdings pic, Astra House, 43 Old Dover Road,
Canterbury, KentCTI 3DE, UK.
Telephone: 0227 457633. Telex: 965632.
76
UK
Brocks Training Simulators

very wide coverThe following
examples of the available range.
The scope
of
Brocks simulators
ing practically
are some
all
is
battlefield effects.
L20A1 Explosion Simulator

smoke and noise burst
With a
the realistic effect of a
this
device produces
bomb explosion.
Dimensions: 57 x 66 mm
Package: 72 per ammunition container L6A1
Brocks
EOD simulators
construction but contains more composition and is

designed for outdoor applications.
The smoke unit EOD electric L3A1 is a chipboard
tube containing an electric fuze and smoke composition which gives a visual smoke puff; it is
designed for use alongside a simulated IED but may
be
built into
None
EOD Simulators
These are designed
simulate the functioning of a

are being trained in
explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) and disarming
improvised explosive devices (lEDs).
terrorist
to
bomb when personnel
The sound unit EOD electric L1A1 is a paper

tube containing an electric fuze and pyrotechnic
composition. It is designed primarily for indoor
applications
The sound
unit
EOD
electric
SIMULATOR
is
of similar
of
L21A1 Small Arms StrikeSimulator

is a training device which is electrically
initiated and. immediately after a sharp report,
ejects an inert non-metallic projectile which creates
a noise on striking a metal plate or other surface,
similartothe impact of a bullet.
The L21A1
Brocks manufactures pyrotechnic units for incorporation into the Simfire simulation system. The
Simfire smoke generator is used to indicate that a
tank has been hit by generating an orange smoke
for 8-12 s The Simfire flash generator cartridge
provides the visual and aural effects of a main tank
gun inaction.
STATUS
of a length of
very fast-burning fuze with 10 equally spaced sound
units which, after ignition, produce 10 loud reports
in rapid succession, typifying the sound of a machine
gun in operation Two types of simulator are made;
in
production and
in
service
MANUFACTURER
Brocks Pyrotechnics. Sanquhar. Dumfries and Galloway DG4 6JP. UK.
Telephone: 06592 531 Telex: 778965 BROCKS G.
III
AGEtf
Haley and Weller Pyrotechnic

Simulators
Thunderflash Mark 8 S150
This is the conventional type of thunderflash pyrotechnic, designed to be hand-thrown in order to
produce a loud report simulating various types of
munition during training It is ignited by drawing a
striker across a friction igniter at the end of a length
of safety fuze There is no danger of fragmentation
and the device can be used in close proximity to
troops
Length: 216
Diameter: 29
Weight: 60 g
to the
Brocks machine gun simulators
usual thunderflash
producing noise and
Model
S120
S125
Length
Diameter
Weight
Delay time (nominal)
150
mm
15 mm
100
and safe
battlefield
initiated,
this
mm
13mm
28 g
11 g
6s
6s
Thunderflash 3G Electric S140

The S140 Thunderflash was developed
electrically
to
store
is
ideal
firing
create
for
pre-
of pyro-
technic simulators is required. A noise level in

excess of 120 dB (measured at 1 m) is generated. The
construction of the thunderflash ensures minimum
hazard to troops from flying fragments.
Length: 127
Thunderflash Mark
size and delay, and are similar in effect
to the
mm
mm
Diameter: 20
Weight: 22 5 g
Battle
Simulator- Chinese Cracker S201
This is a hand-thrown pyrotechnic device which

represents the irregular sounds of battle noise. It is
ignited by a friction device and thrown; after a short
delay it emits a rapid and irregular series of reports
to simulate battle noise.
Length: 275 mra
Diameter: 65
Weight: 236 g
Delay time: 6 s (nominal)
mm
sound simulation. Being
planned exercises where remote
Delay time: 8 s (nominal)

Thunderflash N2S120
Thunderflash N5S125
These are similar devices
in
They are
particularly intended for maritime

use, being specially waterproofed.
flash.
realistic
mm
mm
differing in
a small
operated friction igniter at

units are both about 1 m long
All the above items are

with the British Army.
Machine Gun Simulator

The machine gun simulator consists
L1 A2 airburst projectile simulator
8.
of
model has a handthe end of the fuze The
PHDJ
AIRBURST
CHEMICAL
L2A1
means
Simfire System
it.
these units produce any particles which

could injure personnel under instruction
Brocks L20A1 explosion simulator
L21A1 small arms strike simulator

the electrical model is fired by
electric current, while the friction
Simulator Projectile Ground Burst S250

This device simulates the detonation of an artillery
shell and is for use in all types of battlefield training.
It is thrown by hand; the delay is manually ignited by
a friction striker. After a short delay a shrill whistle,
on a declining scale, is produced. At the end of the
whistle (about 3 s) the device explodes with a loud
report and bright flash There is no fragmentation so
the device can be used inclose proximity to troops
UK
mm
mm
weighs
Length: 181
Diameter: 29
Weight: 1 30 g
i
of 8
5.4 g as
71
opposed to 5 g. Both have a diameter
mm.
Delay time: 5s (nominal)
STATUS
Sound UnitTraining Electric (Indoor) S401
Sound Unit Training Electric (Outdoor) S402
The Electric Sound Units were designed for use in
training personnel in the disarming and making
I
improvised explosive devices (lEDs). When

a training IED they indicate errors in drills
by producing a loud report and bright flash without
producing any hazardous fragments. The S402 is
slightly longer (50 mm) than the S401 (40 mm) and
safe' of
fitted to
All
the above are
in
production.
MANUFACTURER
Haley and Weller Limited. Wilne, Draycott, Derbyshire DE73QJ. UK.
Telephone: 033 17 4844. Telex: 378215 HALWEL G
Fax: 033 17 3046
Sound Unit Training Electric (Indoor) S401 (left) and

Sound Unit Training Electric (Outdoor) S402 (right)
Thunderllash N2S150
(top)
and N5 SI 25 (bottom)
Battle Simulator -
Chinese Cracker S201
Unwin Pyrotechnic Battlefield

Training Simulators
Unwin Pyrotechnics Limited specialises in the
manufacture of a wide range of pyrotechnic weaponeffect simulators for battlefield training. The purpose
of these simulators is to increase the realism and
involvement of participants in field training and
thereby enable instructors to bring their forces to a
very much higher level of confidence and readiness
under fire. The key factors of this training method
are surprise, realism, safety even in close proximity
to personnel due to absence of any dangerous fragmentation and low cost -for example as little as two
per cent of the cost of live rounds.
The pyrotechnics are designed to provide realistic
representations of a wide range of stores including
small arms and machine gun fire, grenade, mine.
Unwin shellburst simulator in use
Effects of an
Unwin groundburst simulator
mortar, light and heavy artillery shellbursts, a

powerful rocket for simulating guided missiles, and
an effective and reliable Thunderflash. At the
opposite end of the scale reduced effect pyrotechnics are available to simulate booby traps, car
bombs and similar explosions.
Used in conjunction with the Unwin BATTLEMASTER electronic firing system (see following
entry), up to 100 simulator effects can be fired as
required over a range up to 3.5 km from the central
control system, thereby giving flexibility over a large
battlefield sector. For urban and other close quarter
battle training situations, a
hand held
unit
is
also
available.
in
No specialised skills or maintenance are required

the use of the simulators or BATTLEM ASTER.
Unwin Pryrotechnics Limited are now part of Astra
Holdings
pic.
AirburstSimulators
These may be used for training aircrew
in
the effects
groundbased forces to airburst shelling. They accurately

reproduce the burst of an anti-aircraft shell by giving
of anti-aircraft gunfire or for acclimatising
78
UK
campaigns For this purpose members of
explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) teams have to
be trained to recognise and disarm safely certain
designs and variations of commonly used terrorist
smoke The
a very loud report combined with dense

burst height is approximately 100 m.
terrorist
Groundburst Simulators
These simulators are designed to realistically simulate land mine bursts, light and heavy mortar and
artillery bursts and similar types of ordnance and
explosive devices. They are suitable for use in
battlefield
exercises
in
bombs
Whilst undergoing training it is desirable that
there is norisk to personnel, and yet a degree of
realism is also required Should the trainee make a
mistake the IED device will go off thus implying that
an injury has occurred as a result of the trainee's
last action This action can then be corrected by the
instructor Alternatively, certain of these devices
may be used in conjunction with remotely controlled
EOD equipment so that familiarity with the robot may
be gained.
Several types of these devices are available, all
producing a sharp report, flash and a small amount
of smoke All these devices contain a small quantity
of flash composition
enclosed within a nonfragmenting case The flash effect is initiated by an
conjunction with both infan-
and vehicles.
Three sizes of groundburst simulator are available. They produce a very loud report combined with
a bright flash and smoke cloud.
try
Shellburst Simulators
These simulators may be used for infantry or paramilitary training under simulated battlefield conditions, for vehicle handling training under fire' or
for simulated land mine detonation. They reproduce
the explosion effects of a wide range of shells from
light
mortar
report
to artillery shell
by producing a loud
combined with dense smoke and
integral electric
Petrol
mm
burst effect size for the 110

type
for the 196
type, 4 m
mm
approximately 1.5m and
is
ThunderflashRUMklV
in
ThunderflashRUMklV
Small Arms FireSimulators
These small arms fire simulators are used during the

training of troops or anti-terrorist forces to accustom
personnel to the conditions likely to be encountered
during operational activities in battlefield and urban
situations These simulators are safe in use. No
harmful fragmentation is produced. They may be

placed in trees, bushes and old buildings to be fired
remotely to simulate sniper or retaliatory fire.
Two types of simulator are available, a 5-shot rifle
fire and a 10-shot machine gun. Both simulators
produce a succession of sharp reports and bright
flashes almost identical in duration to the shots
produced by a 5.56 or 7.62
rifle or automatic
weapon The 5-shot rifle fire simulator incorporates
a 3-5 s delay between effects and the 10-shot
machine-gun device simulates a rapid burst.
Additional increments of 10 shots can be added to
obtain longer bursts.
mm
Any military or paramilitary organisation must have

the capability to make safe improvised explosive
devices (lEDs) such as those encountered during
The BATTLEMASTER simulator firing system was

designed to meet the need for a simple and safe
method of controlling pyrotechnic battlefield
weapon effect simulators by remote control at
km
where
live
rounds and plastic
Smoke Generators
Typical applications for these long duration smoke
generators include fire-fighting training in vehicles
buildings or ships and low-cost screening smoke for
infantry training in battlefield and urban situations
They generate clouds of dense, opaque white smoke
of 1.5 or 3 minutes' duration A total area screening
smoke of 4 minutes' duration can also be supplied
STATUS
All
the
above are
BATTLEMASTER battlefield effects firing system
STATUS
In
electrically fired pyrotechnic simulators
can be con-
nected. This allows up to 100 simulators to be

controlled by one person as and when required.
production. They have been sold
Astra Holdings pic. Astra House. 43 Old Dover Road

Canterbury. KentCTI 3DE. UK.
Telephone: 0227 457633 Telex: 965632.
The system comprises one control unit and 10

remotely positioned outstations. The control unit is
linked to the outstation by standard field telephone
Each outstation has 10 positions into which
in
to 19 nations
explosives are currently used
cable.
frag-
For safety the system is polarity conscious and

operates by passing coded electronic signals which
are interrogated by the outstation before it selects
and fires the appropriate simulator. In this way any
spurious induced currents are intercepted before
they can accidently fire any simulators.
For urban training situations, a small hand held
CQB (Close Quarter Battle) firing control system is
available to provide the exercise controllers with
the required freedom of movement.
addition to use during battlefield training exercises, the system is ideal for a number of alternative
situations including perimeter security and area
illumination using ground flares: training forward
similar applications
dangerous
ing batteries
In
observation officers using shellburst simulators,

thus avoiding the high cost of live rounds; plus many
no
temperatures from -20 to +52C Rechargeable

9 V NiCd batteries provide the power for up to 100 h.
Commercially available 9V batteries can also be
used Battery chargers can be supplied for recharg-
BATTLEMASTER Simulator Firing
to 3.5
is
MANUFACTURER
lEDSimulator
System
ranges up
There
burning petrol
mentation.
diameter.
This is a hand-thrown training aid to simulate small

explosive devices, including hand grenades The
device produces a brilliant white flash and a loud
report, A special diver recall signal variant can also
be supplied.
The charge is housed in a cardboard tube, part of
which serves as a throwing handle A unique shaped
fuze head ensures particularly easy, reliable and
positive ignition. The fuze is enclosed within a safety
transit cap which incorporates the friction striker.
Bomb Simulator
This simulator is designed specifically for crowd

control and internal security forces training When
thrown,
the
petrol
bomb simulator closely
resembles a real petrol bomb even to the point of a
distinctly burning external fuze After a short delay,
the simulator bursts with a loud report and spreads
a cloud of sand and sawdust over a radius of approximately 1.5
to represent the area covered by
Fireburst Simulator
This simulator may be used for the effective simulation of napalm attacks and shell or missile hits on
buildings, vehicles and installations, as well as for
infantry familiarisation with battlefield conditions
They produce a large and fierce ball of flame of short
duration, combined with a dense cloud of black
smoke The
match head
vivid flash
The electronic circuitry is entirely solid-state,

therefore requiring negligible maintenance and the
outer casing of each unit is cast aluminium, coated
with infra-red reflective paint. All units and fittings
are splash and shower proofed and will operate in
production.
In
service with seven countries.
MANUFACTURER
Astra Holdings pic. Astra House. 43 Old Dover Road
Canterbury. KentCTI 3DE. UK.
Telephone: 0227 457633. Telex: 965632
Wallop NT Training Smoke

Although introduced primarily for training, this
smoke has obvious operational uses The smoke
composition was developed by NICO Pyrotechnik of
Hamburg, and requires no casing, having sufficient
mechanical strength to withstand handling.
The British Army purchased a quantity of the
Wallop training smoke NT90 in place of the Smoke
Generator No 8. The smoke block is 80 mm in diameter and 65 mm in height and weighs 450 g. It is
ignited by windproof matches supplied with the
blocks, or by ordinary matches, cigarette lighters or

even by the application of a lighted cigarette.
The generator produces a large volume of white,
low-toxicity
screening smoke and
burns
for
nominal 90s. The advantage of this store is that it

has no casing, is weatherproof, and is completely
consumed, leaving no litter or debris.
Using the same basic material Wallop developed
the training smoke grenade NT30 which is intended
to
replace the current Grenade No 80. at least
in
the
training role
the latter
is
where the white phosphorus content of
hazardous.
The NT30 grenade body
mm
is
100
mm long and has a
ignited by a conventional flyoft lever igniter set which fits into a plastic housing.
diameter
of
53
It
is
The grenade burns for a nominal 30 s, discharging a

large volume of smoke from the instant of ignition.
2 s after throwing It is almost completely consumed
only the fly-oft lever and striker housing remaining.
UK
STATUS
NT30
Weight: 450 g
Diameter: 53
In
production.
In
service with the British Army.
mm
Length overall: 130 mm

Length of body: 1 00 mm
Ignition delay: 2 s nominal
Burning time: 30 s nominal; 15 s also available
MANUFACTURER
Wallop Systems Limited, Arkay House, Weyhill
Road, Andover, Hampshire SP103NR, UK.
Telephone: 0264 5101 1 Telex: 47692 WALIND G
63
Wallop training smoke NT90 and grenade NT30
Schermuly RPV Target Smoke

Generator
The Schermuly RPV target smoke generator was
developed to provide visual enhancement for
Remotely Piloted Vehicles for simulation and training purposes
The generator is ignited by the controller sending
a firing signal from his RPV control box, after which
a large volume of vivid orange smoke is emitted for
This enables the RPV to be located at
ranges of from 6 to 10 km in fair weather conditions.
The lightweight and simple design ensures that a
maximum number of stores will fit easily into existing
RPV pods The design also ensures that Miss Distance Indicators (MDI), if fitted, are free from interference. In addition, the environmental sealing
remains intact during flight unless the generator
is ignited, thus avoiding any possible ingress of
40 to 50 s
moisture before firing and also allowing a return

storage if the generator is not used
to
mm
mm
Length: 100
Diameter: 57
Delay: instantaneous
Burn time: 40 to 50 s
Maximum surface temperature: + 210 C
Operating voltage: 1 5 V minimum

Pulse length: 50 ms
STATUS
In production. In service with the United Kingdom
Armed Forces and with some Middle East countries
MANUFACTURER
Schermuly (Pains-Wessex Limited).
Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 6AS. UK.
Telex 47486
High
Post,
PW SCH G.
Hr.pv.
WRGET
moke
fjSrWESSEX LTD
I^SBURY UK
Schermuly RPV target smoke generator
Pyramid Battlefield Simulation and

Target Indication System
Pyramid is a radio-controlled
initiation
system which
provides a flexible, versatile and economic means

of firing pyrotechnic devices for field training. The
system is simple to set up and dismantle and, when
operated in accordance with the correct procedures,
is safe to use on any training area.
Pyramid has four main purposes: to provide
realistic battlefield simulation on field exercises; to
mark targets on live firing ranges; to reduce live
ammunition costs in adjustment of fire' training;
and to add drama and provide special effects at
demonstrations and displays.
The key features of the system are: radio control at
ranges up to 5 km using exclusive digital messages;
advanced safety interlocks; and modular design
allowing control of up to 4800 pyrotechnic firings at

800 separate locations from one command station.
Unauthorised use of the system is prevented by the
provision of non-interchangeable keys and a unique
access code which must be inserted before the
encoder will operate.
Pyrotechnic simulators that can be used with
Pyramid include shell, mortar and air bursts,
machinegun
fire,
smoke, grenades and illuminants.
NBC simulators can also be used

STATUS
In
production
MANUFACTURER
Marketed by Miltrain Limited, 64A High Street,
Godalming, Surrey GU7 1DU. UK.
Pyramid in action
79
80
USA

Blazer Lead-Free Training
Ammunition
Blazer lead-tree ammunition
is Intended for training

ranges and employs a priming
mixture that contains no lead or barium compounds
Non-reloadable alloy cartridge cases are used while
the bullets are completely encased in pure copper
The rounds function in exactly the same way as
conventional service ammunition and have identical
accuracy and other performance, including full
muzzle flash and recoil. The rounds can be used
with automatic loading systems
Blazer ammunition is available in a range of 28
loads, from
25 Auto up to 0.45 Colt, including the
widely used 9 mm Parabellum and 38 Special.
use on indoor
pistol
STATUS
In
production and in widespread service with miliand law enforcement agencies worldwide
tary
MANUFACTURER
Omark
Equipment
Sporting
Idaho 83501 USA.
Telephone: (208) 746 2351 Fax: (208) 746 2915.
CCI.
Division.
Industries.
PO Box 856 Lewiston.
Examples
of Blazer lead-free training
ammunition
Oak Weapons Effect Signature

Simulators (WESS)
Oak Weapons
Effect Signature Simulators
redundant safety interlock systems and can operate

a 12 or 24 V electrical supply. Rate of fire is one
shot every 1.5 s or more. The WESS-60A measures
279 x 222 x 203 mm and weighs 18.1 kg.
off
(WESS)
produce smoke, flash and sound to simulate

direct or indirect artillery fire and can also be used
as combat decoys or hostile fire simulators. They
are available with a 1 2- or 60-shot capability and use
low-cost pyrotechnic cartridges based on a modified
12 gauge shotgun cartridge design With standard
pyrotechnic cartridges the WESS can produce a
units
152dB at 25 m. Oak WESS are comMILES and other similar systems.

The 60-shot capacity WESS-60A is a typical Oak
report rated at
STATUS
In
production
MANUFACTURER
Oak Switch Systems
Illinois
Inc.
PO Box
517. Crystal Lake.
60014, USA.
Telephone: (815) 459 5000. Fax:
(81 5)
459 501
patible with
WESS and
is
ruggedly constructed using an alu-
minium barrel
plate
and outer case.
It
includes
Oak Weapon
STATUS
Automatic Weapons Effects

Signature Simulator
In
service with the
US Army.
MANUFACTURER
Weapons Effects Signature
Simulator, or AWESS1. was designed to simulate
the realistic firing sounds of automatic weapons with
calibres from 20 to 40mm
is part of the MILES
system (see entry under Tactical Engagement
The
Automatic
Loral Electro-Optical Systems. 300 North Halstead

PO Box 7101. Pasadena. California 91109.
Street.
USA.
Telephone: (818) 351 5555. Telex: 6716083.
It
Systems section) and
is
interoperable with
all
MILES
equipments.
AWESS
1
simulates firing sounds by commethane and oxygen in a combustion
chamber and electrically igniting the mixture. The
resulting sound is stated to cost less than one cent
for each round 'fired' The AWESS 1 can be used to
The
bining
fire
extended burst sequences.
(AWESS
1)
Effect Signature Simulators
(WESS)
USA Yugoslavia
CTA Mine Training
Kit
The CTA Mine Training Kit is a kit ot completely

inert land mine replicas and associated accessories
contained in a robust carrying case All the land
mine types included in the kit are in service with the
US Army.
The kit contains full size replicas of M14. M16A2
and M18A1 anti-personnel mines and M15. M19 and
M21 anti-tank mines All the mines are exact in every
visual and working detail apart from lacking any
form of explosive filling. The training mines are
supplied complete with replica fuzes, associated
wiring and arming tools, and anti-handling devices
where applicable Each replica mine is moulded in
a hard light blue plastic-based material and can be
used for the complete simulation of testing, arming.
deploying and disarming procedures and actions.

Arming plugs may be set to armed and safe
positions, while shipping plugs, anti-handling
devices and fuze assemblies can be fitted and
removed In the case of the M18A1 (Claymore) the
training mine is supplied complete with a test set. a
blasting cap assembly and a carrying bandolier
Detonation of the M18A1 training mine is signalled
by an electronic buzzer.
STATUS
In
production
In
service with the
US Army.
MANUFACTURER
Custom Training Aids Inc (CTA). PO Box
Swansea. South Carolina 29160. USA
759,
Telephone: (803) 794 3219 Fax: (803) 796 1810
A complete CTA Mine Training
Kit
packed
in its
carrying case
YUGOSLAVIA
ITVM-M78 Underwater Burst
STATUS
Simulator
In production
forces
ITVM-M78 underwater burst simulator is

intended to simulate the sub-surface detonation
of artillery projectiles with calibres of from 76 to
100
at sea or in lakes and rivers. In use the
device is initiated with a friction fuze and dropped
overboard or thrown using the fuze assembly as a
throwing handle The delay can be up to 5 minutes
when the device detonates to produce flash and
sound, a plume of spray and a cloud of smoke
The
mm
In
armed
MANUFACTURER
(SDPR). 9 Nemanjina Street. 1101 Belgrade. Yugoslavia
Telephone:621 522 Telex: 11360. 11541
YUSDPR
Height:
(with fuze) 190
mm
mm
(without fuze) 140
Diameter: 96 mm
Weight: 8 kg
Weight of charge:
5 kg
Effect of ITVM-M78
Light Anti-aircraft
Weapon Fire
Simulator
is used during the training of antigun crews to simulate the sound of their
guns firing during dry' firing exercises The guns
This simulator
aircraft
involved are usually the 20mm M75-series antiguns but the simulator could be used with
other similar weapons.
The simulator can be mounted on the gun or
placed nearby and creates the firing noise by mixing
together propane or butane with air. The two gases
are contained under pressure in cylinders and
passed through pressure reduction valves before
being mixed together and ignited in a compression
chamber using a spark plug. The resultant sound is
in the 110 to 130 dB range and the degree of sound is
aircraft
underwater burst simulator
adjustable The simulator will continue to simulate

burst firing for as long as the weapon firing trigger is
kept activated and the firing frequency is adjustable
between 120 and 250 shots per minute.
The simulator has provision for 0.6 kg of propane
or butane and 4 kg of compressed air The weight of
the device packed in its case is 60 kg.
STATUS
In production.
forces
In
armed
MANUFACTURER
(SDPR). 9 Nemanjina Street, 1101 Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
Telephone: 621 522. Telex: 11360. 11541
Light anti-aircraft
YUSDPR.
weapon fire simulator
81
82
Nuclear Blast Simulator INE-M78

blast simulator INE-M78 is normally
in diameter and
placed in a prepared hole 350
deep. The device consists of a body formed
600
in diamfrom a watertight cardboard tube 327
eter and 1.2m long. It contains a smoke charge
assembly, a plastic vessel containing the smoke
composition and an explosive charge assembly The
latter contains a plastic bottle filled with approximately 4 kg of amonal An electric detonator with an
electric lead 10 m long completes the simulator.
The nuclear
mm
mm
To prepare the INE-M78
mm
for
use
after
it
has been
prepared position, the electric detonator

is removed from the tube and the smoke charge
assembly is armed. Petrol and diesel fuel are poured
around the tube to about two-thirds of the tube height,
this is usually around 80 litres of fuel The explosive
charge is placed about 10 m from the device and
the detonator is prepared and connected to the
placed
in its
Yugoslavia
explosive charge, the smoke charge, and a blasting

machine or exploder
When detonated the simulator produces a column
of smoke 100 m high plus a fire ball 10 m in diameter
and lasting from 1 to 3 s The sound effect is audible
up to 3 km away.
When the INE-M78 is used the safety zone for men
in the prone position or located in fox-holes or
trenches is 150 m For men standing upright it is
250 m
STATUS
In production.
forces
In
armed
MANUFACTURER
(SDPR), 9 Nemanjina Street, 1101 Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
Telephone: 621 522. Telex:
1360,
1541
YU SDPR
es><3 s
Nuclear blast simulator INE-M78
83
Tactical
Engagement Simulation
BELGIUM
Leentjens-Boes Tactical
Engagement Simulators
Leentjens-Boes was formed in 1935 and in 1980
began the research and development for a series of
laser-based tactical engagement simulators. The
first of these was the Midra system for armoured
fighting vehicle, anti-tank missile
applications
and air-to-ground
was followed by the Minidra

hand-held weapons and sub-machine
This
system for
gunsand, in 1988, bytheMinidraSsystemforassault
rifles and machine guns. All three systems are
based on the use of laser transmitters and laser
receiver/detector units
Midra
The Midra simulation system is intended for use by

armoured fighting vehicles and direct-fire anti-tank
missile systems It can also be used in an air-toground firing application by aircraft and helicopters
The basis of the system is a laser transmitter housed
in a cylinder which can befitted into a tank gun barrel
an anti-tank missile launcher.
can also be installed in aircraft or helicopter
machine gun or rocket pods. Installing the laser
or the launch tube of
It
minimum of modification to
weapon system involved and the weapon can be
aimed and fired using the normal controls The laser
transmitter contains its own power supply and emits
a laser beam in a pulse-modulated form for identitransmitter involves a
the
and coding purposes

Simulating the firing of guided missiles involves
the use of a central processing unit (CPU) to control
the laser transmitter. The CPU is a self-contained,
battery-powered waterproof unit on which an
instructor selects the type of missile to be simulated
and defines the firing range, as well as selecting the
The Minidra
tactical laser simulation
system
in
use
The Minidra S
tactical laser simulation
fication
use of pyrotechnics or other firing effects involved.

Target vehicles carry a laser receiver known as a
mobile reception system (MRS) When a target is hit
by a laser beam simulating a projectile, a flashing
lamp and an optional smoke discharger are initiated.
The lamp will continue to flash until it is remotely
reset by an instructor The MRS has a 60 coverage
in elevation and a 360 coverage in azimuth.
A variation of the MRS system for short-range or
simulated sub-calibre applications is known as the
training reception system (TRS) This involves the
use of a small target moving at variable speeds
along a fixed rail If the target is hit by the laser beam
it comes to a stop and can then be re-started by a
remote-control unit.
For air-to-ground training applications the laser
transmitter is fired against an aircraft target unit
(ATU). The ATU has a 60 coverage in elevation and
azimuth
There are two basic output power for Midra laser
transmitters The Series 100 is intended for the
simulation of short-range weapons with a maximum
range of 500 m. The Series 500 is intended for longerrange weapons with ranges of from 500 to 3000 m.
Three models are available in each series: the
Model SM has a fixed laser source; the Model MP
has an adjustable laser source; the Model MR also
has an adjustable laser source operated by a
remote-control unit
Minidra
The Minidra simulation system is intended for use
with hand held weapons (such as pistols) and submachine guns. The basic components of the system
are a laser transmitter and a detector unit worn as
a body harness. Optional equipment includes an
umpire's pistol and items such as battery chargers
and transit cases.
system
in
use
The laser transmitter is housed in a small unit that

normally fitted under the butt of a pistol or secured
under the barrel of a sub-machine gun by a clamp
(adaptors can be supplied for each type of weapon)
Power is provided by a 9 V NiCd battery The weapon
involved is modified to operate with blank ammunition. Each time a cartridge is fired the laser transmitter transmits an eye-safe coded laser beam. It is
possible to use the Minidra system without firing
blank cartridges.
The gallium arsenide laser involved has a wavelength of 904 nm and a pulse width of 200 nanoseconds There are five laser beam diameters
available with the diameter of the beam at 25 m
being as follows: XS, 10 mm; S, 50 mm; M, 200 mm;
L, 400 mm; XL, 800 mm. The XS and S versions are
intended for precision shooting training while the M,
L and XL are intended for tactical training. The
transmitter measures 66 x 44 x 47
and weighs
approximately 250 g. The laser has an autonomy of
about 15 000 shots'.
is
mm
The body-worn laser detector unit carries eight

laser detectors on a nylon textile supporting harness
(four at the front, four at the rear) together with an
electronic decoder unit. If a detector is hit by a laser
beam a kill' signal is provided by an audible buzzer

which can only be switched off by an umpire using
an umpire pistol, a push burton on the decoder unit
or a special key A hit' light indicator mounted on
the harness and powered by its own battery is
available as an optional accessory. The detector
unit is powered by a 9 V NiCd battery which maintains
the unit in operation for about 8 h. When the battery
is fitted the complete detector unit weighs 1.15kg.
Laser detectors may also be fitted to infantry range
targets and target systems.
MinidraS
The Minidra S simulation system follows the same
general lines as the Minidra system but as the
Minidra S is intended for use with assault rifles and
machine guns it is configured accordingly
The Minidra S laser transmitter is contained in a
measuring 135 x 45 x 65 mm clamped under

muzzle of a weapon and which emits a laser
beam each time a blank cartridge is fired from the
weapon; the system can be adapted to operate
without firing blanks. It uses a gallium arsenide laser
with a wavelength of 904 nm At a range of 300 m the
laser beam produces a kill' zone with a diameter of
50 mm and a near miss' zone with a diameter of 2 m
The transmitter is powered by a 9V NiCd battery
which provides an operational life of about 10000
shots' for each charging The laser transmitter
weighs 600 g with the battery installed
The Minidra S laser receiver/detector unitcarries
10 laser detectors on a nylon textile body harness;
four detectors are on the back and front with the
other two worn one on each arm A helmet harness
carrying a further five detectors is available. The unit
involves an electronic decoder unit which triggers a
continuous alarm sound once one or more detectors
have been hit by a laser beam, a near miss'
produces a brief alarm sound The kill' alarm can
be silenced by the wearer laying on his back and the
alarm can only be de-activated by an umpire using
a special key or an umpire's pistol. A 'hit' light
indicator powered by an extra battery is available.
The laser receiver/detector unit is powered by a
6 V accumulator providing power for about 24 h. The
unit weighs 1.25kg.
The Minidra S simulation system is interoperable
unit
the
with other similar tactical engagement systems,

including those in service with the American armed
forces.
It
has been ordered by the Belgian Air Force.
STATUS
The Minidra S system has been ordered
Belgian Air Force and is in service with the
Belgian Ministry of the Interior.
Available.
for the
MANUFACTURER
Leentjens-Boes, Rue en Bois 210, B-4400 Herstal,
Belgium.
Telephone: (041) 641398. Telex: 41754 LEEMAR.
TACTICAL ENGAGEMENT SIMULATION
84
China

QJM-2 Second Generation Laser
Engagement Simulation System
for Light Weapons
Laser-based weapon effect simulators were first
developed in the People's Republic of China during
the early 1980s and the first generation of laser
engagement simulators for light weapons has been
service with the People's Liberation Army for
In recent years a second generation of
laser-based engagement simulation devices has
been developed and one system, the QJM-2, is in
production for use as an engagement simulator at
infantry squad, platoon and company level
in
some years
The QJM-2 system
for light
weapons has six com-
ponents; for rifles, sub-machine guns, light machine

guns, machine guns, flamethrowers and pistols
Each of these simulators uses a laser transmitter
located on or near the weapon muzzle, laser detectors on a body harness and helmet, and a trigger
mechanism unit. A buzzer set is located on the
harness and a smoke emitting set on the helmet.
There are five laser detectors on the helmet (three
at the front, two at the back). Two laser detectors are
located on the front of the harness and two at the
back.
When the weapon involved is fired' the trigger
mechanism unit is actuated and a gallium arsenide

semi-conductor laser emitter produces a non-visible
infra-red
beam with a wavelength of 8900
Angstroms The system employs a micro-computerised coding and de-coding technique based on
a single microprocessor board of compact construction. The system is rain and humidity protected
and is stated to have a low power consumption
The QJM-2 system produces hit and near-miss
conditions with the buzzer and smoke unit actuated
together when a laser beam induced hit is made; a
near miss produces a short duration sound signal
from the buzzer. A hit will also cause the casualty's
laser transmitter to be locked in an inoperable condition, thereby rendering the casualty tactically noneffective. A two-way induction system removes the
need for cables between the weapon and body
harness and weapon and helmet.
Laser power emitted:

(pistol, flamethrower)
3W
15 W, near miss
hit
sub-machine gun.
3W. near miss0 4W
(rifle,
light
machine gun)
hit
Laser detector receiving angle: more than 100"

Casualty indication:
(hit) continuous buzz and smoke
(near miss) short buzz
Clock frequency of trigger pulse: 3 kc
Power consumption:
(laser transmitter) less than 2 mA
(helmet receivers) less than 2 mA
(harness receivers) less than 3 mA
Effective audio control range: longer than 200
Effective infra-red control range: longer than 1 m
Operational temperature range:
10to 60C
mm
STATUS
In
production
Effective range:
(pistol,
flamethrower) 50
DEVELOPING AGENCY
sub-machine gun, light machine gun) 400

(machine gun) 800 m
Area of laser spot:
(pistol at 25 m) 400 x 400 mm
(flamethrower at 25 m) 400 x 700 mm
(rifle and sub-machine gun at 250 m)
(rifle,
700 x 400
Nan|ing Research Institute on Simulation Technique

(NRIST).PO Box 1607, Naniing 210016, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
Telephone: 648061/647765 Cable: 0319 Nanjing
mm
(machine gun
at
400 m) 1000
700
mm
5T-^/
QJM-2 second generation laser engagement simulation system for
weapons seen here in use with the 7. 62 mm Type 56 assault rifle
QJM-2 second generation laser engagement simulation system for

weapons seen here in use with the 7 62 mm Type 56 assault rifle
light
light
Tank Laser Firing Simulator (TLFS)

The Tank Laser Firing Simulator (TLFS) can be safely
used as a gunnery trainer and a tactical trainer. It
can simulate all kinds of live ammunition and their
trajectories, simulate a complete gunnery operation
sequence including aiming and loading, indicate
fall of shot, simulate the operation of a laser
rangefinder and simulate a degree of realism by the
the
inclusion of firing effects, including flash, smoke and

sound The system can be used against both fixed or
moving targets.
The complete system consists of: a laser projector
and mounting; a flash generator; a number of laser
detectors, usually from four to six; a flashing lamp:

day and night eye protection goggles for the crews
involved; a radio receiver/transmitter unit; a control
box and associated junction box: a smoke pyrotechnics holder; a set of cables; and an installation
When
not installed on a tank the complete

carried in three packing cases.
Optional equipment includes an umpire gun, a
system test unit and an alignment aid unit
Consumables include a flash round and a smoke
pyrotechnic round
tool
kit.
system
is
Operating range: 200 to 2400 m

Kill zone in 400 to 2400 m range: 2 x
Detector zone:
Tank Laser Firing Simulator (TLFS) installed on a Type 59 MBT
3m
(azimuth) 45
(elevation)
20
Radio transmitter power output: approx 20

Laser power: (peak) 6 W
Laser divergence angle: 1 to 1 .2 mrad
Laser scanning cycle: 8s
Range setting: (23 zones) 200 to 2400 m
Azimuth aiming lead:
Power supply: 24 V DC
Power consumption: 3
to 8 mils
STATUS
In
production.
In
service with the Chinese Army.
MANUFACTURER
China North Industries Corporation (NORINCO). 7A
Yue Tan Nan Jie. PO Box 2137 Beijing, China.
Telephone: (86) 6898/3461/347/7570.
Telex: 22339cnin en
France
85
FRANCE
GiravionsDorand DX 175 Tactical
Engagement Simulators
operation and for umpire intervention, an operating

unit for entering data into the carrier and weapon
characteristics cassette, and pyrotechnics to simulate gunfire
The DX175
tactical
engagement simulators are a
range of simulators for evaluating the effects of

direct fire weapons during simulated combat. Each
of the simulators comprises an optical unit equipped
with a safe low-power laser projector and a laser
detector system The laser is 'fired' in place of a
normal round of ammunition and the detectors on
a target can sense and transmit the results for
computed evaluation.
There are four types of DX 175 in the current range
DX175/Tank
The DX 175/Tank combat firing simulator is used to
evaluate and monitor the effects of direct shots fired
from tanks or other armoured vehicles at real targets
equipped with the appropriate detection systems
The main assemblies of the DX 175/Tank are an
equipped with a safe, low-power laser
what are described as beacons equipped
with
electro-optical
detection
and reflection
systems, a microprocessor-based computer into
which a specific data-carrying cassette for the
carrier and its weapon are inserted, and a display
and control unit.
Peripheral components for the system include an
umpire gun for the remote monitoring of the system
optical unit
projector,
DX
175/Tank tactical engagement simulator
fitted to
and direct hits.
On
tanks equipped with automatic fire control

systems, an additional electronics unit enables the
simulator rangefinder to be used in place of the
operational rangefinder.
Special beacons for mounting on static targets or
wheeled general purpose vehicles are available.
The DX 175/Tank is in production for the French
Army.
DX175/Missile
The DX 175 carries out the same training function as

the DX 175/Tank and is completely compatible with
the tank gun simulator. It can be configured to suit
various short- or medium-range anti-tank missile
systems and in its MILAN configuration comprises
an assembly housed in the aluminium missile tube
which contains a laser projector similar to that used
on the DX 175/Tank, along with computation and
recording elements The simulator is powered by
batteries or the battery pack of the DX 143 MILAN
weapon simulator. Peripheral equipments are the
same as those
for the
function can be performed by reflector

beacons mounted on a target vehicle and/or sensor
harnesses carried by the missile launcher crew.
target
TheDX
175/Missile
an AMX-30 B2 main
is at
battle
tank
DX175IMissiletactn
DX 175/Tank The system's
agement simulator configured as a MILAN anti-tank

missile launcher
DX175/Helicopter
The DX 175/Helicopter has been produced in prototype form and follows the same general lines as the
DX 175/Tank system other than that the control unit
loctated in the helicopter cockpit is of reduced size.
This simulator is intended for the HOT Gazelle.
cannon-armed, and AATCP helicopters
20
mm
DX175/Small Arms
Intended for use by infantry or other personnel using
small arms, the DX175/Small Arms uses a lowpowered laser projector mounted on the weapon
involved, with the user wearing a sensor-equipped
body harness which also carries the system computing equipment. The system may be initiated by
firing blanks.
A version of this simulator can be adapted for the

simulation of controlled-effect anti-tank mines
The DX175/Small Arms is still at the prototype
stage.
STATUS
See
text
MANUFACTURER
Giravions Dorand Industries, 5 rue de Jean-Mace,
BP 30-92151 Suresnes Cedex, France.
Telephone: (1) 45 06 52 22. Telex: VERSUR 612961F.
Fax: (1)42 04 58 20
the pre-production stage
HOT
Gazelle helicopter equipped with DX 175/Helicopter tactical engagement

simulator
Prototype
ofDX1 75/Small Arms tactical engagement simulator fitted to 5 56 mm
FAMAS rifle
86
GERMANY
Kurt Eichweber TALISSI
Weapon
The TALISSI (Taktischer Lichtschuss Simulator Tactical Light Shot Simulator) was Invented by Kurt
Eichweber in 1963 and demonstrated in 1965 with a
ruby laser device. Subsequent research and
development, some on behalf of the West German
Army, led to the present family of systems which
employ gallium arsenide semiconductor laser
devices After extensive trials 100 systems were
delivered to the Army in 1977 This and subsequent
deliveries now total well over 1000 systems in
service on Leopard 1, Leopard 2 and M48A2GA2
MBTs.
The TALISSI comprises a laser transceiver which
is normally fitted in the gun barrel, a central control
unit located in the turret, optical receivers, a display
unit, a monitoring unit for use by an umpire, and
various cables and items of mounting hardware.
The TALISSI 2 system as fitted to the Leopard 1
operates as follows: the commander first observes
the target and orders the gunner to engage it The
range to the target is measured (or estimated) and
the gun aimed, and the range and type of ammunition
being used are entered into the central control unit
by the crew. When the gunner depresses the firing
trigger, a laser pulse is transmitted and at the same
time a bang and smoke are produced by the muzzle
flash simulator Using the range already entered
and stored by the simulator, the gun is automatically
aimed directly at the target when the ballistic compensation facility is provided The divergence of the
beam fired by the laser at the target corresponds to
the weapon dispersion. Provided that the aim is
correct the laser pulse is detected by the optical
receivers at the target At the same time the pulse
is reflected back to the transceiver by the retroreflectors mounted on the receivers and the elapsed
time is used to calculate the target range. As the
range is measured optically without employing radio
techniques the result is accurate to within 5 m. The
measured range is compared with that already in
the computer memory. If the discrepancy lies within

certain limits dependent on the type of round and
the range, a second laser pulse is emitted which
contains the additional hit' information and causes
the target's TALISSI equipment to be switched off
be displayed on the attacker's equipment. If the difference in range lies outside the
limits, 'short' or 'over' is displayed on the attacker's
equipment and 'under attack' is displayed in the
hit'
of the
Germany (West)
(WEST)
weapon are
not compro-
mised
The laser
Fire Simulator
and a
Other functions
to
is guaranteed for 100 000 shots

indicated at once and the result transmitted
immediately to the umpire
hit is
There are a number of TALISSI systems making

up a family of interoperable simulators. These are
as follows:
DWS-1
is the simplest variation and is a one-way laser
device It is used as an umpire gun enabling an
exercise umpire to interrogate a TALISSI-equipped
vehicle to confirm that the system is operational; it
can be used to kill' a vehicle if it enters a no go'
area and in some cases is used to re-activate and
replenish the ammunition' in an AFV.
The basic DWS-1 system has been used to evaluate the concept of aircraft ground attack simulation
Two different systems were tested, one for small
calibre helicopter-borne weapons, and the second
Mauser cannon of the Alpha-Jet
for the 27
This
mm
DWS-2
This system, which is widely deployed by the West
German Army, incorporates a rangefinder which
indicates the engagement result on the control unit
as short', target' or over'. The system will score a
hit' only if the gunner has laid the line of sight and
determined the range accurately before firing. The
actual target hit area is calculated from the fall angle
ballistics and the range
DWS-3
TALISSI
concept to DWS-2 but

employs ballistic compensation according to different ammunition characteristics. With this system,
the gunner is required to take into account the
quadrant elevation as well as range and direction.
This simulator
is
similar
in
The DWS-3 did not enter volume production.
Main advantages
of
TALISSI claimed by the
range of 3000 m corresponds to the tactical

combat range
Laser beam divergence corresponds to the weaIts
pon's dispersion
Different properties of various types of ammunition are taken into account (except on equipment
delivered to the West German Army, which instead
considers the influence of ammunition type and
range on the target)

Various types of ammunition can be simulated
No danger to troops on the battlefield
This
for
Dragon
weapon
effect simulator specifically fcr

the Dragon anti-tank weapon system The laser
transceiver is built into a dummy tracker unit, and
the central processor and launch/hit pyrotechnics
are located in a dummy weapon tube. Two other
units make up the overall system One is the monitor
is
used for initial aiming training. This does not

require a mobile target vehicle, and may be used
with a single retro-reflector located typically at 100
to 300 m from the training position The other is the
target control unit located in a mobile target vehicle
This unit displays, and also stores for print-out.
comprehensive data on the performance of the
unit
DWS-4
This system is for main battle tanks (MBTs) fitted
with laser rangefinders and certain types of ballistic
computer fire control systems. Developed for the
Leopard 2 fitted with the KAE (Hughes) fire control,
the DWS-4 may readily be fitted to MBTs with fire
control systems that are basically similar in concept
to the Hughes model, such as M60A3 and Leopard
1/SABCA, As an option, data associated with the last
40 shots fired may be stored in the central processor
for post-exercise analysis This system is in pro-
TALISSI for MILAN

This is designed specifically
duction.
of the
target vehicle
company can be summarised as follows:
Loading a TALISSI 4 projector into the 105 mm gun

barrel of a Leopard 1 MBT
DWS-5
This
is
designed
to
operate with any MBT/ballistic
control system combination as no information

needs to be received from or given to the ballistic
computer The overall system can therefore readily
fire
be exchanged between vehicles with different
gunner, location of
aggressor
hit
on vehicle,
in
and
Dragon simulator.
fire
control systems and main armanent calibres greater

than 75 mm. Fall of shot data is stored in the central
processor.
A comprehensive data retrieval capability including print-out for post-exercise analysis, and an
optional tracer burn and fall of shot display within
the sight optics are under development.
use with Dragon anti-tank missile system
probability
to simulate the effects

Euromissile MILAN anti-tank weapon system.
The laser transceiver is mounted on the localiser
housing and may be used with the night sight fitted.
The central processor and pyrotechnics are located
in a dummy missile tube. All other characteristics,
display unit, and so forth are as described for the
TALISSI
for
TOW
This development for the West German Army is

intended to simulate the tripod-mounted and
vehicle-borne TOW anti-tank weapon systems. A
version, first produced in 1983. has the laser transceiver located in the sight housing and the electronics and pyrotechnics in a dummy missile tube.
'&&$.
TALISSI
kill
identification.
TALISSI
in
use with MILAN
Germany (West)
Effect of a TALISSI hit'
TOW infantry launcher fitted with
for
TALISSI IW body harness
HOT
prototype systems were built to simuEuromissile HOT anti-tank weapon system

when used in conjunction with MBB BO 105 anti-
A number
of
late the
tank helicopter fitted with the SFIM stabilised sight

system. The modular design concept would enable
this system to be adapted to other helicopter/
weapon combinations.
ammunition dispersion together with the
mally initiated by firing a blank round but the system

can be used in the dry fire' mode by the use of a
trigger attachment
no direct connection to the user's body harness
Transceivers for production versions are expected
to be smaller than those used on the prototypes A
series of weapon adapters allows the basic system
to be fitted to a number of weapon types
The measurement of range to target ensures that
the individual ballistic characteristics of a projectile
are taken into account in the determination of a hit
or miss The cross section area of the laser bullet
is
ranges to ensure realistic hit

camouflage is taken into
the assessment of hit, under fire and miss
constant for
all
or miss results. Target
of TALISSI IW began in 1987 and is

a two way' adaptation of the basic TALISSI principle
for use with infantry weapons such as rifles, submachine guns and machine guns It consists of a
laser transceiver mounted on or near the muzzle of
an infantry weapon and a body and helmet harness
mounting a number of laser receivers and reflectors
The system takes into account the weapon sight
setting made by the user. This setting is automatically evaluated without the need of a weapon
interface unit by means of coded eye-safe laser
account
The development
The
operational
range,
weapon
and
in
indications.
The body harness has an auxiliary coupling and

evaluation unit (occupying the space of half a standard ammunition pouch) and an optical/acoustic hit
and under fire indicator In the case of a hit the
soldier, helmet and body harness is de-activated but
the
weapon
is not.
is completed by an umpire gun which

used to activate, de-activate and test the simulator
as well as being used as a warning device during
The system
is
tactical
One common
ballistic
characteristics of the projectile are automatically

taken into account A simulation sequence is nor-
TALISSI IW
pulses
on a Leopard 2MBT
TALISSI
This system, suitable for TOW. 1-TOW and TOW-2.

offers the general characteristics as detailed for the
Dragon simulator
A variant for the TOW Armoured Launching Turret
(ALT) has been produced
TALISSI
8?
exercises
type of battery (a 1.5 V Type AA)
is
TALISSI IW modules and the number of

shots per set of batteries is approximately 2000 The
weight of the laser transceiver is less than 500 g.
For a rifle fitted with TALISSI IW the operational
range is from 5 m to between 400 and 600 m For a
machine gun it is between 5 and 1000 m and for a
sub-machine gun it is between 5 and 200 m
TALISSI IW is still under development.
used
for all
TALISSI
EDDA
of TALISSI EDDA (Echzeit Duell

Daten Auswertegerat - real-time battlefield event
recorder) began in 1983 It is an additional facility for
use with the TALISSI tactical and gunnery simulator
system for MBTs. fire support systems, anti-tank
weapons, machine guns and anti-tank helicopters
By using EDDA the events and results of a training
exercise are registered in real-time for subsequent
assessment and analysis purposes.
When used with MBTs and field artillery, a TALISSI
EDDA radio data transmitter is fitted to any weapon
system equipped with a shot and kill effect simulator
The transmitter is usually fitted close to the hit and
kill effect simulator Data from the EDDA transmitter
is sent to an EDDA radio receiver which acts as a
recorder and control unit In the receiver the EDDA
digital codes are displayed for red and blue contestants, totalled and a data readout presents results
for analysis. The receiver also acts as a counter for
ammunition fired and for the number of hits on each
combatant. The receiver may be set up in the field
or carried on a vehicle
The development
Pyrotechnics
Associated with the various TALISSI systems are
special pyrotechnics and firing effect equipment
The DG 60/3 flash/smoke unit mounted on the
weapon system carries three smoke hit' pyrotechnics and three disposable blocks each containing 20 main armament muzzle flash and smoke
automatically
devices.
Electronic
circuitry
sequences the firing of the 60 devices, thus enabling
the re-use of partly exhausted blocks The total
weight of the flash/smoke unit is 4.2 kg and it is
powered by the vehicle's 24 V supply or by the
TALISSI system
A 5 m safety distance is
recommended in the direction of firing. For the
guided weapon simulators, the launch signature
in an annular assembly
around the orange smoke hit' indicator pyrotechnic.
This whole assembly, which is also disposable, is
mounted on the rear of the dummy weapon tube.
pyrotechnics are mounted
STATUS
In
production.
In
German
Army, Jordan, the Netherlands and Switzerland.
MANUFACTURER
TALISSI IW prototype
in
use on a G3
rifle;
on
the laser transceiver fitted under the

full
production examples
rifle
muzzle
will
be smaller
Kurt Eichweber Prazionsgeratewerk,

Postfach
50 04 23, Leverkusenstrasse 13, D-2000 Hamburg 50,
Telephone: 40-85 39 60 Telex: 2 164 012 preci d.
88
Italy
New
Zealand
ITALY
SECAT Tactical Engagement
four reflectors will provide a
full
360 coverage
for
vehicle
Simulation System
Once SECAT is initiated by depressing the firing

button on the control panel the fire control procedures are the same as those carried out during a
normal engagement A laser beam is radiated from
the transmitter and the tilting of the transceiver
platform produces a scanning path for laser beams
along a fixed angle When the beam hits the target the
signal is returned by the reflectors and is detected by
the laser receiver in the attack subassembly At the
same time the optical-acoustic alarm unit on the
target produces under attack' data The time delay
between two reflected signals is detected and processed by the laser transceiver circuits in order to
provide range, elevation and target data with respect
SECAT is a laser-based system designed to simulate

gunnery training procedures and tactical armed
vehicle engagements. The system is based on an
eye-safe laser system and live ammunition is not
fired
The SECAT system has two main subassemblies,

an attack subassembly and a target subassembly
The attack subassembly consists of a laser transsystem computer and a control panel. The
subassembly is mounted on an armoured vehicle,
typically a tank, and is so arranged that it involves
both the commander and the gunner in controlling
the vehicle's fire control system as normal Fire is
simulated by means of a modulated laser beam
aimed at the target subassembly installed on
another armoured vehicle. A target subassembly
equipped vehicle may be used only as a target but in
a more typical application vehicles will be equipped
with both attack and target subassemblies to provide
tactical engagementtraining
On the attack subassembly the laser transceiver
and system computer are interconnected. The laser
transceiver uses a wavelength of 960 nm and both
the transmitter and receiver are located on a tilting
platform. The platform is controlled by a stepper
motor to introduce a pre-programed displacement
of the laser beam, both in azimuth and elevation. On
a typical installation the transceiver and its platform
would protrude from the vehicle gun muzzle while
the system computer would be installed inside the
ceiver, a
barrel.
The attack subassembly is completed by the

system computer. It has two sets of controls, one for
the instructor and the other for the trainee
gunner/operator The instructor can enter, under
key control, parameters such as ammunition
loading, a reset for shots on target, automatic or
manual mode for the horizontal lead angle, an
optional application for missile firing, the display or
blanking of fire data (optional), and a selector for the
automatic reset of the SECAT spinning alarm lamp

(see below) Operator controls include self test,
ammunition selection, a 'fire' control to start the
firing programme, and horizontal lead angle manual
set and reset Information displayed on the control
This data is compared with other

control parameters, such as ammunition type
selected, and calculations produce information such
to the attacker
fire
on target (up or down) or target missed, (up,

left, right) The transceiver continues to scan
to allow the laser beam to hit the target's lower
sensors to provide the target with the hit data If the
lower part of the target is shielded the target data
will be confined to under attack', but if the lower
part of the target can receive hit data then a hit
condition will be provided.
SECAT can be used to simulate the firing of HESh.
HEAT and APDS rounds, and can also be used to
as
hit
down,
Laser transceiver unit

ment system inserted
unit includes
for
in
SECAT
105
tactical
engage-
mm tank gun muzzle
ammunition selected, operating mode
to fire, shot fired), the actual horizontal lead angle, target under attack (left, right, up,
down) hit on the target (up, down), score data,
reaction time, and available ammunition
The target subassembly has four laser detectors,
an optical-acoustic alarm and laser reflectors. The
four detectors, two on the upper and two on the lower
simulate the firing of MILAN anti-tank missiles. For

HESH the operational ranges are from 50 to 1500 m,
for HEAT from 200 to 2200 m and for APDS from 300
to 2200 m. The MILAN simulated operational range
is up to 2500 m
In all cases the maximum target
speed is 15m/s. The SECAT system has an ammunition storage limitation of 30 rounds for all three
part of the target, are connected to the opticalacoustic alarm unit. This unit includes the relevant
electronic circuitry, a spinning lamp and a buzzer. If
the target subassembly is 'hit' by an attacking laser
beam the spinning amp comes on, thereby denoting
the position and hit' state of the target, and the
buzzer sounds inside the target vehicle. At the same
time the target's attack subassembly is inhibited and
cannot be operated until the locked control on the
control panel has been operated.
The target subassembly is completed by a number
of laser reflectors, usually four to a vehicle. Each
consists of a spherical crystal with a field of 180. so
ammunition types.
The SECAT system computer can be easily con-
(self test,
ready
verted to allow training with different ballistic or

missile weapon systems The equipment involved
can be easily installed by first-line personnel.
STATUS
Prototypes tested by the Italian Army.
MANUFACTURER
Officine Galileo SpA, Via A. Einstein 35. 1-50013
Campi
Bisenzio. Firenze.
Italy
Telephone: (55) 89501. Telex: 570 126 GALILEI

Fax: (55) 8950600
NEW ZEALAND
Oscmar Infantry Weapons Effects
Simulation Systems
The Oscmar Infantry Weapons Effects Simulation
Systems (IWESS) are a range of laser-based tactical
engagement simulators intended for use by infantry.
The basic system can be programmed for a number
of variables, to the extent of
being
fully
compatible
with existing systems such as MILES. The system

can also be identity coded and exercise computer
evaluation
is
available.
The Oscmar equipments are microprocessor

driven and can be umpire programmed to match
the characteristics required for an exercise. For
example the umpire can programme the standard
eye-safe laser projector employed to match the
range characteristics of the weapon involved. Thus
an assault rifle will have a range of 400 m while a
tripod-mounted machine gun could have a range of

1500 m Equipment can also be umpire programmed
fire
to
and receive the codes from other
manufacturer's equipments allowing international
exercises to be conducted with existing equipment.
The Oscmar equipments use 16-bit codes to allow
for future code expansions.
The Oscmar systems are offered in a basic form
but all systems are available with computer evaluation facilities. Using this facility all projectors fire
individually identifiable coded pulses, while all
target systems have a memory facility which records
activity against a real-time clock. After an exercise,
or periodically during an exercise as required,
umpires can use the Oscmar controller gun to
interrogate
target
recorded data
The APB
systems
and
transfer
their
an Analysing Printer Base (APB).

sorts data by combatant and time and
to
provides a hard copy print-out to give combatants

immediate feedback on their exercise performance
and to preserve the data for future analysis.
All data transfer from target systems through
controller guns to the APB is by means of optical
data linkages that do not require plugs or cables. To
transfer data the umpire selects the appropriate
function on his controller gun, places the port against
that on the equipment and pulls the trigger. Diodes
then transfer data optically between equipments in
milliseconds.
The controller gun fulfils the normal functions of
umpire/controller guns in that it allows an umpire to
inflict hits, kills and near misses, and reset targets
which have been killed, all from a distance of up to
800 m. The controller gun is also used to set target
time clocks, programme infantry projectors for
weapon type and range, enter ammunition stocks
into direct fire weapon projectors, functionally tests
targets and projector operation and collects postexercise data for transfer to the APB. The controller
gun operates
battery
and
200 x 80 x 50
The
off
a standard 9-volt commercial PP3

8 kg.
Dimensions are
weighs
mm.
Infantry Individual
Weapon
Projector
is
used
eye-safe laser pulses at targets and is a

standard unit that can befitted to almost any infantry
weapon using a two cam lever system (a variety of
brackets are available for unusual weapon types).
The laser-transmitted kill and near-miss codes are
activated by the firing of a blank cartridge; a sensitivity adjustment is provided to cover a variety and
difference in quality of blank ammunition. A dry fire
mode is provided butthis is used only in conjunction
with atargetalignmentkit.
The projector can be programmed by the
to fire the
gun
to
weapon
to
simulate the range characteristics

it is fitted. Options available
are assault rifle (400 m). light support weapon (M249
Minimi
600 m), sniper rifle (800m) and tripodmounted sustained fire machine gun (1500m)
controller
of the
which
Ranges can be changed and additional weapons

added to meet customer needs. The laser beam
divergence is set to 0.5 m for a kill and 1 m for a nearmiss. The projector is powered by a standard 9 V PP3
battery that provides approxi mately 1 5 000 rounds of
and the
'fire'. Dimensions are 100 x 78 x 43
mm
weight
is
450
g.
The Oscmar Soldier Harness detects laser beams

on or near the head and torso thoughout a
360 azimuth. The harness has four sensors on the
front of the body, four on the back, one on each upper
arm facing to the side and four evenly spaced around
the head. Each sensor has an angle of sensitivity of
120. The harness indicates to the wearer that he
has been engaged by emitting an audible alarm. A
near miss will sound the alarm for one second while
a kill pulse will activate the alarm until the wearer
falling
lays on his back. If he attempts to rise again the

alarm will re-start, until the harness is reset by an
umpire using his controller gun. All harness and
target memory electronics are contained in a chestmounted box and the harness itself is fully adjustable
to suit the different sizes of wearers and type of
combat webbing worn

initiated
when
the harness
is
a battery
self
is first
test
sequence
is
inserted Weight of
1.5 kg.
The Analysing Printer Base (APB) is a portable

data sorting computer ruggedised to meet military
requirements. Included is a printer and there are
cables to allow operations from an internal battery,
a 24 V DC vehicle power source or a mains power
New Zealand Portugal
89
supply The function of the APB is to take and sort

the data downloaded into it by an umpire using his
controller gun The APB correlates projector and
target activity and presents a printout of each com-
showing who he has killed, hit or

near-missed and when, what type of weapon he was
using, how many shots he fired, who killed, hit
or near-missed him and when and what types of
weapon they were using, how many times and when
he was reset and by what controller gun, any controller gun kills, hits, and if he removed his battery
to de-activate his harness Printout presentation can
be tailored to meet customer requirements Under
development is the ability to generate reports on a
Red/Blue Force basis on the same printout, and the
ability to sort data on a time from H-hour basis so
analysts can determine at what part of a plan a force
batant's activity
sustained
its
casualties.
The Oscmar system

Alignment
Kit
The APB weighs 12 5 kg.

completed by a Projector
is
(PAK) which
is
used
to align the axis
of the laser projector with the line of sight of the
weapon
sights.
The
differing off-set
between the
projector and the line of sight for various weapons

is compensated for by the use of a different aiming
screen for each weapon type - a full set of screens
is provided with each PAK In use a soldier connects
a read-out unit to the PAK and withdraws until the

25m cable between the two is fully laid out. The
soldier is then the correct distance from the PAK
and he can select the alignment mode on his projector, take aim at the screen cross hair and dry fire.
The read-out unit then tells him which way to adjust
his projector in terms of clicks of the adjusting knobs
The PAK is sufficiently accurate to double as an

indoor marksmanshiptrainer
Other Oscmar IWESS equipment includes simulated hand grenades and Claymore mines.
A New Zealand Army exercise umpire using the Oscmar IWESS controller gun
to
programme
individual harness sets
MANUFACTURER
Oscmar Products
PO Box
STATUS
In
production.
In
service with the
New Zealand Army
(640 sets).
6008,
Limited, 27-29 Shaddock Street

Wellesley Street, Auckland, New
Zealand
Telex: NZ60646 AISINS Fax:
(09)
37021
PORTUGAL
INDEPSITPUL Tactical
The INDEP SITPUL tactical engagement simulator
was developed to allow economic, safe and realistic
tactical training for small units The simulator can
in tactical exercises
up to a maximum strength of 8000 men and. if
necessary, can be integrated with other tactical
simulation systems. The laser projector involved
with SITPUL can be fitted to any type of direct fire
small arms and is capable of a minimum of 10000
shots before a battery change is required
The SITPUL simulator uses laser detectors
located around the helmet and on a body trunk
harness, all controlled by a microprocessor. The
sensors give a complete all-round coverage and can
supply precise indications of a 'kill' or 'near miss'
from an in-coming laser beam. The SITPUL simulator can also be supplied with a device known as an
event reader which can be used in the field, and thus
allow exercise data to be readily available, or for
allowing data storage for later computer analysis.
codify the identification of a firer
The SITPUL simulator was designed and

developed to comply with the following requirements:
To display realistic indications of a small arms
near miss' with an accuracy similar to the
kill' or
weapons involved
To ensure eye and other physical safety
To be able to read all events related to an individual user or weapon
To be compatible with other laser simulation
systems by means of a simple software exchange

To be effective day and night
To be operable at the usual effective ranges of the
weapons involved
To be rapidly and
to
easily installed on the weapons

be used
Not to interfere with the normal sight line of the
weapon involved
Not
to affect the
balance or the handling
of the
weapon involved
To allow fitting
of the receiver sensor harness

over any type of combat clothing, including NBC.
desert and arctic warfare clothing
Not to permit the user to kill himself

Not to be sensitive to the report of blank
nition fired
ammu-
nearby
The SITPUL tactical engagement simulator has

main components; a laser transmitter, a detector, a controller gun and an event reader
four
operation the laser projector is installed on a

a zeroing device Before
each exercise a controller checks the operation of all
equipments When a laser transmitter is activated, in
other words, when a weapon is fired', a laser beam
carrying coded pulses is sent to hit the target's
detector harness The transmitter can be activated
by the firing of blank ammunition or by a micros witch
connected to the trigger. In the case of a 'kill' a
klaxon horn emits a continuous note. In the case of a
near miss', the horn makes an intermittent sound.
In the 'kill' condition the horn can only be switched
off by the intervention of a controller using his gun
or by inserting the laser transmitter key into a deactivating device on the detector harness. This action
In
weapon and zeroed using
the laser transmitter and

the user from any further part in the exercise.
de-activates
removes
t(
tactical engagement simulator in use showing head and body receiver

harnesses, and laser projector mounted on a Heckler and Koch 7 62
G3 rifle
SITPUL
SITPUL
tactical
engagement simulator in use
mm
90
Portugal
beam
Singapore
and
come back into action again
The laser projector is fitted to the user s normal

in such a manner that the normal sight line
is not obstructed The transmitter emits a coded
laser beam each time a blank cartridge is fired
although the projector can also be fired by a dry
firing system connected to the trigger The laser
to register the identity of the laser
simulates the weapon rate of fire, takes

account of the amount of ammunition in the weapon
magazine and can also be delayed to simulate the
time required to change a magazine The system can
operate for a maximum of 120 shots for automatic
rifles
(250 for light machine guns) before reactivation is required This is done by the insertion of
a special key into the laser transmitter by a controller.
The SITPUL detector consists of a body trunk
harness and a helmet harness. The trunk harness is
made of nylon fabric and carries 10 detectors. There
is also a detector unit with a built-in microprocessor
carries five detectors connected to the detector

microprocessor and can be fitted to any kind of
Data can also be displayed on site using a liquid

such as the number and
identification of detectors as read are available
together with data such as the number of hits
received, precise kill or near miss indications,
helmet
plus the identification of the
weapon
beam
firer
the result of the engagement, which could be a kill'

or near miss' The detector also includes a klaxon
horn that can emit a continuous note (for a kill or
an intermittent sound consisting of three pulses a
)
second
(for
near miss). The helmet harness
microprocessor can be read and checked for exercise

analysis The detector programme allows the near
miss' condition to be changed to a kill' when six
successive near miss' shots have been indicated
collected
Information
The
gun
by
the
The event reader allows data collected in detectors to be stored for further computer processing
crystal display Information
weapon involved
detector
a laser transmitter used to

check system functioning or impose kill' and near
miss' conditions. It can also be used to reverse
casualty conditions and allow
killed'
exercise
controller
participants to
is
STATUS
In
production
MANUFACTURER
Industrias Nacionais de Oefesa - EP (INDEP).
Fernando Palha. 1802 Lisboa Codex. Portugal
Telephone 351 1 858 4371 Telex

Fax 351 1 8582330
Rua
12 514 indfbp p
ROMANIA
armour-piercing rounds, retro-reflectors, and con-
Laser Firing and Training

Simulator for Tank Guns
necting cables.
to
This laser-based system is intended for the training

of tank gun crews in shooting skills and can also be
used for tactical engagement simulation. It appears
to be based on a laser projector in a unit mounted on
a tank gun barrel A dummy round is loaded into the
tank gun breech as a normal piece of ammunition
and only then can the laser projector be used to
transmit laser beams at targets carrying reflector
arrays which then transmitdata relating to accuracy
The system
1800m and
is
used between ranges
is
restricted to a
of
600
rate of fire of
The simulator measures and

displays the range to the target with an error of
10 mand provides firingaccuracyindicationssuch
as hit, over, under, left and right. The number of
shots fired is also recorded. Loading a simulated
high explosive or armour-piercing dummy rounds
alters the firing characteristics of the simulator
Power for the system is derived from the carrier
6-7 rounds/minute
tank's electrical system
of fire
The complete system comprises a transmittera photoreceiver support, a control box,

what is described as a starting and simulating
unit, a pyrotechnics unit, a results display unit,
dummy rounds that simulate high explosive or
receiver
unit,
STATUS
In
service with the
Romanian Army
MANUFACTURER
Romanian
state factories.
Romanian laser firing and training simulator for tank

guns
SINGAPORE
Arms Battlefield Realistic
Engagement Simulator (SABRES)
Small
The Small Arms Battlefield Realistic Engagement

Simulator (SABRES) was designed for use in operational tactical training to simulate small arms
weapon f re and the effects of weapon f re on targets.
i
SABRES
also provides facilities for the control of

tactical exercises by umpires from various suitably
selected vantage points.
The basic SABRES system consists of a laser
transmitter, a head detector unit, a torso detector
unit, an amplifier unit, a control unit and a quick-
release clamp assembly. Optional equipment

includes an umpire gun. an alignment fixture, a laser
target locator and transit cases.
The laser transmitter is attached to a rifle,
machine gun or other similar small arms weapon by
means of a quick-release clamp assembly Using
the built-in zeroing mechanism and the optional
alignment fixture, the laser transmitter can be
adjusted in azimuth and elevation to align the laser
beam to the sights of the weapon The laser transmitter comprises an optical laser tube, a battery
compartment, a weapon key receptacle, a laser
firing LED indicator and a dry firing' socket The
optional laser target locator allows the combatant a
quick and effective method of zeroing the weapon.
The laser detector system comprises a head
detector unit and a torso detector unit These units
are physically separated but are inductively
coupled. A total of 13 laser detectors make the
detector system wearer a potential target for the
laser
beam
The head detector
unit
has
five silicon detectors,
a sewn-in loop aerial and an amplifier unit or loop

driver mounted on the head harness. The torso
detector unit carries the remaining eight detectors.
The main components of the

a buzzer, a key receptacle, a gravity switch, a loop
aerial and a control unit. All these components are
sewn onto the torso harness
The amplifier unit is powered by a commercially
available 9 V battery, and drives the loop aerial on
the helmet-worn head detector unit. The control unit
is driven by another 9 V battery It decodes the data
in the incoming laser pulses to indicate a kill' or
near miss' condition by activating the buzzer. The
system user can de-activate the buzzer by inserting
a key taken from from his own laser transmitter
(thereby making his own weapon inoperable) or by
laying down on his back
SABRES system
Testing the detector system and controlling the

exercises are two of the functions provided
by the optional umpire gun.
tactical
Weight:
(laser transmitter) 0.64 kg
(body harness) 1 .08 kg

(head harness) 52 kg
(umpire gun) 0.555 kg
Dimensions:
(laser transmitter) 100 x 95 x
1 10 x 95 x 40
(umpire gun)
grip)
40mm
mm
(excluding pistol
Singapore Sweden
Range: typical weapon range simulated
(umpire gun) 400 m
STATUS
In
Target size:
(near miss) 9 m diameter
45 m diameter
(kill/hit)
Operating temperature: to + 50C
30 to + 70C
Storage temperature:
Telephone:
2612444,
2651066.
Telex:
91
RS 55992
CEIPL
production Offered for export.
MANUFACTURER
Chartered Electronics Industries Pte Limited, 249
Jalan Boon Lay. Jurong Town. Singapore 2261
Republic of Singapore
SWEDEN
SAAB Training Systems BT41 Tank
Combat Simulator
The BT41 Tank Combat Simulator was developed
by SAAB Training Systems AB, then SAAB-Scania,
between 1976 and 1978 to meet the requirements of
the Swedish Army, It is a high-precision weapon
simulator which can be used for tactical and gunnery
training at all levels, from basic to combat training.
In addition it can be used for the evolution of weapon
systems and alternative tactics.
The complete system consists of a firing
simulator, target simulator, display and interconnecting cables Power is supplied from the tank's
standard 24 V supply
The firing simulator assembly consists of an electronic unit which can be placed anywhere on the
vehicle, one or more tracer generators which are
installed over the existing gunner's and/or commander's optics, and a laser unit which is placed in
or on the gun barrel
The target simulator assembly consists of a reference unit and an electronic unit The reference
unit contains corner reflectors and sensors, and is
connected so that it can be mounted either with or
separated from the electronic unit It can also be

divided into four quadrants to facilitate mounting on
the vehicle.
The display
assembly consists of a panel unit and

a printer unit The panel has three sections, one
showing the range of the target and point of impact,
the second the effect of a hit. together with the
recorded direction from which the shot came and
the third is used for system calibration and presetting, and includes a real-time clock and a test panel
The printer records all events on a paper including
each shot fired, each hit received or miss, and all
settings and preliminary tests are recorded.
For basic training the target in its simplest form
can be a remote-controlled tank silhouette target
fitted with a reflector prism. A moving target can be
provided by fitting a Jeep with a number of reflectors
to cover 360. A more advanced target is provided
by fitting the same jeep with the target simulation
assembly of the BT41, to give an evaluation of the
effect of each hit. A variety of different hit indicators
can be connected to the BT41 target simulator, for
example flash discharge

markers or smoke devices.
A low-power
beam
lamps,
pyrotechnic
used to simulate the

simulated in detail in
real-time with true speed and curve characteristics.
projectile.
The
laser
trajectory
Weapon movements
used
to
moment of firing do
The laser beam is also
after the
not influence the simulation

target.
is
is
firing unit and a

about 3000 m, which can
convey data between the
Maximum range
is
be exceeded with good visibility. The positions of

hits and misses are determined accurately. At a
range of 1000 m, all misses within 15m in azimuth
Components
of the
SAAB BT 41
tank
combat simulator arranged
and 3m in elevation will be recorded The

accuracy in the calculation of the hit/miss location
at
this
distance
is
better than
0 2m
Targets
equipped with hit sensors and hit evaluation electronics can calculate damage caused by a hit. The
target is divided into sub-areas of 0.25 x 0.25 m The
vulnerability in each sub-area for 24 aspect angles
and up to eight projectile types is stored in a memory
automatically stops the target tank. The stanof the BT41 is programmed for two
trajectories but more can be added and both ballistic
and missile trajectories can be simulated
The BT 41 provides three methods for determining
the location of a hit or miss Co-ordinates for the
trajectory of the projectile, relative to the target, are
shown on a display unit, recorded on a printed paper
strip and also appear as a simulated trajectory in
the gunner's and commander's optics A brightly
lit spot is shown in the gunner's normal sighting
equipment This follows the trajectory in real-time
and shows the projectile's track towards the target.
kill
dard version
The gunner should
fire
so that the
light point falls
on
the target.
The BT41 target simulator contains information

on the vulnerability of the target vehicle. It describes
the target from 12 different aspect angles, and
in front
of a
Leopard 2MBT
models the sensitivity of the target to different types

of ammunition When the target is fired at, the coordinates of the trajectory are transmitted to the
target, which then knows from which direction the
shots are coming. The target simulator then evaluates whether the shot is a hit or a miss. If it is a hit
the target simulator evaluates the effect at the point
of impact Every target is assigned a profile which is
aspect-angle dependent in a realistic way In other
words, the effect of the hit is correctly related to the
point of impact, distance, target aspect-angle and
the type of ammunition
The BT 41 tank combat simulator can be mounted
on any type of tank and has been designed as an
independent system which can be used either with
or without the tank's own fire control system.
STATUS
In
production.
In
service with the Dutch. West
German and Swedish armies.
MANUFACTURER
Huskvarna. Sweden
Telephone: 46 36 19 46
Fax: 46 36 14 32 85
AB. Box 2049. S-561 02
00. Telex:
70045 saabjkg
92
UK
UNITED KINGDOM
Royal Ordnance Simulation
Tactical
During 1989 Royal Ordnance Control Systems and

of the former Centronic
Limited Tactical Engagement Simulation (TES)
interests to form Royal Ordnance Simulation (RO
SIM) and became a leading force in TES
In acquiring the simulation interests of Centronic
Royal Ordnance inherited a relationship with Kurt
Eichwieber of Hamburg (KEHA). Agreements
between the two companies resulted in RO SIM
acquiring manufacturing rights under license of
KEHA equipment, as well as marketing the equipment outside of Europe and the USA.
Fuzes Division took control
Battle
W*
Group Pool
ROSIM has assumed the responsibility of previously

awarded contracts (worth 10 million) to supply a
Battle Group Pool of simulators to the Jordanian
Armed Forces. The Pool includes SAWES (Small
Arms Weapon Effect Simulator) developed for and
in use with the British Army. In association with Kurt

Eichweber of Hamburg, a variety of Talissi main
battle tank and anti-armour simulators were also
supplied.
ROSIM Laser Codes

The original SAWES functions on a separate Ministry
of Defence (United Kingdom) code. The Battle Group
Pool operates on a common code which attributes
realistic kill capabilities to the attack systems with
respect to the vulnerability of the target systems.
The RO SIM Common Code is based on the Talissi

pern code format. RO SIM have also modified their
equipment to be compatible with US Army MILES
systems
ROSIM
100 Series Exercise Control Equipment
Controller kits
All
the
ROSIM controller kits include an Umpire Gun

SAWES x 4 optical projector. There
based on the
are three types:
Type 101 - SAWES only (two modes)

Type 102 - RO SIM Common Code (six modes)
Exercise controller carrying his Umpire Gun, briefs troops wearing
Type 103 - Common Code and RELACES (16

modes)
The umpire guns are used to check equipment
and reset activated target systems. A battery test
RO SIM Limited are evolving a family of IFWES

simulation systems based on the principle of
realistic bangs' and kills'.
meter
Remote Laser
(RELACES)
is fitted to
Indirect Fire
the stock.
Weapon
Effect Simulation
(IFWES)
There are two components of IFWES. the bangs'

and the kills'. The bangs' must be acceptably safe
and should represent the elements of surprise and
disorientation The kills', in the form of laser codes
activate personal and/or vehicle detector
systems, should coincide with the visual signature
so that realistic casualties are inflicted. Arbitrary
use of a controller's gun after the bangs' may
discredit the whole concept of tactical simulation.
that
RELACES
KILL
3jp:
^4
*WK
RO SIM Common Code
Controlled
Exploder
System
is deployed tocreate IFWES simulation at

zones. The system comprises:
Type 103- Controllers Gun
Type 131 -Receiver Control Unit(RCU)
Type 132-Exploder Unit (EU)
Type 135-IFWES Projector
Any mix of up to eight EU's and projectors are
connected to one RCU which is activated by the
Controller's Gun set as required at one of three
modes: TEST. FIRE, and FIRE SALVO. Using the
killing
TARGET VULNERABILITY
ATTACK
CODE
SA WES
UK
SALVO mode
initiated
all
RCU-connected
units
Mobile IFWES Kit

the use of RELACES is not appropriate, a
vehicle-mounted combination of simultaneous
bangs and kills has been developed. The kit comprises the Type 104 Wide Angle Controller's Projector and the Type 137 Exploder Control Unit (ECU).
PYROTECHNIC
HOUSING
DETACHABLE
can be
TAIL FINS
simultaneously
Where
DETECTORS
(12)
ROSIM Unexploded Ordnance Target System

The Type 120 unexploded ordnance target system
has been supplied to RAF Regiment bomb disposal
teams to assist in runway clearance training. The
system uses existing SAWES subsystems configured as a bomb and compatible with the attack
system. The Type 120 includes a flashing beacon
and standard pyrotechnic for hit indication
Kill System (ESIKS)
ESIKS was developed to overcome the
situation where shells or missiles attack a building
or vehicle but, because a laser beam cannot pen-
External Strike Internal
The Type
121
human casucannot be simulated. ESIKS comprises an

external detector belt, an external decoder box with
battery supply, and an internal kill generator' with a
flashing beacon and pyrotechnic pot.
The system detects the attacking laser shell',
activating the
decoder which simultaneously
etrate brick or armour, the expected
alties
initiates the visual indicators and a 360. 7 m 'kill'

zone around the generator Any personnel inside
the building or vehicle wearing the SAWES man
detector system will be affected by the kill codes.
NOSE PLUG
USED FOR -
1.
2.
3.
BEACON
ARMING WHEN
USED WITHOUT
A BEACON
BATTERY
CHARGING
BEACON
RO SIM unexploded ordnance target system
in operation. The Scimitar has engaged

troops inside the building (top right), activating the
ESIKS pyrotechnic and the internal kill generator
ESIKS
93
94
UK
RO SIM 200 Series Infantry WES

The introduction of SAWES (Small Arms Weapon
Effect Simulator) has meant that soldiers are actually aiming their rifles or machine guns during an
exercise and junior commanders can witness the
true consequences of their tactical decisions. The
exercise controller or instructor's role has changed
HEAD HARNESS
with lessons being largely self-taught as a result of

individual 'combat' experience. There are various
versions of
SAWES equipment, as outlined below
DETECTORS
(TOTAL
SAWES Man-Worn Detector System (MWDS)
VELCRO DUCTING
12)
MWDS
Each soldier
is issued with an
which comprises a ruggedised body harness with eight detectors and a headband supporting four detectors. The
system iscontrolled by an electronics box positioned
behind the wearer. The
is activated by the
insertion of a standard 9 V battery. The
is
designed so that an accurately aimed shot with a
SAWES projector from any angle and from ranges
AUDIO ALARM
CONNECTING CABLES
BODY HARNESS
MWDS
MWDS
between 5 and 800 m will guarantee a hit'. Longer

ranges are possible with projectors optimised for
machine guns. The wearer recognises that he has
been hit' by a loud warbling alarm This can only be
stopped either by the wearer lying on his back or by
intervention with the Umpire gun. An extra facility is
a near miss' warning given by a one-second warble
SAWES
x 4 Optical
The Type 210
Army
accurate simulation
The projector
CHEST STRAP
VELCRO STRAPS
VISUAL HIT
INDICATOR
BODY HARNESS
Laser Projectors
was developed
meet the requirements for
a laser bullet' and ease of
optical laser projector
for the British
BRASSARD
to
of
HEADBAND PLUG
UNDER WEBBING
integrated with an optical

sight. The projector is
fitted to the weapon without any form of alignment
procedure and is ready for immediate use. The laser
bullet' is fired on the correct explosion of a blank
cartridge and is transmitted in the same time frame
as a real bullet This avoids inaccuracies resulting
use.
laser
sight similar to the x 4
is
SUIT
from post-detonation gun jump and realistically

rewards a properly aimed shot The projector can
also be activated by a Trigger Switch Assembly
(TSA) during dry
by a 9 V battery.
firing.
The equipment
is
powered
FRONT STRAPS
REAR STRAP
RO SIM SA WES man-worn detector system (MWDS)
SAWES Bore-aligned Laser Projectors

The Type 213/214 laser projectors were developed
to meet the requirement for equipment that can
operate with infantry night vision sights. The design
maintains the philosophy that a SAWES projector
should be inherently accurate and not require any
form of field alignment during fitting The borealigned projector uses state-of-the-art electronics to
permit a compact, lightweight but robust equipment
A sniper,
firing a
Parker-Hale
rifle fitted
with a
SAWES bore-aligned laser, hits a man target

(arrowed) at over 1000 metres. Such accuracy
allows commanders to deploy snipers in a
realistic
manner
UK
95
TRANSDUCER
BLEEPER
l.5v
BATTERY
*y$feiS
PYROTECHNIC
The
RO SIM SAWES Claymore mine
Component parts of the S AWES hand grenade
FLASHING LAMP
SAWES Claymore Mine

The SAWES Claymore mine is designed to represent
DETECTOR UNIT
zone of an operational M18-type

anti-personnel mine. The simulator is initiated by
either the electrical or trip wire method employed
for the live mine. On firing, a pyrotechnic is exploded;
simultaneously the SAWES kill code is transmitted
in an approximate 60 fan up to a range of 50 m
the actual lethality
SAWES Hand Grenade Simulator

The SAWES hand grenade simulator
cessfully used in British
built-up areas) exercises
a pyrotechnic which
CONTROL
has been suc-
Army FIBUA
(fighting in
The device incorporates
detonated by a standard
with the normal
ignition delay. Simultaneously the SAWES laser kill
codes radiate up to a preset lethal range Soldiers
wearing the SAWES detector kit are 'killed' if they
are within the lethal zone. An audio signal aids the
location of the simulator which can then be reset for
is
smoke grenade mechanism and
further use.
SAWES
Optical Projector
The x 1 optical projector is particularly suitable for

machine gun simulation, because the laser can
be optimised for ranges up to 2000 m The normal
ammunition scaling for the particular weapon can
M 113 FITTED WITH TOS

AND HIT RESPONSE BEACON
AND PYROTECHNIC UNITS
be programmed so that a realistic re-supply period

is introduced. The wide angle x 1 optical viewer
assures automatic zeroing and ease of use.
RO SIM
RO SIM vehicle target system mounted on Ml 73 APC
300 Series - Mechanised and Support
Infantry
The 300 series would normally be supplied with the

appropriate Type 200 series SAWES equipment to
permit battalion-level training with armoured personnel carriers and anti-tank support weapons
Type 100 series Umpire guns are required, and
RELACES can be
fire
supplied to simulate the mortar
capability of the battalion
Vehicle Target System

The Type 301 vehicle target system can be readily
fitted to vehicles such as an M113 armoured personnel carrier or to a Jeep-type vehicle. In each
case the appropriate number of detector blocks is
positioned round the vehicle and connected to a
control unit. The exercise controller can set the
correct target vulnerability (eg medium armour) and
if a 'hit' is obtained from an attack system with the
appropriate lethality then an orange pyrotechnic

and aflashing beacon are initiated.
AFV WES Cupola
Kits
have been supplied to simulate cupola machine

guns of both 0.5-inch/12.7 mm and 7.62 mm calibre.
The x 1 laser projector is mounted on the weapon
and programmed for the appropriate ammunition
scaling. Instead of relying on blank rounds or
pyrotechnics, an electronic flash/bang generator
Kits
is
supplied
AFV WES cupola
kit
dismounted, showing laser projector and flash/bang generator
UNIT
96
Anti-tank
UK
Weapons WES
RO SIM
can offer simulators for the following

weapons: MILAN, LAW 80. TOW, 106 mm
recoilless rifle. Dragon and 84 mm Carl Gustav.
The systems are characterised by accurate
representation of the weapon performance and
anti-tank
require the same operator's skills as for the real

weapon When required, a result display panel is
included for the benefit of the operator and the

instructor For MILAN. TOW and Dragon a vulnerability receiver unit can be included
RO SIM 400 Series - Armour WES

The RO SIM 400 series includes infantry MICVs with
main armament attack capability as well as a wide
range of equipments for main battle tanks and
cavalry units. The target system for these vehicles
is based on the Type 301 system and can be programmed to represent heavy armour vulnerability
in
the
DFWES coding system.
RO SIM 500 Series - Helicopter WES

helicopter target system known as GATWES
(Ground Attack Weapon Effect Simulator) has been
supplied to the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence.

The system permits land forces to engage attacking
helicopters
In
addition.
RO SIM can offer the Talissi helicopter

TOW/HOT missiles which has
attack system for
completed
Germany.
trials
and
been
accepted
in
West
RO SIM LA W 80 simulator, part ot the RO SIM 300 series
STATUS
The above equipments are in service with Canada
(30 systems ordered in 1984), Jordan (922 systems
ordered
1984 followed by a repeat order for 500 in

Kingdom (1910 systems ordered in
1984), US Army and other armed forces, especially
in the Middle East. RO SIM is producing a range
of equipment for Malaysia, the US Army Brigade
(Berlin). UK Brigade (Berlin), the Hong Kong Forces,
and the US Marine Corps.
in
1987), United
MANUFACTURER
Royal Ordnance Simulation, Control Systems and
Fuzes Division, Blackburn, Lancashire BB1 2LE. UK
S67884.
Series 400 laser projectors fitted to Chieftain MBT

gun barrels to simulate coaxial machine guns.
The red beacon flashes when firing
Loral Solatron Weapon Effects

Simulators for Tactical, Procedural
and Gunnery Training
Loral Solatron, formerly Weston Simfire, pioneered
the development of laser-based tactical simulation
during the 1960s Following extensive user trials
the British Army adopted the Simfire Tank Weapon
Effects Simulator (WES) for its main battle tanks.
Since the early 1970s over 30 armed forces worldwide have taken Simfire simulators into service
and laser-based weapons effect simulators have
become a standard mode for training soldiers.
Loral Solatron are now owned by the Loral Corporation and together with the Training and Simul-
ation
Division of Loral Electro-Optical Systems

in California are now the lead suppliers of
in the world. The entire range of direct fire
(LEOS)
WES
weapons deployed by
the
be simulated to provide
needs described below
modern
all
battle
group can
or part of the training
Loral Solatron's new generation of systems is

modular based with the emphasis placed on meeting
an individual armed force's training requirements
plus their stretch potential.

Loral Solatron provides full logistics support to its
Simfire systems in use worldwide and is under
contract to maintain over 800 Simfics tank combat

simulators in service with the British Army, and up to
1500 TOW and Dragon anti-tank weapon simulators
currently entering service with the US Army and
Marine Corps.
Simfire Tank Gunnery Simulators

As a weapon trainer, Simfire permits all standard
gunnery procedures to be practised against real
targets but without using live ammunition, and can
therefore be employed in confined areas. It may be
employed at a very early stage in tank crews' training
long before they would otherwise have the first
opportunity to exercise their guns on the ranges. As
a tactical trainer, it adds realism to field training, as
targets can be engaged with appropriate visual and
audio effects, and the knowledge that the target may
retaliate
The
if
theshot
is
system
in-use fire control system and
notsuccessful
the Simfire S Series which is

described as a precision gunnery simulator and is
claimed to be the most advanced training system
available for AFVs. The Simfire S Series is readily
adapted to any AFV, gun or missile and is equally
effective on tanks with or without fire control computers. The Simfire S Series has a modular compact
design and allows the option of purchasing a basic
system to provide gunnery procedural and tactical
training and later procuring add-on modules to
latest
integrate to the
provide a through-sight trajectory display of the

projectile after firing. The latter provides both the
trainee gunner and commander with a visual display
on which a hit produces an on-target burst and
a miss is seen with the fall of shot co-ordinates
displayed on the Simfire S Series control unit. In
addition data record and readout units are available
to enable post exercise analysis and the instructor
monitor units allow real-time analysis on the firing
range.
Simfire systems have been fitted to over 48 different types of AFVs. including over 800 examples of
the Simfics system in service with the British Army
on their Chieftain and Challenger MBTs. Over 1600
Simfire Mark II ER (ER - extended range) systems
are in service in the Middle East.
is
Simfire Systems for Infantry Fire Support Vehicles

(IFVSs)
Loral Solatron has designed simulators for this latest
generation of fighting vehicle. Full simulation of
rapid firing cannon is achieved along with full
interoperability with all the other Simfire range of
simulators.
Simfire Target Systems

Target systems are available for vehicles and above
UK
97
pytp
ground positions Vulnerability characteristics can

be re-programmed to allow for multiple targets and
to ensure realism is maintained.
Simfire Anti-Armour Weapon Simulators
Loral Solatron offers a wide range of anti-armour
simulators for direct fire and wire-guided weapons.
The true performance of the weapon can be simulated to allow full gunnery training as well as tactical
force-on-force exercises against Simfire-equipped
targets.
Simfire anti-armour simulators have been provided to armed forces worldwide, including simuCarl Gustav, MILAN and LAW 80
lators for the 84
systems Loral Solatron are also supplying Precision Gunnery Training Systems (PGTS) to the US
mm
Army and Marine Corps

anti-tank weapons
for their
TOW
and Dragon
Anti-Armour Helicopters
Loral Solatron has developed attack and target
systems for anti-armour helicopters and is a subcontractor to Loral Fairchild (USA) on the US Army's
The result
of a successful
engagement between AFVs equipped with Simfire S Series precision gunnery

case the target' is an Ml Abrams MBT
trainers; in this
Air-to-Ground
Effects
Simulation
programme
(AGES). AGES will allow anti-armour helicopters
such as the AH-64A Apache to be fitted with attack
and target simulators.

Simfire Small
When
Arms Simulator
fitted to rifles
and machine guns the Simfire
Small Arms System allows infantry
to participate in
The system can be used

with iron or optical sights, plus image intensifiers,
installed
and can be quickly
on any weapon.
With the Small Arms Simulator a low-powered
eye-safe laser projector is attached to the barrel and
activated by the discharge of a blank cartridge. Each
tactical training exercises.
is made vulnerable to fire' by detectors

placed around the head and body. The detector
harness, which can be worn over combat webbing
equipment, does not interfere with the wearer's
mobility. When a soldier is hit' a horn sounds and
he can then take no further part in the exercise until
the system is re-activated by an instructor. A near
miss' is indicated by a brief sound of the horn to act
as a warning to the soldier.
Part of a self-contained system, the projector is
quickly and easily attached and aligned to infantry
small arms, and is totally compatible with other
Simfire systems Infantry can therefore be included
in the tactical scenarios of a variety of laser-based
simulation exercises.
participant
To ensure the system
is
functioning correctly and
provided
This small hand held instrument allows an umpire
to check exercise participants' harnesses for correct
functioning, to kill' a system, or to re-activate a
system from the killed' mode.
The Simfire Small Arms System is in service with
European, North American and Far Eastern armed
forces. In March 1989 the Swedish Army placed an
order for 150 simulators for use at their Infantry
Combat School at Borensberg.
not being misused, an umpire's pistol
is
The instructor's monitor unit for a Simfire S Series simulator allows an instructor to monitor and co-ordinate
up to four AFVs on a firing exercise; full fall of shot data and trajectory display can be shown in full time
The Simfire S Series Trajectory Display Unit provides an AFV gunner and commander with a visual
image of a simulated projectile; this display indicates a hit
Simfire Controllers Gun
The Simfire Controllers Gun is an essential adjunct
to Simfire simulators, enabling umpires to control
tactical exercises. The Gun uses a number of different modes. An interrogate' mode allows an umpire
British
Army Chieftain MB T fitted with Simfics
check that Simfire simulators are on and are

operating effectively. The 'kill' mode enables an
umpire to simulate a hit on any Simfire-equipped
exercise participant. A 're-activate' mode allows an
umpire to bring 'killed' Simfire systems back to the
to
'live' status. All these functions can be carried out

from remote distances, along with a ranging' mode
which allows umpires to identify the precise range
of Simfire-equipped units.
98
UK
Sm
J to
s'
d
The Simlire simulator for the MILAN ATGW, as on all Simfire simulators.
reproduces the actual weapon s firing signature to disclose the location of the
firing position in
Future
80
is
one
of a
wide range of anti-armour weapons
for
which Simfire
simulators are available
manner
Programmes
Loral Solatron
of
a tactically correct
LAW
weapon
is
its range
from in-house
constantly extending
effects simulators both
development or in conjunction with Loral ElectroOptical Systems (LEOS).

Loral Solatron is bidding a simulator for the Aimed
Controlled Effect Anti-Tank Mine (ACEATM) programme for the British, French and West German
armies.
STATUS
Simfire equipments are in production and are currently in service with nearly 30 countries including
Australia. Austria, Canada. People's Republic of
China. Chile, Denmark. Ecuador, Egypt, France,
Greece. India, Indonesia, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Japan.
Libya. New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Saudi Arabia,
Singapore. Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland,
Syria, United Kingdom (Army and RAF Regiment),
USA (Army and Marine Corps), Venezuela and
Zaire.
MANUFACTURER
Cambridge Road. Enfield.
Middlesex EN13RX.UK.
Telephone: 081 367 5500 Telex: 24724 WESTON G
Fax 081367 3146
Loral Solatron 580 Great
An
The Simfire Small Arms Simulator fitted to a

7.62
mm G3 rifle
artist's
impression of AH-64A Apache attack helicopters using

simulation exerises
AGES
to
participate in force-on-force
!&
USA
99

Multiple Integrated Laser
Engagement System (MILES)

The Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System
(MILES) is a family of laser transmitters and laser
detection devices that provides realistic tactical
weapons training for force-on-force tactical exercises. MILES uses low power gallium arsenide laser
transmitters to fire simulated rounds' and silicon
photodiode detectors to record hits' and near
misses'. Realistic weapon signatures are achieved
by using blank rounds, the MILES Anti-Tank
Weapons Effects Signature Simulator (ATWESS) or
the MILES Automatic Weapons Effects Signature
Simulator (AWESS I) for 20 to 40
weapons Simulated hits' and near misses' are denoted by audio
and visual signals that can be observed at the
targets. A 'hit' results in the de-activation of the
target weapon system In the case of vehicles such
as tanks, where a 'hit' may or may not cause total
de-activation, the electronics logic in the detector
system has the capability of making that decision
based on the code message of the attacking weapon.
Unique codes are assigned to each type of weapon
to provide a complete hierarchy of weapons and
hit/near miss' effects
MILES is in production and deliveries of hardware
for operational use began in 1980 The MILES family
consists of infantry, armour, and anti-tank simulator
mm
systems, such as rifles, light and heavy machine

guns, tank weapons (main gun and on-board
machine guns) and anti-armour missiles such as
TOW and Dragon.
The latest generation of equipments are known
as MILES
They retain the capabilities and perII
formance of the original MILES but with reduced

size and weight, increased battery life and integral
player identification and instrumented event data,
The launch tube acccurately reproduces the weight

and dimensions of the actual tube, including the
MILES Stinger gripstock. The transmitter assembly
simulates the firing of the Stinger missile by transmitting a coded laser signal. Acquisition tones are
realistically simulated. The launch tube contains an
ATWESS device which, if proper launch procedures
are followed, ignites to simulate the flash, smoke
and sound of a missile launch The Stinger gunner
wears a Man Worn Laser Detector (MWLD) and is
vulnerable to other MILES weapon fire.
The air-to-ground systems include the US
Air
support aircraft and the OH58A. UH-1H and AH-1S helicopters. On fixed-wing
Force A-10 close
air
tactical aircraft the
weapons
emetry system are
in
transmitters and tela pod configuration with no

other aircraft modifications
MILES equipment
installed on AH-1S Cobra helicopters, simulates the
cannon and
firing effects of the TOW weapon, 20
the 2.75-inch rocket Upon receipt of a valid laser
signal the Cobra's detection system will insert an
audio tone in the intercom system and a light is
activated on an Aircraft Kill Indicator in the cockpit,
and a strobe light mounted on one skid flashes If
the target is killed' a smoke canister collocated with
the strobe light is activated Other MILES equipment
includes the M1 Abrams tanks and the M2/M3
Bradley Fighting Vehicles All weapons are faithfully
simulated by MILES transmitters and detection
systems are configured for the various vehicles and
helicopters
Other MILES equipment includes the MILES Laser
Target Interface Device (LTID), the Mobile Independent Target System (MITS). the new Small Arms
LTID
Transmitter (SAT), and MILES aerial targets.
is a detection system which is simply and easily
installed on man and tank pop-up targets enabling
mm
MILES Universal Helmet Harness
M LES equipment also provides for Air-to-G round

I
Engagement Systems and Air Defense systems

(AGES/AD I). The latter include Chaparral, Vulcan
and Stinger.
As an example, the MILES Stinger consists of a
simulated transmitter and launch tube assembly
Mobile Independent Target System (MITS)
Advanced
standard MILES transmitters to strike down targets.

LTID was designed to react in an appropriate manner
to all MILES codes and to maintain the inherent
precision of MILES.
MITS is a simple self-contained 360" detection
system powered by four 6 V batteries, which can be
quickly attached to vehicles or placed on bunkers,
some other features.
plus
with
Torso Harness
MILES
infantry
equipment
100
buildings or other targets and which reacts approNear misses', hits',

priately to all MILES codes
and kills' are indicated by means of a standard
MILES strobe light on top of the unit.
The SAT recently placed into production differs
from the original MILES small arms transmitter in
that it adjusts to the weapon sight for alignment
and uses advanced technology which results in

a substantial reduction in size and weight while
providing increased battery life. SAT is adaptable to
a variety of small arms including the M16A2 rifle and
the M249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW).
MILES detectors and shoot-back transmitters
have been developed and successfully flown on
aerial targets, drones and Radio-Controlled Miniature Aerial Targets (RCMATS). MILES air defence
training is enhanced by the use of the more available,
low operating cost, aerial targets
Recent developments include the MILES Universal Helmet Harness, MILES Advanced Torso
Harness,
MILES
ted MILES
(Player ID).
Soft
(l-MILES).
Hat
Harness,
and Player
Instrumen-
Identification
The MILES Universal Helmet Harness and the

MILES
Torso Harness are second generation
replacements for the MILES Helmet and MILES
Torso Harness respectively They are smaller,
lighter, and more reliable than their predecessors
and are also waterproof. Both are powered by
lithium batteries that will operate for over eight
years before replacement
The MILES Soft Hat Harness provides a means of
attaching MILES detectors to the heads of nonhelmet-equipped combatants It attaches to caps,
bush-hats, berets and other soft material headgear
It is totally
interoperable with the MILES II Torso
Harness and its predecessor and is powered by an
eight-year lithium battery.

I-MILES works in conjunction with MILES to record
and time-tag MILES events (hits, kills, misses, firing
engagements) for enhanced after-action debriefs.

Player ID encodes MILES laser signals with a
MILES equipment
By mid-1988 over 600000 MILES systems had
been produced for 125 different types of weapon or
applications, including those listed below The US
Army employs MILES systems at its National Trainpatible with
all
existing
ing Center at Fort Irwin, California, the Joint Readiness Training Center at Fort Chaffee. Arkansas, and
West Germany
a third Tactical
Hohenfels
in
(CATIES)
Weapons/Systems
M16A1 and M16A2 rifles; Heckler & Koch G3 rifle,
Galil rifle; BM59 rifle; AK-47 and AKM rifles; FN FAL
and L1A1 rifles; M60 and M60E3 machine guns;
M249 machine gun; M2 50/12.7 mm machine guns;
M85 machine gun; MAG 58 machine gun; MG3series machine guns; MG42/59 machine guns;
M240 machine gun; M1919A4 machine gun; 0.357
Infantry
12-gauge shotguns; 9
pistol;
mm M9 pistol; M1911
gun; 9
NBC
contamination and land

worldwide force-on-
effects during
force training and operational testing. The system

includes simulation of the lethal and suppressive
effects of naval gunfire as well as munitions that are
delivered indirectly via guns, rockets, missiles and
mortars. It is intended that CATIES will be incorporated with MILES (the system can also complement other similar systems) to improve tactical
engagement training.
CATIES has three primary components; a master
station, actuators and appliques
mm
Compatible Systems
Small Arm's Alignment Fixture (SAAF). Multiple
Range Alignment Device (MRAD). Hand Held Laser
Locator (HHLL); Laser Target Interface Device
Systems (LTIDS). M18A1 Claymore anti-personnel
mine. M1627 Hostile Expendable Aerial Target
(HEAT). Mobile Operations in Urban Terrain
and
II;
Systems
LAW; Dragon; AT4; MILAN; Sagger;
Future MILES Applications
Maverick (AGM-65) missile. Rockeye
MK
20 anti-
mm
tank cluster bomb. Roland missile. M203 40

grenade launcher. M21 anti-tank mine, M202 portable flame weapon. Smoke Penetrating Simulators.
M224 60
Lightweight Company Mortar; M252
81
Battalion Mortar; M992 Field Artillery Ammunition Support Vehicle (FAASV). M577 Command
Post Carrier; Light Armored Vehicle (LAV). M721
mm
mm
Copperhead: M231
Firing Port
Weapon. M12581
mm
Mortar Carrier; M109-series 155 mm self-propelled

howitzers; M88-series armoured recovery vehicles
M 198 155 mm Howitzer; Indirect Fire Simulator (IFS)
STATUS
production In service with the US armed forces
{over 250 000 small arms systems supplied to the US
Army and Marine Corps). Italy (480 small arms
systems), Netherlands, Norway (60 systems)
In
for 20 mm, 25mm,

105mm. 120mm,
152mm, 73mm and 90mm guns. MILES systems
are also used on T-72. BRDM-2. BMP and M1974
VISMODs at the US Army's National Training Center
available
Original
station
through
ink jet printer.
The master
station
is
powered by
AC generator
The master
station acts as a link with firing unit

direction facilities and fire support elements with
communication system connected to a processor.
fire
its
MANUFACTURER
Loral Electro-Optical Systems. 300 North Halstead
PO Box 7101. Pasadena. California 91109
Street.
USA.
MILES Small Arms Transmitter (upper); new MILES SAT (lower)
initiates and controls the

the transmission of attacking
weapons and timing data to selected actuators The
master station may be fixed or mobile and uses an
IBM PC-compatible microcomputer with a 10 Mbyte
hard disc, a topographical display using colour
graphics, a menu-driven liquid crystal display and
system
Singapore (approximately 1200 systems). Taiwan

(520 systems) and some other countries
Telephone: (818) 351 5555. Fax: (818) 351 5081
at Fort Irwin, California
a 110V
mine warfare
pistol
Tank and Vehicle Weapons System

M41; M48A1. M48A3and M48A5; M60A1 and M60A3:
M1 and M1A1 Abrams; M2 and M3 Bradley; M551
Sheridan: M551; Leopard 1A1 and 1A3; Leopard 2:
Scorpion series; M113; AAV7A1; M901 ITV; M113
TOW; Chaparral; Vulcan. MILES systems are also
an
realistic indirect fire,
Uzi sub-machine
Stinger Chaparral; SA-14; Shillelagh
system designed with the potential
simulate
mm
andM1911A1
Missile and Rocket
TOW
The Combined Arms Training Integrated Evaluation

System (CATIES - pronounced cat-eyes) is an area
weapons effect tactical engagement simulation
to
mm
mm
(MOUT)
The master
Integrated Evaluation System
facility at
Airborne Systems and Weapons

A-10UH-1, UH-60 Black Hawk. AH-1 Apache. OH-58
Kiowa; Hughes 500MD: Hind-D (VISMOD). TOW and
ITOW. 2 75-inch rocket. 57
rocket. 20
and
30
guns
CURRENT MILESSYSTEMS
Stinger anti-aircraft missile launch simulator
Combined Arms Training
USA
player-unique code that identifies the firer It is of

optimal use when employed in conjunction with
l-MILES for precise exercise reconstruction
All recent developments are completely com-
II
II
This processor captures and interprets tactical

digital messages and automatically enters the data
into the masterstation microcomputer. Data capture
includes the target location, method of fire, the
weapon/munition combination, time of flight and
time of shot The master station computes the data
required to cause at least three coded, omnidirectional. RF energy pulses to intersect over the
target location at the proper time This intersection
is achieved by transmitting the appropriate data to

each of three or more actuators which re-transmit
the energy pulse. The maximum range of the master
station from the actuators is 32 200 m. line-of-sight
The actuators, also known as relay/actuators,
transmit directly, or as relays, weapon and timing
data from the master station to appliques in the target
area The system can handle up to 64 addressable
actuators to cover large ranges and rugged terrain.
The output power is 10 W and power is derived from
an internal, solar-charged 12 V battery. The actuator
is contained in a ruggedised carrying case measuring 228 x 305 x 457 mm. The weight of an actu-
ator
is
15 kg
The appliques may be placed on individual

soldiers or pieces of equipment. They sense actuator transmissions, determine and indicate the
effects on the targets, and propogate these lethal
and suppressive
effects through
interfaces with
the following:
MILES-type
direct
fire
training
equipment
USA
101
systems that provide limited audio indications of

CATIES effects, appropriate disablement of
weapons systems and vehicle mobility, and transfer
of CATIES data to other instrumentation systems
Range instrumentation devices

Audio-visual devices that supply the flash-bang
cues to soldiers affected by indirect artillery fire,
NBC contamination or land mine warfare.
Appliques are powered by an internal 6 to 9 V
battery with an operational life of over 70 hours.
Their weight is 450 g and each unit measures
76 x 32 x 114mm.Theappliquescanprovideeither
'hit' or 'near miss' information.
An important part of the system is the link with the
command and control elements that provide the
data necessary for CATIES to simulate the desired
effects
These
links
must be
digital to
be compatible
systems,
with, yet invisible to, current fire direction
such as TACFIRE and the Battery Computer System

(BCS). and manual to ensure redundancy as well as
worldwide application to the training environment.
The concept of CATIES was developed by LB & M
Associates of Lawton, Oklahoma, and has been
technically defined and supported by the Government Electronics Group of Motorola Inc. The first
proof-of-concept contract was placed by the US
Army Training and Doctrine Command in November
1986 A prototype system was first operated in April
1987 and was demonstrated at the US Army Field
Artillery School in August 1987 A follow-on contract
awarded in April 1988 covered two master stations.
10 actuators and 11 appliques for evaluation at
the National Training Center (NTC) at Fort Irwin,
California. On 21 January 1989 a contract to provide
production equipment for the NTC was awarded
This entailed four master stations, 52 actuators, 600
vehicle applique units and 600 audio-visual cues.
The contract also covers the development and
testing of 16 reduced-size player detection' devices
(man-worn appliques). Deliveries began in January
1990.
A C A TIES master station

howitzers, rockets and missiles), mortars, naval
NBC contamination and minefields
Targets: capable of 128 possible target types (both
red and blue forces
Effective radii of effects: selectable, eg 25, 50, 150 or
250
Simulations: up to 50 missions/second
Interfaces: MILES; range instrumentation systems;
audio-visual cue devices; and applicable digital and
voice command and control systems; unique
audio/visual cueing for simulation of suppressive
Weapon
simulation: up to 16 000 different
Range:
weapon-
sight
Simulated Area Weapon Effects

Radio Frequency
ation.
During September 1989 Loral Electro-Optical

Systems, a unit of the Loral Corporation, won an 18month engineering development US Army contract
to develop a training system known as Simulated
Area Weapons Effects - Radio Frequency (SAWERF). The system will simulate the effects of area
weapons such as artillery and mortars, chemical
weapons and land mines. It will make use of the US
Defense Department's Global Positioning System
(GPS) which will be fully operational during 1992.
SAWE-RF simulates area weapons using a
position-based determination of where exercise
participants are relative to the lethal, or nearlethal, impact areas of the weapons/munitions being
simulated Simulated impact areas that accurately
replicate the impact areas of the full range of area
weapons ranging from conventional artillery to
chemical weapons and minescan becreated.
The system consists of a Mission Control Station
(MCS) and various participant modules. The MCS
consists of a computer system, a Global Positioning
System (GPS) reference receiver and a radio frequency data transmitter. Exercise participants, dismounted troops and vehicles, are equipped with
Player Detector Devices (PDD) and Vehicle Detector
(VDD) respectively. The PDDs/VDDs

receive and respond to the messages transmitted
Devices
by the MCS.
Calls for fire are entered manually or via an
km
line-of-
MCS computer to initiate the simulSystem software written in Ada performs calculations and analysis on the calls and transmits the
interface into the
resultant impact area co-ordinates to all participants

through a data link.
For manual entry, a CRT and keyboard are
provided at the MCS. Pull-down menus allow the
operator/instructor to specify the location, type and

time of any simulated weapons effect. Menus are
organised to mesh logically with currently-practiced
call-for-fire protocols and procedures The same
CRT/keyboard may be used to display scenario
status information during the course of an exercise
In the automatic mode the MCS computer is interfaced to the BCS and TACFIRE fire control networks
(or their equivalent) These networks locate battle
field targets and provide firing data to artillery batteries.
miles/96. 5km
Resolution: 1 to 2
to
relays)
60
Accuracy for simulated impact areas: 10 m using

pulse compression techniques
STATUS
In
production - see
text.
MANUFACTURER
Inc, Government Electronics Group, 8200
RosseveltStreet, PO Box 9040, Scotsdale, Arizona
85252, USA
Telephone: (602) 441 7737. Fax: (602) 441 5749
E.
(actuator to actuator) 20 miles/32.2
target combinations including field artillery (guns.
range through up
(extended
Motorola
effects
CATIES Data
km
(actuator to target) 10 miles/16.1
gunfire,
The SAWE-RF software
interprets this data
and generates the appropriate message for listening
PDDsandVDDs.
Up to five pre-planned scenarios
weapons impact area, each

equipped with a multi-channel GPS
receiver which collects data from orbiting satellites, interprets the data and calculates the resultant
that of the simulated
PDD/VDD
is
participant location
The
MCS
contains a multi-channel
receiver
the resultant calculated position with the previously

surveyed MCS position From this comparison correction factors are transmitted to each player to
increase overall system accuracy.
Real-time casualty assessment in reponse to the
weapons effects transmitted by the MCS is performed by the participant. For artillery, mines and
chemical munitions, casualty assessment is based
on the participant's location relative to the location
of the
weapons
published
It
is
in
effects
based on
statistical
data
FM/6-40.
planned that
SAWE-RF
will
be used
at all
three National Training Centers (NTCs), Fort Irwin,

California, Fort Chaffee, Arkansas, and Hohenfels,
of 50 fire missions each are available for selection by the fire

director Pre-planned scenarios are stored in the
computer system's mass storage disc device and
can be loaded and executed through the appropriate
STATUS
menu selection.
Development.
Messages transmitted by the
GPS
which constantly monitors the status and positional

accuracy of the GPS satellite array and compares
West Germany.
MCS
contain information concerning the position, orientation and type

of simulated munition. Individual participant casualty assessment is performed based on the participants' location relative to the impact area at the
precise time the impact would have occured. In
order for participants to compare their positions with
MANUFACTURER
Loral Electro-Optical Systems, 300 North Halstead
PO Box 7101, Pasadena, California 91109,
Street,
USA.
Telephone: (818) 351 5555. Fax: (818) 351 5081
102
Yugoslavia
YUGOSLAVIA
Anti-tank Direct Fire Simulator
M79PT
Developed
to
simulate direct
fire
from and
at anti-
tank guns, this system is produced in Yugoslavia at

the Laser and Atomic Research and Development
Ruder Boskovic Institute and is a simple laser
system using projectors and receivers The antitank gun component is part of a laser simulation
system used by the Yugoslav Army and is known as
the M79PT; other components are the M76T used on
AFVs and the KOGS-L used by infantry.
The anti-tank gun fire simulator M79PT is issued
anti-tank
as a kit and is used with 76 and 100
guns. On both types of gun the laser transmitter is
secured over the barrel just forward of the gun shield
with a laser receiver unit mounted on top of the
shield together with a flashing lamp and a smoke
cartridge holder; it is assumed that similar units are
mounted on the target AFV. If incoming laser signals
are received on the laser receiver on the anti-tank
gun the lamp will start to flash and the smoke
cartridge will emit coloured smoke
The M79PT system is so arranged that the operating ranges correspond to the combat ranges of the
gun involved. For a 100
gun this is 1200 m and
mm*
mm
mm
M79PT anti-tank
direct fire simulator titled to 100
mm
gun 900 m. A 12 V power source

a 76
required The laser employed has a power output
for
7W
Total
is
of
system when
stand-by 5 W. A hit counter
power consumption
of the
switched on is 60 Wand in
is incorporated The reception angle of the laser
receiver is 90 in azimuth and 40 in elevation.
STATUS
In
production
In
service with the Yugoslav Army.
mm anti-tank gun T-12
MANUFACTURER
Laser
(LAIR),
and Atomic Research and Development

Ruder Boskovic Institute. Biienicka c 54.
4100 Zagreb. Yugoslavia. POB 1016

Telephone: (041) 272 61 1 Telex 21383
Enquiries to Federal Directorate of Supply and Procurement (SDPR). 9 Nemanjina Street. 11001
Belgrade. Yugoslavia
Telephone: 621 522 Telex 1 1360. 1 1541 YU SDPR
Laser-based Tactical Engagement

Simulation System
This laser-based tactical engagement simulation
system is a variant of the Laser Infantry Weapons
Simulator; for details the reader is referred to the

entry under Small Arms Marksmanship Training
Equipment and Systems The system involves a
laser projector
mounted on an
helmet-mounted array
infantry
weapon, a
and
of four laser detectors,
smoke devices that indicate
hit
or
wounded
103
Anti-tank Guided
Weapon
Simulators
and Training Systems

CANADA
Bendix Avelex Video Interactive
Gunnery Simulation (VIGS)

This Video Interactive Gunnery Simulation (VIGS)
from Bendix Avelex, a unit of Allied-Signal Aerospace Canada, is a modular user-programmable
training system adaptable for use with almost any
optically sighted, direct-fire weapons system,
guided or non-guided It is a third generation
gunnery simulator providing dynamic response
times consistent with the actual weapon involved
to minimise student proficiency reduction which
frequently occurs when the transition is made from
simulator to actual weapon The VIGS system uses
commercially available video and computer
technology and its modular software enables rapid
prototyping to new weapon systems
VIGS image processing permits time interaction
with
pre-recorded
and digitised video scenes
Special effects are computer generated as video

graphic overlays so natural target window perspectives are maintained at all times Ambient
battlefield noise is read from stereo video disc sound
tracks Sounds representing squib firing, gyro windup, launch and impact explosions may be programmed and synchronised to the visual events. A
speech synthesiser generates an unlimited range of
voice
commands
The
in
any language
instructor station includes a video disc player,
and a notebook computer

generate engagement parameters Mission scenarios and environmental conditions are programmed by the instructor through a menu-driven
interface User-defined engagement malfunctions
include wire break, erratic flight, launch or flight
motor misfire and missile light source failure Simulated environmental effects include fog, smoke and
rain. The instructor selects the degree of exercise
difficulty and the type of projectile simulation.
Thermal imaging can be generated on demand
The repeater monitor displays the exact scene
viewed in the student gunner's sights for instructor
monitoring. The system monitors and records training sequences and calculates event statistics for
performance evaluations These records are available for screen playback or as hard copy. Key event
and data logging includes range plotting, target
acquisition time, percentage of time on target
terminal
accuracy,
and crossing
trajectory,
speed Student name, course number, and other
a high resolution monitor,
Bendix Avelex Video Interactive Gunnery Simulator (VIGS)
to
Through Sight Video Recorder for
TOW Night Sights

The Through Sight Video Recorder (TSV - also
known as a Thru Sight Video Recorder) is a system
that allows the image created on the reticle of the
AN/TAS-4A and AN/TAS-4C TOW night sight to be
recorded onto video tape and displayed on a remote
video monitor The normal operation of the sightcan
continue and the operator's image is unaffected.
The system allows an instructor to assess the performance of individual TOW gunners and also
monitor missile performance.
The system consists of an optical splitter

assembly that is mounted on the night sight and a
remotely located video recorder and monitor. A
video synch unit generates video timing and control
signals to synchronise the video frame rate with the
range of mechanical scan rates of the night sight. The
optical splitter assembly contains a prism, replay
optics and the video camera. Mounting the assembly
information, can also be recorded for classroom
management VIGS can be set up in an automatic

mode that al lows students to train when no instructor
is
present.
TVIGS
TVIGS
in
TVIGS configuration
replaced by a gunner's console which includes the
and indicators to
Leopard C1's gunnery
sight optics, controls, switches
TOW systems The

assembly connects to a standard TOW sight mount and is balanced to maintain
the launcher dynamics The TOWs arming lever,
bridge clamp and trigger remain fully functional
TVIGS is a trade mark of the Government of
Canada.
Available.
is
Medicine (DCIEM)
for existing
physically
simulate
the
station
STATUS
optical display
onto the night sight is facilitated using the same

threaded coupling that mounts the normal eyeshield
assembly No modifications to the night sight are
required. The system can operate from either 115V
AC 60 Hertz or 24 V DC electrical supplies
STATUS
In
TOW
LVIGS
LVIGS is a table top training device intended for use
by Leopard C1 tank gunners of the Canadian Armed
Forces. It is similar in concept to the TVIGS (see
above) except that the optical display assembly is
intended for the Tube-launched. Optically

tracked, Wire-guided (TOW) anti-tank missile
system used by the Canadian Armed Forces TVIGS
was developed in 1988 with the support of the Canadian Defense and Civil Institute of Environmental
TVIGS
for
production.
MANUFACTURER
Istec Inc.
1810 Hignway 6 North. Hamilton. Ontario.
Canada L9 J
1H2.

Fax:(416)529 5311.
5132.
Telex:
Through Sight Video Recorder (TSV)
061
8548
fitted to
TOW
night sight
MANUFACTURER
Aerospace Canada. Bendix Avelex
200 Laurentian Boulevard. Montreal Quebec
Allied-Signal
Inc.
Canada H4M2L5
Telephone
(514) 744
7485 Fax: (514) 342 3795
ANTI-TANK GUIDED WEAPONS SIMULATORS
104
China France

Anti-tank Simulator
SHMX-1
1-1
battlefield
target
characteristics
and
projectile
behaviour under different environmental

conditions It is a service-proven equipment which
allows recruits to complete a programmed training
course and can be deployed for field operation to
attain a standard virtually guaranteeing a 90 per
cent hit probability when the first live missiles are
fired. A computer-controlled version, with several
improvements, has been developed.
ballistic
The SHMX-1
1-11 is a robust three-piece portable
unit designed to train anti-tank missile operators;

initially for the Sagger MCLOS
it was developed
system but can be modified to other similar systems

The system comprises a computing unit, a CRT
screen unit, and a simplified joystick control unit,
totalling 40 7 kg. The system can simulate various
STATUS
In
service with the Chinese
Army
MANUFACTURER
China Electronics Import Corporation,
Beijing. People's Republic of China
PO Box
140,
FRANCE
Giravions Dorand
Simulators
Weapon
Giravions Dorand Industries has for some years

been producing a range of weapon simulators and
training devices Some of these simulators and training aids date back to first generation guided missile
simulators such as those for the SS 1 1 missile while
others employ the very latest technological
advances
Most
of the
on-board weapon-aiming
simulators employ the system whereby simulated

targets are introduced into the weapon sight or firecontrol system. Aiming at this simulated target can
then be assessed by an instructor using a video
monitoring unit. Some units employ a video screen
system where the student is taught to use weapon
controls or sights rather than a complete weapon
installation
Details of the Giravions
Dorand range are given
below:
DX43
Training device used for training SS11 anti-tank
missile operators using on-launcher components
DX44
Classroom training device for SS
1 1
operators.
DX131
Typical of many of the Giravions Dorand simulators,
the DX 131 is intended for use by the aimers of
HOT missiles fired from the UTM800 turret. The
equipment consists of an optical unit installed in
front of the missile operator's sight, an electronics
unit, a control unit and a video camera and monitor.
This system can be used either against actual targets
or against electronic' targets projected into the
sight and viewed against the landscape. The video
system can be used for instant playback Special test
equipment is available for third line maintenance
Giravions Dorand DX 164
DX145
Similar to the DX 140 but intended for the training of
patrol boat crews
Lancelot
but for use on vehicles fitted with the
HOT
used
but for use on
VAB/Mephisto turret.
DX134
AsDX
131 but for
use on the
HCT type turret
DX140
System
SS
for
use on helicopters
for training
aimers
of
11 type missiles.
for training
HOT operators operAs with

used to
simulated tank target
into the helicopter

the DX 147 the simulated target
is at 3500 m and the system can be used with the
helicopter still on the ground if required. The full
system comprises an optical unit (BO-15) mounted
on the helicopter sight in place of the IR localiser. a
computer (CA-12), a control unit (BC-3) for use by
the instructor, and a matching unit (MM-7) on the
computer The complete system weighs 21 to 55 kg
plus the interconnecting cables.
The DX 147 is in production and service with the
stabilised sight.
DX133
As DX 131
On
French armed forces.
DX143
For use with the MILAN anti-tank missile system
The DX 143 is used with the actual MILAN launcher
and consists of a simulated missile transporter/launcher tube containing a computer unitand
the 24 V power supply. A further item is a reflex
optical unit mounted on top of the aiming unit through
which an instructor can follow a student's performance. As an alternative this reflex device can
be replaced by a video system. Aiming practice can
be carried out against real or simulated optical

targets projected into the aiming system. Using the
DX 143 the full range of MILAN drills and actions can
be practised
The DX 143 is in production and use with several
armies including the French Army.
in
the
for operators of the ERYX

short-range anti-tank missile and can be used either
in a classroom or outdoors, using real or dummy
targets The equipment consists of an optical unit, a
missile canister containing the system electronics
The DX 166 was designed

is
ating from helicopters such as the Gazelle.

the ground-based simulators the DX 147 is
inject a
turret.
systems. If required the DX 164 can be used

classroom using projected landscapes
DX166
DX147
The DX 147
DX132
As DX 131
TOW anti-lank training simulator
DX164
The DX 164
is
a TOW anti-tank training simulator that
can be used either against real targets or injected

simulated targets produced in the launcher sighting
system. The actual TOW launcher is used in conjunction with the DX 164 which comprises an optical
unit in place of the TOW optical unit, an electronics
unit which produces the simulated target, missile
trajectory and other effects (the electronics unit has
the instructor controls on a panel), a power supply
unit, a headset and cables (the headset is used to
simulate the sounds of firing ). and an optional video
monitor and recorder Although the basic DX164
is intended for use with the infantry tripod TOW
launcher it can be adapted for use with vehicle
and an instructor's control
unit.
DX207
The DX 207
is
familiarising
a classroom training aid intended for

weapon operators with images
produced by thermal imaging equipments and is

used during the training of MILAN night sight operators. It consists of a video display system, an aiming
control system, an instructor's control unit and a
computer unit. The video monitor displays landscape and target images, produced by a prerecorded video cassette, together with the fire
control system sight reticle to be controlled by the
trainee
STATUS
Most of the above equipments are in production
Giravions Dorand simulators and training systems
are in service with over 50 countries.
MANUFACTURER
Giravions Dorand Industries. 5 rue Jean-Mace
B.P 30. 92151 Suresnes Cedex. France,
Telephone: (1)45.06.52.22.
Telex: VERSUR 612 961 F Fax (1) 42.04.58.20.
Israel
105
ISRAEL
SIMANTA Anti-Tank Missile Firing
Trainer
SIMANTA
is
a computer-controlled simulator for
training missile
gunners
to
use second generation
anti-tank missiles such as TOW, MILAN or Swingf ire.

It is an adaptable trainer consisting of a number of
trainee cubicles, each typically 8 x 3m. under the

control of a single master instructor Each cubicle
accommodates a trainee missile gunner together
with the relevant aiming and guidance equipment, a
screen onto which a film strip is projected, a video
display and recorder Another trainee acts as a crew
commander and as the station instructor (control ling
the
equipment within the cubicle).
Using the trainer, film is projected onto the screen

which may have one or more targets, either moving
or stationary. Under the command of the instructor/trainee commander (who may use binoculars if
required) the trainee gunner selects a target and
using the aiming equipment, fires the missile A

videotape recorder next to the launcher tube records
and displays the results for subsequent analysis by
the master instructor and the trainees As the missile
is fired' the system simulates the firing flash, dust
and smoke and the missile tail tracer is simulated
during the missile flight time until impact Battlefield
sounds such as gunfire and flashes may be introduced if required. The maximum screen time of
any particular scenario is about 30 minutes Target
projection freezes' as the missile intersects the
target plane.
The master instructor has a central console which

he can use to observe and record results on any
particular cubicle station, using selector switches to
view the launcher-sight picture. He can also select
the scenario film strip and the degree of battlefield
effects to be used. Trainee gunners and commanders can be taught to use the training system in
a very short time and from then can proceed from
basic to advanced techniques at their own pace,
exchanging roles as and when necessary. Trainees
control and correct their actions using the video playback function, and the role of the master instructor is
largely confined to that of overseer and troubleshooter.
Main components
ol SIMANTA anti-tank missile firing trainer in
Target range: up to 3000 m

8
Field of view or scene: 1
Size of typical cubicle: 3 x 8 m
Distance of trainee from screen: 6 m approx
Display accuracy: 0.1 mrad
1 mrad
Display resolution:
Computed aiming accuracy: 1 mrad
SIMTECH TOW Trainer
there
TOW Trainer uses a real TOW antitank guided missile launcher with the normal sight
unit replaced by a target injection sight unit based
on the employment of video disc-generated target
images. The trainer allows a trainee to practice
and voice synthesiser and the system application
The SIMTECH
pre-firing operational procedures, target detection and acquisition, firing a missile and tracking,
full
and
missile
misfire
and
post-fire
operational
procedures.
The system consists of a trainee station and an

The trainee station includes a real
instructor station
TOW launcher with operational controls and
is a rack housing two monitors, the system

computer, a video disc player and a printer. The
computer contains a powerful graphics module that
com bines video images with graphic effects, a sound
software.
The system provides simulation of real terrain

and real targets. TOW missile trajectories are
realistically simulated and realistic sound and
graphics of the firing, tracking, hit and miss effects,
are provided Immediate feedback and performance
evaluation is possible. The system may be used
indoors or outdoors.
levers,
and a dedicated sight unit containing a video

monitor Moving the launcher controls causes the
image on the video monitor inside the sight unit to
move accordingly, thus simulating normal operations. The instructor station has a front panel with
controls to run and start a training session. There is
also a video colour monitor displaying the same
picture as seen by the trainee and a touch-sensitive
alphanumeric display for training session management, planning, performance evaluation and the
trainee's score presentation. Behind the front panel
STATUS
In
production.
MANUFACTURER
SIMTECH
Advanced Training and Simulation

Systems Limited, 5 Hamasger Street, Tel Aviv 67774,
Israel.
Telephone:
(3)
5577469. Fax:
(3)
5564471
The SIMTECH
TOW trainer
use with
TOW
STAT US
In
service with the Israeli
Army
MANUFACTURER
Elbit
Computers Limited, Advanced Technology
Center,
POB 5390,
Telephone:
(4)
Haifa 31053, Israel
556677 Telex: 46774. Fax:
(4)
520022
106
Sweden
SWEDEN
SAAB BT 61
Anti-tank
Weapon
Trainer
The SAAB BT
weapon trainer is a simugunners using direct fire weapons

with optical sights. It is based on the use of computergenerated imagery and can be used on a wide range
of weapons types The weapons involved do not
requite modification other than the attachment of a
weapon interface kit It is possible to use the BT61
on vehicle-mounted weapon systems.
61 anti-tank
lator for training
A basic BT 61 training unit consists of a simulated

sight with a miniature video monitor which replaces
the normal weapon sight, a weapon interface kit
containing mechanical mountings, gyros and
weapon sensors, and a computer which generates

and also provides performance analyses and other functions. An optional
visual scenarios for trainees
evaluation unit
is
available.
With the BT 61 a trainee looking into the simulated

weapon sight is presented with an image field of view
approximately 45 wide and 20 high, depending on
the usual magnification of the sight involved. The
miniature video monitor providing the sight display
is monochrome. The training scenario uses a threedimensional database consisting of a digitised photograph of real terrain and can simulate a training area
measuring up to 19 x 19 km. Foreground objects are
taken from a library. Computer-generated targets can
move freely in the gaming area and correct occulting
is simulated between all objects in the scenario. Up to
four targets can be presented at one time, each being
scaled and rotated correctly according to range and
The speed and direction of the targets is preprogrammed during the exercise definition stage and
targets can execute evasive manoeuvres when fired
SAAB BT 61
anti-tank
weapon trainers in use
position.
upon. Weapon
generated.
Targets
sight
consist
of
graticules
are
computer-
three-dimensional
surface
models and havesix-degrees-of-freedom At least five

projectile models may be included in the programme.
During the time of flight the projectiles may be visible,
simulating tracers or missile flares. Muzzle flash
and/or smoke obscuration are generated as the
weapon involved is fired and results are represented
by different types of burst. Killed' ground targets no
longer move and air targets disappear. Also simulated
are target sounds, firing effects, firing commands and
so on, all presented to the trainee via a lightweight
head set.
Up
can use the BT61 as a troop

atone time.
The simulator computer unit is based on the PC/AT
bus and is housed in a ruggedised case The hardware
to four trainees
sense weapon movements and to sense weapon

and safety operations A gyro unit is mounted
on the barrel or launch tube to detect movements and
gyro signals are processed by a micro-controller
firing trainer
trigger
is provided with diagnostic programmes for maintenance and repair down to board level Two video
monitors are connected to the computer with one
monitor displaying the same
image as the
trainee's sight. The other monitor displays data and
before they are sent to the simulation computer.

It
is possible to present thermal image targets
using the BT61 simulator.
programme options for the instructor

The weapon interface kit is the part of the simulator
placed on the weapon itself and the components
involved are designed on a modular basis to permit
between weapon types. The three main functions of the kit are to provide the visual and aural
presentation of the training scenario to a trainee, to
transfer
STATUS
In
production.
MANUFACTURER
AB. Box 2049. S-561 02

Huskvarna. Sweden.
Telephone: 46 36 19 46 00 Telex: 70045 saabjkg s.
Fax: 4636 143285.
SAAB BT 52T Anti-tank Guided

Missile Simulator
The SAAB BT 52T Anti-tank Guided Missile Simulator has been configured for the TOW anti-tank
missile system although it could be configured for
other similar anti-tank guided missile systems The
BT 52T includes a
TOW
laser unit placed inside the usual
sight, replacing the infra-red
sensor for the

missile guidance. The missile is replaced by a
dummy with the same weight and appearance as a
TOW missile container. Reloading has to be carried
out between firings.
During training with the BT52T the missile operator uses the existing TOW firing mechanism. The
blast and recoil produced during a missile launch
are simulated by a pyrotechnic unit in the dummy
missile. The sound of the system gyro unit starting
up can also be simulated The light from the flight
motor and from the visible infra-red source at the
rear of the missile and the missile impact signature
can also be produced in the operator's sight to
provide the same visual impressions as those
produced when firing a live missile
Loading and firing procedures are realistic and
the gunner aims at the centre of the target in exactly
the same way as when firing a real missile. During
the time of flight the position of the simulated missile
is continuously calculated from a mathematical
model. Any missile deviation from the line of sight is
continuously stored in the system computer and a
diagram showing variations produced during the
flight path can be printed out The print-out and a
display also indicate a hit or a miss. The hit location
can be seen on the display or where in relation to a
reflector prism on the target the missile passed
Also provided are the target range and any reasons
why a firing failed.
The BT 52Tcan be used in real terrain and with real

targets (stationary or moving) at realistic battlefield
SAAB BT 527" TOW anti-tank guided missile simulator in use

ranges. Any vehicle
with a suitable reflector

As the BT52T operates
using the same principles as the SAAB BT41 tank
combat simulator (see entry in Tactical Engagement
can be used as a
fitted
target.
Simulation section) the two systems are interoperable and can use the same simulated hit effects
and subsequent loss of mobility and weapon capability when hit. For realistic combat training a TOWcarrying vehicle could be fitted with BT41 units
and a target programme to become vulnerable to
hostile' fire during
simulated tank and
TOW engage-
ments.
STATUS
In
production
MANUFACTURER
Huskvarna. Sweden.
Fax:46 36 143285.
AB. Box 2049. S-561 02
00. Telex:
70045 saabjkg
Sweden
SAAB BT 46 Anti-tank
Simulator
In
107
Weapon
May 1990 was announced that the Swedish Army

it
had placed a substantial' order with
SAAB Training
Systems for a new anti-tank weapon simulator, the

SAAB BT46. The SAAB BT46 is interoperable with
all
other
members
lator family
of the
SAAB weapon
and has the
effect
simu-
potential to simulate
all
known direct fire anti-tank weapons

The BT46 is a miniaturised, lightweight portable
system based on the SAAB BT41 tank combatsimulator and comprising a firing system, a target system
and an evaluation unit. The system faithfully replicates all the characteristics of the host weapon and
provides immediate feedback to enhance gunnery
standards It occupies little space, is stackable and
can be re-used Many of the components are used
by other
SAAB simulators.
The Swedish Army
will use the BT 46 for a number

including the RBS56 BILL anti-tank
1110 anti-tank gun and the
the 90
of applications,
missile,
mm
one-shot AT4 light anti-armour weapon.

applications are under development.
Other
STATUS
In
production for the Swedish
MANUFACTURER
Huskvarna, Sweden.
Fax:46 36143285
Army
AB, Box 2049, S-561 02
00. Telex:
70045 saabjkg
The SAAB BT 46 anti-tank weapon simulator
UNITED KINGDOM
Invertron Simulator for Wireguided Anti-tank Tactical Training
(SWATT)
Training operators to guide the present generation
of anti-tank missile is an expensive process due to
the high cost of the missiles themselves, and as the
ranges involved are often considerable, the number
of areas where the training can be carried out is
limited. With this in mind Invertron introduced the
Simulator for Wire-guided Anti-tank Tactical Training (SWATT), a computer-controlled system which
simulates the in-flight characteristics of all current
anti-tank missiles. It will also be suitable for the
second and third generation systems of the future,
whatever
their
means
of
guidance
SWATT presents the trainee missile operator with

a projected terrain view on which moving targets
are either driven by the instructor or by an automatic
computer programme. The trainee uses his own
weapon
sighting equipment, both vehicle- and

ground-based, and the simulator can be used for
training not only in the basic in-flight control of the
missile involved, but also for the in-flight compensation for meteorological variations such as side
winds or gusting. The simulator can also be used for

training in target acquisition and identification.
SWATT incorporates an audio system that simulates sounds such as missile launch (including gyro
run-up where applicable), in-flight noises from the
missile, warhead detonation, moving target sounds
and the effects of enemy gunfire being directed
towards the firing position.
SWATT simulates battlefield visibility and lighting
conditions, and up to eight independent and simultaneous moving targets can be projected onto the
terrain view. Two missile operators can use the
system at one time and the system can be located in
a classroom or in a hangar. In the latter case antitank guided missile launching vehicles complete
with their fire control systems can be used. The
terrain view can be produced using the customer's
own slides and can represent an area over which
troops might have to fight. Targets grow in size
as they approach the firer, and vehicles will be
screened as they pass behind obstacles in the line
of sight. Target aspects are automatically changed,
as when a side-on target turns towards the firing
position. The targets automatically turn red and stop
if a
hit' is made and a target destroyed' message is
flashed to the instructor on the computer's visual
display unit. The SWATT system also keeps an
accurate record of the missile performance and can
give a mission replay facility for use in student
debriefs. The mission replay can produce a freeze'
of any part of the mission any number of times.
Invertron Simulator for Wire-guided Anti-tank Tactical Training
the student fails to gather' the missile once

it is destroyed, as in reality, and an indication is given to the instructor on the computer's
visual display unit. If the target is missed the miss
distance is given to the instructor for subsequent
error correction. A method of projecting night
targets, using infra- r ed projectors and special slides
that can be projected in complete darkness (for use
in conjunction with thermal imaging sights), has
If
launched
been developed.
SWATT offers a realistic alternative for training

anti-tank missile firers, keeping missile control and
target acquisition skills constantly at a high level at
a fraction of the cost of normal live practice firing of
the missiles by their operators. The system can also
be adapted for use by direct fire weapon systems
(SWATT) configured for
TOW
(LRATGW) units of the Royal Armoured Corps. Inverwas asked by the Ministry of Defence to extend
tron
mm
Rarden
the system for use with MILAN, the 30
gun and the 76mm gun fitted to Scorpion light
reconnaisance vehicles.
The US Army purchased a version of SWATT

referred to as M-CATT (Multi-weapon Combined
Arms Tactical Trainer). It allows for the
simultaneous training of two
or two Dragon
anti-tank missile operators plus, in each case,
a 40
MK 19 automatic grenade launcher. It also
TOW
mm
allows artillery observation of fire training. The

example was delivered during May 1988.
first
STATUS
Available.
In

Army (one M-CATT).
Army
(17
such as tank guns. SWATT is stated to be suitable

for most anti-tank guided weapons such as HOT,
TOW, Dragon, BILL and Hellfire.
systems) and the US
The prototype SWATT was delivered to the British

Army in September 1982 and a further 17 systems
were ordered, six for use in the United Kingdom and
the remainderfor BAOR. These trainers are used by
Swingfire Long-Range Anti-Tank Guided Weapon
Systems Limited, Albert Drive,

Burgess Hill, West Sussex RH159TN, UK.
Telephone: 0444 247535. Telex: 877766 INTRON G.
Fax: 0444 244895.
MANUFACTURER
Invertron Simulated
108
USA
International Corporation, under a contract

with Martin Marietta, is developing advanced
gunnertrainingsystemsfor the Advanced Anti-Tank
systems proposed by ECC lor AAWS-M operator and

maintainer rajnmg are a Basic Skills Trainer (BST)
lor gunnery introductory training in the classroom;
a Field Tactical Trainer - Force-On-Force (FTTFOF) and Field Tactical Trainer - Range (FTT-RNG)
utilising the actual command launch unit and simulation; and an Intermediate Maintenance Trainer
Weapon System - Medium (AAWS-M) concurrent

with weapon development Among the training
and maintenance training
<;imulatnr<sfnr
Advanced Anti-Tank
lanK
bimUiaiOrSIOrAavanceOAnU
Weapon System Medium

The ECC
(IMT) to provide simulator-based trouble-shooting
STATUS
Development
MANUFACTURER
ECC
International
Corp.
175
Stratford
Avenue.
Wayne. Pennsylvania 19087-3377. USA

Telephone (215)687 2600 Fax (215)2549268
109
Air Defence Training
Systems

HN-5A Trainer
The HN-5A
is the Chinese reverse engineered

version of the Soviet SA-7 'Grail' manportable antiaircraft missile system To provide training on the
handling, operating and firing sequences of the
missile system a special trainer has been produced
consisting of a dummy missile and firing unit, a
re-usable battery, a monitoring and scoring unit
operated by an instructor, and a moving target simulator which is apparently a model aircraft moving
along an overhead wire. The dummy missile and
launcher are connected to the monitoring and
scoring unit by a cable and all trainee operator
actions are recorded for subsequent playback or
hard copy readout.
MANUFACTURER
Precision Machinery Import and Export
Corporation, PO Box 845, No 17 Wenchang Hutong,
Xidan, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
Telephone: 895012. Telex: 22484 CPMC CN.
China
STATUS
In production
forces
In
service with the Chinese
armed
FRANCE
The trainee station consists of an exact copy of a
Mistral launcher on which the trainee is seated, and
Mistral Firing Simulator
complete with
Mistral firing simulator may be used in or out of

doors and consists of a simulated MATRA Mistral
portable air defence missile launcher on which a
trainee can perform firing sequences The simulator
The
employs the sight target injection principle.

The simulator consists of a trainee station and an
instructor's station linked by cable. Power for the
system is under the control of the instructor and can
be either mains or generator derived
Giravions Dorand
Anti-aircraft
all the usual operational controls

Target pictures are sent to the trainee station from a
console on the instructor's station The pictures may
be either from a synthetic image generator or taken
from a video tape recorder. As the trainee looks
through his sight unit an internal screen displays the
central
tor's
computer
exercise
is
used
programme
to
check the instrucand follows
instructions
the trainee's action sequence The firing results are

displayed on the instructor's console.
STATUS
Under evaluation
target
MANUFACTURER
in
MATRA, 37 avenue Louis-Breguet, B.P.1, 78146

Velizy-Villacoublay Cedex, France
Telephone: (1) 39 46 96 00 Telex: 698077 F
images and the trainee can engage the target

the same manner as with the real missile system
instructor can follow the trainee's actions using
The
a monitor screen on his console
DX 160
Gunnery Simulator
The Giravions Dorand DX 160
anti-aircraft
gunnery
simulator is intended for training gunners of 20 and

30
anti-aircraft towed or self-propelled guns and
may also be used to train short-range ground-to-air
weapon systems operators.
The DX 160 uses the sight target injection system
employing synthetic targets generated by the simulator. The targets are representational and may be
in the form of generalised aircraft or helicopter
shapes. The trainee views the targets as though
through his normal sighting system, and the target
speed and course is controlled by an instructor
The targets can change in aspect and dimensions,
dependent on their flight path, and may vanish
behind simulated features such as trees or clouds.
The sight display can feature weapon effects such
as tracer trajectories and the results of hits'
The basic DX160 simulator can be configured
to fit a particular weapon. No modification of the
weapon involved is required. Thesimulatorconsists
of an optronic unit that is placed on the sight bracket
of the weapon involved. The optronic unit is
connected by a cable to a control and processing
unit operated by an instructor. This unit consists
of a control panel board, a video monitor displaying the same field of view observed by the trainee
through his weapon sight, and a microprocessor-
mm
Giravions Dorand DX 160 simulator adapted for the Stinger anti-aircraft missile
based computer.
STATUS
In
production.
Giravions Dorand DX 208 and

DX 209 Short-Range Air Defence
Training Aids
The Giravions Dorand DX208 and DX209 shortrange air defence training aids are both derived
from the DX 200-series of tank gunnery training aids
(see entry in Tank and Direct Fire Gunnery Trainers
and Simulators) and follow the same general lines.
They are intended for classroom use and are
MANUFACTURER
Telephone: (1)45.06.52.22.
Giravions Dorand Industries, 5 rue Jean-Mace,

B. P. 30, 92151 Suresnes Cedex, France.
Telex:
intended for familiarising weapon operators in the

handling of anti-aircraft fire control systems. Both
training aids consist of a desk-top video monitor on
which a target image and a sight graticule are
displayed. The student is provided with control
and/or aiming devices specific to a particular air
defence weapon system, and by using the controls
the student brings the weapon sight to bear upon a
of
target.
With the
DX208
the student is presented with a

traversing a simple computergenerated landscape and is thus used for basic
flying
target
training in
weapon aiming accuracy and
rapidity
VERSUR612961
aiming. The
F Fax: (1)42.04.58.20.
DX209 presents
a search and acqui-
sition radar display for a student to carry out training

in
radar target acquisition and
firing.
STATUS
In
production.
MANUFACTURER
Giravions Dorand Industries, 5 rue Jean Mace,
B P. 30, 92151 Suresnes Cedex, France.
Telephone: (1)45.06.52.22.
Telex: VERSUR 612961 F. Fax: (1)42 04.58.20.
DEFENCE TRAINING SYSTEMS
AIR
110
Germany
GERMANY
(East)
Germany
(West)
(EAST)
RVS Gunnery Training Systems

The term RVS
refers to internal video simulator, a

simulation training currently in use by the
East German armed forces for a variety of weapon
training applications. The internal video simulator
is a form of target injection simulation which uses a
computer-generated target image injected into a
form
of
weapon sight along with weapon effects such as

tracer trajectories and target effects The system is
controlled by a remotely located microcomputer
with software on a floppy disc. Trainee performance
is monitored by an instructor using a video monitor.
The system can also be used against range or live
targets
One
application
is for
BTR-70 armoured
training
personnel carrier gunners. A BTR-70 turret and its

14.5mm main gun are mounted on a firing stand and
connected by cable to a control and instructor station
located in a mobile shelter/container Several gun
stands can be controlled from one station When the
training system is used against live or range targets
RVS target simulation system

a video
camera
is
mounted over the gun
to
in
use with BTR-70 armoured personnel carrier turrets
allow the
instructor to visually monitor results.
MANUFACTURER
East
German state arsenals
STATUS
In
service with the East
German armed
GERMANY
forces
(WEST)
ROLAND Classroom Combat

Trainer
The ROLAND
air defence weapon system is

designed for the surveillance of its assigned air360
coverage radar; for the identispace using a
fication of aircraft targets in that controlled airspace
(using IFF); tracking the target using either the
system tracking radar or an optical
sight;
and
for
attacking the target with anti-aircraft missiles using
automaticor manual guidance

The classroom trainer developed for use with
ROLAND may be based in a vehicle-carried shelter
or (more usual) a classroom and employs no
element of the actual ROLAND operational equipment The classroom trainer consists of simulated
commander's and gunner's compartments and an
instructor's station, all completely independent of
the operational weapon system. The interiors of both
crew members' compartments are
identical to the
ROLAND weapon
system. If required the classroom

trainer can be transported by any conventional
means.
commander's compartment a trainee

is familiarised with all weapon system
the
In
commander
functions and can carry out tactical communications
with
the gunner's compartment.
displays
in
the
All
visual
radar
commander's compartment are
electronically simulated.
The gunner's compartment contains a simulated

360 coverage
optical
sight.
This
terrain or airspace picture with
up
can display a
to three aircraft
targets electronically injected by the system computer; all three targets can act independently of each
ROLAND
classroom trainer showing instructor's station (left), commander's compartment (centre) and
gunner's compartment (right)
other.
The instructor's station is a desk and console with

an interactive colourdisplay via which the instructor
can enter training sequences and simulated system
malfunctions using a light pen. Exercises can be
from a basic level to advanced, with simulated
hostile radar jamming if required. The trainer can
also be used for basic maintenance training exercises. A monitor on the console can be used to follow
exercises and display results. The system has its
own built-in test equipment.
The trainer simulates the ROLAND weapon
system at all stages of an engagement cycle, includ-
of the
ing target search, identification, acquisition, tracking missile launch and interception. Simulation of
subsystems are connected by a standardised

serial bus data (MIL 1553 B). The central computer
employs a 16 bit system with a memory expandable
electronic
countermeasures
is
provided. Displays
Honeywell Mobile Automatic

Cannon Training System (MKT)
search and the tracking radar as well as of the

correspond to a realistic environment.
Visual scenes are derived from data bases of a high
performance erasable programmable read only
memory (EPROM) and a hard core disc memory.
The visual scene generated inside the gunner's
optical aiming system provides the gunner with
a simulated tactical environment which includes
background presentations of trees, other vegetation
and other terrain features Vaiious aircraft attack
profiles and different aircraft types can be selected
optical sight
by the instructor.
All
training for up to 20
crews
at
one
time.
The system
operates on a computer synthesised image (CSI)

which is a visual simulation system image mix of
digitised terrain video, target video,
and tracer
Known as
video.
this
Each weapon is equipped with an adaptor set

which comprises a visual system of video monitor,
collimator and data acquisition system. There are
also sensors for traverse, elevation, trigger movement and sight adjustment. A cable set completes
the Maschinen Kanonen Trainer (MKT).

equipment is a computer-controlled system for
mission combat training for gun commanders and
gunners of automatic cannon of all calibres. It is
intended to be used in an air-conditioned shelter at
unit level, but it is mobile and it is possible to provide
64 k words. The complete trainer weighs 2100 kg

and requires a 220/380 V. 50/60 Hertz, 4kVA electrical supply The environmental temperature range
is from + 10 to +40X Mean time between failure
(MTBF) for electronic units is stated to be up to 1 000 h
and up to 300 h for electro-mechanical components.
to
STATUS
In
service with the French and West
German armies.
MANUFACTURER
Dornier System GmbH. PO Box 1420. D-7990
Friedrichshafen 1, Federal Republic of Germany.
Telephone: (7545) 892 22 Telex: 7342 090.
the gun equipment and each gun
monitor
commander has
set.
The MKT feeds synthetic targets into the gun sight

system and the gunner can track the target and open
fire, when synthetic tracers will appear in the gun
sight picture. Firing results can be displayed
immediately or recorded in a computer for later
print-out
A central
equipments
can oversee up to 20
any one time and an intercom
instructor's station
in
use
at
;(
Germany (West)
is supplied to each gun station The MKTcan readily
be placed onto almost any type of automatic cannon.
Development of the MKT began in 1978 with the
first training system delivered in July 1982 Troop
trials with the West German Army started during
AIR

MANUFACTURER
STATUS
In
production.
111
In
German
Army.
Sondertechnik,
Honeywell
Geschaftsbereich
Honeywellstrasse, D-6457 Maintal 1, Federal
Republic of Germany.
Telephone: (6181) 401 1 Telex: 4184 820.
January 1983.
Honeywell MKT in position on a 20 mm
anti-aircraft
gun
MKT instructor's station and console
Honeywell Florett Anti-Aircraft

Training System
a computer-controlled training system for
guns that was developed by the West
German Honeywell company to meet the requirements of the Swiss Army Development was completed in 1975 and it is in service with the Swiss
Army. The system permits simultaneous, individual
training of light anti-aircraft gunners in the shortest
possible time, including the co-ordination of a comFlorett
is
anti-aircraft
plete anti-aircraft unit.
A computer, two magnetic tape units, an input and

output typewriter as well as a printer are housed in
an air-conditioned shelterto form acomputer control
centre, to which a target tracking radar is connected
for monitoring the target situation. There can be up
to 40 guns within 2000 m of the computer, equipped
with sensors for azimuth, elevation and firing switches. A terminal is assigned to each gun, connected
to the computer centre by a simple two-wire pair. A
central terminal controls the exercise and work at
the guns. In the course of an exercise the process
computer system determines the relative position
to the targetforevery actual orsimulated burst of fire
using: measured target trajectory data; ammunition
ballistic data and gun position data, which are
determined in a once-and-for-all survey computer
programme.
From this data the target errors and correction

data in relation to the gun sight are determined
by the computer and addressed for appropriate
storage. Further, the computer is used to display
firing results, referred to the appropriate gun
terminal, in analogue and digital form after a target
run by means of specified versus actual data. A
maximum
of
one
to
two minutes elapse between
Honeywell Florett anti-aircraft training system

and the display of the results, with simultaneous control of 40 guns and six series per gun
The processing capacity of the computer centre
depends on the processing time and the number of
guns handled. The processing time is reduced to
firing
in
use by Swiss Army gunners
about half to one second with only one gun. There

are additional computer programmes to cover
recording and allocation of parameters for the target
practice, preparation of statistics and determination
of the qualification ratings of the gunners.
AIR
112
Germany West) S wed e n

(
There are five major components in the Florett

system. The central terminal is used for supervising
the entire exercise as well as monitoring the performance of the individual guns. Its additional equipment with controls for replay in classroom
correction values as well as controls for identi-
the instructors, enables the

instructors to switch to any of the guns in the course
of the exercise, or to issue orders to all the guns
connected to it. Each gun has a terminal equipped
with a gun data transmission unit, a display for the
a truck by using
instruction
and
for
target and operating errors, indication of results
and communication Each gun has angle

encoders for azimuth and elevation and firing switches. The computer control centre consists of an airconditioned shelter which can be removed from
fication
own winches,
containing the
process computer with input/output peripherals
The target-tracking radar, used for monitoring the
target situation, can be either a Contraves Super-
Fledermaus
or
its
STATUS
In
Army
MANUFACTURER
Honeywell
Geschaftsbereich
Sondertechnik,
Honeywetlstrasse,
Maintal
1
D-6457
Federal
Republic of Germany.
Telephone: (6181 401 1 Telex 4184 820
)
Contraves Skyguard.
and
Dornier Anti-Aircraft Training
System (AATS)
Anti-Aircraft Training System (AATS) is
an electronic training system for use by anti-aircraft
batteries, enabling them to conduct dry firing exercises involving real targets The system has four
main components: a central control station: one gun
data terminal for each gun involved: an adapter for
each gun: and a target tracking system
The target tracking system is used for the position
acquisition of a real flying target such as an aircraft
The Dornier
helicopter. The position information is continuously transmitted by telemetry via a central

station to the gun data terminals at the gun positions
(one gun data terminal for each gun). The azimuth
and traverse aiming direction of each gun barrel is
measured and used to calculate the trajectories of
the subsequent fired' projectiles. Thus the instant
that each gunner presses the firing trigger the projectile flight path is calculated and compared with
the actual position of the target, and the data evaluated by each gun data terminal. At each gun, hits,
misses and the differences between target and pro-
or
jectile flight
paths are displayed for each round
fired'.
The central station transmits the target position

data to the guns and receives, stores and presents
various other data and training results It consists
of monitoring devices involving CRT displays, an
electronic evaluation system, telemetry receivers
and a floppy disc-based memory system
The gun data terminal connected to each gun
evaluates the training results by comparing the
actual target positions with the calculated projectile
trajectories. Results of the simulated firings are
presented on the screen of the terminal and are
stored for up to ten training runs The gun data
terminal is contained in a water-resistant metal box
The entire AATS is designed for military transport
and can be taken to wherever it might be required
The system has
its
own
built-in test
equipment.
Dornier Anti-Aircraft Training System (AATS) gun data term*
The AATS can
train up to 20 gun crews at one time

possible to involve more. The system
can be used at all stages of training in a natural
scenario using targets of opportunity as well as prearranged targets. Evaluation of results can be given
on site. AATS can be adapted to suit a number of light
anti-aircraft weapons and the system installation is
straightforward.
although
it
is
use
ai a
gun post
STATUS
In
German armed forces.
MANUFACTURER
Dornier System GmbH. PO Box 1420. D-7990
Friedrichshafen 1, Federal Republic of Germany.
Telephone: (7545) 892 22. Telex: 7342 090.
SWEDEN
SAAB BT 53 Rapid Fire Simulator
The SAAB BT 53 rapid
fire simulator is a high fidelity

simulator for field training. It can be used with any
type of anti-aircraft gun. air defence missile or air
defence armoured fighting vehicle with only minor
changes
nition
to the
system computer hardware.
trajectories are
pre-programmed
Ammuinto
the
BT53 and different ballistics

are
easily
programmed When simulating missiles, the dynamics of the specific weapon are stored in the BT53
computer.
When the BT53 rapid fire simulator is in use,

imaginary projectiles are simulated flying through
space in the same curved trajectories and with the
same velocity as live ammunition projectiles. To
determine the hit or miss accuracy the position of
the projectile relative to the position of the target is
measured and recorded by the simulation system,
employing a laser beam unit on the weapon and
suitable reflectors carried on the target. Target
speed, range and direction are measured and
recorded by the simulator. The target hit area is
defined in the simulator system, allowing the use of
direct fire or proximity-fuzed ammunition.
The BT53 provides a
print-out and displayed

opening fire, the range to the
target at that instant, the speed of the target, the
minimum perpendicular distance between the gun
and the target flight path the best round hit/miss
position and the mean value of the burst. It also
result of the time of
SAAB 8753
rapid
fire
simulator
mm
self-propelled anti-aircraft
a Gepard twin 35
the laser unit fitted to the left-hand barrel
fitted to
gun system: note
Sweden
number of fired rounds in the burst and
number of hits obtained in the target area.
The BT53 simulator employs an eye-safe low
power laser unit normally mounted on brackets over
the barrel of the gun involved Other components
AIR
provides the
his firing
the
distance relative to the target and can obtain an

immediate self-assessment of his laying procedures
and accuracy No input to the simulator system is
required other than the trigger signal from the trigger
device unit connected to the normal weapon trigger
The accuracy of the BT53 simulator is stated to be
the same as with live ammunition
Targets have to carry laser reflectors. For
remotely piloted vehicles miniature reflectors are
used and special reflector pods are used on highspeed aircraft. The latter are 2.46 m long and can fit
onto standard missile pylons. Their weight is 44 kg.
An alternative and relatively low-cost solution to
providing suitable aircraft targets is the fitting of
are a tracer unit, a computer unit, a display unit, an

elevation sensor unit, a trigger device unit and a
power supply
When
the
first
unit.
the simulator
projectile of
is
fired a tracer,
each
burst, is
symbolising
shown
in
the
gunner's sight. The tracer is visible until the simulated projectile has hit or passed the target At that
instant it is turned oft and the next projectile tracer
approaching the target is displayed, and so on Thus
the gunner can obtain an immediate feedback of
performance. He can judge the hit/miss
SAAB BT 39 Anti-aircraft Fire
The main components
of the
system
recorder for printing out results: a
gun
firing
reflector unit
is
mounted on
mounted on the target
from the laser transdesigned for ease of mounting

and to provide a response zone corresponding to
slightly over one hemisphere. Laser pulses are
reflected with an angular accuracy sufficient to
ensure that another receiver adjacent to that associreflects the pulses
gun
mean
It
is
ated with the transmitter of a given pulse will not

record any reflections at less than 6000 m range.
The apparatus emits low-energy laser pulses and
the direction of the laser beam is parallel with the
gun barrel axis. The target aircraft is equipped with
passive corner reflector prisms If the aircraft lies
within the laser beam when the laser pulses are
hit
hit
00. Telex:
position
is
70045 saabjkg s
assumed (mean
Pbv 302 Target Surveillance Unit

The Pbv 302 target surveillance
unit
firing
hit
distance
compared
probability ratings awarded to each

a burst of fire are added together and
the sum obtained will correspond to the statistical
expectation for the number of kills The target is
regarded as killed in the first case as soon as an
effective hit has been obtained, and in the second
case as soon as the expected value for effective hits
amounts to 1 00
Fire simulation can be activated either by a switch
on the control panel of the electronic unit or by the
firing unit which is mechanically connected to the
firing mechanism of the gun
Laser pulses are
emitted during fire simulation Each round is represented by a pulse train of 15 pulses If at least eight
echoes are recorded by the receiver, the shot is
regarded as a laser hit As long as either switch is
depressed, pulse trains are transmitted at a rate
corresponding to the rate of fire of the gun After a
burst of fire certain total data is printed out for
analysis When the magazine of the gun is empty,
the transmission of laser pulses is blocked
laser unit
SAAB BT39
anti-aircraft fire simulator
a Bofors 40
mounted on
mm anti-aircraft gun
transmitted a reflection is obtained which is detected

by a laser pulse receiver coaxial with the laser
transmitted.
Laser pulse trains are emitted from the BT39 at
the same rate as the normal firing of the guns and
each simulated round is evaluated individually. The
travelling time for the laser pulses from the transmitter to the target aircraft and back to the receiver
is measured, enabling the distance to the target
be determined The target is assumed to

have a constant area around its reflector and the
laser beam is adjusted to correspond to the random
trajectory dispersion for the type of gun in question
As a result, hit probability can be determined for
each simulated round which strikes the target if a
aircraft to
hit
in
STATUS
In
service with the Swedish Army.
MANUFACTURER
AB. Box 2049, S-561 02

Huskvarna. Sweden.
Telephone 46 36 19 46 00. Telex: 70045 saabjkg s.
Fax:46 36143285
was manu-
factured to provide a monitoring system for the

Pbv 302 armoured personnel carrier turret gunner's
aiming performance and a recording system to play
back his performance to the gunner after an
exercise. The equipment is carried on exercises
inside the Pbv 302 personnel compartment, using
the vehicle's power supply The main item of equipment is the monitor and recording unit, with a television camera mounted over the vehicle gun outside
the turret. A link with the gunner's sight is so
arranged that the monitor can introduce reference
and other information onto the picture. During live
are also recorded When not in

use the monitor and record unit and camera are
packed in a metal container. This unit is in service
firings the tracers
Swedish Armed Forces.
AMX TG 230 Anti-aircraft Simulator

Development of this anti-aircraft gunnery training
system began in 1976 with the first deliveries being
made to France the following year. It is used for
training the gunner in both target acquisition and
firing. For indoor training the gunner fires against
a target-track simulator and for outdoor training
against real targets. An optical surveillance system
is used for evaluating the results.
and
probability).
Weibull Training Equipment
with the
AB, Box 2049, S-561 02
total
method, the
firing unit mechmechanism, the
the above items of equipment are
and
Huskvarna. Sweden.
Fax: 46 36 14 32 85
with a random figure between

1
00 If the first figure is greater than or equal to
the second, the laser hit is regarded as an effective
hit from the statistical point of view with a probability
described by the hit probability In the second
function of which
mitter on the
MANUFACTURER
hit is
are: a laser
is to activate the laser which is

thus synchronised with the normal gun firing rate,
an indicator unit which produces a flash of light and
a detonation for each simulated round fired and a
special audio visual
indication to denote a
successful kill
light aircraft
In production In service in Sweden. West Germany

and several other countries.
and
comprising a gallium arsenide diode laser and

lens system for the transmitter and receiver, and a
telescope for alignment: an electronics unit which
contains the associated circuitry and on which are
mounted the operating controls and the hard copy
anically linked to the
most
result of the simulated burst of fire,

which consists of a number of simulated rounds, is
evaluated according to one of two methods A factor
common to the two methods is that each laser hit
is awarded a hit probability rating. In one of the
methods, the hit probability rating between a laser
unit,
aircraft
fitted to
STATUS
The
inthespringof 1976.
The
and can be
2 kg
within minutes.
give
collaboration with and under contract to the

Swedish Army, SAAB-Scania AB (now SAAB Training Systems AB) developed the BT39 anti-aircraft
gunfire simulator with particular emphasis on crew
training and the evaluation of results in exercises
against aerial targets It was designed for use with
anti-aircraft guns equipped with automatic firecontrol equipment and can be used by stationary
and naval anti-aircraft units. First series production
models were delivered to the Swedish armed forces
All
weigh
position, dispersion, target area,
In
the gun.
reflectors to standard civilian light aircraft. These

Standard' laser reflector pods are 370mm long,
standard
Simulator
113
Monitor and recorder for Pbv 302 target surveillance unit
AIR
114
Sweden UK
Surface/Air Target-track Simulator
Development
of this
deliveries being
system began
made
in
1957
It
in
1955 with first

service with
is in
Denmark, France, West Germany, Norway. Switzerland and Sweden.

For the realistic simulation of air and ground target
combat from anti-aircraft weapons or armoured personnel carriers the air track simulator and the
surface track simulator are used. They are scaled
1 200,
1:400. 1:600 and 1:1200. The target can be
to 320 m/s.
moved with simulated speeds from
Depending on the space available, two or more
weapons can engage the same target.

The equipment consists of a dolly with a drive unit
and a mast dolly. The target with a built-in photo cell
moves on a steel tape tensioned between the two
dollies. Light projectors for air
are
accommodated
in
and ground targets
holders on the weapon. The
modulated differently to
from each weapon are
accurately reported. In the basic training mode, the
gunner can see the light of the projector on the
target As training progresses, it is possible to work
each projector
light of
ensure
is
that the firing results
with invisible light.

The hit indicator registers hits or misses and
has up to five channels, depending on the training
system used. It allows the simulation of single shot
and burst with various rates of fire. Further, a firing

noise generator can be added to enhance the
realism of the simulated combat situation
TV Equipment For Training And Monitoring

Development of this system began in 1973 with
first
production systems being completed the following

year It is in service with France and Sweden The
main purpose of the television equipment is to

and record target acquisition, aiming and
firing at real targets. The sight reticule is mirrored
AMX TG 230 anti-aircraft simulator on right with operator's console on left
control
aligned with the sight line. On

the screen of the television monitor is shown exactly
what is seen by the aimer. Errors made by the aimer
may be watched by a group any number of times, as
the videotape can be played back as many times as
required. Single frames can be studied closely by
stopping the tape. The television equipment is built
into a carriage that may be put into any suitable
vehicle and broughtto a shooting range.
into the
camera
that
is
is
carried out indoors.
In
production.
STATUS
See
individual entries.
MANUFACTURER
JLWeibullAB,M6llegarden.Box43.S-23202Akarp,
Sweden.
Hit-indicator
Development
first
The unit gives the gunner an opportunity to

assess various tactical flight situations and to aim
accordingly. For supervision the instructor uses a
light projector to monitor sight adjustments. Training
training.
of the hit-indicator began in 1964 with

deliveries being made the following year. It is
Telephone: 46 40 465080
Telex: 33159.
service with Denmark, France. West Germany.

Norway, Sweden and Switzerland. The light projector is connected to the hit indicator that indicates
the number of rounds in the magazine. The hit
indicator permits a choice of number of rounds fired
and the choice of different fire rates from single
shots up to 2000 rpm. The hit-indicator has been
designed for the training of from one to five gunners
at the same time. The latest model is intended for
in
two weapons.
Sighting Trainer
The sighting trainer for anti-aircraft and armoured
personnel carrier gunners is used for basic sight
TV equipment
for training
and monitoring mounted

on Pbv 302 APCs
UNITED KINGDOM
environment
which
14000m, and can be viewed through normal
Aerospace Tactical Air

Defence Weapons Trainer
practice full mission

including tracking, aiming
and firing against single and multiple airborne
targets. The training can involve normal operational
to
engagement procedures,
binoculars. The brightness of the images allows

relatively high levels of illumination in the dome,
representing normal daylight operations. Targets
The British Aerospace Air Defence WeaponsTrainer
and reversionary modes.

making, and can embrace both
gunner/missile operators and commanders. The
scenario allows training to take place in an
environment that the teams could never otherwise
encounter, except under actual combat conditions.
Computer-generated targets are projected by
laser onto the inside of the dome. Four independent
targets can be simultaneously projected onto the
panoramic screen in the 10 m dome, with acapability
for up to 10 targets in the 20 m dome. The target
library includes 33 different types of NATO and
Warsaw Pact helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft,
and additional types can be easily added. The target
images move around all three aircraft axes and can
be assigned simulated infra-red signatures.
The laser projection system, which is claimed
to be unique, produces such high resolution that
targets are visible at simulated ranges from 200
can be attenuated to produce glint effects and simuappearance under poor visibility
their
late
conditions. The background 270' panoramic scenes
are produced from a bank of 35 mm slide projectors
and are derived from photographs of the user's
operational sites and/or training ranges. Targets
British
provides realistic training for operators of low level

air defence weapon systems. Originally developed
for training Rapier surface-to-air missile fire unit
crews, the trainer can also be used for a wide range
of surface-to-air missiles such as Stinger, SA-7
Grail
Mistral, Javelin and RBS-70, and for air
Bofors and the
defence guns such as the 40
Oerlikon types The trainer can be configured to suit
virtually any type of short-range air defence weapon
system and can be used for different types of missile
and gun systems with minimum change-over times
between training sessions.
The trainer is available as a 10 m diameter dome
for ground-mounted weapon systems, as a 20 m
dome for multiple ground and vehicle-mounted
systems, and it is also available as a semi-dome
wide screen trainer. It was developed to provide
missile and gun crews with a realistic training
,
mm
procedures,
in
failure
tactical decision
to
are
correctly
occulated
by
intervening
terrain
features. A separate red laser is used for projecting

red missile flare and tracer for guns. If the range of
the target and missile/tracer coincide then a realistic
impact effect occurs and the target aircraft is seen
falling
from the sky.
A multi-channel audio system
relays realistic
computer-controlled sound effects of the targets,

weapon system operation and battlefield noises
Elevation and azimuth radar signals can be synthetically produced to drive missile or gun platforms
under simulated radar control and a trainee commander can be provided with a radar display and
UK
IFF information. This allows a
targets for
engagement either
commander
AIR
115
to select
visually or from radar
information
Training exercises are prepared by the instructor
seated at a console inside the dome The system
computer produces menu
lists of
prompts
to
guide
the instructor through the preparation sequence.

Targets are selected from the library and are
assigned tracks with heights, way points and speeds
performance data ensures that only

can be generated for a particular target type A string of flight paths and events
can be prepared with specific time intervals
designed for training tasks, from basic operating
procedures to tactical operations. Scenarios of up
to 18 h of combat operations can be prepared with
The
library
realistic attack profiles
realistic periods of inactivity followed by intense

periods of activity. Prepared exercises are stored in
the computer system for recall when required.
During a training session the instructor can
change the conditions of an engagement. He can
introduce system faults and misfires, alter an IFF
status, introduce radar jamming, cause targets to
take evasive actions and dispense flares, and
destroy a target to simulate a successful kill' by
a neighbouring weapon. The instructor's displays
enable him to monitor all aspects of the training,
including the view through the weapon sights Video,
audio and student performance data from a training
session can be recorded for later de-briefing and
Artist's
analysis.
impression
of British
Aerospace Tactical Air Defence Weapons Trainer
The trainer is transportable and can be set up in

buildings such as drill halls and hangars It is a selfsupporting structure and can be erected on a new
site within five days. British Aerospace can supply
complete
packages,
turnkey
if
installations
and
support
required.
STATUS
In
Two
production.
Force
for
use
in
trainers ordered by the
US
Air
Turkey.
MANUFACTURERS
British Aerospace Simulation Limited, Brooklands
Road, Weybridge, Surrey KT130SF, UK.
Telephone: 0932 845522. Telex: 271 1 1
Rapier version produced by Training Technology,
Operations Product Support, British Aerospace
Dynamics, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2DA, UK.
Telephone: 0438 312422 Telex: 825125, 825126.
Artist's
impression of wide screen version of the

British Aerospace Tactical Air Defence
Weapons
Trainer
weapon
System A
System A is a sight injected system designed
and developed for low-level air defence gun
Skyfire
Skyfire
systems. It uses sight injection techniques for the

simulation of both target aircraft, tracer trajectories
and background terrain. The system is readily adaptable for optically sighted missiles and can accommodate any convenient number of weapons.
With the weapons deployed in their firing
positions, Skyf re System A can present either identi
or differing target images to each weapon sight

as required. The background can be either real or a
digital terrain photograph, depending on the nature
ical
of the training.
The target
profile attitude
and glare from the sun can be injected into the

sight. The sun position and target attitudes
realistically affect the shading of target surfaces
The system can currently hold up to 16 target types
in its image generation memory. This capacity can
be increased The system produces up to five independent targets in each weapon sight More targets
can be made available by adding more image generators which are housed in the instructor's trailer.
This trailer is an air-conditioned mobile caravan
or semi-trailer containing the control station and
operational equipment. It may be deployed either in
sky)
Invertron Skyfire Air Defence

Training Systems
and
for-
mation can be controlled as required and the system

can be used with real targets Targets can be made
to move at speeds from
to 600 m/s with a rate of
change from to 1207s The instructor can present
targets through 360 of weapon traverse with elevation restricted by weapon limits only. The system
also provides for the simulation of target destruction
and tracer indication where appropriate. Target
images can be presented out to a range of 9000 m:
visibility is variable from
to 9000 m. A cloud base
effect can be introduced (from
to 3000 m or clear
the field or in a large building

From within the trailer the instructor can control
all aspects of training, generate the required targets,
and produce realistic simulations of weapon and

target sound effects. The instructor has immediate
access to student and group assessment facilities.
A mission replay facility and hard copy student
assessment print-out are also available Repeat
monitors, showing the operator's sight view, are
available at each weapon location for the use of the
weapon commander.
An option is available
for the engagement of real

targets against a real terrain background using live
fire control data to determine tracking accuracy, hit
probability, and so on Another alternative is of

computer-generated targets against a real background
terrain background is a digitised photograph

provide target obscuration where appropriate.
This task can be carried out by the user.
A shipborne version of Skyfire System A has been
developed.
The
to
Skyfire
System B
System B
is a projection system incorporating the video projection of target and photographic terrain background onto a large screen. The
system was designed primarily to meet the indoor
environmental training requirements of portable
and shoulder-fired surface-to-air missiles such as
Skyfire
RBS-70 and Mistral. This simulator

also adaptable for the crew training of low-level
air defence gun systems and guided weapons with
an optical sighting mode Skyfire System B is suitable for employment in drill shed or drill hall conditions when used with shoulder-fired weapons:
when used with larger weapon systems it is best
deployed in a hangar or other large building to
permit access by the weapon system's associated
vehicles. Classrooms with a ceiling height greater
than 3.8 m can also be used. Power requirements
are 220 to 240 V, 50 Hertz, single phase.
The compound screen employed with Skyfire
System B is curved and provides a minimum projection arc of 120 in azimuth and 45 in elevation.
For ease of assembly the screen can be built up in a
Stinger. Javelin,
is
116
AIR
Skyfire
System A
in
UK
Interior of a Skyfire
use
System A control trailer
modular fashion using large numbered blocks and

is free-standing. When assembled
the screen is approximately 10 m long and 4 m high.
The projector used with Skyfire System B is a
monochrome television projector employing a
special lens and mirror system to give correct target
scaling and positioning on the screen. The complete
system is controlled by a DEC PDP11-series
computer.
Target silhouette information is stored on video
tape cassettes and there is no limit to the number of
target types that can be stored. Attack profiles can
be generated either by selection from a standard
library stored in a computer, by entering nonstandard profiles into the computer by means of
a graphic pad, or by manual production by the
when complete
instructor using a joy stick control. Terrain back-
ground can be data-based to provide target obscuration behind ground, trees, buildings or other cover,
where appropriate. This task can be carried out by
the user. Weapon effects and target sounds are
realistically simulated, including missile guidance
flares. Thermal imaging simulation can be provided
where applicable.
The system has a range coverage from 300
to
9000 m with visibility conditions from full sunlight

through to full night conditions controlled by the
instructor. Target types and profiles are unlimited
with up to nine simultaneous, independent targets
displayed at any one time. The fully dynamic targets
are projected on a photographic terrain background
selected by the instructor and using a terrain view
selected and photographed by the user using a
standard 35 mm camera.
Equipment provided at the instructor's station
includes a monitor showing the view through the
weapon sight, a control visual display unit and keyboard, a target control box. a communications
system, and a printer to provide a permanent record
of trainee or crew performance. The instructor has
the facility to pre-programme exercises of an unlimited duration (including typical battlefield days')
and
he can analyse and replay missions. The instructor

has full monitoring facilities from target acquisition
to
termination of the engagement, including 'target
hit/kill'
indication
Skyfire System B can simultaneously accommodate more than one weapon system and crew for
training provided there is sufficient physical space
to locate the weapons.
Skyfire System B can also be configured for a full
dome configuration The construction of a full dome
Interior of a Skyfire
System B
is by use of standard screen panels (each covering

a field of view of 20) arranged in a circle, with
extension panels around the top of the structure
The total usable screen area offered by the dome is
azimuth and 115 in elevation (plus 90. minus

The azimuth restriction is due to the allowance
made for an access doorway and the instructor's
position. Although each target is capable of 270 of
270
in
15).
movement
azimuth, the projector configuration

and size of the weapon system involved may cause
minor restrictions on the positioning of some
images. However, with a four target configuration it
would be possible to position at least two targets at
any given point on the screen and all four targets in
the primary arc (120).
The
in
Skyfire
System B dome
be weatherproof as
it
is
air
defence training system
structure within a conventional building. This building can be supplied by the customer or by Invertron
as part of a training package The dimensions of the
Invertron structure design are 16 m long, 14 m wide
and 6m high (to the eaves). This structure allows
space for a small workshop or office area.
STATUS
System A
System B
in
in
lery School,
not designed to
Artil-
Chatham, New Brunswick.
MANUFACTURER
Invertron Simulated Systems Limited. Albert Drive.
Burgess Hill. West Sussex RH15 9TN, UK.
Telephone 0444 247535. Telex: 877766 INTRON G
Fax: 0444 244895.
1
is
intended to enclose the
service with the Austrian Army.

service at Canadian Air Defence
UK
AIR
117
Ferranti Training Systems Air

Defence Tactical Training Theatre
(ADT3)
The Ferranti Training Systems Air Defence Tactical
Training Theatre (ADT3) is a computer-based indoor
training system with multiple targets for training air
defence weapon operators and crews against high
speed low flying aircraft It provides training in all
phases of engaging an aerial target - acquisition,
identification, selection, tracking and firing The
ADT3 was originally designed and developed by GQ
Defence Equipment Limited, now part of Ferranti
Training Systems Limited.
The ADT3 can be used for operator training with a
single target projector or for crew tactical training
against multiple targets with up to four target
projectors
The system can project images
of
up
to four
various types, including helicopters, overflying or attacking from different directions. The
aircraft are shown in colour, vary with aspect and
their size and sound correlate with range Terrain
scenes projected onto the inside wall of the theatre
aircraft of
enhance realism and allow simulation of target

obscuration, A successful engagement is indicated
immediately by the simulated destruction of the
target
Operational or simulated weapons fitted with

video-electronic adaptors provide the computer with
the necessary weapon and target data The sound of
the weapon firing is simulated to provide realism and
psychological training For guided missile systems a
target flare proiector is used to simulate the missile
from launch
The
to impact.
training exercises are controlled from the
console by means of a visual display

unit and keyboard There is also a television monitor
which displays the same sight picture as that seen
through the weapon sight and also gives the performance data After an engagement the computer
can, if required, give a graphical analysis of the
engagement so that errors made by the operator
can be identified
Since its introduction, eight ADT3 systems have
been supplied, the first delivery being made to the
Royal Air Force at RAF West Raynham in June 1985
ADT3s are also in service with the British Army, US
Air Force and other unspecified customers. In April
1988 it was announced that a further system had
beenordered bythe British Army for Starstreak high
Royal Air Force Regiment 35
mm Oerlikon gun team training inside an Air Defence Tactical Training Theatre
(ADT3)
instructor's
velocity anti-aircraft missile training.

will
be delivered
Germany
The system
in West
the Royal Artillery

during the early 1990s
to
Theatre Building and Annexe

Theatre dimensions:
(diameter) 17
(height) 10 m
Rapier SAM crew training
Equipment access door: 4

Annexe dimensions:
5 x 3
5m
Projection time: 60 minutes/film reel
Number of projectors: up to 4
m
(width) 2 7 m
Height: 2 5m
(length) 7.3
Electrical
Data
Simulated range:
Aircraft
(radar acquisition) to requirement
power requirements:
(with 4 target projectors

ditioning) 380/415
and standard
air
con-
VAC
3 phase 50 or 60 Hertz with a load

phase to operate theatre
16 A per phase to operate computer
of 150
per
(maximum visual) 10000m

Number of aircraft: up to 4 aircraft flying independently
or in formations of 2 or more aircraft
STATUS
In
production.
In
service with the British Army, Royal
US Air Force and other customers.
Target Projectors
Air Force,
Deflection head (arcs):

s
(azimuth) 360
(elevation) - 10 to +90
Max traverse speed: 1807s
Film speed:
Ferranti Training
MANUFACTURER
Systems. Beech House, Ancells
Road, Ancells Business Park, Fleet, Hampshire GU13
8UN.UK
(projection) 25 frames/s
Telephone: 0252 8 1 1 232 Fax: 0252 81 1 376.
(search) 350 frames/s
in
Air
Defence Tactical Training Theatre (ADT3)
Royal Air Force Rapier
fire unit
and Land Rover about
to
Tactical Training Theatre (ADT3)
enter an Air Defence
AIR
118
UK
Marconi Anti-Aircrafl Training
System (AATS)
System (AATS; was origdesigned and developed by Detras Training
Aids Limited of Alresford. Hampshire, and the
product rights were acquired by Marconi Command
and Control Systems in early 1987. There are two of
these dome systems installed, one with the Netherlands Army at Ede and the other with the US Army
Europe. In June 1988 it was announced that Marconi
had been awarded a contract for the first stage of
an upgrade programme for the Netherlands Army
The
Anti-Aircraft Training
inally
system.
is contained in a 20 m diameter
unique structure. The dome provides a
coverage area from the horizon to directly overhead,
and through the full 360 traverse of the air defence
The Marconi AATS
dome
of
involved. A series of slide projectors provides terrain images, which can be altered to suit
local conditions. A central projector system displays
multiple aircraft and helicopter targets following
accurate flight paths. The missile trajectory is simulated in real time by a visible infra-red spot with,
weapon
homing weapons such as Stinger, an

advanced projection system which superimposes a
hot spot' on the visible image, thus activating the
for infra-red
actual missile seeker head.

To monitor a trainee's performance, an invisible
laser
mounted on the weapon's
line-of-sight
is
detected by a receiver on the central projector,

allowing accurate measurement of tracking ability.
Other parameters include detection time and time
to weapon release All these factors are recorded
and stored for subsequent playback and analysis. A
series of consoles is used for trainee monitoring and
system control, including weather condition, light

and visibility variations.
The AATS can be used for a variety of anti-aircraft
weapon systems and has been used with Chapparal
and the 20 mm Vulcan air defence system.
Marconi has carried out an AATS investment
The Marconi Anti-Aircraft Training System AATS) dome

I
programme that has resulted in improvements to

the target projection unit, the optics, and the system
software.
STATUS
In
Chobham Road.
5PE.UK
and Control Systems Limited.

Frimley. Camberley, Surrey GU16
service with the Netherlands
Army Europe
MANUFACTURER
Marconi Command
Army
(1)
Telex: 858289
MCCS G
and US
(1).
RFD Systems Engineering Moving

Target Anti-Aircraft Trainer
The RFD Systems Engineering moving target antiaircraft trainer consists of a dome-shaped building,
constructed from pre-built sections Two versions
were produced. 12.2 or 8.3 m in diameter, into which
are installed the anti-aircraft weapons (fans and airconditioning are provided for hot climates), modification kits for weapons, the target presentation
apparatus, a shot and hit recorder console, visual
and aircraft and weapons sound

systems
Under the guidance of an instructor the simulated
or converted weapon is manned and the standard
principles of gun-laying are employed Films of
effects projectors,
effect
are projected onto the interior of

the dome and a future position spot for aiming is
projected separately A graticule projector on the
gun barrel gives an image of a standard sight on
the surface of the dome, enabling the instructor to
determine the accuracy of the aim-off allowed in
relation to the future position spot. Correct laying is
indicated when a light-sensitive cell receiver-unit,
aligned with the gun barrel, accepts the pulse light
of the future-position spot.
Operation of the trigger firing button produces the
sound of gunfire which can be preset to the correct
rate of fire. The number of rounds fired is visually
recorded Every shot fired on correct aim, with
the target within easy range, is shown separately,
allowing a direct comparison during an individual's
training programme of total shots fired and hits
aircraft silhouettes
achieved
Each
has a sound track of the attacking

and a separate sound unit reproduces the
full range of battle noises. Lighting effects are available for all versions of the RFD dome. Blue fluorescent
film
aircraft,
RFD Systems Engineering moving target anti-aircraft trainer with
light gives an impression of infinity of distance against

a projected horizon of land or sea. A skyball cloud
projector provides a variety of cloud effects
STATUS
Production complete. In service with more than 30
countries including Argentina. Australia, Austria.
Belgium, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, West Germany,
Greece, India, Iran. Italy, Japan. Kuwait. Morocco,
in
Netherlands. Norway, Oman, Spain. Singapore and

UK (including naval applications).
the
MANUFACTURER
RFD Systems Engineering became
three 40
mm Bofors LI70 anti-aircraft guns
position
Defence Equipment Limited, who are now part of

Ferranti Training Systems. Beech House. Ancells
Road. Ancells Business Park. Fleet. Hampshire GU13
8UN.UK.
part
of
GQ
Telephone: 0252 81 1 232. Fax: 81 1376.
UK
Ferranti anti-aircraft gunner s aid TA 500
Ferranti Anti-aircraft Gunner's
Aids
TA 500 and CT 550
use with the Ferranti GSA

series gunsight, the TA 500 is an add-on unit that
provides a trainee gunner with an artificial target in
Designed primarily
AIR
Ferranti
CT 550 classroom trainer
produce gun displacement angles which are then

fed to the optical unit to displace the synthetic target
reticle with the correct sense to cancel the gun
movement. The gunner, looking through the optical
3 gunsight,
see against the background the gunsight

reticle, which moves with the gun, and the image of
the synthetic target, which does not. A function
generator, operating from the initial values of target
speed, range and pass distance, set on the input
dials of the control unit, produces time-varying
angular functions in both traverse and elevation
which when added to the signals fed to the optical
unit, cause the target image to move against the
background while remaining independent of gun
motion The gunner's task is then to track the target
image with the gunsight reticle The passage of time,
The optical
target image
equivalent to the closing of range, is indicated to the

gunner by a steady increase in the brilliance of the
for
the gunsight for tracking practise against a target

travelling at operational speeds It can also be used
with a variety of other gunsights such as the ring and
bead sights used on the 40
Bofors L/60. the
mm
mm Oerlikon-Buhrle guns and the 20 mm Vulcan
20
guns.
The TA500
optical
composed of two main units, the

unit which is mounted on top of the GSA Mark
is
and the control unit

unit generates and projects a synthetic
into the light path between the GSA
and the gunner's eye. The image can be displaced
from the GSA datum in both azimuth and elevation
axes. The rate measurement unit measures the
traverse and elevation angular rates of the gun.
The input unit of the system is a box unit that can
be used to enter the target criteria into the system.
Apart from the on/off controls, the unit has controls
for the target initial range (from 1000 to 3000 m in
500m steps), pass distance azimuth and elevation
(from +300to -300 m in 100 m steps), target velocity
(from 200 to 350 m/s in 50 m steps), and initial target
bearing in both elevation and azimuth An interconnecting harness is also supplied.
Rate gyros in the rate measurement unit measure
the angular rates of the gun in both traverse and
elevation. The output of these gyros is integrated to
unit, will
target
image
When the gunner presses his firing button,
the gun
but the aim error indicator (both on
traverse and elevation) indicates his tracking at the
does not
119
fire,
instant of firing.
A video camera is built into the optical unit so that

the instructor can assess the gunner's ability in
tracking the synthetic target by observing his performance on the video monitor located beside the
input unit.
An additional unit, the Delta Analyser, prints out
the programme being operated, the miss distance
of a projectile and the range at the instant of firing.
Power requirements for the TA500 are one 24 V
DC battery and the system may be operated from
two 12 V car batteries.
The TA 500 display unit weighs 7 kg and the input

umt8kg
A version of the TA 500, known as the TA 502, was
sold to the Japanese Self-Defence Forces during
1987 for use with the 20
Vulcan Air Defence
System The TA502 is also used on 20
guns
operated by the Royal Brunei Armed Forces and by
Chile (with 20
guns) A single system has been
used by the Royal Auxiliary Air Force squadron
mm
mm
mm
operating 35
mm Oerlikon guns at RAF Waddington
CT 550 Classroom Trainer

There are a series of CT 550 classroom
trainers on
simulated by mounting a TA 500
display unit, a video camera and a gunsight on an
arm, where the units can be counter-balanced as
required. The arm is attached to a swivel chair,
providing 340 movement in azimuth and 100 in
elevation An input unit and a video monitor are
mounted on a table where they are used by the
instructor. Four training programmes of graded
difficulty can be used to assess the gunner's
performance and provide comparison with other
gunners.
which the gun
is
STATUS
In
production.
In
service with Brunei, Chile. Japan
and the United Kingdom.
MANUFACTURER
Ferranti Defence
Systems Limited. Electro-optics
Department. St Andrew's Works, Robertson Avenue.

Edinburgh EH11 1PX.UK.
Telephone: 031 337 2442. Telex: 75529.
Tector Limited Defence Training
Systems
The Tector Limited Defence Training Systems were
developed from the range of Tecstar computergenerated image targets (see entry under Computer-Generated Image and Visual Display Systems
for details of Tecstar) The systems cover all aspects
of air defence and anti-tank simulators and can be
provided in stand-alone or group configurations.
They vary from simple desk top part tasktrainers for
weapon aiming or similar functions to on-board
trainers presenting simulated targets in missile and
gun system sights.
Although Tecstar is at the heart of the Tector
defence training systems, a full-colour 360 photographic source background is provided to provide a
high degree of realism. When required the background may be changed in about two to three
minutes. The instructor may select targets or tracks
or he has the capability to generate his own unique
tracks A total of 20 dynamic computer-generated
targets are provided from a library of 50 but the
customer can
package which
purchase
will
a target preparation
allow him to generate his own
targets.
The
dome
trainers
may be used
in
field,
classroom or
appear fully
training environment. All targets
three-dimensional and up to four targets can be
Tector Limited on-board trainer configured for the Rapier surface-to-air air defence missile system
120
AIR
DEFENCE TRAINING SYSTEMS /UK USA
presented on one channel Target obscuration takes

place when appropriate and targets can move' at
speeds up to 2250 km/h. Up to 256 target surfaces
can be presented and the image update rate is
50 Hertz
A typical application of these training systems is
the on-board trainer supplied to Royal Air Force
Regiment Rapier surface-to-air missile crews In
January 1989 Tector Limited received an order from
the UK Ministry of Defence (Army) for air defence
simulator equipment to be used for generic tracking
STATUS
In
production and widespread service
MANUFACTURER
Tector Limited, Operational Displays Division.
Woodhill Road. Collingham. Newark. Nottinghamshire NG23 7NR, UK.
Telephone: 0636892246 Telex: 3771 19
training.
A Tector Limited part task trainer lor classroom use;

could be configured for most surface-toair missile or gun systems, or anti-tank weapons,
and could be configured to include an instructor's
this trainer
station

AAI Corporation MTS-II Multiple
Weapon Procedures and Tactics
Trainer
The AAI Corporation has produced a short-range air
defence training system known as MTS-II (Moving
Target Simulator II) In general terms it is a second
generation of the M87 Redeye/Stinger simulator,
also produced by the AAI Corporation, but uses
modern technology and equipment to give a wider
selection of scenario options and training facilities.
The MTS-II projects up to three independent highresolution aircraft images, each with its own infrared signature and infra-red countermeasures
Realistic environment simulation is attained by the
projection of selectable background scenery in
varying weather conditions, the projection of visual
and infra-red cloud images, high-fidelity directional
audio effects, and strategically positioned infra-red
emitters. The trainee is enveloped by the sights,
sounds and infra-red characteristics of a battle

environment, all under complete computer control
via the instructor's console. The trainee's performance is scored and evaluated by the MTS-II and
data is provided for de-briefing by the instructor.
Target mages are provided by the target projector
assembly which is located on top of a gantry in the
centre of the dome. Three video projectors are
mounted on computer driven gimbals, allowing
independent target motion at realistic angular velocities Located directly below the video projectors
is themountforthe terrain projectors, which provide
i
instructor-selectable background scenery to aid the

trainee in relative range assessment. Sky colour
projectors are located in recessed pods at the dome
periphery, and three or more visual/infra-red cloud
projectors are located as required.
Multiple weapon systems can be accommodated:
vehicles can be driven in through the 4.5 x 3.5m
door in the side of the dome. The 5 m gantry clearance allows vehicular weapon systems to be centred
under the projectors while allowing full weapon
manoeuvrability. For hand held weapons systems,
such as Stinger, the operators are allowed to move
about on the floor.
Artist's
impression of AAI Corporation MTS-II 32-foot (9.75m) multiple weapon procedures and tactics
trainer
The MTS-II
is
housed
in
a 64-foot (19.5m) or
20-foot (6.09 m) diameter dome which serves as

the 360 display screen for targets, background,
countermeasures and infra-red images. Gunners

can be trained on a wide variety of weapon systems
including Stinger, Vulcan, Javelin, Chaparral and so
forth
Two
20-foot (6.09 m)
models have been
built for
the US Marine Corps and, under a separate contract,

a larger 32-foot (9.75 m) drive-in, model has been
supplied to the Turkish Land Forces. Two additional
larger models destined for Italy were scheduled for
completion during 1990
STATUS
In
US Marine Corps (2) and Turkey

Two further examples ordered by Italy.
service with the
(1).
MANUFACTURER
AAI Corporation, PO Box 126. Hunt Valley, Maryland
21030-0126, USA.
Telephone: (301) 666 1400. Telex: 8-7849. Fax: (301)
628 3215.
USA
AIR
121
General Electric Vulcan Training
System
The Vulcan Training System was designed by the
Equipment Division of General Electric to
reduce training costs and improve training effectiveness for the 20 mm Vulcan Air Defense System
(VADS) used by the US Army. The US Army uses two
models of the Vulcan Air Defense System, the M163
self-propelled (on a modified M113A1 chassis) and
the M167 towed, most are operated by National
Aircraft
Guard units
The Vulcan Training System (VTS) is a complete
and comprehensive system to aid in training Vulcan
gunners to fire effectively at aerial targets. It lowers
training costs through use of cheaper ammunition
and targets, together with scaled-down firing range
requirements. When the system was introduced, by
using 7.62 mm instead of 20 mm ammunition, about
$1.96 was saved for each round fired. Using VTS,
one minute of continuous firing saved over $5800 in
ammunition costs alone. Training effectiveness is
greatly improved by more frequent opportunities for
firing exercises, quick feedback and competitive
atmosphere to increase the gunners' motivation,
and improved confidence in the Vulcan system and
its
capabilities. Students get the benefits of live
high-speed targets while receiving

coaching from an instructor monitoring their trackfiring at realistic,
ing actions.
The VTS consists of a television trainer (TVT) and

dual vision viewing device (DVVD), both currently
deployed within US Army Air Defense battalions,
which enable the instructor
to
monitor and record
the student's optical sight picture; a Vulcan
gunner
monitoring unit (VGMU) which enables the instructor

to monitor the gunner's action and to communicate
with the student during an engagement; a radiocontrol led miniature aerial target to provide realistic
tracking problems; and Mini VADS, a 7 62
Minigun to provide realistic, economical firing
exercises
The TVT is the standard closed circuit television
system issued to each VADS battalion, consisting
of a camera, television monitor, and a videotape
recorder for instant replay The screen at the instructor's station allows the instructor to see how well the
student is tracking the target and whether or not he
has established a smooth track at the time of firing
The DVVD permits the television camera to transmit
the sight picture without interfering with the
student's activity. The student can view his
performance later on video tape.
The primary function of the VGMU is to monitor
specific operations by the student during an
simulate actual operational aircraft The average

speed is 48 to 129km/h and its wingspan is 1.371 m.
At firing ranges of 200 to 500 m, this size and speed
represent realistic engagement simulations for the
gunner Seeing the results first hand immediately
after firing stimulates and motivates the gunner
The standard US Army 7 62
M134 Minigun
complete with a 3000-round ammunition storage and
handling system, feeder, gun drive, recoil adaptors.
Simulator for ADATS Missile
team
mm
Vulcan Training System
engagement and cause them

with
to be displayed
alphanumeric characters on the television
monitor with the tracking picture The instructor,

from his station, can determine whether or not the
student has followed the proper procedures.
The
Marietta, the
ECC
is developing a Troop Prosystem that interfaces with

the actual ADATS missile system vehicle and allows
the crew to operate their electro-optical and fire
control systems against simulated targets in
realistic training scenarios. Crew members can
benefit from this training either individually or as a
International Corporation
ficiency Trainer (TPT)
RCMAT
a radio-controlled miniature aerial

target that can be used with the VTU that is scaled to
is
mm
The TPT simulator stands

vehicle and targets, cues and
training scenarios are introduced to the vehicle
via a training-only adapter on the vehicle During
training sessions the vehicle remains stationary,
live missiles are off-loaded and turret/radar components are immobile Inside the vehicle the crew
is involved with training scenarios that provide a
realistic preview of combat engagements against
to-life
to Martin
use with a Ml 63 self-propelled Vulcan Air Defence System (VADS)
In the training mode equipment sensors and

indicators are realistically simulated to provide real-
System
As a subcontractor
in field
combat
outside the
training.
and adaptor cable completes the

Mini-VADS system Many items are already in the
inventory No modifications are required for mounting tne Mini-VADS on either the towed or self-
clutch, link ejector
propelled VADS Initial installation time is approximately 30 minutes and subsequent installation or
removal time is 5 minutes.
STATUS
In
service with the
US Army
MANUFACTURER
Equipment Division, General Electric
Company, Lakeside Avenue. Burlington, Vermont
Aircraft
05402, USA.
both air and land threats ECC is also developing

missile rounds that will be used for
loader training and checking connections
dummy ADATS
ADATS
STATUS
Development
MANUFACTURER
ECC
International
Corp,
175
Strafford
Avenue,
Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087-3377, USA.

Telephone; (215) 687 2600. Fax: (215) 254 9268.
122
AIR
DEFENCE TRAINING SYSTEMS Yugoslavia

YUGOSLAVIA
/
Laser Quadrant Air/Ground

Tracking and Aiming Simulator
The Air/ground Tracking and Aiming Simulator is a
laser transmitter and receiver system allied to a
recording system Using live targets and mounted
on all types of light weapons such as machine guns
and cannon up to anti-tank and tank guns, this
simulator can be used at ranges between 20 and
400 m. When reflected energy from a target is
detected back at the simulator the amount of time
elapsed from firing' and initiating the target tracking
operation is recorded and can be played back later,
along with the target range which is checked against
the range set on the gun. This provides an objective
post-exercise analysis and enables an instructor to
make a correct critique of performance and pro-
a 12 or 24 V DC supply The laser fitted is a gallium

arsenide laser diode with a wavelength of 904 nm.
off
Weight: (without battery) 30 kg

Operational range: 20 to 400 m
Wavelength: 904 nm
Beam divergence: around 12 mrad. centre 3 mrad
Power supply: 1 2 or 24 V DC battery
STATUS
In
MANUFACTURER
Laser and Atomic Research and Development
(LAIR). Ruder Boskovic Institute. Bijenicka c.54.
41000 Zagreb. Yugoslavia. POB 1016
Telephone: (041) 272611 Telex: 21383.
gress.
The system comprises a laser transmitter and

receiver unit, an instructor's or commander's
control panel and unit, and a retro-reflector and
various adaptors and cables The combined weight
is about 30 kg without a storage battery, and it runs
PAT Anti-aircraft Gun Trainer

The PAT
designed
anti-aircraft
for
gun trainer
is
training light (mainly
dome trainer
20mm) anti-
gun crews in the detection, tracking

and engagement of moving aircraft targets. A light
aircraft
Air/Ground Tracking and Aiming Simulator fitted to

12.7 mm DShK-38/46 tank machine gun. The system
control unit can be seen in front of the cupola
anti-aircraft gun or a gun simulator is placed inside

the dome and flying targets are simulated by film
projected onto the dome wall A computer is used to
control target speeds and angles of attack against a
battlefield
battlefield
background which can include a range

sounds and meteorological conditions.
of
The dome is erected on a circular concrete foundation with a diameter of up to 14 m The dome itself
is 8 m in diameter Erection time is 48 h while 24 h
are needed for removal Access doors are provided
for weapons and other equipment A three-phase
220 V, 50 Hertz electrical supply is required.
The complete PAT trainer consists of the dome. a
sighting system on a gun or a simulated gun. a film
projector, an instructor's console, a sound effects
generation system, a visual effects projector,
various accessories and tools and manuals The
films used with the trainers are taken using aircraft
or helicopter models. A microprocessor system controls the film projector servo-mechanisms to control
target speeds and positions and also to synchronise
the relevant sound effects A video monitor for the
instructor can be supplied.
STATUS
In
production
In
armed
forces.
MANUFACTURER
(SDPR). 9 Nemanjina Street, 11001 Belgrade.
Yugoslavia.
Telephone: 621-522 Telex: 11360. 11541 YU SDPR
Main components of PAT anti-aircraft gun trainer,

including a simulated 20/3 mm M55 anti-aircraft gun
Launcher
Effect Trainer
9M32M
The Launcher Effect Trainer 9M32M is in effect a

replica of a SA-7 Grail' launcher (the Yugoslav
armed forces refer to the SA-7 as the 9M32M)
together with a monitoring and control system for
an instructor. The trainer can be used in several
ways from carrying out dry' aiming and launch
sequences to the simulation of firing a missile using
small rocket motors to eject a dummy rocket from
the launcher
The Launcher Effect Trainer is controlled and
monitored by an electronic unit known as the 9M58.
This unit monitors a trainee s missile preparation,
time reactions, correctness of operating sequence
and aim. A printer in the unit can provide a hard copy
of trainee actions and results. The system's thermal
battery is simulated by a unit known as the B1 7 which
is used by the instructor to switch on and control a
training sequence. During training the instructor is
located close enough to the launch point for verbal
commands and instructions to be given to a trainee
Should the need arise, the instructor can
immediately stop any training sequence by using

a key on the battery simulator unit.
The launching barrel simulator exactly resembles
an operational SA-7 and is used to fire the
RT.S2M.110 training missile. This training missile
to at least 15 times and is launched
using small ejection motors known as the 15EM
Actually firing these training missiles requires an
can be used up
open safety area measuring 10
80m The
ching barrel simulator has an operational
laun-
life of at
10000 firing sequences.

The Launcher Effect Trainer can be used to carry
out drills such as interrupting a target engagement
sequence, dealing with unit failures and general
safety procedures. Mains power or batteries can be
used to power the trainer.
Each Launcher EffectTrainer is issued with a case
containing 15 ejection motors. The RTS2M.110 is
least
issued in a separate case while the two monitoring

units are packed in further cases along with the
associated inter-connecting cables. Other equipment issued with the trainer includes tools, accessories and documentation
approximately 83
The
entire trainer
weighs
kg.
basically similar trainer that carries out
all
the
Training Functional Set9M32M (T.S2M.100)
Yugoslavia
functions of the Launcher Effect Trainer, apart from
the dummy rocket launch facility, is known as the
Training Functional Set 9M32M (T.S2M.100). This

trainer uses the same components as the Launcher
Effect Trainer apart from the Battery Simulator B17.
A loudspeaker system is used to simulate the sounds
of an actual missile launch.
STATUS
Available.
In
service
with
the Yugoslav
armed
forces
MANUFACTURER
ROEITVEIektronikaOOUR7 0ktobar'NIS, Bulevar
V.
Vlahovica 80-82, Yugoslavia.
Launcher Effect Trainer 9M32M
AIR
#J2
123
124
Tank and Direct Fire Gun Trainers

and Simulators
BELGIUM
SABCA Tank Level Aiming and
Firing Trainer (TALAFIT)
The Tank Level Aiming and Firing Trainer (TALAFIT)

was developed by the Societe Anonyme Beige de
Constructions Aeronautiques to meet the requirements of various armed forces. First production
systems were delivered in 1977. It is used for the
indoor and outdoor training of tank gunners in fast
and accurate gun laying and target tracking. The
main components of the system are the simulator
unit, the instructor's control panel and the mounting
kit. The simulation unit is installed on the turret of
the tank or the gun shield, in front of the gun sight
unit The gunner is presented with a battlefield scene
with a fixed or moving target, which he has to detect,
identify and engage. The instructor's control panel,
which can be placed on any convenient part of the
enables the instructor to observe aiming and
operating errors and to check the gunner's reaction
time. There is also an automatic mode of operation
which does not require continuous attention from
tank,
the instructor.
Several TALAFITtrainers maybe interconnected,

competition between a number of
gunners, each in his own tank. The simulation unit
allows one battle scene and six different interchangeable targets. Targets are presented one at a
time, either fixed or moving at various speeds up to
10 mils/sec and at ranges between 1000 and 3000 m
The battle scene is 400 mils wide.
A classroom version of TALAFIT has been
produced which can be used without recourse to an
actual tank. It is equipped with the usual TALAFIT
equipment and also has a closed-circuit video
system to permit other students and/or instructors to
follow a student's progress from a distance. Replay
facilities areavailable.
The TALAFIT instructor's panel weighs 15 kg and
measures 560 x 360 x 410 mm. The simulation unit
weighs 40 kg and measures 450 x 370 x 330 mm.
The TALAFIT Mark 2 has the optical unit fully
integrated with the gunner's sight and features
permitting
TALAFIT fitted to a Canadian Leopard 1 C1
A microcomputer has been added

provide the instructor with additional target and
mode controls and the number of selectable targets
is increased to seven The field of view is altered to
530 mils in azimuth and 250 mils in elevation. Weight
of the optical simulation unit is 22 kg and dimensions
The instructor's control
are 420 x 240 x 240
are
and
dimensions
weighs
13 kg
box
550 x 310 x 250 mm.
tracer simulation
to
mm
MBT
STATUS
In
service with Australia. Belgium.
Canada and
Jordan
MANUFACTURER
Societe
tiques.
Anonyme Beige de
Constructions Aeronau1470, B-1130 Brussels.
Chaussee de Haecht
Belgium
Telephone:
(2)
216 80 10 Telex: 21 237.
CANADA
Tank Gunnery Training
Systems
Atlantis
Thru-Sight Video (TSV) System

The Atlantis Thru-Sight Video (TSV) system consists
of a number of modular, compact, clip-on assemblies that permit real time reviewing and recording of
tank gunner performance during static and mobile
firing. This allows instructors to observe precisely
what a trainee gunner is viewing through his sights
during firing and to assess the actual performance.
The TSV system allows normal gunner and crew
interaction with the system without interference
to the equipment on which it is installed. No
modification to the actual sight equipment involved

is required.
The TSV is currently available off-the-shelf for the
Leopard 1 and M1/M1A1 Abrams MBTs, the M2/M3
Bradley IFV, and the TOW anti-tank missile sight. It

can easily configured for virtually all sight systems,
including the Leopard 2. M60, Challenger 1 and 2
MBTs. It can also be configured for rifle and similar
weapon sights.
Television-based Tank Training System (T3S)
The Atlantis Television-based Tank Training System
(T3S) consists of the Atlantis Thru-Sight Video (TSVsee above) system, a range observation video
system and an instructor/de-brief station. The

system is designed to provide real-time recording
and after-action review of student gunner performance, individually and by platoon, during static
firing and battle runs. The systems permits the
automatic calculation of mean point of impact (MPI)
of round zeroing during static firing.
STATUS
The TVS and T3S are both
Canadian Armed Forces
in
service with the
MANUFACTURER
Aerospace Corporation, 1
Kenview
Boulevard. Brampton. Ontario. Canada L6T 5E6.
Telephone: (416) 792 1981. Telex: 06-986766.
Fax:(416)792 7251.
Atlantis
China France
TANK AND DIRECT FIRE GUN TRAINERS
125

TSM-2 Tank Gunnery Trainer
The TSM-2 Tank Gunnery Trainer, referred to as a
Tank Firing Simulator, is used for gunnery training
with the 100 mm gun mounted on the Type 59 (and
T-54/T-54A) tank; with slight modification it can also
be used for gunnery training with other tank and
direct fire weapons The simulator can be used to
conduct low-cost and convenient indoor training
which would otherwise have to be conducted using
live ammunition on ranges.
Using the simulator the following basic training
can be conducted: operating practice with the gun
elevation and traversing mechanisms; operating
practice with the gun electrical drive and stabilisation units; and practising surveillance, aiming,
and fire correction against static and moving

The simulator can also be used for gunnery
training under simulated day and night conditions,
training in primary crew procedures and various
firing
targets.
combatfiring
drills.
The TSM-2 simulator is housed in a box-type

structure to facilitate transport and installation in a
classroom. The control position is located at the
front with the trainee cabin occupying the interior
The control position is used to control the visual
image systems of the simulator and includes helium
and neon laser generators, an automatic slide
projector, a target system, an optical system, the

elevation and traverse drive system, right- and lefthand control units, the main control panel, power
supply controls, and various DC supplies. The
trainee cabin contains the simulated gunner's position of a Type 59 turret; a sighting telescope, elevation and traverse controls, a control box, a replica of
the main gun, a vibration platform and mechanism,
intercom devices, and various other components.
The trainee cabin is configured as in a real
Type 59 tank and the trainee is provided with real
controls and a control box. The background image
and target displays seen through the fire control
telescope, along with the associated ballistics, are
controlled by a microcomputer Optical techniques
such as fibre optics are used for the visual image
system and the fall of shot is indicated by a red light
spot produced by a laser generator and can be

manually corrected.
Simulated firing range: 400 to 2000 m

Operational voltage: 220 V 1 V, 50 Hertz
Power consumption: less than 3 kW
Weight: under 900 kg
Dimensions: 2 2 x 1.55 x 1.85 m
STATUS
In
production.
In
service with the Chinese Army.
Photo montage showing interior and exterior ol

TSM-2 tank gunnery simulator
AGENCY
China Xinxing Corporation, The 2nd Business
Department, 26-312 Fu Xing Road, Beijing, China.
Telephone: 810121 Telex: 22062CXXCCN.
Cable: 3298 BEIJING.
FRANCE
Giravions Dorand DX 200-Series
Tank Gunnery Training Aids
with an
results
actions
immediate read-out on the screen of the

The instructor can monitor results and
and the computer can store results and
scores
The Giravions Dorand DX200-series tank gunnery

training aids are used for the basic training of tank
gunners. They are classroom desk-top equipments
consisting of consoles with video screens, and basic
gunner's fire-control devices and controls Involved
with the system are an instructor's control console
and a computer The video screen offers the student
a simulated landscape and targets which may be
The DX200 is for the APX 586 fire-control system

but has not been placed in production
The DX 201 (EVIC) is for the COTAC integrated fire
control system used in the AMX-30 B2 main battle
Using an illuminated sighting circle

the student can use the fire-control system controls
to aim at the target and as he does so the computer
assesses accuracy and aiming. As the fire-control
system trigger is pulled the student is presented
for other fire control
static or mobile.
AMX-10 RC reconnaissance vehicle.

The DX202 is for the SOPTAC integrated fire
tank and the
other DX200-series training aids in that it is a DX201

training aid located in a simulated turret situated in
a classroom The interior of the turret is provided
with operating replicas of the fire control components of a tank gun, together with simulated
environmental effects such as recoil, gun noise, and
soon. Firing results are also simulated
STATUS
DX201 and DX 202
in
production
control system.
The DX200-series basic system can be adapted

systems, while the DX208 and
DX209 short range air defence training aids (see

entry under Air Defence Training Systems) are variants of the basic system
The DX 205 gunnery training turret differs from the
MANUFACTURER
B P .30, 92151 Suresnes Cedex, France.
Telephone: (1) 45 06.52.22. Telex: VERSUR 612 961
F.
Fax: (1)42.04.58.20.
Thomson-CSF On-board Gunnery

Simulator
Thomson-CSF has delivered 50 On-board Gunnery
Simulators to the French Army and exported a
further four.
These simulators provide both basic
and advanced training with the 20 mm guns on the

AMX-30 MBT, AMX-10P MICV and AMX VCI ICV, and
the53T1 and53T2 light anti-aircraft guns.
The on-board gunnery simulator provides costeffective intensive training independent of climatic
conditions, the training taking place without any
wear-and-tear of the weapon or carrying vehicle
With the system extremely realistic ground and air
targets are produced by Thomson-CSF computergenerated imagery and stored digitally. Targets
evolve against a background, again generated by
computer. The incorporation of image texturing
produces an excellent depth of field and allows
accurate estimation of the target direction and
speed The gunner sees tracer paths, impacts and
the destruction of
More than 200

an
hit targets.
target trajectories are available to
(aircraft,
helicopters,
armoured
instructor
vehicles, personnel carriers and trucks). A large
number of instructor training aids are also available
including indication of the ideal aiming position,
of aiming errors, and target
speed and range. These can be displayed in the
continuous display
gunner's sight if required. In addition situation

freeze, playback and firing results are possible.
The simulator
modular in design and versatile.

It
can be readily adapted to small and medium
calibre guns on armoured vehicles, armoured personnel carriers, anti-aircraft guns and surface-toair missiles;
is
no modification
of turrets
is
required.
Thomson-CSF STE on-board gunnery simulator mounted on the 90 mm gun mantlet

light armoured car
of a
Panhard
AML 90
STATUS
MANUFACTURER
service with the French Army (50 systems). Four

systems have been exported.
Thomson-CSF, Simulator Division, 3 avenue Albert

Einstein, B.P. 1 16, 78192 Trappes Cedex, France.
In
Telephone:
(1) 30.69.41
Fax: (1)30.69.41.50.
.00.
Telex: 616 780
F.
126
GERMANY
Germany (West)
(WEST)
Krupp Atlas ELSALEO Tank

Gunnery Training System
The Krupp Atlas Elektronik ELSALEO
(full
desig-
Elektronische Schiessausbildungsanlage
fur Panzer 87 Leopard) tank gunnery training system
has been developed for the Swiss Armaments Services Group. The first example was handed over on
30th June 1988 to be used on a Swiss Army recruit
nation,
training course for
crews training on the Panzer
87 Leopard (Leopard
2).
ELSALEO
involves
some
participation from Swiss industry.
The initial system employs a single dummy turret,

the interior of which is equipped with realistic replicas of the commander's, gunner's and loader's
positions. The simulator uses a third-generation
computer-generated image system developed by
Krupp Atlas Elektronik and known as DISI 3. Using
this system it is possible for the turret crew to identify
and engage up to 20 moving targets at ranges of up
to 2500 m.
Up to four crew compartment/turret simulators
can be interconnected to permit subunit gunnery
training upto platoon level.
Following the acceptance of ELSALEO by the
Armaments Services Group it was decided that a
similar system will be procured as Phase 1 of the
Electronic Gunnery Training System ELSA Pz 68/88
This system is based on the ELSALEO concept and
from 1992 onwards will provide training for Pz68
main battle tank crews following its combat effectiveness enhancement programme One ELSA
Pz 68/88 system, consisting of four crew compartment/turret simulators, is to be procured, with
some production participation from Swiss industry.
A further development of ELSALEO. currently
under development by Krupp Atlas Elektronik, is
known as ASPA. This is a tank platoon gunnery
TV-Monitoring and Gunnery

Training System for
Vehicles (FESAP)
Armoured
The FESAP system is used as a gunnery training

and monitoring system for armoured vehicles and
other optically sighted weapon systems. No modifications of the weapon system are required and
adaptors allow quick and easy mounting and
Overall view of the
first
ELSALEO tank gunnery training system
trainer which is accommodated in a training centre

and consists of four tank crew compartment simulators each containing a realistic replica of a
Leopard 2 MBT interior The systems are controlled
from an instructor's console. The system will allow
open hatch' observation by trainee tank commanders and will involve a 180 seamless' large
screen vision system. The first ASPA will be installed
at
Combat Arms School
2 at Munster.
removal without impairment of the operator ana

system performances The system can be employed
at platoon level, in motion and over large distances.
It
is versatile and can be used for training and
practising sighting and range finding as well as
monitoring and recording combat firings at platoon
level.
A sound sensing
unit allows precise recording of
the hit impact and hit effect There is a play-back

feature by 19
videotape recording with faded-in
time and system data. The robust construction of the
mm
Schematic of the major components of the
STATUS
In
service with the Swiss Army.
MANUFACTURER
Krupp Atlas Elektronik GmbH.
Sebaldsbrucker
Heerstrasse 235. Postfach 44 85 45. D-2800 Bremen
44, Federal Republic of Germany
Telephone: (421) 4 57-0. Telex: 24 54 46 62 kad
Fax:(421)4 57-34 52.
system makes it suitable for operation in armoured

vehicles under all normal conditions. The modular
concept of this system means it can be quickly and
easily adapted to special requirements and other
systems
The FESAP equipment consists of the transmitter
unit made up of a camera with mechanical and
optical adaptors: an electronics box with voltage
supply: an electronic data preparation and transmitter: a cable harness and antenna; the receiver
Wegmann FESAP
unit with
electronic data preparation, receivers.
Germany (West) Hungary

monitors, a video recorder, a communication unit
and antenna; and the target observation unit with a
and position memory control,

monitors, communication data, a target observation
camera with azimuth and elevation control, weather
protection; and the cable harness.
The camera, mounted to the sight by optical and
mechanical adaptors, takes the image as it is seen
by the gunner without impairing his field of vision
and operating activities The camera, a special
design, has a high resolution performance even at a
low light level, automatic adaption to the light level
so there are no burnt out or low contrast images, a
small volume, low weight, and a high shock,
vibration and temperature resistance It is suitable
for connection with the existing vehicle night sights
control unit with direct
and thermal imagers.

In an electronic unit information relating to the fire
control data and operation mode is added to the
image taken by the camera The entire data package
is then transmitted by a multi-channel transmitter
and a specially designed antenna.
The receiver unit is suitable for semi-mobile or
stationary operation on vehicles, in tents, and soon
The image information (image data), transferred
to the multi-channel receiver, is provided with a
fade-in time and an identification number by further
127
resulting image can be

the two monitors and
recorded by the incorporated video recorder.
The receiver unit allows radio communication
with the operators of the weapon systems, which can
be tape recorded Additional language information
can be recorded immediately or subsequently on a
target position memory (up to 15

also possible, which means that a push
button can return the earner a to its previous position
The control unit also has two monitors which show
the images of the target observation camera and the
optical sight of the weapon system to be fired. The
control unit can be connected to the communication
second sound track of the video tape.

The target image of a FESAP system with the
system
The
electronic preparation
seen
directly
on one
the
be produced which
is
marketing rights
not impaired by secondary
Link-Miles
for
refer
to
FESAP in the
FESAP as
United Kingdom
the Live Firing
Monitor (LFM)
effects o' the firing.
The
target observation unit can be used for

directly sighted gun and rocket systems
all
Strong secondary effects during the firing such as

high velocity blast and flash, especially when firing
modern kinetic energy ammunition by large calibre
guns, interfere with the observation (monitoring) of
the hit impact and the effect on the target These
secondary effects can be avoided by the application
of a separate target observation camera with a large
focal length and precision azimuth and elevation
controls.
All
is
During 1988 Wegmann Wehrtechnik signed an

agreement with Link-Miles Limited of the United
Kingdom whereby Link-Miles obtained the sole
target observation unit is constantly controllable by

a second monitor on the receiver unit. During the
play-back, right after the firing, a clear target image
will
camera by a
positions),
of
STATUS
In
service with the Royal Netherlands
Army and
the
West German and Swiss armies.
MANUFACTURER
Wegmann & Co GmbH. August-Bode-Strasse 1,
PO Box 10 39 67, D-3500 Kassel, Federal Republic of
Germany
Telephone: (0561) 105-0. Telex: 99859 Fax (0561)
105 2208
operations of the camera are performed by the

A direct remote-control, or control of
control unit
HUNGARY
MARTA and MATRA Weapon Sight
Training Equipments
The MARTA weapon sight training equipment can
be used with virtually any direct fire weapon, towed
is of particular value to selfpropelled or towed artillery weapon crews where
the gun barrel elevating and traversing operations
might be carried out by two men.
or self-propelled, but
The MARTA trainer can be used either in barracks

and uses the normal direct fire sighting
telescope aimed at a target board about 20 m away
or on a range
Traced on the board are target tracks which the

gunner(s) have to follow using the direct fire sight
and sight controls. As the gun barrel moves, an
mounted on the gun muzzle follows

a track on a much smaller indicator board. On the
indicator board is the same target track as that used
on the large target board and any laying deviation of
the sight from the required target track will result in
an error being indicated as the muzzle feeler leaves
the track on the indicator board Deviations and
errors, plus their timing and duration, are recorded
on an electronic monitor unit which has counters
and an indication of the target track involved during
the exercise A light on the monitor target track
shows what track position trainees have reached
during an exercise The time taken to complete an
exercise is also recorded.
The MARTA system has been used on 122
2S1
self-propelled howitzers (M-1974) and can be used
electrical feeler
The gun muzzle electrical feeler and indicator board used with the
weapon sight training equipment
mm
MATRA
tank
The recorder unit for the
with other similar weapons The MATRA system is

intended for use with tanks and uses the same basic
operating system With MATRA a single recorder

unit can record the movements of up to three tank
gun barrels
Both systems can operate using either a 220 V AC
or 24 V DC electrical supply The electrical consumption is 25
STATUS
In
production.
In
service with the Hungarian Army.
MANUFACTURER
Struktura Szerezesi Vallalat
Enquiries to Industrialexport,
POB
24.
Budapest Hungary
MATRA tank weapon sight training equipment
1251
128
Israel
ISRAEL
Elbit
GTS-2000 Tank Gunnery
Training System
GTS-2000 tank gunnery training system is
in two versions The ruggedised GTS-2000
is intended for on-board tank training and fits the
M32 eyepiece; with modification it can be used with
other eyepieces The GTS-2000C is used for indoor
The
Elbit
available
training
With the GTS-2000 a combat scene is viewed by

the trainee gunner through his normal tank gun sight
and the scene is also displayed on a television
monitor. An optical splitter mounted on the sight
eyepiece directs a fraction of the existing light
towards a miniaturised solid state television
camera, thereby displaying the gunner's performance on a monitor The instructor/tank commander can then follow the gunner's actions in realtime Factors such as target designation and aiming
procedures may be followed and exercises are

recorded on a video cassette recorder mounted on
a special suspension system. The training system is
integrated with the tank internal communication
system
The GTS-2000 can also act as a tank commander's
sight or can be adapted to the gunner's night sight.
The system can also be used as an image-capturing
device for a video tracker, for motion detection, or
can be incorporated into automatic target acquisition and cueing units It can also serve as a battlefield briefing
camera during field operations.
Main components
In
GTS-2000 tank gunnery training system
MANUFACTURER
Elbit
STATUS
of the Elbit
Computers Limited. Advanced Technology

PO Box 539, Haifa 31053, Israel.
Center,
production.
Telephone: 972 4 31 5315. Telex: 46774.
and aimed
Once
Trainer
the aim has been

the turret gun. when
an internal laser indicator shows where the aimed
The TANGA classroom tank gunnery trainer is a lowcost, task-orientated, microcomputer-based trainer
round would have landed The instructor can view

the trainee's activities on his large viewing screen,
and using his control panel he can introduce the
TANGA Classroom Tank Gunnery
was designed according to Israel Defence

Forces Armour Corps specifications. It is a light
portable unit that can be used in remote positions
away from fixed installations, and can be used to
train tank gunners at all stages from basic training
that
to skill refreshing
TANGA consists of a single console-type unit with

the trainee seated on the right and the instructor
on the left. The trainee's position consists of a
peritelescope eyepiece, a brow pad and turret/sight
elevation controls. The instructor's station has
various controls laid out on a panel and a viewing
screen. In use the trainee looks through the telescope at a colour slide projected under the control
of a microcomputer. As the turret/sight controls are
moved, the trainee has the impression of looking
through gunsight graticules and the scene moves
under his control. Targets on the slide can be
identified
at
selected the trainee can
fire'
muzzle flash and jump and low

and night effects. Moving targets can be
simulated by the use of a special slide.
The projection is effected via two controlled
mirrors and motion of the projected slide relative to
the sight reticle is achieved by the rotation of the
mirrors. The microcomputer reads the position of
the traverse and elevation controls and moves the
mirrors accordingly. The trainer contains a laser
system which is used to indicate hit locations according to the trainee's aim, and which is operated by
opening a shutter when the trigger is operated. A
prism system allows the trainee's area of vision to
effects of dust,
visibility
be projected onto the instructor's screen.

TANGA is a flexible system which allows any type
of terrain to be simulated according to the slides
used The system is designed to be used against
targets at ranges between 1000 and 3000 m. One
advantage
TANGA
that
was discovered
in
early trials with
a very attractive' trainer to the

extent that trainees use the device without external
motivations The system can be adapted to simulate
virtually any tank fire-control system, and for
advanced training such extras' as barrel wear.
types of projectile effects and the use of coaxial
weapons can be simulated.
Length:
that
is
it
is
5m
m
m
Height: 0.8
Width: 0.7
Projected system resolution: 0.1 mrad
Horizontal field of view: 140 mrad
Vertical field of view: 60 mrad
Laser beam deflection: 0.07 mrad

Simulated range: 1 000-2000 m
Operating voltage: 220 V 1 0% 50 Hz
Operating power: 500 W approx
Operating temperature range: +10 to +40 C
Storage temperature range:
to + 70C
Humidity: up to 90 o. non-condensing
,
STATUS
In
service with the Israeli Army.
MANUFACTURER
Elbit
Computers Limited, Advanced Technology

PO Box 539. Haifa 31053, Israel.
Center,
Telephone: 972 4 31 5315. Telex: 46774
wmmam
TANGA classroom tank gunnery trainer
TANGA classroom tank gunnery trainer in use
Israel
Japan
129
SIMUGUN Tank Gunnery Trainer

SIMUGUN
is
a modular, computerised, tankmounted, precision gunnery training system for
training tank gunners and commanders in the basic
procedures of tank gunnery, from single tanks up
It
was developed by the Rafael
to platoon level
Armament Development
Authority
in
co-ordination
Defence Forces (IDF)

The tank commander and gunner are trained
with the Israeli
their
but stationary tank A colour

set up in front of the gunner's sight
video monitor is
and connections are
SIMUGUN
time
in
own operational
made between
training vehicle
the tank and the

The complete set-up
under 60 minutes but can be shorter

easily adapted to suit any main
No rounds are fired at any time during a
is
SIMUGUN can be
battle tank
SIMUGUN exercise
The SIMUGUN system makes use
of library
video
discs showing targets and real landscapes. The

system is computer controlled and provides feed-
back
gun
and the visual

include firing flash,
dust effects and barrel jump The system can simulate the use of various types of tank gun ammunition
and fire control systems (both analogue and digital)
as well as various types of target, all with correct
of
position, digital output
reticle display. Visual effects
response The commander and gunner use

fire controls at all times and results are
provided in real-time. An exercise can be replayed,
if
necessary, and a computer feed-out of results
can be made available Using a SIMUGUN platoon
gunnery trainer, up to three tank crews can train
ballistic
their
own
SIMUGUN tank gunnery trainers in use with
IDF
M60A main battle

1
tanks
simultaneously.
By interfacing SIMUGUN with SIMUVISION. a realtime or off-line technology that creates a realistic
scenario and firing effects, the SIMUGUN system
has unlimited capabilities to create custom-made
scenarios with maximum realism
A desk top version of SIMUGUN provides the same
training options as the vehicle-based version but in
an indoor environment
According
Rafael, tests have demonstrated

minutes of first-time training with
both the tank commander and gunner
to
that after 50 to 75
SIMUGUN,
canachievea60to 100percentoverall improvement

in gunnery performance
Improvement levels for
show
a 200 to 400 per cent

improvement, laying accuracy is 25 to 50 per cent
improved, and rapidity of response is from 50 to 150
hit/miss identification
percent improved.
The number of simulated rounds that can be fired'
in one hour of SIMUGUN training is from 150 to 200
The SIMUGUN system can be adapted to train
forward artillery observers, anti-aircraft gun crews
and anti-tank line-of-sight missile operators.
JAPAN
Type 74 Gunnery Simulator
The Type 74 gunnery simulator was developed by the
Japanese Self-Defence Agency Technical Research
Headquarters with the assistance of the Japanese
Ground Self-Defence Force Fuji Tank Leading
Brigade and the Mitsubishi Precision Company
Limited The first, and only model was completed in
1977 at a cost of 140 million yen, less than one-third
then current production cost of a Type 74 main
of the
battle tank.
The Type 74 consists of the gunner's training

compartment, an instructor's console, a mini digital
computer, a projector and a screen, and is used for
training the gunner in firing 105 mm APDS projectiles The gunner's compartment is provided with a
model of the laser rangefinder/sight, trigger components and a model of the gun breech. The compartment is supported by hydraulic actuators which
provide both movement and vibration when the
gun is fired In front of the compartment is a large
rectangular flat screen measuring 6 x 3m. A projector behind the gunner's compartment projects
landscapes of Japan onto the screen, including a flat
field, woods, a mountain area and a river, as well as
20km/h and out to a maximum range of 2400 m

The target image is produced by a scale model of a
tank which is taken by a Television camera The
instructor feeds temperature, humidity, wind speed
and target speed information to the computer As
the Type 74 main battle tank has no system to
measure wind speed and target speed, it is estimated by the gunner or commander
The flight time of the APDS projectile is calculated
of
by the computer. If the target is hit it disappears from

the screen but if not it remains there When the
gunner operates the firing trigger, both sound and
vibration are produced as in the real tank. The
computer can be programmed for other types of
ammunition such as HEAT or HESH. although the
Japanese Ground Self-Defence Force does not use
HEAT with the Type 74 main battle tank.
STATUS
In service with the Japanese Ground Self-Defence
Force(1).
a white silhouette of a tank target. The tank target is

moved under the control of the instructor on the
console
The console
is connected with the mini-computer

and data-recorder. The instructor can control the
target's speed from stationary to a maximum speed
Instructor's console for
Type 74 gunnery simulator
with gunner's station to the rear (Tank Magazine)
STATUS
In production
In service with the Israel Defence
Force and some other defence forces
MANUFACTURER
Box 2082 Haifa 31021, Israel
Telephone: 04-706965 Telex 471508
Rafael,
VERED IL
130
Sweden USSR
SWEDEN
entered service with the Swedish
Weibull Tank Gunnery Training
Equipment
S Tank Gunnery Trainer
Development of this tank gunnery trainer began in

entered service with the Swedish Army
1967 and
is used for training the gunner/driver or
in 1970
commander of the Bofors S tank in both aiming and
shooting. For indoor training the gunner fires against
a target-track simulator, and for outdoor training
against real targets the trainer is used with the
it
It
Weibull optical surveillance system.

lkv-91 Gunnery Simulator
Development of this simulator began
in
1973 and
it
Weibull S tank gunnery trainer
Army
in
1975
It
is
used for training the lkv-91 tank commander and

gunner in target acquisition, aiming and firing For
indoor training the gunner fires against a targettrack simulator and for outdoor training against real
targets the simulator is mounted on a 4 x 4 cross-
20 mm gun turret called the Schuzenpanzer 63/73.

The simulator is used for indoor training against a
target-track simulator, with hits being registered on
the Weibull hit indicator
STATUS
country vehicle. The Weibull optical surveillance

system is used for evaluating the results
In
Pbv 302 Gunnery Simulator

Development of this gunnery simulator began in
1964 and it entered service with the Swedish Army
in 1966 It has also been adopted by the Swiss Army
and is used to train gunners of the 20 mm gun turret
fitted to the Pbv 302 APCs of the Swedish Army and
the M1 13s of the Swiss Army fitted with the Swedish
JLWeibullAB,M6llegarden.Box43.S-23202Akarp
Sweden.
Telephone 4640465080 Telex 33159
Weibull lkv-91 gunnery simulator from front
Pbv 302 gunnery trainer
service with the Swedish and Swiss armies
MANUFACTURER

Soviet Tank Gunnery Training
Equipment
The Soviet Army has for many years made extensive
use of a variety of training simulators in an effort to
reduce costs and conserve fuel and ammunition.

The Soviets have been using gunner simulators
since well before the Second World War Tracking
and firing on the move are simulated with the aid of
individual (gunner and his sight) and vehicle rocking
platforms
typical
individual
rocking platform
consists of a metal frame onto which an individual

chair or tank can be placed and rocked to simulate
cross-country movement To conserve ammunition
sub-calibre ammunition is used rather than
23
full-calibre tank gun service ammunition. It has been
reported that Soviet tank crews are limited to
mm
KOP-RM optical control instrument for training tank commanders
UB-765 training turret for BMP-1 MICV. used for gunnery training with a machine
gun in place of the main 73 mm armament for range practice Apparently used
on model range to simulate full-scale battlefield environment
USSR UK
between 20 and 25 rounds of full-calibre service
ammunition a year.
Tank crew members are trained in a turret simulator which oscillates horizontally and vertically and
is used to teach conduct of fire against fixed, moving
and disappearing targets during daylight and
darkness
of target
In
addition

it
also facilitates the training
reconnaissance, radio communications,
range determination, rules of fire and the loading

and firing of both the main armament and the coaxial
131
STATUS
Most
of
the illustrated equipments are believed to
bestill inservice
machinegun
3T260 tank gun-layer trainer for classroom or field

training which simulates targets in layer s sight
TOPT-2 trainer used for classroom gunnery training
UNITED KINGDOM
Akebia IFCS Part Task Trainer
resolution
digitised
photographic background
with moving superimposed computergenerated target objects
Using IFCS control
handles the student can follow a full engagement
sequence on a variety of targets On command from
an instructor the system verbally leads the student
scene,
The Akebia IFCS Part Task Trainer (PTT) is a dedicated system for procedural and weapon aiming
training for students learning to use the Marconi
IFCS (Improved Fire Control System) tank gunnery
through an engagement and
control system.
Based on the Akebia Advanced Graphics Engine
(AGE) family of computer-generated visual display
automatically keep
track of his performance and report procedural
systems (see entry in Computer-Generated Image

and Visual Display Systems section for details), the
IFCS PTT provides the student operator with a high
Using the system a number of different scenarios

can easily be used for training. The instructor can
direct the system to select different terrain, target
fire
Battlesight
Gunnery Trainer
Battlesight is a stand alone gunnery training device

which can be used as a desk top trainer or incorporated in a part task trainer As a stand alone device
it can be used by both the ab initio student and the
qualified gunner. Skills that can be practised range
from basic handling to continuation training. The
system is designed to develop skills by means of
changing
increasingly
difficult.
constantly
scenarios. It is an interactive system that ensures a
gunner will reach a high level of proficiency before
moving to the next stage of training.
The electronics used with Battlesight are microprocessor based and comprise a high speed graphics
processor and a monitor that gives 512 x 512 pixel
horizontal and vertical resolution Battlesight has a
360 database in azimuth although a gunner is
assigned only a segment of this arc and the threats
are restricted to a 102 database at ranges of between
1100 and 5000 m The range can be altered to suit
customer requirements as can the vertical field of
view which is currently +20 to -10. The current
configuration simulates the M60A1 main battle tank,
using the M32 Primary and 105D Ballistic Graticule
patterns but any vehicle can be simulated and the
controls can be configured to suit customer require-
ments.
types, and
All results
degree of difficulty of the engagement

can be logged by the system for future
analysis
STATUS
In
service with the British Ministry of Defence.
will
errors.
MANUFACTURER
Akebia Limited. Lever House, 3 St James's Road,
Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey KT1 2BA, UK.
Telephone: 081 546 4908 Telex 928893.
Battlesight
has a computing system which
constantly monitors the student's actions and
produces computer-generated images
in
response
to
those actions The software is programmed to create

an interaction between student and visual system to
provide realistic responses and return fire.
The Battlesight display screen is split into three
segments The main segment, approximately threequarters of the total screen size, is devoted to the
scene as viewed through the gunner's sight overlayed
with a graticule. The active data base is approximately
102 and the field of view through the x 8 sight is 2.25
To assist the gunner in finding the threat in the active

database, a second segment, in front of a unity window
giving a field of view of 15, is provided. This is located
in the upper right hand corner of the screen. To help
the gunner determine the magnitude of the threat, the
unity window displays coloured dots which correspond
to the relative location of the threat. To indicate the
level of threat based on range the dots are colour
coded as follows: red dots - most dangerous, up to
1400 m; yellow dots - dangerous, up to 2000 m; blue
dots - least dangerous, over 2000 m
Below the unity window is the student assessment
readout segment This provides the following information: range to the target; bearing to the
target; number of rounds of ammunition remaining;
student's current score; elapsed time since the
Battlesight gunnery trainer in use
132
UK
beginning
following: hydraulic
MANUFACTURER
level.
(direct hit
Link-Miles
of the current stage: and the current skill

The information can be altered to suit customer
requirements and can be made available on hard
firing;
pump, gun elevation; explosion

and near miss own vehicle); main gun
tank engine; and azimuth movement of the
copy.
turret.
has the additional features of electronically generated voice and environmental noise.
Environmental sounds produced consist of the
STATUS
Limited,
Churchill
Industrial
Lancing, West Sussex BN158UF UK
Telephone 0903 755881 Telex 87165 LINKSI
Estate.
Fax 0903 763172
Battlesight
Ready for production
Invertron Desk Top Gunnery

Trainer
The Invertron Desk Top Gunnery Trainer was originally developed as part of the Warrior Training
Package (see entry in Tank (and other AFV) Crew
Tactical Trainers section) but can be configured to
suit many other armoured vehicle weapon systems.
is a low-cost system designed to produce effective
basic gunnery training, via a standard microcomputer, for trainee main battle tank and other
armoured fighting vehicle gunners
The Desk Top Gunnery Trainer is based on a
standard desk top microcomputer, and uses simple
arcade game' graphics and computer-generated
images The student is provided with basic gun
controls, elevation and traverse controls plus a firing
switch. With the Warrior training package the trainer
uses the sight graticule and controls for the 30 mm
Rarden gun. The trainee gunner views a simplified
scene representative of day or night, including the
weapon sight graticule. Moving targets are realistically obscured by terrain features.
The student's performance can be assessed on a
duplicate monitor positioned by the instructor, and
a comprehensive recording and replay facility is
available. There is also a self teach' facility using
pre-programmed exercises with the vehicle commander's voice produced for the trainee gunner by
means of voice synthesis At the end of each exercise
a student is given a score out of 100 based on many
It
factors including the range to the target, time taken
engage and the number of hits

The Desk Top Gunnery Trainer is contained in two
travelling box units, one of which becomes part of
to
the trainer
when
in
use.
STATUS
In
production.
Armoured
In
service with the British Army's
Infantry Battalions.
MANUFACTURER
Systems Limited. Albert
West Sussex RH159TN UK
Invertron Simulated
Burgess
Hill.
Drive,
Telephone: 0444 247535 Telex: 877766 INTRON

Fax: 0444 244895.
An
Gunnery Trainer configured

Warrior (MCV-80) infantry fighting vehicle
Rarden gun
30
Invertron Desk Top
for the
mm
produced are ammunition characteristics such as

and fall-of-shot representation for various
types of projectile. The system enables trainee
gunners to practise firing at targets whilst both the
target and their own vehicle are moving.
The instructor's control station consists of a desk
into which is built the system computer, plus associated electronics and power supplies. The instructor
has a visual display unit and keyboard plus a monitor
which shows him the same view that the trainee
sees through his sight The instructor can either give
Invertron Intermediate Direct Fire
tracer
Gunnery Trainer
The Invertron Intermediate Trainer (IT) was
produced using the experience gained with the
Direct Fire Trainers developed for the Warrior Training Package (qv). The Intermediate Trainer uses
a modular construction and a variety of gunnery
controls can be installed, according to user require-
ments.
The Intermediate Trainer is a low-cost training

main battle tank gunners, enabling them to
practice the use of their gunnery controls, plus
target acquisition, tracking and engagement, using a
variety of ammunition. The trainer consists of an
instructor station and a modular student station unit
into which any main battle tank gunnery controls can
the appropriate commander's orders to the trainee

himself or these can be provided by the computer
from synthesised recordings From his station the
instructor can control manual targets or replay
complex and demanding target exercises, depending on the level required by individual students. The
system displays a full assessment of each firing and
there is a record and replay facility so that trainee
performance can be analysed retrospectively.
aid for
be installed
The student station, which differs according to the

type of vehicle and weapon being simulated, is not a
complete replica
of
an armoured vehicle turret or
gunner's position, but a metal box in which the

trainee gunner is seated The station is fitted with
replica sights and all the usual manual and power
controls in their correct respective positions. Where
STATUS
In
the vehicle is equipped with stabilisation controls, a

laser rangefmder, or a gunnery computer, these are
alsosimulated
The trainee gunner views a simplified day or night

terrain scene on which fully dynamic computergenerated targets manoeuvre As targets pass
production.
In
service with the Austrian Army.
MANUFACTURER
Invertron Intermediate Trainer for M60-series tank
behind terrain features such as buildings they are

hidden or partially hidden as appropriate. Also
Invertron
Simulated Systems Limited. Albert
Drive. Burgess Hill. West Sussex RH1 5 9TN. UK
Fax: 0444 244895
UK
Krysler Limited Electrical
Simulaser
partly by the British Army and NL ElecLimited (now Krysler Limited), the Krysler
Simulaser is a tank gunnery training aid for use on
short-range indoor or outdoor establishments It
consists of a tank-mounted laser and a gun sight
graticule projector with another proiector that projects landscape slides onto a screen The instructor
can project moving tank targets onto the screen and
the tank crew can then track and fire at the targets
with the laser indicating the fall of the shot
Simulaser is a portable aid and can be set up
almost anywhere, either indoors or outdoors Fitting
the equipment to an armoured vehicle, including the
calibration and alignment, takes about 30 mins. and
for transport the equipment is carried in a crate The
moving target board is placed 10 m from the vehicle
sights and a simulated three-dimensional landscape
Two standard
is then projected onto the screen
slides, one of a European landscape and the other a
desert landscape, are supplied but units can use
slides of their own particular surroundings. With the
slide projected onto the screen the instructor can
then select up to three different size tank targets
simulating ranges of from 250 to 4000 m which can
move at simulated speeds of up to 100km/h The
instructor uses a console box which is usually
mounted on the tank turret rear to control the target
speed and range A projector over the gun barrel
projects the gunner's sight graticule onto the screen
for checking and for the instruction of watching
trainees. The laser fires when the gun is fired projecting a laser beam (which is eye-safe down to one
metre) onto the screen, indicating the position where
the shot would fall The laser beam can have a builtin delay to simulate time-of-f light and its duration can
be lengthened or even continued for instructional or
Developed
trical
check purposes
The
instructor has a variety of
133
Box
options open for target control, and misfires can
Distribution
check gun drills Long-range and

indirect fire targets can be selected, both of which
produce delays in the projection of the laser beam,
and simulated sabot round fire can be chosen. The
system is suitable for use on almost any tank, and
can be used almost anywhere.
The equipment, apart from the projectors, runs
off the vehicle's batteries and the normal power
consumption at 29V DC is 150W The equipment is
designed for use at temperatures of from - 5 to
+ 35C
The full equipment comprisesthefollowing parts
This interconnects the vehicle supply to the two
be simulated
to
Laser and Bracket Assembly

laser is a Helium Neon type 15 mww at
632 8 mm, eye-safe at 1 m. The assembly can be offset 8 mils in elevation and 25 mils for traverse
There is a coarse elevation quadrant and lock fitted
for use when long-range or indirect fire is selected
It is normally installed on a pillar on the turret.
The
Graticule Bracket and Projector

This can be accurately aligned with the gunner's
sight and is mounted over the gun barrel Power
consumption is 250
at 24 V DC
proiectors.
Target Board and Trolley
Thetargetboardmeasures2 5
mandissupplied
with three variable sized targets simulating targets

at
ranges
of
from 250
4000 m The board

and transport
to
collapsible for storage
trolley is
Terrain Projector Stand
Normally equipped with two standard' landscape

is set up to one side of the tank,
and is mounted on a collapsible stand The power
consumption is a nominal 250 Wat 24 V DC.
slides the proiector
Sound Simulator
This provides simulated gun resonance and
move-
ment sounds
Barrel Clamp And Adaptor Plate
This secures the laser projectile and graticle projector to the tank
Interference Rejector Unit
This filters interference from the tank equipments to
prevent any interference with the system
Electronic Console
Used by the instructor, the console controls several
features, one of which is the length of laser pulse
1
to 3 s. and the laser pulse
which can be from
delay which may be from to 30 s The console also
provides the speed control of the three targets which
can simulate speeds up
to
100km/h
There are
Parallax Corrector
This provides focused vision of target silhouette at
10 m from the gunner's sight
STATUS
In
service
in
Brunei, Canada, Kenya, New Zealand,

the United Kingdom.
Oman. Sudan and
MANUFACTURER
control facilities for misfires and for the use of sabot

rounds, and if required the laser pulse can be made
continuous for checking or instruction, as well as for
Krysler Limited, Cranborne Road, Potters Bar,

Hertfordshire EN6 3JN. UK
Telephone 0707 58288 Telex: 28939 Fax: 0707
calibration
45558
Krysler Simulaser laser and bracket assembly and terrain projector

on Chieftain tank
mounted
Krysler Simulaser laser and bracket assembly and terrain projector
on Scorpion turret
mounted
134
USA

Tank Weapon Gunnery Simulation
System (TWGSS)
1987 the Project Manager Training Devices
at the Naval Training Center, Orlando.
Florida, issued a Request for Proposal for a Tank
Weapon Gunnery Simulation System (TWGSS) Five
company groups submitted bids and in August 1988
it was announced that the Teledyne Brown Engineering Company of Huntsville. Alabama, had been
awarded a firm-fixed-price contract (with options)
worth $21457 192 for 392 TWGSS units and 130
Precision Gunnery System Devices (PGS). with
appropriate software and hardware support. The
work will be completed in February 1993 For the
In
May
(PM TRADE)
TWGSS programme
Teledyne Brown Engineering

has teamed with Kurt Eichweber Prazisionsgeratewerk of Hamburg. West Germany, and their
successful submission is based on the TALISSI
weapon
fire
TWGSS
system
simulator.
is
a laser-based tank gunnery training
that replaces the usual laser
beam
tactical
simulation with a precision gunnery element A laser

transmitter carried on the gun barrel of a tank is
used to fire at a target carrying a suitable laser
receiver where the accuracy of the shot' is assessed
and acted upon With TWGSS a tank fitted with the
system can simulate both a tank firing and acting as
a target The Precision Gunnery System (PGS) is
essentially similar but is intended for use with the
M2/M3 Bradley fighting vehicle.

A TWGSS exercise begins when
equipped tank has been
fitted
the plane of the target, either hitting

or missing it At that instant, the TWGSS computer
measures the difference between the projectile position and the target reflector position in azimuth and
elevation, which is the miss distance The gunner
projectile
TWGSS-
and pre-programmed
required. From this point on

the TWGSS operation is not apparent to the crew. As
the gunner begins tracking a target the system
computer begins transmitting laser pulses to
acquire and track the target's turret reflectors As
tracking continues the computer keeps the laser
beam on the target reflector and measures the
reflector's position in the firing simulator's laser
CCD array relative to the firing tank's boresight

When the gunner fires' the crew members hear
gunfire through their headphones, the commander
and gunner see obscuration effects through their
and the pyrotechnic unit mounted on the tank
sights,
is in
and commander see a burst-on-impact
in
their
sights
The firing simulator transmits the miss distance,

range, and ammunition type, to the target simulator
whose computer calculates the actual hit point relative to the target's centre of mass, using the angle of
attack, the target-to-hull orientation, and the physical offset of the target reflector from the centre of
mass. The computer consults a vulnerability model
to determine what the shot's effect would be and
signals a 'kill' (orange smoke, continuously flashing
beacon, 'kill' tone), a hit-not-kill' (beacon flashes
six times, different tone heard by crew), or a miss
(crew hears only an under attack' tone). The target
simulator then records all data for later evaluation
Engagement information recorded includes time:
tank identification; ammunition type; azimuth,
elevation, cant, tilt and velocity; range data: miss
distance; crew input; target position data; hit/kill
result;
mode of training
for the
simulates firing with a flash/bang and smoke As

soon as the obscuration decays the scene appears
in the sight and tracer is projected in the sight. The
TWGSS computer calculates the tracer trajectory
and measures the actual range to the target in realtime. When the measured range to the target equals
the calculated range of the simulated projectile, the
and tamper indication.
TWGSS components include the following:

Main electronics unit, containing the central
processing computer that performs all computations, data processing, system timing and control
operations It also contains the cant and tilt sensors
and
is
mounted outside the tank turret.
Laser transceiver with a eye-safe laser and high

resolution CCD array to determine target position. It
transmits coded messages to the target and a
special beam-forming technique maximises the
laser return pulse. The unit also contains the gun
elevation sensor.
Distribution electronics unit, mounted outside
the turret to form an interface between the vehicle
systems and the training system.
Crew Interface Panel to provide a menu selecoperating modes including self-test and calibration This unit is mounted inside the turret close
to the commander's position
tion of
Loader's Interface Panel, used to select the

ammunition type involved Mounted inside the turret
close to the loader's station
Central
Receiver/Retro-reflector,
Optical
mounted on the turret and containing the laser detectors and retro-reflectors that detect coded messages
and reflect laser beams from an attacker It also
contains a rotating beacon which is used to signal
a hit
Hull Retro-reflectors using corner-cube mirrors
and mounted on the hull They are used to assess
hull defilade
Tracer Burst Obscuration Simulator which generates tracer, burst and obscuration effects for presentation on the existing sight display This unit is
different for each vehicle type
Flash. Bang. Smoke Simulator
Controller's Gun to provide remote-control of
TWGSS/PGS-equipped vehicles by means of coded
laser beam transmissions It can deactivate and
reactivate vehicles, reload ammunition and verify
unit operation status.
The total system purchase is planned to be 1966
TWGSS and 964 PGS This will be broken down to
546 for the M1 Abrams. 594 for the M1A1 Abrams.
and 856 for the M60A3 The 964 PGS were for the
M2/M3 Bradley Also involved in this schedule were
650 controller guns and 650 printers. The purchase

is to be in four lots
STATUS
A
programme is being conducted oon

TWGSS/PGS, to be followed by a First Article
validation test
the
Test Program Fielding of the systems

early 1991.
is
expected
in
MANUFACTURER
Teledyne Brown Engineering (a subsidiary of Teledyne. Inc). Cummings Research Park. Huntsville.
Alabama 35807. USA.
Telephone: (205) 726 1426. Fax: (205) 726 1507.
ECC Videodisc Gunnery Simulator

(VIGS)
The Videodisc Gunnery Simulator (VIGS) is
produced by the ECC International Corporation
(ECC) and was developed from 1984 onwards in cooperation with the US Army. During 1987 it was
announced that over 1100 VIGS had been ordered
for delivery to US Army, Reserve and National Guard
training locations The total has now risen to over
1500 units The VIGS are used to train gunners
for the M60A1, M60A3 and M1/M1A1 Abrams main
battle tanks and for the M2/M3 Bradley Infantry
Fighting Vehicle. Prototypes were developed for the
Challenger MBT and the M48CH.
The VIGS is a portable, low-cost, desk-top simulator replicating the gunner's station on an armoured
fighting vehicle. It is a part-task trainer used to
enable student gunners to develop target acquisition
and graticule aiming skills, and to maintain proficiency levels for experienced crewmen Each desktop VIGS has a size-for-size replica of a gunner's
control panel appropriate for the vehicle and gun
involved. On the front face of the VIGS console is the
gunner's eyepiece, a brow pad, the gunner's control
handles, a gunner's switch box panel and a stabilisation control selector panel. There is also a 127 mm
(5-inch) cathode ray tube (CRT) which displays a
training exercise menu and then records and displays the gunner's performance for each exercise
A videodisc player beside each VIGS supplies the
exercise scenarios seen through the gunner's eyepiece Each VIGS is supplied in a portable, protected
carrying case
Once the VIGS is turned on. a menu of training
exercises is listed on the CRT The student, or
instructor, selects an exercise via a digital keypad
under the CRT. After selection, the audio commandGunner- starts the trainer An elapsed time meter is
activated to evaluate gunner performance The timer
stops
when
a target
is
destroyed,
when
allotted
The Videodisc Gunnery Simulator (VIGS)
ammunition is exhausted, or when allotted exercise

time has runout.
After an exercise is selected, an image will appear
in the gunner's field of view Tank commander fire
commands will be heard. The gunner must then
for the
Ml Abrams main battle tank
make the necessary adjustments in aiming prior to firing. After the gun has
been fired, a computer-generated tracer allows the
gunner to follow the projectile path On impact a
computer-generated explosion occurs showing
acquire, identify and
USA Yugoslavia
When an
fire The explosion and audio cues for a

miss are different from those for a hit When the
target is hit. the exercise mission ends and the video
image is frozen If there is more than one target
involved, the exercise will continue until all targets
are hit or the end of the video scene is reached. The
gunner can practise his proficiency with both the
main gun and the coaxial machine gun A kill zone
from 5 to 300 per cent of the target size is selectable
Training exercises include single and multiple
target missions in both short and long range scenarios Stationary, moving, concealed and troop formation targets are also included
exercise mission ends the video image

frozen All rounds fired are superimposed on the
target by a dot in their hit or miss position relative to
the target in the gunner's field of view Simultaneously, the computer evaluates the firing performance and displays the detailed analysis on the
CRT on the front of the console
VIGS exercises may include the identification of
friendly and enemy targets An alternative VIGS
training mode is range determination practice
where a trainee estimates the distance to a target
and is then graded on his ranging ability
Perceptronics Gunnery Trainers
these trainers include: an introductory target

sequence (the MK-728 has an introductory animated tutorial on target engagement
procedures): fire commands: firing flash; tracer
graphics for the coaxial machine gun and mam gun
smoke and
is
of
identification
The Training and Simulation Systems Division of

Perceptronics Inc developed a series of gunnery
trainers for use by the gunners of various armoured
vehicles The trainers involved are all part-task
trainers that are portable and intended for use on
desktops
Each trainer consists of a gunner s station console
and a video disc player Each has all the various gun
controls and gun control panels associated with a
particular fighting vehicle. There is also an eyepiece
with a brow pad. and mounted on the trainer's
front panel is a cathode ray tube together with its
associated input key pad A master key controls the
on-off switch
coaxial machine gun strike graphics, hit but not kill',

miss' and kill' explosion graphics; and an up'
announcement indicating round reload
Trainers produced include the following:
MK-60/A3 and MK-60/A1 Tank Gunnery Trainers

Intended for the M60A3 and M60A1 main battle
tanks respectively, these trainers are configured for
coaxial
105
main tank guns and their 7 62
machine guns Both models provide a gunner's field
of view greater than 41 79 and there is an apparent
mm
mm
provide training
in
target recognition, acquisition
production.
In
In
service with the
and National Guard (over 1500
US Army. Reserves
units)
MANUFACTURER
ECC
International
Corp.
175
Strafford
Avenue.
Wayne. Pennsylvania 19087-3377. USA

Telephone: (215) 687 2600 Fax: (215) 254 9268
x 8 magnification of the target
weigh 56 2 kg and measure 559
scene Both trainers

x
457 x 700
mm
MK-48/A5 Tank Gunnery Trainer

This trainer is essentially similar to the MK-60/A1
trainer but is intended for use by M48A5 main battle
tank gunners
MK-728 CEV Gunnery Trainer

This trainer is intended for training M728 Combat
Engineer Vehicle (CEV) gunners The trainer is configured for the CEV's 165mm demolition gun and its
coaxial machine gun. so the simulated ballistics
are limited to the HEP projectile for the main gun
Weights and dimensions are as for the MK-60/A3
mm
and engagement, gunnery skills, laser ranging and

thermal sighting In use the type of exercise can be
selected using the CRT key pad and the trainee looks
through the eyepiece upon which is imposed a
suitable sight graticule He will see a training scenario derived from a video disc Using the gun controls
mm
o e
mm
MK-13 Tank Gunnery Trainer

This trainer is configured for a 75
mam gun
and a coaxial 7 62
machine gun Weight and
dimensions are the same as for the MK-2/3
mm
provided, the trainee then carries out the exercise

selected. Targets may be single or multiple, short or
long range, moving or stationary, and concealed or
in the open The lighting conditions may be day or
night so the targets can also be thermal or optical
Training exercise factors can include variables such
as mission type and sequencing, target type, ammunition type, ammunition allowance, loading intervals
and induced errors
mm
'
i
All
may be
these trainers
supplied with an optional
instructor's console, a sight repeater
module and a
printer
A version
trainer
As the trainee progresses through the selected

any firings will result in computergenerated tracer paths and hit or miss explosions.
The system computer will calculate and record
results such as actual and possible scores, time
elapsed since exercise start, rounds used and
rounds remaining, and elevation and deflection
is
of
the Perceptronics tank gunnery

in Israel as the SIMTECH TP-2
marketed
STATUS
exercise
errors in mils.
Visual and sound effects that are
STATUS
MK-2/3 BFV Gunnery Trainer

This trainer is intended for training M2/M3 Bradley
Infantry Fighting Vehicle gunners so is configured
for the TOW anti-tank missile, the M252 25
Chain
coaxial machine gun The gunGun and a 7.62
Weight is 77 3 kg and
ner's field of view is 54
dimensions are 635 x 533 x 787
These gunnery trainers can be used for basic

and continuation training They can be used
training
to
135
*j
common to most
Perceptronics MK-60IA3 tank gunnery trainer
Available
MANUFACTURER
Perceptronics Inc, Training and Simulation Systems
Division. 21122 Erwin Street. Woodland Hills,
California91367-4198. USA
Telephone: (818) 884 3485 Telex: 3718933 PERC.
YUGOSLAVIA
Tank Gunnery Trainer TONG M84
TONG M84 is a training aid designed to provide
aiming and gunnery training exercises from an M84
(Yugoslav-produced T-72) tank at shorter ranges It
is used for initial training (before using live ammu-
The
and also for advanced and refreshertraining

Gunnery simulation is executed at ranges
between 400 and 3000 m. The trainer serves best
if
used in a demonstration room equipped with
landscape models. These rooms should be 10 x 5m
or larger. The trainer is directed towards the centre
part of the model at a distance of 4.7 m.
The trainer involves the main gun sight of the M84
tank and is controlled by a computer. The software
nition)
involved can be used to provide training
in
the
The instructor selects the desired procedure on

the main computer and observes the reactions of a
trainee on a video monitor. The monitor displays the
same scene that the trainee sees through his optical
sight. An additional monitor is provided for other
observers or trainees.
The trainee observes target models moving over
the landscape model at varying ranges by using the
sight controls to move the optical sight When a
trainee gunner acquires a target he uses the normal
controls to obtain the range and track the target.
After having made the necessary speed and other
sight adjustments he then operates the firing controls and a sound is produced After firing the system
calculates the fall of shot which is then indicated in
the sight field of view. A correct shot will cause a
stationary target to fal or a moving target to stop.
I
following:
Preparation of the automatic laying system

Zeroing of the system
Data input
Starting the automatic system
STATUS
Starting the control system
Laser and
Measurement of range to a target
(LAIR),
Aiming
Aiming
41000 Zagreb, Yugoslavia, POB 1016.

Telephone: (041) 272 611. Telex: 21383.
at stationary targets
at
moving targets.
In
MANUFACTURER
Atomic Research and Development
Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c.54,
Diagrammatic layout of Gunnery Trainer TONG M84
136
Tank (and other AFV) Crew and

Tactical Trainers
TCM-1 Tank Crew Training
mm
Simulator
The TCM-1 tank crew training simulator was

designed and developed by a research institute
operating under the auspices of the Armour Headquarters of the People's Liberation Army Development began in September 1987 and the system
entered service in May 1989
The TCA-1 is used for gunnery training for Type 79
MBT turret crews (commander,
a production Type 79 tank turret mounting a real

105
main gun Included in the trainee station are
the main gun elevation and traverse mechanisms,
a control box. a coaxial machine gun. electronic
equipment, a recoil movement hydraulic subsystem,
a sound synthesis subsystem, what is described as
a head-shell separating subsystem, and simulated
gunner and loader),
although with some modification the simulator could

be used for other types of tank. It is an indoor system
consisting of an instructor's control station and a
trainee crew station The latter is located inside
ammunition The simulated ammunition is full-size

and has the same weight and appearance as real
ammunition Simulated recoil movements and
sound effects are stated to be extremely realistic
Also in the trainee crew station are three television
monitors, one for each crew member
The instructor's station, located next to the gunner's position, consists of a computer and keyboard,
a printer, a monitor, a video disc player, a sound
synthesis subsystem, an electrical control subsystem, and power supplies. The monitor displays the
same view through
the gun sights as that seen by

the trainee gunner If necessary the instructor can
act as the tank driver and can provide target and
firingcommands
The TCM-1 through-the-sight visual display is a
recorded landscape presented from the video disc
player Onto the display are imposed computergenerated mobile targets, an aiming point and a
sight reticule The trainee crew then load the main
gun and carry out complete target acquisition and
firing sequences The system computer can provide
a complete print-out of each crew member's
performance.
to
Training carried out using the TCM-1 is claimed

be 1/400th of the cost of using a real vehicle
STATUS
In
Army
FRANCE
Thomson-CSF Leclerc Turret Team
Trainer
In November 1989 Thomson-CSF was selected by

the French Ministry of Defence to design and develop
a Turret Team Trainer for the Leclerc main battle
tank. The first prototypes of the trainer will be operational by the end of 1991 The Turret Team Trainer
.
be installed
regiment level to provide training

for both the tank commander and the gunner and has
been designed so that it does not require specialised
personnel for its operation.
will
The
at
trainer features a turret
crew
station repro-
ducing the functional environment of the gunner's

and tank commander's stations, along with a processing and computing system It can be used in two
modes: a technical instruction mode (training in

turret operation and firing) or a technical and tactical
instruction mode. It is also possible to link up to six
Turret Team Trainers, all monitored by a single
instructor, for training in platoon and squadron
exercises.
The
trainer
colour
visual
equipped with a highly realistic

system which generates
images in the episcopes and sights of the commander's and gunner's stations. The visual system
can generate up to five simultaneous targets of two
different types as well as special effects such as
colouration changes of a target when hit. grass
textures under the targets and alphanumeric insets,
as well as image intensifier and thermal imager
is
display
presentations
The Turret Team Trainer is designed to be userfriendly It does not require a special installation and
may be installed in a mobile shelter.
Artist's
impression of Turret
Team
Trainer for Leclerc
MBT
STATUS
MANUFACTURER
Development
Thomson-CSF Simulator
Einstein, B. P. 11 6. 781 92
Telephone:
(1
Division. 3 avenue Albert

TrappesCedex. France.
30.69.41 .00. Telex: 616 780
Fax: (1)30.69.44.50.
F.
France
Thomson-CSF Crew and Platoon
Gunnery Simulator
The versatile Thomson-CSF Crew and Platoon
Gunnery Simulator provides both basic and
advanced training for gunners, gunner/tank commander crews, and complete platoons ThomsonCSF has delivered 12 Crew Gunnery Simulators to
the French Army The simulators, delivered to the
Advanced Gunnery Training Centre at Canjuers and
the Armoured Officers and NCO School at Saumur
in 1985, are used for individual training and are
associated together for platoon gunnery exercises
During 1988 Thomson-CSF upgraded these simulators so that four (instead of the former three) turret
crews form a platoon
Based on a high resolution colour television technique using a combination of model-board landscape and targets generated by a computer, the
TANK CREW AND TACTICAL TRAINERS
simulated battle area, landscape and targets are

extremely realistic The battle area, which is rapidly
interchangeable, is produced by large format slides
of real landscapes selected by the user. Thus all the
major difficulties inherent in fire control, of target
detection, identification, selection
are reproduced
in
an extremely
DX 21 1
distribution,
The system involved allows the simultaneous

insertion of eight targets
the landscape
the
procedures used in combat can be applied to the
target movements: slow appearance, firing or observation under cover, stopping, movement at variable
speeds, taking advantage of terrain cover, variation
of attitudes and paths, and masking effects produced
in
All
by vegetation or other cover.

With the Platoon Gunnery Simulator the platoon
commander and crews can be confronted with all
the problems involved in gunnery and fire control;
terrain observation, target detection, identification,
selection and distribution; aiming, rangefinding and
Student stations ot the Platoon Gunnery Simulator installed at Canjuers; during

1988 this simulator was upgraded and now has lour student stations
Giravions Dorand
Trainer
and
realistic fashion
control
The impact
of a shell is
flash in the event of a target
smoke for a ground
impact.
turret
to
AMX-30 and AMX-30 B2 MBTs and
AMX-10RC
STATUS
12 Crew Gunnery Simulators (equivalent to two
Platoon Gunnery Simulators) in service with the
French Army
MANUFACTURER
Einstein, B P 116, 78192 TrappesCedex, France
Telephone (1)30 69 41 00 Telex 616 780 F.
Fax: (1)30 69 41 50
Instructor stations olthe Platoon
Gunnery Simulator at Can/uers
Turret
STATUS
US Marine Corps.
MANUFACTURER
B P. 30. 92151 SuresnesCedex, France.
Telephone: (1)45.06.52.22.
Telex: VERSUR 612 961 F Fax: (1)42.04.58 20
the
reconnaissance vehicle.
production for the
accompanied by a
and the release of
can be used independently

simultaneously train three crews Being modular
in design the platoon gunnery simulator can be
adapted to all types of tank currently in service; the
Each simulator
The Giravions Dorand DX 21 Turret Trainer uses a

semi-open facsimile of a vehicle turret to provide
simulation of the complete observation and firing
sequence used by an armoured vehicle crew To
date the DX211 has been produced to simulate a
LAV 25commander and gunner stations
The simulator has two main assemblies. One is
the trainee station in the form of an open turret'
which reproduces the observation and control
resources normally available to a turret crew The
other is the instructor's station equipped with the
devices needed to select the pre-programmed scenarios, monitor trainee performance via video recording, and the reading and general recording of
results. The system uses a video disc to provide the
landscape images seen through the crew observation and sighting devices while targets and firing
effects are produced by an inlay' system
In
hit
137
Giravions Dorand DX211 Turret Trainer configured for a
LAV 25
138
GERMANY
Germany (West)
(WEST)
Honeywell Tank Crew Trainer

(TCT)
The Honeywell Tank Crew Trainer (TCT) is a computer-controlled training system for full mission
combat training of up to four tank commanders and
gunners of main battle tanks The TCT is contained
measuring
building
air-conditioned
an
in
38 x 21 x 7 m which contains several working compartments The centre of the trainer is a model
terrain built to a scale of 1:160 which provides a
simulated area of2. 5 x 2km. The terrain isprovided
with 56 moving and stationary targets Around the
terrain are four training turrets, each with a complete
optical system, and a ranging area of 90 in azimuth
and 30 in elevation and a possible trunnion tilt
angle of 15. Each turret is complete with all its
normal turret equipment, including a dummy gun
Each turret has its own associated instructor's
station equipped with video monitors and recorders,
input data equipment and data output devices The
entire trainer is equipped with a computercontrolled illumination system which has 35 floodlights each with variable incident angles, height
and brilliance. Audio and tank noise simulation is
available for each crew. Each crew can be supplied
with hit or ricochet simulation in its sights, and the
targets can be moved either manually or by preprogrammed sequences. The central computer can
accept either manually-entered programmes for
each exercise or a series of stored programmes

Results can be stored for later print-out or longer
term storage
Using the TCT the commander and gunner team
can be trained in battlefield observation under a
wide variation in lighting and visibility conditions,
target detection, recognition and identification,
target designation by the tank commander, ammunition type selection, rangefinding, coarse and fine
gun-laying, firing from a stationary position or on

the move, and shot sensing and correction.
As each
turret
is
complete
in all
details
it
can
also be used for internal procedural training, and

troubleshooting may be practised
The first TCT training centre was ordered by the
>fe.-
.--
General view of terrain model for a TCT
West German Ministry of Defence for the Army, when

aLeopard 1A4 complex wasspecified Development
commenced in 1974 and a prototype was constructed
during 1976 Acceptance tests of this unit started
during 1979 with operational evaluation lasting from
October 1979 to March 1980. Delivery of three
additional turrets for the Leopard 1A3 and 1A4 was
carried out in the years 1983 to 1984. Three additional
centres, each with four turrets and located in different parts of West Germany, were planned for delivery between 1986 and 1990
General view of a TCT computer centre
STATUS
In
production.
In
German
Army.
MANUFACTURER
Honeywell
GmbH Sondertechnik. Honeywellstrasse. D-6457 Maintal 1
Federal Republic of
Germany.
Telephone: (6181 401
)
Instructor's station for a
Telex: 4184 820
TCT
Germany (West) Switzerland

Wegmann Turret Trainer for
for an instructor is located

next to the electronics compartment. A permanently
mounted ring-shaped step runs around the remaining part of the trainer.
The gun mount trainer allows detailed training for
the loader As on the original the gun mount trainer
is supported by two trunnion bearings and can be
moved by means of a production line elevation
mechanism The use of semi-fixed inert practice
ammunition in conjunction with the recoil mechanism and simulated case ejection ensures a
sequence of operations identical to the real tank
from the point of removing rounds from their ammunition racks to the loading operation and firing To
simulate barrel recoil movements, hydraulic cylinders are integrated in the recoil buffer housings
An unfired practice cartridge can be removed as a
complete round The entire operating sequence is
controlled
control
electro-hydraulically
using
gunner's side; a seat
Leopard 2
The Wegmann Turret Trainer was designed to train
Leopard 2 MBT turret crews in basic training for
correct and safe operation of the turret, loader training for the main armament, and refresher drill trainer
for turret crews using the armament and fire control
system Several crews can be trained at one time.
The turret trainer uses a cut-away configuration
and includes all the components necessary to
operate the turret system Most components used
are the same as those used in the production turret.
All control equipment is located in exactly the same
position as on the real MBT. To accommodate
additional trainees a platform with two tiers of seats
for six persons is located on the commander/
139
electronics located in a unit on the turret roof next to

the instructor's seat.
Weight: approx 9000 kg

Height: 2 24 m
Platform diameter: 3 5 m
Step diameter: 4.5 m
Elevation/depression: + 207-9"
Traverse: n x 360
Max number of trainees: 10(inc instructor)
Mains supply: 3 x 380 VAC
STATUS
Available
In
German Army
MANUFACTURER
Wegmann & Co GmbH, August-Bode-Strasse 1,
POBox 10 39 67. D-3500 Kassel, Federal Republic of
Germany.
Telephone: (0561) 105-0 Telex: 99859
Wegmann turret trainer lor Leopard 2 MBT
Wegmann turret trainer for Leopard 2 MB T
SWITZERLAND
SINTRO ELSAP 2000 Tank Fire
Simulator
ELSAP (Elektronische Schiessanlage fur
Panzer) 2000 tank fire simulator was designed and
built by Gebruder Scharz Elektronik AG in close
collaboration with the tank corps of the Swiss Army
The
The
first
complex with four Pz68 main
turret trainers is operational at the

facility
in
battle tank
MLT
training
Thun. By 1982 the Swiss Army had an
additional three
complexes each with four turrets in

Pz 68 and Centurion (Pz 55)
operation for the Pz 61

main battle tanks
The system has been designed for realistic basic

training for tank turret crews including training in
handling and operation of the turret equipment,
aiming practice at both stationary and moving
targets, firing practice at both stationary and moving
targets, single tank practice in daylight, half-light
and darkness, platoon practice
in daylight, half-light
and darkness, tank recognition (both friendly and

enemy) and training in tank crew teamwork between
the commander, gunner and loader
The target area is housed together with the tank
turret in a building in which intensive training can
be conducted regard less of climate or other environmental influences. The target area is divided into a
moving and a stationary part to a scale of 1:100 In
the remote section there are stationary targets at a
range of 2400 to 4000 m reduced to scale, which can
be folded up or down as required. The positions of
the targets are stored in the computer as fixed
programmes.
In the moving section six tanks circulate at
reduced scale ranges of 700 to 2400 m They can be
moved on various planes at variable speeds on the
X or Y axes either by hand or programmed by
computer. The positions of the target tanks are
continuously fed into the computer
Original tank turrets are used in the ELSAP 2000
tank fire simulator. All tank operations can be carried
ELSAP 2000 tank tire simulator from front
in a realistic manner, for example barrel recoil

and its vibrations can be imitated by a special device
and the sound of the main armament being fired is
transmitted to the crew through their headphones
The data set and the movements of the turret and
gun are stored in the computer The loader feeds the
main armament with drill rounds of different types,
which are the same as the actual rounds At the end
of the loading cycle the projectile is ejected from the
barrel to the outside of the turret laterally and the
cartridge case is ejected after the gun has been fired
out
as
in
the real tank
The commander observes the target area with

binoculars or through his turret-mounted optical
equipment and gives the crew instructions. The

instructor guides and controls the activities of the
turret crew from the control console which is outside
and to the right of the turret The target which the
gunner is aiming at is visible on the monitor screen
The control console is fitted with a device for the

production of programmes, control device for all
ELSAP 2000 tank fire simulator with Pz 68 turret on
left
and instructor 's console
140
movements on the target area, monitoring system

crew members, controls for checking the
shows
laying of the main armament, video recorder and

controls for simulation of flares, searchlight dazzle,
fog and mist
The computer acquires and evaluates the data
received from the tank turret and the target area. It
calculates the hit pattern and passes on the results
spent
commander
One
or instructor
central
com-
operate up to four target tracks

simultaneously and the results of the exercise can
be stored and evaluated statistically by means of the
computer.
The automatic print plotter produces reports from
puter
is
sufficient to
the computer In the initial instruction phase it is

used as the plotter for checking the gunner's aiming
accuracy and speed To do this the gunner has
to follow an aiming curve displayed against the
Switzerland UK
background of the target area The plotter also

the nominal and actual values and the time
tor the
to the
tracking
Built into the eyepiece ot both the commander's
and instructor's sight is an LED to indicate where
the round has impacted
The AFV models used are fitted with camouflage,
lighting and a device for simulating glimpses of the
muzzle By means of control commands from the
computer, the model of the tank is turned into the
position corresponding to the direction of travel A
in
special coding makes it possible to determine on

the command console which types of tank have
appeared in the target area By means of a computer
it can be determined when a friendly tank has been
fired on in error
The models can be easily
exchanged for the purposes of tank recognition
SINTRO AG are developing a tank crew simulator
known as
the
ELSAP 3000 CIG which
involves a
realistic replica of a tank turret interior fitted to

moving or rigid platform The simulator will have
recoiling
dummy gun
barrel,
sequence procedures and a

working sight system
full
fully
a
a
loading and tiring

three-dimensional
STATUS
In
Army
MANUFACTURER
SINTRO AG. Gebruder Scharz
Rugenpark-strasse
6.
Elektronik
AG
CH-3800 Interlaken. Switz-
erland
Telephone (36)22 6666 Telex 923188sint

Fax 036 22 0103
UNITED KINGDOM
Challenger 2 Commander and
Gunner Crew Station Simulator
scenes, targets and

into the
(CGCSS)
Soon
after
it
was announced
in
December 1988
Defence Systems had been awarded a

development contract for the proposed Challenger
that Vickers
2
MBT
for the British
Army
it
was announced
that
Invertron Simulated Systems Limited had received

a contract to provide a Commander and Gunner
Crew Station Simulator (CGCSS) for the new tank.
The CGCSS uses the latest computer-generated
imagery technology to provide realistic terrain
Warrior Training Package
firing effects,
which are injected
Commander's and Gunner's
sights.
rep-
resentative thermal image display is also produced

in the thermal imager (Tl) sight The system software
accurately simulates the on-board fire control computer gun and sight control equipment, ballistic
and projectile trajectory

is housed in a purpose-built portable
air-conditioned container and provides a realistic
environment for the Challenger 2 commander and
gunner to perform target acquisition and engagement procedures, both when stationary and on the
move. A detailed analysis is provided of each
engagement, and the system is used by Vickers
offsets
The CGCSS
(for details
Trainers
see entry under Tank and Direct Fire Gun

section) to turret and troop
and Simulators
Computer
based and conventional training aids were
developed by Rediffusion Simulation.
Also included in the training package are weapon
stands, workshop models and conventional classroom training material and training aids These
trainers (see entries in this section)
In
December 1985
it
was announced
that a con-
sortium led by Alvis Limited had been awarded a

contract worth 15 million to develop and manufacture a complete package of training aids to
support the introduction into British Army service of
the Warrior (MCV-80) infantry fighting vehicle Alvis

Limited are the prime contractor with the other
consortium members being Invertron Simulated
Systems Limited and Rediffusion Simulation
Limited
The Warrior 30 mm Rarden gun training systems

were developed jointly by Alvis and Invertron. using
both computer-generated imagery and computersynthesised imagery techniques to provide scenes
and targets to be engaged by trainee gunners
Various gunnery simulators, from a desk top trainer
Invertron Turret
Defence Systems to demonstrate to the user the

and use of the sights and fire control
equipment The simulator also provides a tool for
analysing the ergonomics of the proposed turret
layout before Challenger 2 goes into full production
efficiency
STATUS
Development
MANUFACTURER
BurgessHill.WestSussexRH159TN UK
Invertron Simulated

Fax: 0444 244895
Germany The
actual training
is
carried out by an
instruction team from within the battalion involved

At the end of the conversion training a selection
of the training aids involved are retained by the
converted battalion
for
subsequent refresher and
continuation training.
STATUS
include course notes, wall charts, vu-foils and slide/
In
tape modules.
The first Warrior conversion course was carried
out during early 1988 and involved the 1st Battalion
Grenadier Guards Conversion training was also
provided for Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) personnel who maintain the vehicles.
The conversion course lasts 12 weeks, plus two
weeks range firing, and is carried out under the
guidance of the Armoured Infantry Training and
Advisory Team (AITAT) based at Sennelager in West
Battalions.
Army Armoured
Defence Systems Division. Holyhead

Road. Coventry CV58JH. UK.
Invertron Simulated Systems Limited. Albert Drive.
Burgess Hill. West Sussex RH159TN. UK.
Rediffusion Simulation Limited. Gatwick Road.
Crawley. WestSussex RH10 2RL.UK.
and Troop
The Invertron Turret and Troop Trainers are both

part of the Warrior Training Package (see previous
entry) but both can be configured to simulate any
type of armoured fighting vehicle.
The Turret Trainer comprises a dummy turret in
which a trainee crew consisting of a commander
and gunner are seated. Their environment is representative of the real vehicle turret. The crew are
provided with both high and low magnification simulated sights capable of day and night operation
For the Warrior Training Package, Alvis supply the
dummy turret and Invertron the training suite.

Using the Turret Trainer full target acquisition and
gunnery skills can be practised against realistic
computer-generated tactical targets: the standard
graphics are similar to those used with the Invertron
Desk Top Trainer (qv) although more advanced
computer-generated, video disc or computer synthesised imagery systems are available. There is a
choice of ammunition and weapon type, and target
tracking using the sight graticule. Main and secondary armament facilities are provided (Warrior
provided with a
dummy
30
mm
Rarden gun and a real 7.62 mm Chain Gun using

dummy ammunition only) and display the full ammunition characteristics of for example, tracer and
firing detonation Correct weapon sound effects are
transmitted to the crew during target engagement
Infantry
MANUFACTURERS
Alvis Limited.
Trainers
turret trainers are
Drive.
Interior of Invertron Turret Trainer configured for the Warrior infantry
combat vehicle
||
I
UK
and simulated radio nets can be included in a tactical
training scenario. The turret weapons can also be
used for training in ammunition loading and stoppage clearing procedures.
External to the trainer is the instructor's station
where a full log of the trainee crew's performance is
maintained by the computer The instructor can
replay pre-programmed target exercises or control
individual targets manually A hard copy facility is
included with each crew receiving their own performance assessment from the computer printer
Two video monitors are mounted over the trainer to
allow waiting or observing trainees to observe the
actions and progress of the crew using the trainer
The
dummy
turret
and
can
be palletised and are thus transportable by truck,

enabling a number of units to share the same training
The trainer can also be permanently

The planned British Army
scale of issue to Warrior units is one per armoured
infantry company.
Troop Trainers, also referred to as Platoon Trainers, comprise three or four Turret Trainers each
housed in separate air-conditioned cabins and
linked via computer data cables to a central instrucfacility.
installed in a building
tor station.
The Warrior Training Package provides Troop
Link-Miles Precision
Trainers with four Turret Trainers. All four turret

crews view the same scenario, including common
targets, but each may be looking at a different part
it depending on the direction the turret is facing
and the elevation of the gun, thereby providing
tactical as well as technical gunnery problems for
commanders and gunners. The scenario terrain
views and targets are produced by computer synthesised imagery techniques from pictures of realworld terrain and accurate scale models, coupled
with the use of high resolution optics. Targets
include a mix of friendly and enemy vehicles, both
ground and air. In a typical trainer, 20 different target
types are offered with each Troop Trainer. Up to six
static and six moving targets can be displayed on the
terrain simultaneously The fall of shot of adjacent
vehicles is visible to each crew, correct for the
previously determined vehicle locations at the start
of
exercise A jockeying facility is also included

Targets have the capability of returning fire once
engaged by own troops
Typically the instructor can record upto 120 target
tracks on the computer disc over a total recording
time of 120 minutes Targets are automatically
occulted when passing behind terrain features or
obstacles in the gunner's line of sight.
For the Warrior Training Package, four Troop
of the
14*1
Trainers are provided The first of them was delivered in August 1988 Two Troop Trainers are transported between armoured infantry battalions within
1 (BR) Corps, housed in container/shelters, and two
be based
Hohne.
will
at static locations in
Sennelager and
By linking several Troop Trainers together a

network can be achieved to facilitate large formation
training Each vehicle would see the same targetry
and the fire effects of other vehicles. With additional
viewing points, ie reverse views over the terrain,
the networked vehicles could be separated into
friendly and enemy forces, thus permitting force-onforce confrontations Target vehicles would be fully
reactive according to how each vehicle commander
controls his vehicle Vehicles killed' would be automatically eliminated from the exercise.
STATUS
Both the Turret and Troop Trainers are
for
the British Army's
Armoured
in
production
Infantry Battalions.
MANUFACTURER
West Sussex RH159TN.UK
Invertron Simulated
Burgess
Hill.
Drive,
Telephone: 0444 247535. Telex: 877766 INTRON

Fax 0444 244985
Gunnery
Crew Trainer
The Link-Miles Precision Gunnery Crew Trainer
(PGCT) is capable of simulating armoured vehicle
weapon systems including day and night optical
sights, laser rangefinders and advanced fire control
systems. The trainer also provides ballistic representation of largecalibre and high velocity rounds
as well as more conventional ammunition Various
trainer configuration options are available, from a
commander and gunner
only to a
(commander, gunner and loader)
full
for
turret
crew
a tank or self-
propelled howitzer.
For a commander and gunner team the trainer
provides training in target detection and identification, the allocation of target priority, an initial
estimation of target range, the selection of the most
ammunition type, gun laying, initial firing

and assessment of fall of shot, and corrections to
effective
aim.
If
a loader
is
included
in
the trainee crew, a
dummy loading system can be provided with dummy

rounds being transported through the breech to be
ejected outside the turret.
A Precision Gunnery Crew Trainer comprises
an internal facsimile of an actual turret with fully
representative sights and weapon system controls
The simulated turret interior is combined with a high
fidelity visual system and aural cues to ensure a
highly realistic training environment
The visual features include full colour, high fidelity

scenes that are injected into the weapon
sights. Computer synthesised imagery techniques
specifically adapted for gunnery simulation are
employed An alternative computer-generated
imagery system (IMAGE) is also available Visual
features available include: true to life background
Cut-away drawing of a Precision Gunnery Crew Trainer (PCG Tj installed in a semi-trailer
visual
scenes of terrain: simultaneous targets, stationary

or moving with variable directions; easily pro-
grammable scenarios
with various types of target;

target size accurately related to range with variable
aspect images; tracer effects; muzzle flash and
smoke, bursts on target and miss effects, all appropriate to the target
visibility
and night
and ammunition used; variable

firing
with
night illumination
by obstacles; and muldata channels for multiple sights.

The instructor's console has facilities that include
repeat views through the trainees' sights; demonstration facilities and controls; freeze and playback functions; simulation malfunction inputs:
exercise timing and scoring controls; and a full
intercom system. Exercise programming is flexible
The exact configuration of the trainer can be
carried out to customer requirements. The trainer
may be installed in a static location with the instructor's station located close to, or above and behind,
the simulated turret, or the entire trainer may be
effects; occulting of targets
tiple
placed
in
an air-conditioned
Individual Precision
be networked
for
trailer or semi-trailer
Gunnery Crew Trainers can
platoon
or
higher
formation
training
STATUS
Available.
MANUFACTURER
Link-Miles Limited, Churchill Industrial Estate,
Lancing, West Sussex BN158UE. UK
Telephone 0903 755881 Telex: 87165 LINKSI G.
Fax: 0903 763172.
TANK CREW AND TACTICAL TRAINERS/ USA
142

Conduct of Fire Trainer (COFT)
To reduce the costs of fuel, ammunition and maintenance facilities for the training of tank crews, the
US Army's Project Manager for Training Devices
(PM TRADE) in Orlando. Florida, was ordered during
the late 1970s to place contracts for the development
of a Conduct of Fire Trainer (COFT) on behalf of
the US Army Material Development and Readiness
Command In late 1979 contracts for the development of a COFT for the M1 Abramsand M60-seriesof
main battle tanks were awarded to Chrysler Defense
Inc and General Electrics Simulation and Control
Systems Department. In June 1980 these contracts
were modified to include the development of a COFT
for the M2 and M3 Bradley Fighting Vehicles
Prototype COFT units for the M1 Abrams were
delivered by both contractors to Fort Hood. Texas.
in May 1981. After technical acceptance and performance evaluations, the General Electric unit was
selected to undergo operational evaluation and
testing which was completed in September 1981
Testing of the M2/3COFT began in the same month
The total cost o' the programme to that date was
$33 million. In September 1982 General Electric
were awarded the initial increment of a $610 million
contract for COFT. The initial increment, worth
$40.6 million was for the production and start-up
costs for four
The
time
it
first
M1 Abrams COFTs.
COFT was
was planned
delivered
that 270 units
in 1984, at which
would be delivered
and delivered all
by 1988. General Electric built

these units, on time and under cost, to 41 locations
worldwide.
During 1987, as the resultof competitive tendering
bids, production of follow-on COFTs switched to El bit
Computers Limited of Israel. They are currently
building M-COFTs (see below) for the M60A3 main
battle tank, with production for the US Army running
until
January 1991.
is contained
The COFT
in
facilities.
The
training station
is
an exact replica of the vehicle interior involved

and contains all the same equipment. The COFT
generates its external scenes from a digital data
base covering a 7000 x 10 000 m range or area of
operations and within this area the vehicle' may
move with perspective maintained all the time
Degraded visibility situations can be introduced
along with special effects such as those involving
thermal imaging sights. These generated images
are produced on video screens and the images are
updated 30 times each second. The COFT system
also generates sounds such as track clatter, drive
train whine, gun firing and breech block noises
and the clatter of spent cartridges Tracers are
introduced into the field of view along with gun flash
An intercom allows the instructor to communicate
with the trainee crew, and accuracy and response
times can be displayed and recorded Weapons
simulated by current COFT configurations include
mm
mm
for the M1 and M60, 25

M2/3, 7.62
machine gun.
0.50/12.7
machine gun. TOW and smoke grenmain gun for the
ades. Options include the 120
M1A1 Abrams. A series of over 200 pre-programmed
exercises can be fed into each COFT. each with as
many as four different versions including terrain
and varying degrees of difficulty Exercises are
measured in three areas; target acquisition,
the 105
a mobile shelter with

training stations for the vehicle commander and
the gunner, an instructor's/operator's station and
console, a central computer which generates fullcolour action scenes, a briefing/debriefing area, and
some maintenance
General layout of a General Electric Conduct of Fire Trainer (COFT) housed in three shelters
Chain Gun
main gun
mm
for the
mm
mm
systems management (selection of ammunition,

proper weapon etc), and accuracy of aim.
The basic COFT is the U-COFT, or Unit Conduct of
Fire Trainer. Variants of
U-COFT
include the l-COFT,
Conduct of Fire Trainer, which is composed of four U-COFT modules. a master control function and an associated training
package The
l-COFT is used for group instruction of entry level
trainees in basic gunnery skills in a training school or
centre environment
The M-COFT, or Mobile Conduct of Fire Trainer,
normally consists of two shelters, each containing one
U-COFT module, carried on a flatbed trailer. These
trainers are used for training National Guard and
Reserve units.
Possible other variations of the COFT, not yet
produced, include a P-COFT, or Platoon Conduct of
or Institutional
Fire Trainer With this variant four U-COFT modules

are integrated and controlled through a platoon coordination station. Each of the U-COFTs involved is
able to interact with the other U-COFT stations,
and actual engagements and results by one station
within the field of view of other stations can be
observed by those stations.
A Tank Driver Trainer, collocated in the
:he U-COFT
shelter complex, could share a portii
lion of an
expanded visual image generator By correlating
cor
the operation of the U-COFT and the Driver Trainer,
and with the possible addition of a loader's station.
a Crew Conduct of Fire Trainer (C-COFT) could be
created.
STATUS
In
production.
In
service with the
US Army.
MANUFACTURERS
General Electric Company. Simulation and Control
Systems Department. Daytona Beach, Florida
32015, USA.
Telephone: (904) 258 251 1 Telex: 566556
Elbit Computers Limited. Advanced Technology
Center. PO Box 1573, 31015 Haifa. Israel.
Telephone: 9724 556677. Telex: 46774
'
USA
Marine Corps Tank
Full
143
Crew
Interactive Simulator Trainer
(MCTFIST)
The Marine Corps Tank Full Crew Interactive Simulator Trainer (MCTFIST) was developed as a lowcost, interactive video-disc-based training system
for US Marine Corps M60A1 tank crews It has been
field-tested and deployed with US Marine Corps
Reserve units and is used to train an entire tank
crew (ie commander, loader, gunner and driver) in
the actual vehicle they will use in combat The
system ensures that all crew members use and
operate their own controls but the tank does not
move, the main engine is not activated and no rounds
are fired.
MCTFIST uses computer graphics imaging
soft-
superimpose targets, target signatures and

weapons effects on filmed background scenery for
optimum exercise realism Capable of displaying
ware
to
virtually
any
terrain,
MCTFIST
originally portrayed
a desert environment and can provide a 500 to

2000 m range and engage' capability
MCTFIST has three basic components They are
an instructor/operator station for simulator control
and the col lection/display of crew performance data;
optical assemblies to direct the video imagery into
the tank gun sights and vision blocks; and a sensor
subsystem that allows the crew to control the tank
during simulation. Using the system the commander
can operate the rangefinder and other controls to
acquire targets, determine the range and fire the
main gun and coaxial machine gun The gunner
can employ the primary sight, telescopic sight and
gunner controls, select ammunition type and fire the
main gun and coaxial machine gun. The driver
can use his T-bar. gear selector, accelerator, RPM
gauge, speedometer and brake to control the simulated movement The loader can select and load
dummy rounds for the main gun and set the safe/fire
switches for the maingunand coaxial machine gun
Training exercises that can be carried out with
MCTFIST include 15 standard tactical gunnery tasks,
engaging three types of stationary or moving target,
engaging single or multiple targets, employing the
Marine Corps Tank
Full
Crew
Interactive Simulator Trainer
M60A1
stabilised or unstabilised gun control modes, firing
on the move or halted, perform tasks in training or
testing, using precision, battlesight or degraded
gunnery techniques, moving into and out of turretdown and hull-down positions, and training to meet
performance standards under specified combat conditions
MCTFIST takes between 45 and 60 minutes

install.
to
(MCTFIST) installed on a US Marine Corps
tank
STATUS
In
service with the
US Marine Corps reserves
MANUFACTURER
Computer
Sciences
Corporation,
Systems Division, 304 West Route
Moorestown, New Jersey 08057, USA.
Integrated
38,
Box
N,
144
Artillery
and Mortar
Fire Control Trainers
Simulators
FRANCE
Thomson-CSF Fire Team Support
Vehicle Simulator
Thomson-CSF has developed an
original concept
Team Support
Vehicle Simulator
which provides artillery observation vehicle crews
called the Fire
and complete training.

The French Army ordered three of these simulators with the first of them operational during early
1990 The simulator trains in the acquisition of fastmoving targets and from the very onset of firing The
with realistic
targets are tanks, troop carriers or self-propelled

guns Mounted on an artillery observation vehicle
(AOV) the target acquisition system closely follows

ready to follow up with the fire
front line units,
support required.
The AOV crew consists of the driver together

with an observation/liason team consisting of an
observer, laser rangefinder operator, aground navigator and radio operator. The task of the AOV crew
analyse the evolving battlefield and help
armoured unit commanders optimise
the artillery support available.
Staying in permanent contact with their field units,
the AOV crew have to stay close to their front line
units but at the same time keep out of direct sight of
the enemy Before each successive move to the next
observation point the crew has to select which is the
best position and getthere without being seen Once
at the selected observation point the AOV crew has
is
to
infantry or
to identify
the
enemy and
his position
and collect
the necessary range data, including the accurate

position of the AOV and the enemy, enemy movements and the type of fire required. This data is then
relayed back to the fire direction centre, computations are conducted and firing initiated Adjustment of fire by the AOV crew continues until the
enemy is either destroyed or neutralised
The originality of the Fire Team Support Vehicle
Simulator lies not only in the realism of the simulated
environment (mechanical, tactile and aural) but also
in the complete out-of-the-window environment. The
simulator allows the AOV team to move about in a
2
total area of 75 km
with 70 pre-recorded observation points. From each selected observation point
the crew is confronted with a new tactical situation
where they have to define their new position as well
as that of the forces which they can observe through
their periscopes As in real combat they then have
to detect the enemy troops, identify them, call for
,
fire
support, initiate
it
External view of
Thomson-CSF Fire Team Support Vehicle Simulator
STATUS
3 units to be delivered during 1990.
MANUFACTURER
Einstein, B.P. 116, 78192 Trappes Cedex, France.
Telephone:
(1) 30.69.41.00. Telex: 616 780 F

Fax: (1)30.69 41.50
and adjust the firing.
Interior of
Thomson-CSF Fire Team Support Vehicle

Simulator
and
Germany (We st) Sweden /ARTILLERY AND
MORTAR FIRE CONTROL SIMULATORS U5

GERMANY (WEST)
AS Artillery Trainer
For artillery gun crews there
is
no substitute for
gun they are
prevented by
training other than operating with the

to use in action. In many cases this is
rangesizeand restrictions, or employment reasons,

and anyway, the firing of operational ammunition
is an expensive process. Both problems can be
overcome by the use of small-scale ranges where
some form of ordnance substitute accurately scaled
down to match is available and this is provided by
the Dynamit Nobel AG AS Artillery Trainer together
special ammunition.
with its associated 14.5
Using the AS artillery trainer the scale of a firing
range can be reduced considerably and to use the
system fully a range 1350 m long and 800 to 1000 m
wide is required For full implementation of the
system, targets such as buildings and villages laid
out on a scale of 1: 10 are recommended
The standard type of AS trainer is mounted on a
mm
system of the gun

can be levelled and
tripod together with the dial sight
involved
The head
of the tripod
the trainer barrel then
simulates the laying
of the
the full artillery piece and crew are to be

involved a special sub-calibre version of the trainer
device can be inserted in the barrel or breech
real gun.
If
Adaptors are available to suit virtually any type of

known gun or howitzer Special range tables are
used with the AS artillery trainer
ammuBoth types of trainer fire special 14.5
nition fitted with either impact or delay fuzes - the
delay may be three or six seconds. The projectiles
are lead-jacketed and contain a smoke charge which
is ejected at the point of impact or after the required
delay The delay option can be used to simulate high
bursting points or proximity-fuzed ammunition.
mm
The maximum range of the AS artillery trainer is

1150m
In US Army service this device is known as the
14.5
mm Field Artillery M-31
Indirect Fire Trainer
STATUS
In
In service with more than 30 countries

France, West Germany, the United
production.
including
Kingdom and the USA
MANUFACTURER
AS
Dynamit Nobel AG, Defence Division, PO Box 1209.

D-5210Troisdorf, Federal Republic of Germany.
Telephone: (2241 85-0 Telex: 889 660-44 Fax: (2241
85-4585
14.5
mm artillery trainer
SWEDEN
SAAB BT 33 and BT 33ALM Artillery
Fire Control
Simulators
BT33
The BT33 artillery fire control simulator was
developed by SAAB-Scania to meet a requirement
formulated by the Swedish Army in 1967. It is an
indoor simulator for training artillery and mortar
controllers and consists of terrain projectors,
moving target projectors, target projector, burst
projectors and the main control unit.
The terrain projectors are standard 70 x 70 mm
colour slide projectors. One shows a view of a terrain
area as seen by a fire controller from an observation
post and the other simulates the effect of flare shell
fire
over different parts of the same terrain at night

Targets appearing in the terrain view can be symbolised
in different fashions. Hostile troops under

seen at long distance, are practically invisible, and so the target then consists simply of a
certain area in the terrain picture. Moving target
effects, including tanks, landing craft and helicopters, can be projected onto the terrain view.
Burst projectors are used for the simulation of
firing into a terrain area. They are capable of
projecting
different
types of burst symbols,
representing ground burst, air burst, shrapnel
impact, rising burst cloud, and concealed burst. The
size of the burst symbols, which depends on the
observation range and their appearance (smoke in
the case of the concealed burst and shrapnel hitting
the ground in the case of airbursts) gives the fire
controller information on the location of the burst.
cover,
SAAB BT33 artillery fire control simulator in use

The simulator is equipped with a synthetic sound
system. The sound of the projectile during its trajectory is heard for a few seconds. The burst
explosion is then heard, delayed in accordance
with the observation range. Both the time and the
intensity of the explosion can be varied.
An
in
instructor operates the main control unit, which

addition to the operating controls contains an
analogue computer
jectile trajectories,
for calculating
a core
simulated pro-
memory
topography and control units

projectors and the sound system.
terrain
for the target

for the burst
ARTILLERY AND MORTAR FIRE CONTROL SIMULATORS
146
The imaginary
Sweden
trajectory can be regarded as a
straight line which,
when seen from above, crosses
sectors and ends in a burst point

Computation of the burst point requires signals
representing the projectile trajectory and the height
variation of the terrain in the tiring direction, as well
as a device for determining when these two signals
are equal. Signals containing the terrain height
data are obtained from the terrain memory of the
simulator, and the trajectory of the projectile is
represented by a signal generator with an output
signal proportional to the height of the projectiles in
the imaginary trajectory. The initial height at the
time of entering the picture area and the rate of
descent are dependent on the artillery piece The
bursts projector is then aimed by servo control at
the correct burst point in the picture In the case of a
ground burst, the terrain memory will yield information on whether the burst would be visible or not.
or whether it should be shown above any concealing
terrain features. Air detonations can be shown to
simulate proximity fuzes.
a
number
of
Data for BT 33
Target area
Slide projector: focal distance 150
in 70 x 70
Slide size: 54 x 16
mm
Screen: 6
screen
at 17
mm
mm frame
between projector and
Battlefield scene: sector with 72 top rake angle

Target area: minimum 200 m. max 2500 m. topographic variations of 100 m
Artist s
impression olSAAB
BT 33ALM artillery lire control simulator in use
Target angle: -800. -400. -200, - 100. and

+ 100. +200, +400 and +800 mils
mils.
BT33ALMData
Simulator room
Size: 12 x 7 x 3.5
Central unit and burst projectors

Firing units: 1 battalion of 3 batteries of 4 guns each
Rate of fire: max 12 shots/12 s
Types of burst: impact burst, air burst with and
without shrapnel impact, cloud burst and concealed
burst
Size of burst: size of impact burst, air burst and cloud
burst is dependent on distance in 4 steps
Burst symbol display time: adjustable for 0.5, 1 3 or
5s, shrapnel impact always displayed during 1 s
Sound effects: synthetic sound with automatically
distance-related burst time and volume
Loudspeakers: 2 behi nd screen for detonation sound
,
and
in
middle
of lecture
room
for projectile
sound
Central control panels (for each of the batteries A.

Distance: distance from
OP graduated
from 200
B
to
Width: angle from azimuth line of target area to

target, graduated from -700 to +700 mils
Lateral correction: graduated from 600 m left to 66 m
right
Height: graduated from
-100 to +
Change
graduated from
+ 60
in
m and
trajectory:
all
-40 m
to
impact burst position
Gun selection: firing from

or
100
gun,
section, wing
simulator
also referred to as an artillery procedure trainer,
was developed using the considerable expertise
gained by SAAB Training Systems during over 15
years of experience producing and operating basic
BT 33 simulators The BT33ALM is a modular system
designed for use either as a stand-alone simulator or
as an upgrading kit for an existing BT33 installation
The BT33A is the main module in the new system
and
is
used
to
guns
battery
simulate
indirect
artillery
fire
missions. Communications use both real hardware

and digital message devices. The BT33A can be
used as a stand-alone simulator or for upgrading an
BT 33 simulator
The BT33L is a laser rangefinder (LRF) simulator
designed to simulate a hand held LRF that can be
moved around to any part of a classroom. Up to five
LRF's can be connected to the BT33L simultaneously. The BT33L is compatible with BT33A
modules and with upgraded BT33 installations.
The BT33L is a laser rangefinder (LRF) simulator
designed to simulate a hand held LRF that can be
moved around to any part of a classroom. Up to five
LRFs can be connected to the BT33L simultaneously The BT33L is compatible with BT33A
modules and with upgraded BT 33 installations,
symbols are photographic copies. The simulator
operates using pre-programmed exercises with
each exercise equivalent
Control panel (common to all batteries)

Lateral correction: graduated from -600 to +600m
Range correction: graduated from - 1000 to
+ 1000 m
Height correction: graduated from -50 to +50m
Altitude of OP:
to 99 m (for co-ordination of simulator to target area map)
Dispersion along trajectory: graduated from
to
150
Dispersion in trajectory: graduated from to 15 m
Angle of impact: 1 0, 20, 30 and 40
Temperature: + 15to + 25C

artillery fire control
existing
andC)
2500
BT33ALM
The SAAB BT 33ALM
a battle order for fire

support Exercises take the form of descriptive scenarios that can be produced by an operator or by a
centralised training headquarters to ensure unito
Humidity:
max 80% RH
Power: 220 V AC, 50 Hz
Computers
Operator control unit:
standard AT-type, Ada language
standard XT-type. Pascal
System control units: SAAB IPC 8/16. Pascal.
PLM
Tactical data
Firing units: 6
10
guns
Ballistics: real firing tables
used
Position indication: optional indication with angular

or polar co-ordinates
Gun deployment:
individually definable
Ammunition: optional; max 10
gun position
different types of
ballistics
Range measurement:
mounted LRF simulators
Battle areas: optional;
hand-held
or
tripod-
can be produced by user

expand-
Field of observation: 70 angle up to 2500 m:
able to 5000m
Mission analysis: automatic
pre-defined target areas
hit
data recording
Communication: manual or automatic with
in
digital
message devices
STATUS
BT33 production complete. In service with over ten
countries including Canada. Denmark. Ireland and
Sweden.
BT33ALM available
formity oftraining.
The BT33ALM can store and subsequently

present the results of an exercise. The simulator
software is written in Ada.
The BT33ALM can be

simulator classrooms or
installed in existing
BT33
ordinary rooms having

dimensions of at least 12 x 7 x 3.5 m. This area can
accommodate up to 25 students.
in
MANUFACTURER
SAAB Training Systems AB. Box
Huskvarna, Sweden.
Fax: 46 36 14 32 85.
00. Telex:
2049. S-561 02
70045 saabjkg
s.
UK
147
UNITED KINGDOM
Invertron Artillery and Mortar Fire
Control Training Simulator
(AMFCTS)
System development
of the Artillery and Mortar Fire

Control Training Simulator (AMFCTS) was begun by
Invertron as a private venture in early 1977 The
first customer requirement was received from the
Malaysian Armed Forces in that year, and following
tender evaluation, the first contract was placed with
Invertron in 1978 Also in 1978 the British Army
own Staff Requirement to potential conwhich prompted Invertron to continue the

development, again as a private venture. Following
a competitive evaluation at the Royal School of
issued
its
tractors
was awarded a contract

supply nine trainers to the Ministry of Defence
The first was installed at the Royal School of Artillery
in July 1979. Four other systems are deployed in the
United Kingdom and the remaining four in West
Germany. A total of 167 of these trainers are in
service in 22 countries
The AMFCTS provides artillery, infantry and army
aviation personnel with initial, continuation and
refresher training in the observation and adjustment
of fire, and for fire planning by Forward Observation
Artillery, Larkhill, Invertron
to
and Battery Commanders (BC).

The equipment, which is controlled by a digital
Officers (FOO)
computer, provides the students with a large projected scene of a target area, on which are shown
the appropriate shell bursts, smoke-screen developments, enemy vehicles (which can be driven' by the
instructor) and enemy fire effects, including realistic
sound simulation The effect of wind on smoke
development and flare illumination is represented,
and the equipment can handle single and multiflare night illumination patterns. Target area scenes
including image-intensifier, radar and thermalimager simulations can also be projected Communication among students, instructors and the
is by three simulated tactical radio networks and a private interphone system.
Invertron claims two major advantages for its
system: the user can prepare his own target-area
views and associated computer data bases; and the
view of the target area can be rapidly changed by
keyboard input during the shells flight, an essential
operator
attribute for training airborne observers.
Apart from its primary use as a training device for

types of indirect fire control, the simulator may
be used for basic and advanced map-reading exercises, position siting and basic terrain recognition,
and exercise pre-planning. Experience has shown
that the instructor/operator can acquire the necessary skills and knowledge to use the trainer within an
hour. By using modern projectors with high-quality
lenses, Invertron has reduced the distance between
projector and screen so that the system can be fitted
into existing classrooms. A screen 6 m long by 1.5 m
high is adequate in a 12 m long room containing 30
students, and the same training can be achieved in
a room 3 to 4 m shorter if necessary; the trainer has
been set up in an area only 4 m square, with provision
all
_Jj
SWK^
W-^^
laaalMMMB
J!
~~*t
_j
L.Q
i^^-
typical Artillery
and Mortar
Fire Control Training Simulator
(AMFCTS)
installed in a purpose-built
classroom
The optical-servo system for possymbols and targets is claimed to have

a resolution many times greater than that of any
other system, and optional extras include laser
ranging and target markings; image-intensifier;
radar and thermal-imager scenes; wind effect on
illuminating shells; and the ability to reduce
minimum range to 40 m for 'danger shoots'
The equipment is supplied with eight target areas
for six students.
itioning burst
representing observation posts of the customer's

choice; other targets may be added by the user,
since all that is required is a 35
camera to take
mm
photographs. The computer is provided complete

with a programme to prepare the data base for any
desired target area, a process which is carried
out by the operator when he is not involved in an
exercise. The system can handle up to eight target
areas if necessary, each with a range out to beyond
5000 m.
The instructor can control up to 80 different
targets, includingsingle-sholsmall-armsfire, machine-gun fire, anti-tank gunfire, troop concentrations,
armoured
vehicles, trucks and assault craft. The

selection of a target automatically presents it on the
screen at its pre-selected starting point and with the
appropriate sound effects at the correct level for that
range. The instructor can drive' moving targets
such as tanks or landing craft by means of a joystick.
and he can occult the target where it would be

obscured by buildings or trees.
The computer can also simulate the development
of a smoke-screen, which automatically expands
slowly and drifts across the target area in accordance with the simulated wind speed and direction,
which may be altered by the instructor. The trainer
can reproduce all types of shell, including ground
bursts, smoke plumes, air bursts and air bursts with
splinters The size of the burst automatically varies
with range, and the distance between air bursts and
splinters hitting the ground is a function of the fuzing
set on the keyboard by the instructor following the
input of
scenes
commands from the observation
point. Night
area are included and the

trainer will automatically handle single or multi-flare
patterns, the illumination remaining available to
students for a realistic period It also drifts in accordance with whatever wind speed and direction the
instructor has chosen.
The instructor/operator can set up to four batteries, each with a maximum of eight guns, in any
desired battery layout configuration. Once set up, a
particular exercise can be stored on a disc and later
replayed. The four batteries can be fired simultaneously with differing rates of fire, which enables
realistic fire planning exercises to be carried out.
Three tactical communications networks and a
of the target
mil
jJSoJ
T
im
<S
1i
The Invertron
Artillery
installed at the
and Mortar
Fire Control Training Simulator
(AMFCTS)
US Army Field Artillery School at Fort Sill, Oklahoma
Simulation of a six-gun 155
mm battery as seen on an AMFCTS screen
148
private telephone line are provided between the

and each of the student observation post
positions Static interference and fading can be
provided as an option to increase realism.
instructor
The sound simulation includes the aerodynamic

noise of shells which pass over the observation post,
together with shell bursts and target sounds
Invertron produce an optional extra to the basic
trainer which converts it into a Command Post/
Observation Post (CPOP) trainer. Orders from the
student observer, instead of being sent direct to the
computer operator, are sent to a Command Post
which can be in another room or even in a vehicle
parked nearby The Command Post staff will have
an input of meteorological data and the ballistic data
for each gun in a battery, and using this and the
orders from the observer produce gun data using
their normal method (computer, graphs and firing
tables) This gun data instead of being sent to the
guns is sent to the trainer's computer operator He
will have entered the same meteorological and
ballistic data as the Command Post and can therefore enter their gun data to produce the appropriate
burst symbols If the Command Post staff have made
an error the burst symbols will appear in the wrong
location as in real life Using the CPOP trainer
therefore, not only are the observers of a battery
trained, but also the Command Post staff and the
signallers To convert the basic trainer into a CPOP
trainer requires no additional hardware but a considerable amount of extra software A number of
users have already purchased the option, including
the
US Army.
A further extension to the CPOP trainer has been

introduced by the development of the Closed-Loop
Artillery Simulation System (CLASS) Using this
system, FOOs, battery command post crews and gun
crews can all be trained at the same time All the
normal artillery procedures are used by the POO to
transmit target data to the command post where gun
data is calculated Data passed to the guns and then
fired' by those guns, is transmitted to the computer
controlling the AMFCTS This trainer displays the
effects of the rounds as fired' by each of the guns in
the battery. Should any gun fire on incorrect data,
the error will be seen.
CLASS involves a Gun Unit which is a fully ruggedised weatherproof module containing a twoaxis gyro system and an inclinometer. The unit is
mounted on a top of a gun barrel using a mounting
adaptor and quick release toggle clamps Installation and removal do not require any modification
to the gun. The purpose of the two-axis gyro is to
supply the bearing and elevation of the gun barrel,
while the inclinometer provides a reference to compensate for the effects of trunnion tilt A FIRE' signal
is provided by a small switch unit mounted on the
gun All the sensors are connected to the gun data
recorder, a unit containing a microprocessor-based
printed circuit board which converts signals sent
from the gun unit into bearing and elevation angles
Each gun data recorder and gyro system is driven
from a central interface control unit sited beside a
command post. This unit transmits CLASS data over
a VHF link to the AMFCTS which can be up to 8 km
away The data is then error-checked, processed
UK
and displayed on the instructor s monitor The data

is used to calculate the lall-of-shot which is then
displayed on the projection screen at the correct
time, according to the projectile time of llight
The AMFCTS can be used in coniunction with the

Invertron Ground/Vehicular Laser Locator Designator (G/VLLD) simulator This can be used to
provide operator designation and tracking training
against stationary and moving targets for precision
guided semi-active laser-guided weapons such as
Copperhead The G/VLLD can also be used for
rangefindmg and position finding In July 1987 the
US Army ordered 80 G/VLLDs for delivery from May
1988 to May 1990 The order was worth $2 5 million
STATUS
production In service with 16 countries including
United Kingdom (21 systems). Canada (8
systems). Egypt (5 systems). France (20 systems
with 11 delivered in 1983 and the remaining nine
In
the
Greece
Jordan (2). South Korea (2).

Thailand (2), USA (86
(2),
systems) and other countries in Europe and the
Middle and Far East A total of 167 trainers has been
in
1984).
Portugal
(2),
(2).
Oman
delivered.
MANUFACTURER
Invertron Simulated
Systems Limited. Albert Drive

Burgess Hill. West Sussex RH159TNUK
Telephone: 0444 247535 Telex: 877766 INTRON G
Fax: 0444 244895
Marconi Instruments Master
Gunner Artillery Classroom

Trainer
Master Gunner was designed by Marconi Instruments with the support of the British Army to provide
formal instruction and practice in forward observation post procedures and skills which will greatly
assist in the solving of the many problems of the
artillery observation officers and mortar fire controllers before live range practice begins.
Master Gunner consists of the following main
components:
A screen on which is displayed by means of an
optical projector, colour pictures of terrain, each
covering a visual sector of a width of 1200 mils
Television projectors which project computergenerated coloured imagery of shell bursts and
targets onto the screen. A computer determines the
position of the shell bursts and targets with respect
to the
displayed terrain.
An audio system, which reproduces the sounds of

gunfire, shells in flight and shell bursts, with various
battlefield noises and including enemy machinegun fire and anti-tank fire
An electronic equipment suite which contains
electronics boards which generate both the symbol
data for the television projectors and the data for the
synthetic audio effects, a digital computer which
uses magnetic disc-stored programmes to represent the mathematical model of the projected
terrain and a power distribution panel The elec-
equipment suite is mounted within the instrucconsole.

A visual display unit and keyboard, from which
the simulator is controlled and from which the stored
programmes can be modified
An operator's panel which gives the operator the
facility to align the television projector's remotely,
communicate to the class via a microphone facility
and initiate and control battlefield noises.
Binoculars for the pupils to observe targets and
tronic
Marconi Instruments Master Gunner artillery classroom trainer in use
tor's
make, together with the initiation of display

moving targets, enemy fire and battlefield noises.
of
fall-of-shot
Two 60 60mm slide projectors, controlled by

the computer, produce different high-definition panoramas for daylight terrains, starlit terrains and
parts of starlit terrains lit by illuminating flares. For
each panorama, slides are supplied for daylight
terrain and variable polarising filters are also sup-
A map of the projected terrain to enable the

student to study the detailed topography as it relates
terrain through twilight, moonlight
to target positions.
Master Gunner was designed to deal with a fire

capacity matched by up to four eight-gun or mortar
each of which may be controlled independently, so permitting four simultaneous engagements and a Battery Centre Position with the
disposition of the guns or mortars relative to the
Battery Centre Position as required. In addition
the operator via the visual display unit and his
batteries,
keyboard, has control over all the parameters

affected by the initial orders and corrections that an
observer or mortar fire controller would have to
dimming of the daylight

and starlight to
The computer-generated
plied to allow progressive
complete darkness
imagery system projects the following symbols onto
the panoramic screen: sighted ground burst, hidden
ground burst, rising dust and air burst, (with or
without shell splinters), smoke, with the subsequent
development of a smoke screen, and synthetic
targets, such as armoured vehicles and machine gun
and anti-tank fire. When the fire button is pressed, the
computer determines which symbols are required
to be displayed, together with their switch on and off
times For synthetic targets, the instructor nominates the type and position required and. in the case
of
tanks and other moving vehicles, their speed and
direction
The topography
of the terrain,
including trees
houses, hills and valleys is contained in detail within

the computer. When observing targets and shell
bursts synthetically, notice is taken of this terrain
data and the generation of the synthetic symbols is
modified accordingly, and auto terrain following is
included in the system For example, if a moving
target is placed in such a position that it is partly
obscured, taking it behind a suitably sized object, it
will disappear from view and reappear later, when
the obstacle has passed. A similar facility is available for shells to give the effect of lost rounds and
rising dust.
Audio effects are generated electronically, under

the control of the computer. Four loudspeakers are
used, two at the screen and two at the right and left
sides of the classroom roof Own shell Dursts. enemy
machine gun and anti-tank fire use the screen speakers, which are also used for addressing students
The sounds
of projectiles in flight
are produced from
UK
the roof speakers with moving targets and other

battlefield effects produced from a tape recorder
with the sound coming from the screen speakers.
Operation of Master Gunner

The visual display unit and keyboard comprises the
operator's main interface with the simulator and
enables him to select, set up and modify exercises
and control the fire mission. The information available to the operator is presented as six separate
alphanumeric pages, selected by pagenumberfrom
the control keyboard The six pages detail the system
set up. displayed targets, fire mission and recorded
target information.
For helicopter-borne mobile observers the

required time the view is to be displayed on the
screen is made on the fire mission page.
The alphanumeric pages have been designed to

give the operator a series of options which he selects
by moving a visible marker or cursor through the
displayed information on the visual display unit.
After the power on and system loading procedures
have been completed, page one of the alphanumeric
pages is selected on the visual display unit The
operator can select any of the following align,
terrain (topographical data for up to six terrains is
stored on the disc backing store) and exercise (six
exercises, previously defined for each terrain, can
be stored on the disc store) The store information

enable the instructor to begin with the exercise
as soon as his exercise has been selected by the
operator These six exercises per terrain can be
developed by the instructors to suit the training
will
syllabus
The batteries are numbered one to four and in

each column, on page one, the battery centre grid
position and altitude and range and bearing of each
gun from the centre point are given. Up to eight guns
can be incorporated in each battery.
The instructor can define certain synthetic targets
to simulate the enemy The operator selects the
target type from the displayed options, defines
start position and, in the case of moving targets,
its
145
or numbers of the battery or batteries required, will

indicate the firing sequence
Each time the
fire
button
pressed, the computer
is
store the fire mission parameters used for that

shot or salvo The total storage will be limited to the
last 20 shots or salvos Thus, during or following
any shoot, the instructor may decide to discuss a
previous shot or sequence of shots with the pupil by
recalling to the visual display unit the relevant fire
mission data, for example recall 4, meaning the
fourth previous shot Having recalled this data, the
instructor may use it again, by pressing the fire
button The instructor can resume live simulation by
will
selecting live
speed and bearing. Fixed targets are defined as a
Master Gunner is fully portable and can be

unpacked and installed in a classroom in less than
position only
three hours.
its
Using a combination of cursor-selectable options

and keyed numerical inputs, the instructor begins to
construct a fire mission Descent angle, dispersion,
time of flight, instructor offset and burst duration
options are available On the fire mission page the
instructor can select ammunition (HE. VT, smoke
and illuminating), type of shoot (parallel, converge
or linear), target position, observer direction, correction and the number of guns to fire.
After the mission data has been entered, pressing
the fire button, followed by the designation number
STATUS
In
Production complete
(ordered April 1981), Italy,
service
with
Austria
USA
(seven ordered in
October 1980). and Venezuela (ordered January
1980)
MANUFACTURER
Napier Building, Donibristle
KY1 1 5JZ. UK.
Marconi Simulation
Industrial Estate, nr Dunfermline, Fife

.
Westland Indirect Fire Trainer

(WIFT)
Westland
System Assessment Limited first
developed the Westland Indirect Fire Trainer (WIFT)
training system in 1986 to meet the growing demand
for
low-cost indirect
was designed
fire
simulation at unit level
use by infantry, artillery and

armoured units as well as air borne units responsible
for directing field artillery The system is operated
by three countries in either its mortar or artillery
It
for
training role
As a procedural trainer WIFT
is simple to set
operates in semi-light conditions and does not
of
specialised
or
dedicated buildrequire the use
a
up,
ing
The computerised control system models
engagements realistically for high explosive, proximity and delay fuze fire missions Regimental fire
planning can be exercised with WIFT, including the
deployment of smoke missions Variable distribution rates of fire and rounds fired are all simulated in accordance with the observer's orders
Training benefits range from basic map reading
and grid adjustment procedures to multiple target
missions using grid or polar data Although WIFT
was designed primarily for supervised continuation
training, the system can be operated by an unsupervised student to learn and practice individual skills
and procedures without specialist support.
WIFT is supplied as an installed turnkey system
based upon commercially available hardware. Inservice systems claim to have a high reputation for
reliability and availability. The system comprises a
slide and video projector, a microcomputer, special
binoculars, and a screen
Full operator documentation and target areas are supplied with each
system.
The ceiling-mounted video projector is used to
superimpose computer-generated imagery for

targets and shell bursts on slide-projected target
areas The screen is a standard video projection
screen which may be folded away into its ceiling or
wall housing. The binoculars are specially calibrated 6 x 30 field binoculars used for the accurate
adjustment of the WIFT simulated fall of shot.
Following a simple procedure to calibrate the grid
projection of the terrain area, the WIFT operator will
quickly initialise the system for battery/mortar line
locations, enemy target positions, and any ballistic
errors due to meteorological conditions or incorrect
Phoenix Simulation Artilleryman

Trainer
British
Army Westland Indirect Fire
settings Operators require no previous
computers
battery comand gun crews. Artilleryman has been
observers,
manders
fire
direction
teams,
designed as a modular mobile system that can
may be exercised
using recorded targets, of which

20 can be stored in the system. Sound and
visual effects are modelled for different ammunition
conduct their training sessions on

WIFT. A short course is provided during system
up
installation.
types.
of
The
to
can vary the intensity of training

during the session through the selected use and rate
of enemy targets being made active. In addition he
can introduce random errors in the fall of shot
positions. The student can adjust fire along his
observer target line or any direction he chooses.
Dead ground conditions are represented by the
instructor's lost round' facility. At any time the
session may be 'frozen' to allow instructional points
to be made A check fire' facility is also available
WIFT is time based so that pre-planned fire missions
instructor
be installed and operated from a standard army

The modular design concept provides a
user friendly' system and users can reconfigure the
system to suit differing training requirements as they
vehicle.
when required
the facilities of the Artilleryman Trainer are
controlled by a single instructor/operator using a
keyboard and visual display unit. The system operates on a series of dedicated pages' and preprogrammed function keys, so previous experience
of computers or computer-based equipment is not
arise, including part task training
The Phoenix Artilleryman Trainer was designed to

meet the training requirements of an entire artillery
regiment Provision has been made in the design to
provide
forward
simultaneous
training
for
knowledge
Trainer (WIFT) system
All
necessary.
to
The sounds
of gunfire,
enemy
fire
and shells
passing overhead are also simulated.
STATUS
In production. In service with the United Kingdom (6
systems).
Canada (2 systems) and Ireland
(1 system).
MANUFACTURER
Westland System Assessment Limited, Telec
House, Goldcroft, Yeovil, Somerset BA21 4DQ, UK
Telephone: 0935 24545 Telex: 46542 W-SYST.
Fax: 0935 32864
Functions available through the keyboard include

thefollowing:
selectable exercise parameters such as the number
of batteries (from one to four), the number of guns in
each battery (from one to eight), the battery and
layout, wind andtemperatureconditions, dispersion
and weapon types (guns or mortars each of the fourioatteries may have a different calibre
factors, offsets
if required)
basic map-reading and self-location
initial call-for-fire by grid or polar co-ordinates, or
reference points
150
UK
adjustment methods by grid or polar corrections
ammunition types
distributions such as converging, standard or open
sheaf, centre, end or two point linear, circular and
rectangular
moving targets, there are ten simultaneous independent targets of ten target types with 50 target
tracks - the target size is correct for range and
aspect
planning (multi-battery facility) with 20 individual
missions stored on disc, time sequenced and with
an on-line modification facility
laser rangefinder/designator options
miscellaneous facilities such as mission record/
replay, storage of reference points, terrain/view
data basing, airborne observer procedures and
fire
command post training.

There is also a battery training system for up to
guns with direct measurement of actual gun
deflection, actual gun quadrant elevation sight
direction and cross-level settings, plus direct
sensing of the firing mechanisms. The battery
involved can be deployed in its normal terrain positions with a possible live firing facility All the gun
equipment is fully ruggedised and weather-proofed.
The system ensures the correct display of fall-ofshoton the projected terrain, and any incorrectsight
settings or firing data calculations will result in a
corresponding incorrect fall-of-shot to be observed
on the projection screen.
Miscellaneous equipment for the system includes
modified binoculars and map boards. Options
eight
include a high resolution colour system, a simulated

laser rangefinder, customer terrain views, documentation in various languages as required, and
additional training.
The modular system used by Artilleryman is
similar in concept to that currently being used by
some of the larger flight simulator manufacturers
The advantage of this approach is to distribute the
computing power to the various points on the system

where each of the individual tasks are being carried
out. Each individual processor has the ability not
only to carry out
its
own
task,
but also to comto all the other
municate via a networking system
Ferranti
Montage of Phoenix Artilleryman

processors, effectively producing a single large processor with capacity for expansion. This approach,
when applied to the training requirements of an
artillery regiment, can produce a powerful trainer to
cope with current and future demands.

The computing system used with the Artilleryman
Trainer provides an individual processor for each of
the separate areas concerned, which are weapons,
control and visuals. All computers are IBM-based.
The visual system is based on the use of high
brightness video projection using video discs,
coupled with computer-generated graphics. The
part of the system associated with gun and sight
deflection data is based on the use of laser techniques and produces an accuracy of better than one
mrad. Gun elevation determination is carried out
trainer
using an inclinometer capable of measuring angles

an accuracy of better than
5 mrad The laser
module used in the sight unit is a low power heliumneon device and is categorised as eye-safe
Power for the system can be derived from a 24 V
DC source or from a 1 10/240 V AC supply
to
STATUS
Ready for production. One system in service with
the Royal School of Artillery at Larkhill. Wiltshire
MANUFACTURER
Phoenix Simulation. Southfield House. 1 1 Liverpool
Gardens. Worthing. West Sussex BN1 1 1 RY, UK.
Telephone: 0903 821412 Telex: 878665 CENRES G
LOCAT Low-Cost Artillery
Trainer
The Ferranti LOCAT (Low-Cost
Artillery Trainer)
a privately-funded air-launched training system
intended for training artillery and mortar observers.
LOCAT fires a relatively low-cost fin-stablised projectile using compressed air in place of conventional
artillery propellants.
LOCAT has a calibre of 80
and can be mounted
on a towed artillery carriage, a vehicle or trailer, or
various other types of mounting. The prototype has
been operated from a 25-pounder gun carriage for
is
mm
demonstration purposes
The fin-stabilised projectiles are breech-loaded

They can be fired to ranges of from 1500 to 5000 m,
and at ranges of about 4000m the projectiles are
more accurate than conventional
projectiles, yet
have a dispersion nearing that of operational rounds

fired at maximum range. The reduced range of
LOCAT compared with conventional

means
artillery
pieces
system can be used safely on small

ranges on which artillery observation training could
not normally be carried out.
The projectiles are fired from a fixed angle of
that the
elevation with alterations
in
the
compressed
air
pressure producing corresponding variations in

range As the round is fired, a layer of air surrounds
the projectile while it is in the barrel and acts as a
form of lubricant, so barrel wear is virtually nonexistent. As the projectile leaves the muzzle there is
no loud firing report but a cloud of condensed air
produced by the release of the propelling compressed air creates a visual effect of firing. Up to
three rounds can be fired in 40s but the normal
sustained rateoffireisone round a minute.
LOCAT fires a fin-stabilised projectile of aluminium construction, weighing 3 kg and containing
600 g of high explosive. On impact the projectile
produces a visible flash and a puff of smoke to
simulate an operational artillery burst for trainee
observers The projectile is fitted with a relatively
low-cost L127A3 mortar fuze but other types of fuze
can be fitted if required. Smoke and illuminating
projectiles are under development.
The Ferranti LOCA T launcher mounted on a 25-pounder gun carriage
proposed a leasing approach for

LOCAT system Known as
Rounds on the Ground', the leasing option would
allow a user to purchase a number of LOCAT training
rounds while Ferranti would provide a launcher and
crew, operate the system, and provide spares and a
fire control system. For fire control LOCAT can use
modified Zengrange hand held fire control computers and software.
Ferranti has
potential users of the
Rate
of fire:
(burst) 3
rounds
in
40 s
(sustained) 60 rounds/h
Weight of projectile: 3 kg
Weight of explosive: 600 g
STATUS
Advanced development
MANUFACTURER
Ferranti International. Mitchell Hydraulics Division.
mm
Calibre: 80
Length of barrel: 3
10Spring Lakes. DeadbrookLane. Alde r shot, HampshireGU124HA. UK.
Weight of launcher: 350 kg

Operating range: 2000 to 5000

28678
Telex
859614
Fax: 0252
Yugoslavia
151
YUGOSLAVIA
Artillery Fire
Simulator SAV-78
Artillery Fire Simulator SAV-78 is a classroom

simulator intended for training artillery observers
and fire control centre personnel The simulator is
computer-controlled and enables trainees to train
in target location and tracking, the issuing of fire
The
commands,
adjustment and tactical judgements

produced by trainees is fed into the
computer by an operator using a keyboard. The
instructor checks the fire control data given previously by the computer and makes any corrections
The simulator provides a choice of weapon and
ammunition types and the presentation of different
types of target on the screen.
The SAV-78 comprises a computer unit, an instructor's console, a large screen display, a video
terminal, an automatic slide projector, two slide
projectors for projecting the terrain panorama, a
projection screen, two 45 W loudspeaker units, up to
40 pairs of binoculars, and a set of interconnecting
fire
Firing data
cables.
Up to 40 observers plus eight fire direction centre

personnel can use the SAV-78 at one time The
classroom containing the simulator should be at
least 16 x 8 x
3m
and
is
equipped with desks and
seating for the trainees Some degree of black-out

A panoramic view of a battlefield is
is required
projected in colour onto a 6 x 1.5 m screen Terrain
topography and visibility conditions are automatically taken into account by the system computer
data base during fire and target simulation
Targets are generated by the system computer,
using symbols representing enemy activity Targets
may be moving
or fixed and graphic hit symbols

produced by the computer can vary according to the
type of ammunition used and other factors Synthetic
noise generation produces the sounds of shell bursts
and flight, small arms and automatic fire, and vehicle
General view of an
such exercise data

keyboard.
All
is
entered via the system
STATUS
In
Simulator SAV-78
MANUFACTURER
(SDPR), 9 Nemanjina Street
1101
Belgrade.
Yugoslavia
noise
The system computer can be used to alter exercise

variables such as meteorological and ballistic data
Artillery Fire
armed forces.
Telephone: 621 522 Telex:
1360.
1541
YU SDPR
UVAG-M69 Artillery Trainer

The UVAG-M69
artillery trainer follows the
same
general lines as the WestGermanASartillery trainer

(see entry in this section) but is based on a M48
7 92mm rifle firing practice rifle grenades. The
trainer consists of a top carriage mounted on a tripod
and has provision for mounting panoramic sight
carriers for Yugoslav or American artillery pieces
Elevation controls are carried out using a DB-1 range
quadrant as used on the Yugoslav 76mm M48(B1)
mountain gun
In use an operational gun crew can carry out 'dry'
fire control and laying procedures with all the actual
fire control settings being also made using the sights
on the UVAG-M69 trainer The trainer fires the 40 mm
M68 practice rifle grenade to a maximum range of
approximately 570m so the trainer can be used
on comparatively small ranges and with a safety
template very much smaller than that for an operational
artillery
grenade
weapon
hits the target
As the practice
area
puff of smoke and a flash for

correction purposes.
rifle
produces a small
observation and fire
it
The UVAG-M69 can be used for training with

mortar crews. In this mode the trainer is fitted with a
NSB-1 sightcarrier.
Weight
in firing position: 80 kg
Barrel calibre: 7.92
Range of practice grenade: approx 570
The UVAG-M69 artillery trainer
mm
Muzzle
(7.92
velocity:
(practice grenade) approx 90
Elevation/depression: +757-10
Traverse: 360
MANUFACTURER
m/s
mm round) approx 720 m/s
Max height of line of fire: approx
1500
STATUS
mm
In
armed
forces.

(SDPR), 9 Nemanjina Street, 11001 Belgrade,
Yugoslavia.
Telephone: 621 522. Telex: 11360, 11541 YU SDPR.
152

FRANCE
Thomson-CSF Armoured Vehicle
Driving Simulators
1 10 simulators delivered, Thomsonthe market leader in the field of armoured
Thomson-CSF tank
vehicle driver simulators
driving simulators have been produced to simulate
With
more than
CSF
is
American. West German,
British,
French and Swiss
tanks.
association with Krauss-Maffei, Thomson-CSF

supplying the West German Army with 24
armoured vehicle driving simulators equipped with
the Visa 4 computer-generated imagery visual
system. This follows an earlier (1977) contract, again
in association with Krauss-Maffei, for 16 Leopard 1
In
is
simulators.
In 1987 the American affiliate of Thomson-CSF.
Burtek Inc. was awarded a $9.5 million contract by
the US Army to supply five M60A3 tank driving
simulators. These simulators are installed at the US
Army Armor School at Fort Knox, Kentucky.
France was the first country to form a special
centre for training the drivers of all types of armoured

vehicle at the National Armoured Training Centre
(CIABC) at Carpiagne. The third generation of
Thomson-CSF driving simulators was installed
at Carpiagne in 1984 to make the centre the
largest establishment of its kind in the world, with
Mock-up
of a Visa-equipped instructor's station for a
Thomson-CSF armoured vehicle driving simulator
22 simulators installed.
Thomson-CSF armoured
vehicle driving simu-
based on state-of-the-art technology and

main benefits:
1. Improved training by quickly increasing a
trainee's confidence; by detecting driver errors; and
by gradually increasing the difficulty of each training
lators are
offer four
session
Reduced
2
initial
training
training costs, especially during
and training
for driving
under
difficult
conditions.
3. Reduced accident rates, especially when
driving under hazardous conditions or when training
on emergency procedures.
4 Maintaining the com bat potential of armoured
vehicles by concentrating driver training at centres
such as CIABC where the simulators operate up to
16 h every day, all-year-round, with an availability
rate of over 98%. This reduces the number of actual
vehicles required for training purposes by twothirds.
Thomson-CSF armoured
vehicle driving simutwo versions, the traditional cameraand-modelboard visual system version and the
computer-generated imagery system version. Both
versions employ a common driving compartment,
a cabin motion device and an instructor's station.
lators exist in
STATUS
Some of the 24 Visa 4 CGI-equipped armoured vehicle driving simulators produced by Thomson-CSF for the
production. Known users include Belgium

(Leopard 1, Scorpion, M113); France (including
West German Army
In
AMX-30, AMX-10P. AMX-10RC. Panhard AML

armoured car); West Germany (16 Leopard 1 plus
12 of the 24 ordered - Leopard 2, M109. Jaguar,
Marder - delivered and 12 to be installed during
1990); Greece (AMX-30); Italy (Leopard 1); Norway
Burtek
Inc.
the
US-based
affiliate of
Telephone:
USA(5M60A3).
Fax: (1)30.69.41
Thomson-CSF, delivered
driving simulator to the
US Army
MANUFACTURER
(Leopard 1); Saudi Arabia (AMX-30, AMX-10P);

Spain (AMX-30); Switzerland (Centurion Pz55^Pz 61
and Pz68. M109, 4 Leopard 2 (Pz87)); United Arab
Emirates (AMX-30, AMX-10P); Venezuela (AMX-30);
this
M60A3
Thomson-CSF. Simulator Division. 3 avenue Albert

Einstein. B.P.1 16, 78192 Trappes Cedex. France.
(1
30.69.41
.00.
Telex: 616 780
.50.
tank
Thomson-CSF armoured vehicle driving simulator
F.
Switzerland USSR
TANK AND OTHER DRIVING SIMULATORS
SWITZERLAND
SINTRO DT 5000 Driver Trainer
Using experience gained from the development of
other simulators, SINTRO AG has developed their
DT5000 driver trainer The trainer is capable of
reproducing various conditions experienced in the
driver's position of an armoured vehicle and the
system controls and records all actions made by a
trainee The trainer is designed on a modular basis
and it can be adapted to simulate the driver's position for armoured cars, self-propelled howitzers
and main battle tanks

configured
for
It
has been demonstrated
MOWAG
wheeled
armoured
vehicle
STATUS
Available
MANUFACTURER
SINTRO AG, Hauptstrasse
CH-3800 Interlaken,
21,
Switzerland
Telephone: (36) 22 22 22 Telex: 923 188 sint ch.
Fax: (36) 22 01 03,
SINTRO DT5000 driver trainer

MalyshT-72
The Malysh T-72 (Mite T-72) is a driver trainer for
the T-72 main battle tank adapted from existing
training components combined into a programmed
sequence simulator for the basic training of tank
drivers
The equipment consists of a training
standard T-72 driving simulator,
acontrol panel, a small portable Malysh T-72' training unit, a programmer unit and the interconnecting
cables and |unction boxes.
The training officer's console has illuminated
panels which are used to transmit data and instructions to the trainee driver, and indicators which show
officer's console, a
the position
and
each driver's controls. Each

can control up to three
Each driver station is a standard
state of
training officer's console
driver stations.
T-72 driver
simulator with
the
addition
of
starting
equipment and a trainee control panel

powered from a 24 V DC source. This panel can be
used to request further instruction and to initiate
or terminate training programmes The associated
programmer unit has three subunits. the programmer unit itself, an error-detection unit and an
indicator panel with control switches and lamps. The
programmer unit has two basic programmes. The
first is preparing the tank for start-up. starting up
and switching off the engine. The other programme
is for moving off, gear changing and braking. The
unit provides 11 test sequences and contains 65
controls and
tasks.
use the driver receives a task from the prounit, overseen by the training officer at
his console If the task is completed correctly a
Completed Correctly' indication is given to the
driver and to the training officer. In the early stages
of training the correct sequences are indicated to
the trainee by indicator lights In the more advanced
stages, any incorrect sequence will not complete
the programme and the trainee can request the
In
grammer
programmer
unit to re-run the
the error point
As an
sequence
to indicate
alternative, the training officer
may verbally advise the student.

The Malysh T-72
designed for use mainly in

school environments but it is designed to be highly
is
Driver station of Malysh T-72 driver trainer with driver's control panel on
portable and
may be
where some form
taken to
field
environments
of shelter is available.
Another equipment, similar in principle to the

Malysh T-72. is used for training in gun-laying
sequences.
left
STATUS
In
service with the Soviet armed forces.
153
154
USSR
T-54/T-55 Tank Driving Simulator

Soviet tank driving schools make extensive use of
various forms of simulator for training tank drivers,
ranging from simple static stands to simulators
employing film projection, engine noise travelling
vibrations, and pitch and roll simulations Basic
driving on roads and cross-country is carried out
using light tracked vehicles and even go-carts.
Trainee station on a T-54IT-55 tank driving simulator
Driver Trainer
driver trainer (qv).
The designation of this indoor driver trainer is not

known but it appears to use the same combination
of a representational driver station combined with a
follow.
road pattern projected onto a screen from a disc

located over the top of the driver's position and
similar to that used in the Yugoslav TOVT 55P tank
As a trainee driver operates the

controls of the trainer a projection system over the
disc uses outlines inscribed on the disc to form a
road system' on a curved screen for the trainee to
STATUS
In
service with the Soviet
armed forces
Driver trainer
in
operation
UK
155
UNITED KINGDOM
Link-Miles Fighting Vehicle Driving
Simulator
Link-Miles (then Singer Link-Miles) built the world's
fighting vehicle simulator, a Chieftain Mark 3
main battle tank simulator for the British Army, in
1964 This was soon followed by simulators for the
FV432 armoured personnel carrier series and many
others By 1990 the company had supplied 36 simulators for 18 different vehicles to eight armed forces
first
worldwide
The first Link-Miles simulators were based on
analogue computers and comprised a driver's cab
on a motion platform, a modelboard visual system,
an instructor station and the computer Digital computing replaced analogue systems and today the
central mini-computer is being replaced by microprocessor-based systems as pioneered by Link
Miles
The driver's cab
is
a faithful reconstruction of the
actual vehicle both in appearance and functions in

terms of operating controls, indicators and vehicle
systems The hydraulically operated motion system

provided three degrees of freedom in pitch, bank
and turn Later models are based on an aircraft
type motion system and have a full six-degrees-offreedom motion system: heave, surge, sway, pitch,
bank and turn
The visual scene displayed to the driver on the
earlier simulators is generated by a closed-circuit
television camera system. The camera probe is
mounted on a gantry which can traverse a 1300
scale model of the desired training area On the end
of the probe is a Terrain Following Device' (TFD)
which is in contact with the model surface. Displacement of the TFD as it traverses the model
provides the motion system drive signals
The whole training exercise is controlled by an
instructor from a single control station. The instructor is able to monitor the student's progress, inject
malfunctions and also drive the simulator to demonstrate particular techniques to students A student
console may also be incorporated to allow the rest
exercise.
1981 production commenced on the IMAGE
family of visual systems. This computer-generated
imagery (CGI) visual system was originally
of a class to follow a training
In
developed
for aircraft
simulators and
its
adoption
the fighting vehicle driver trainer overcomes

all the limitations of closed circuit television and
modelboard systems. Using CGI not only saves
space and power requirements but also provides
greater reliability and reduces maintenance. CGI
also permits a far greater variety of training to take
place. The time of day or night, reduced visibility,
water crossings, driving under bridges, through
tunnels and through buildings, can all be realistically
for
represented A full range of surfaces can be simulated to provide practice in the wet, on sand, mud,
shingle, tarmac, grass and others. Database
material is not limited to the modelboard Up to 100
databases, each representing a training area of,
2
typically, 6 km can be held in the system for immediate use. The system has a continuous terrain
capability allowing the student to drive from one
,
training area to another without visual interruption
The IMAGE CGI system was the first to feature

microprocessor-based computing There are three
visual channels to drive three television monitors to
give a 127 field of view Each channel is capable of
generating a scene, refreshed at approximately
50 Hertz, containing up to 256 surfaces and 4800 light
points Combined with an advanced motion cue
facility, the system creates excellent simulation
realism This combined with the instructor's management system (which includes student performance evaluation and such features as a touchsensitive screen) enables greater time and emphasis to
be devoted
In April
to the student's learning task
1976 the
company was awarded a contract
two driving simulator installations for a

combination of vehicles for the British Army
Complex No 1 is at the Royal Armoured Corps (RAC)
Centre at Bovington Camp, Dorset, and comprises
four driving compartments, one each for the Chieftain main battle tank, the FV101 Scorpion reconnaissance vehicle, the FV432 armoured personnel
carrier and the Combat Engineering Tractor (CET)
Complex No 2 at Cattenck has two driving
compartments for Chieftain and two for the FV101
to build
Scorpion.
In Complex No 1 the Chieftain compartment has
an independent instructor's console and a PDP 1 1/35
computer, while the Scorpion, FV432 and CET have
one instructor's console and PDP 11/05 computer
between them. Both computers are linked through
a multiplexing system to a single European-type
terrain model traversed by two gantry-mounted
colour television cameras so two compartments
can be used simultaneously, the Chieftain and either
the Scorpion, FV432 or CET
Complex No 2 differs in principle as each of the
two Chieftain and two Scorpion driving compartments has its own instructor's console and
PDP 11/05 computer. The four computers are then
linked through two multiplexing systems to two
terrain models, each traversed by two gantrymounted colour television cameras. On this complex
all four driving compartments can be used concurrently, one Chieftain and one Scorpion on each
model
The British Army simulators have the facility to
play back a five-minute segment of the exercise so
that the instructor and trainee can assess performance and errors There is also a simulated night
driving
Link-Miles lighting vehicle driving simulator
faci'ity.
simulators to use the new six-degree

freedom-of-motion system and IMAGE CGI system
were for the Royal Netherlands Army These simulators have an additional surge motion and are fitted
with the three-channel CGI system Delivered in
mid-1987, one of these simulators is for the Leopard
The
first
2 main battle tank and the other for the

infantry fighting vehicle.
YPR765
Link-Miles lighting vehicle driving simulator for

Leopard 2
STATUS
service with Denmark (Leopard 1 and Centurion),
Egypt (T-54 and T-62), Italy (Leopard 1 (5) and M60A1
(2)), Netherlands (Leopard 1, Leopard 2. YPR765.
M113), India (Vijayanta). Iran (Chieftain Mark 3 and
Mark 5) and United Kingdom (see text).
In
Instructor station for a new generation Link-Miles lighting vehicle driving

simulator with monitor for repeat of the IMAGE CGI visual scene observed by
the trainee driver
Detail from
MANUFACTURER
Link-Miles Limited. Churchill Industrial
Lancing, West Sussex BN15 8UE, UK
Estate,
Telephone: 0903 755881 Telex: 87165 LINKSI G.

Fax: 0903 7631 72
.
IMAGE computer-generated imagery database for Link-Miles

fighting vehicle driving simulator
156
Link-Miles Driver Trainer

The Link-Miles Driver Trainer is an intermediate
training device between computer based training
and advanced driver trainers. It is suitable tor
elementary driver training and for experienced
drivers undergoing type conversion.
The Driver Trainer is fixed base with a functionally
representative driving compartment and driver controls appropriate to the tank type involved The
driver's cab can be supplied with open or closed
and physically repfunctionally
framework,
resentative of the actual vehicle All primary controls
and pedals are to specific vehicle type and instrument panels, control boxes, and forward vision
blocks can be incorporated Aural cues are provided
through the cab communications system which is
also linked to the instructor Vehicle dynamic performance is modelled to ensure correct vehicle
response to the controls and terrain.
A single channel laser video disc is employed to
provide realistic real world' databases. The system
UK USA
uses many features from conventional computer

based training Procedural lessons and graphic
overlay commands can be automatically iniected in
the visual system for the early stages of learning
There is full interaction between the driver and the
visual scene, including crosstrack movement and
choice of route Thus using the database permits the
trainee driver not only to follow the normal route,
as viewed on the screen, with random excursions
within the total database areas, but also to choose
an alternative route, thereby calling up the database
from another disc The visual system can be viewed,
head out or head down, either as a projected image
or directly off a monitor screen
The simple-to-operate instructor station comprises a control monitor (with mouse) and has the
option of a repeat of the driver's visual scene The
instructor can select lesson plans from the library
and inject vehicle malfunctions as required Instruc
tor workload is reduced by the use of remedial
looping where the driver trains in a self-paced mode
to practise specific skills or drills.
Link-Miles Driver Trainer showing Instructor's station
in
A
four
typical driver training
programme could be
Introductory, introducing operation of controls

Beginner steering, braking and gear changing
Intermediate, negotiating simple obstacles and
hazards
Advanced, negotiating morecomplex obstacles
and hazards
In the early phases the interactive graphics and
remedial looping would be prominent
If required the Driver Trainer and the associated
instructor station could be located in a mobile container
STATUS
Ready for production
MANUFACTURER
Link-Miles Limited. Churchill Industrial Estate.
Lancing, West Sussex BN158UE UK
Telephone 0903 755881 Telex 87165 LINKSI
Fax: 0903 763172
Typical video disc database graphics and computer based training derived
instruction used with the Link-Miles Driver Trainer
foreground

General Electric M1 Abrams Driver
Trainer
In
October 1986 the General Electric
Company was
awarded a $4 7 million contract to develop, produce

and test a combat vehicle driver trainer for the M1
Abrams main battle tank. The contract is being
administered by the US Naval Training Systems
Center at Orlando, Florida, on behalf of the US Army
Prog ram Manager for Training Devices (PMTRADE).
The US Army has an option to purchase 20 production models for use at Fort Knox, Kentucky.
The M1 driver trainer is mounted on a hydraulic
platform that provides a three degree-freedom-of-
movement simulating roll, pitch and yaw A system

known as terrain feedback' produces an indication
the surface texture and hardness of the terrain
being traversed. The COMPU-SCENE IV visual
system is used to provide the visual display using
data bases prepared from data supplied by the
Defense Mapping Agency to simulate actual driving
environments. The visual system has the capability
to simulate battlefield conditions such as smoke,
fog, haze, incoming and friendly fire, plus weather
conditions such as snow and rain.
Trainee drivers are able to drive in convoy scenarios or alone in day. night, dawn or dusk conditions
and the terrain traversed can include hills, rocks,
streams, lakes, ice and mud The trainee can have
either an open or closed hatch view of the surrounding terrain, with a 120 field of view.
The trainer makes use of modular technology and
has the capability to network with other training
systems. Instruction features include computergenerated performance analysis, scene playback,
selectable
malfunctions
and either pre-programmed or free run scenarios.
of
Artist s
impression of General Electric M1 Abrams driver trainer
MANUFACTURER
Systems Department, PO Box 2500. Daytona Beach
STATUS
Florida32015.
Development
Telephone
USA
(904)
in
phases
239 2906
USA
M1 Abrams Driver Trainer
The M1 Abrams tank driver trainer was developed
by Sperry (now Unisys) for the US Armor Center and
to familiarise drivers with steering, accel-
School
and the correct response to various

vehicle malfunctions It helps trainees to develop a
variety of driving skills, over surfaces including
rough terrain, streams and hard surface roads. The
simulator can be used as part of SIMNET (see entry
eration, braking
under
Stall
Level Tactical Simulators).
trainer consists of five individual trainee stations, a main instructor's station, a digital computer
system, and a power distribution rack.
Each trainee station is a replica of the M1 Abrams
The
compartment, including driving controls,

instrument panel, circuit breakers, master panel
centre vision block periscope, alert panel, brake
system, fire extinguishing system, and auxiliary
driver's
control
equipment Each trainee station
is
equipped
with a centre vision block periscope, which allows

viewing of video taped driving programmes with
the hatch closed The visual driving system is a
computer controlled colour dynamic visual scene
linked to the respective trainee's throttle and brake
Seven different driving programmes are available,
including hard surface roads, fording of streams,

traversing rough terrain, and driving in convoy
Audio simulation of vehicle and track noise
corresponding to the terrain surface and the engine

speed is also provided in each trainee compartment
The main instructor's station consists of two identical positions. Each position, which can oversee the
training of any one of the five trainees, contains a
functional control panel, a video and alphanumeric
display, and communications and audio controls
The two instructors share access to a master power
panel
Using the display monitor the instructor can select
the procedures or driving training programme he
wants the individual trainee to perform The instructor also has the option of generating his own unique
programmes using a library of individual procedures stored on a disc. The video displays show
the scene visible to the trainee and are used by the
instructor to monitor the trainee's progress during a
driving programme
The instructor can watch the trainee's actions over
his shoulder from an auxiliary instructor's station
Doron Precision Systems
Inc
have been producing
a series of driver training systems for some years

for both military and civilian users The systems are
primarily intended for use by experienced drivers
and consist of three primary elements: an instructor's control centre, a driving simulator, and course
materials.
The driving
card reader. The software provides simulation of the

driver's instrumentation, the electrical, fuel, braking
and steering systems as well as the transmission
and turbine engine
Ten automatic training programmes are provided.
12 procedure programmes which are non-visual
since the tank is not moving, and seven driving
programmes which are all visual All programmes
have step-by-step audio instructions for procedures
and orders from the tank commander There are 66
procedures, all of which are covered in one or more
of the operator's manuals for the M1 tank operations
under usual and unusual conditions, trouble-shoot-
and emergency procedures

The seven driving programmes average 12 mins
in length They start with very basic driving, become
increasingly difficult and include all the elements
ing
necessary
to
develop the basic
skills
qualify the trainee as a driver of the
required to
M1
Automatic computer evaluation and scoring is

provided for all automatic procedures and driving
event
programmes
The first M1 Abrams driver trainer was delivered
to the US Armor School at Fort Knox, Kentucky
control panel and visual monitor in this station

facilitate individual training This auxiliary station
can also be used to operate the trainee station in the
of a failure in the
main
Thecomputercomplex housesthe maincomputer

five station computers and peripherals The complex provides for all software control
of the trainer, memory storage in the form of magnetic tapes and discs, and a peripheral printer and
as well as the
M1 Abrams tank driver trainer (TOT)
Doron Driver Training System
157*
In
service with the
M1 Abrams
controls and seating of a typical motor vehicle The

basic models are the 1-225 for a passenger car or
van, the L-225T for international models of passenger cars or vans, the L-225HGV for trucks and the
buses These simulators are used in

16 mm wide-angle films, video
tapes, film strips and sound cassettes. Available
course material covers aspects of driving such as
L-225B
STATUS
for
conjunction with
US Army
tank driver trainer interior
skills evaluation and emergency

required, the driving simulator can be
avoidance, special
situations
If
placed on a motion base system

The Doron L-225 Drivotrainer System can accommodate up to 24 driver simulators under the control
of
one
instructor.
STATUS
In
production
In
widespread service.
driver readiness, basic driving skills, perceptual
simulator
duplicates
the
driving
skills, traffic interaction,
high speed travel, collision
MANUFACTURER
Doron Precision Systems Inc. International Sales
Corporation, PO Box 400 Binghamton, New York
13902.
USA.
Telephone: (607) 772 1610. Telex: 821 644
si
j2?
&
typical
Doron driving simulator
A Doron L-225 Drivotrainer
in
use
158
TANK AND OTHER DRIVING SIMULATORS Yugoslavia

YUGOSLAVIA
/
TOVT 55P Tank Driver Trainer

The TOVT 55P tank driver trainer is an indoor trainer
used in a darkened room to allow images of road or
path networks to be projected onto a screen mounted
in front of the trainer. With this projection system a
circular disc carrying the outline of a road or path
network is located over the top of the trainer. As the
disc moves a projection system projects the road or
path outlines onto the screen and any movement of

the controls by the trainee driver will result in a
corresponding alteration of the projected image
Thus drivers can be trained to use the controls to
follow roads or paths at varying speeds A similar
projection system
is
used with a Soviet driver
trainer (qv)
is built within a steel
configured for the T-55 main battle tank.
representations of all the tank driving
It contains
controls and a panel for controlling the projector and
other sectors of the trainer The frame is built onto a
The TOVT 55P trainee station
frame and
is
rocking platform to simulate travelling movement.

The trainer can be used for preliminary and main
driving training and also for driver proficiency
The preliminary training covers aspects

such as seat adjustments, layout and control functions and general control feel and forces This stage
of training can be carried out on a variant of the
TOVT 55P known as the TPOVG T55. Main training is
primarily carried out on the TOVT 55P and involves
testing.
and stopping the engine, moving off and

braking, driving over various types of ground with
the associated gear changing, and general driving
starting
procedures.
Normally the
TOVT 55P
is
located
in
its
own
under the
control of a single instructor's station. The TOVT 55P
measures 1.74 x 0.96 x 1 6m and weighs approximately 200 kg
compartment with up
to eight trainers
TOVT 55P tank driver trainer
STATUS
In
MANUFACTURER
armed
forces.
Federal Directorate
variant of this trainer intended for training car

drivers and following the same general lines is
knownastheASELS82
Basic Driving Trainers for

Armoured Fighting Vehicles
There are three basic models of basic driving trainer
in service with the Yugoslav armed forces They
are for the T-34/85 and T-55 tanks and the M-60P
armoured personnel carrier; similar trainers can
be provided for other armoured vehicles. All the
trainers follow the same basic lines and are used to
provide basic training
in
driving seat adjustment,
of
Supply and Procurement

Belgrade.
1101
9 Nemanjina Street.
Yugoslavia.
Telephone: 621 522. Telex: 1 1360.
(SDPR)
driving control location
and
feel,
and instrument
layout familiarisation.
Each trainer is intended for indoor or under cover
use and is housed in an open steel frame with a
rocking facility to simulate travelling movements.
The controls and levers appropriate to each particular vehicle are provided along with simulated
instruments
in
their
correct console layout.
instructor's control panel
is
provided to
initiate
An
and
control various procedural exercises during which

the instruments produce the appropriate readings
1541
YU SDPR
and responses to trainee actions.

Each trainer requires a 12 V DC supply. The weight
of each trainer is approximately 200 kg.
STATUS
In
armed forces.
MANUFACTURER
Federal Directorate of Procurement and Supply
(SDPR), 9 Nemanjina Street. 1101 Belgrade.
Yugoslavia.
Telephone: 621 522. Telex: 11360, 11541 YUSDPR.
C3
Trainer for basic training ot T-34185 tank drivers
ASF M82 Car Driving Simulator

The ASF M82 car driving simulator is a more
advanced version of the AS ELS82 car driving simulator mentioned in the TOVT 55P entry. The AS ELS8?
is based on the use of a moving disc from which the
Trainer tor basic training of T-55 tank drivers
outlines of roads are projected onto a screen. The

ASF M82 makes use of film projection.
Intended primarily for the training of novice
drivers, the ASF M82 can also be used to provide
more advanced drivers with emergency procedure
and other training With the system a moving film
Trainer for basic training of M-60P armoured

personnel carrier drivers
image and sounds are provided and an
instructor
console can monitor up to four trainees

driving actions and proficiency The simulator consists of a simulated driver's position which uses a
fibreglass representation of a car body complete
with a bonnet The position contains all the usual
seated
at a
Yugoslavia

driver's controls, instruments
159
and indicators. The
instructor's console carries the film projection controls
16
and an array
of
counters and indicators. A
mm film projector and a supply of films complete
the simulator.
The equipment on the instructor's consoles

produces a set of data based on the film in use
and the trainee's driving progress is automatically
monitored and checked against that data every
quarter of a second Checks made include the car
speed (in steps of 7 km/h from to over 100 km/h in
16 speed ranges), steering (from the neutral position
of the steering wheel to seven steps left and right).
gear changing (six positions), braking (three positions), clutch engaging and disengaging, switching
on the turn indicators (three positions) and controlling the driving lights (four positions).
STATUS
In
armed forces
MANUFACTURER
(SDPR), 9 Nemanjina Street. 1101 Belgrade,
Yugoslavia
Telephone: 621 522 Telex:
1360,
ASF M82 car driving simulator
1541
YU SDPR.
160
Weapon, Weapon System and

Vehicle Maintenance Trainers
FRANCE
GIAT Maintenance Training Aids
In common with many other vehicle and military
equipment manufacturers GIAT produce cut-away
or other models and full-size replicas of their products A typical example of the GIAT approach to
maintenance training aids is their trainer for the
AMX-10P infantry combat vehicle.
The trainer is known as the AMX-10H and consists
mainly of a wooden full-scale mock-up of the hull of
the AMX-10P mounted on a tiltable frame The frame
can be tilted 20' to either side to assist viewing and
can be mounted on small wheels to allow the trainer
to be moved around a classroom area The righthand side of the hull includes elements from the
suspensionwhilethehull interior contains a wooden
mock-up of the main power unit fitted with some real
components, such as the drain plugs, filling systems
and dipsticks The upper part of the hull is manu-
factured from a transparent material that permits

observation of the interior including the driver's
compartment, the water propulsion components,
and the fuel and cooling circuits The rear ramp on
the hull can be opened or closed as required. An
instructor can use a control console to illuminate
parts of the interior or switch on lights to indicate
the location of various key components. Afootbridge
over the trainer can be provided if required.
GIAT also produce many other similar mock-ups
and models, both cut-away or complete, of complete
vehicles, subassemblies or components They also
produce
breadboard'
models
for
electrical
or
hydraulic circuits, and operating switchboards

which can be used with or withouttraining mock-ups
to assist maintenance and fault-finding instruction
AMX-10H full-scale trainer for the AMX-10P infantry combat vehicle
MANUFACTURER
STATUS
Trainers produced to customer requirements as
required.
Enquiries to Groupement Industriel des Armements

Terrestres (GIAT). 10 place Georges Clemenceau.
9211 Saint-Cloud. France
Telephone:(1)47714171.
Telex: 26 0010 F
GERMANY
Wegmann Training Facility for
Leopard
MBT
This indoor training

modified Leopard 1
facility
consists mainly of a
equipped with turret

hydraulics, turret electrical system and optical components. The sidewalls and roof of the turret have
been replaced by a tubular structure to make the
interior visible from outside Appropriately attached
turret
weights maintain the centre of gravity relative

the traverse axis.
A removable platform
to
for the
instructor and 11 students gives an excellent view of

the turret interior and is mounted around the sides
of the turret. Turret and platform traverse together
during gun/turret control exercises, so there is no
danger
of injuring
personnel by improper operation
of the hydraulic gun turret control system. In addition

the seat pans are fitted with safety belts. The gun
itself
cannot be fired, but has the same weight,

and inertial data as the operational
functional
105mmgun
Failure input
is
a particularly important feature of
Wegmann Training Facility for

Electronic Maintenance Personnel
for Leopard 2 MBT
The Wegmann
The failure input unit allows the

introduction from a control console of any failure that
isfunctionally significant and physically recordable,
this training facility
Electronic Maintenance Personnel

for
(WEST)
training facility for electronic maintenance personnel for the Leopard 2 MBT is a gun
and electronics maintenance training system which
permits real time failure simulation in electrical and
hydraulic turret components and in particular the
fire control systems and gun sights When combined
with an integral motion simulator the mounted turret
trainer can be moved in two axes so that hull movements during cross country operations can be
also with test equipment. The purpose of failure

introduction is to train fault diagnosis and includes
failures and malfunctions in the electronic/electrical
system, hydraulic gun turret control system and
functionally important turret components. One or
several malfunctions can be introduced as desired
Failures are introduced and also subsequently cancelled by an appropriate keyboard on the control
console. The failure input unit is integrated with the
movement simulator control panel, making up the
control console which is mounted on the rear of the
255 malfunctions can be

selected and introduced, of which up to eight can be
simultaneous. The failures are grouped in three
categories: non-hazardous, critical and hazardous
The movement simulator can simulate hull movements of the tank on the move across country. The
movement can be controlled either manually or
automatically. In the automatic mode a sensor unit
introduces and follows a terrain configuration
Although designed primarily for the Leopard 1 turret
training turret.
total of
simulated. Using this feature it is possible to demonstrate and test the performance capabilities of the
fire control and gun slaving systems of the turret
trainer interacting with the failure input system.
The complete trainer consists of a motion simulator, the turret trainer, a failure input system and a
system
The motion simulator consists of a motion platform
with drives to mount the turret trainer, a hydraulic
system, and an electrical power supply and elec-
television
system complete with a control panel

is a specially developed welded
turret fitted with real and modified components from
the Leopard 2 MBT. The side walls and turret roof
tronic control
The turret trainer
movement simulator can be used with other

types of tank turret The movement simulator consists of three major components: a platform onto
which the turret is mounted, hydraulic power supply
and a control box.
the
Weight:
(withoutturret)8000kg
(with Leopard 1 turret) 1 9 000 kg
Traverse speed: 307s
Elevation speed: 157s
STATUS
Production as required
In
German Army
MANUFACTURER
POBox 10 39 67. D-3500Kassel. Federal Republic of
Germany.
Telephone: (0561) 105-0. Telex: 99859. Fax: (0561)
105 2208
have been replaced by a tubular construction permitting observation of the turret interior from the
outside. The operating conditions, functional interrelationships and operating sequences are the same
as those in the real Leopard 2
The turret trainer is fitted with an operable main
gun which is identical to the Leopard 2 main
armament.
The instructor's station is located in the area
normally occupied by the ammunition racks, along
with the failure simulator and control panel for the
motion platform. A seating platform for trainees is
located around the turret trainer. This platform has
10 seat pans provided with hip belts A standing
Germany (West)
WEAPON SYSTEM AND MAINTENANCE TRAINERS
161*
platform is located at the rear. The turret roof mounts

the training display panel which is connected in
parallel with the standard Tank Test System RPP 1-8
display panel, and enables all trainees to follow the
read-outs on the RPP 1-8. Also mounted on the roof
are the trainer television monitors
The
failure input
system
is
designed
to
introduce
clearly defined and reproducible malfunctions into

the turret system via the failure simulator, these
malfunctions can also be identified by the on-board
test system The system is used to introduce failures
and electrical
gun and turret control
functional turret components One or
several malfunctions can be entered, as required,
by operating a keyboard on the failure simulator.
Malfunctions can be cancelled by the same means.
The failure simulator and the motion simulator
control panel are located at one operator station at
and malfunctions
components
system and
into the electronic
of the hydraulic
A total of 255 different

malfunctions can be entered, including up to eight
malfunctions simultaneously
The turret trainer mounts two television monitors
which can be viewed by all trainees. Together with
the rear of the turret trainer.
the television camera and central electronic unit

they form the trainer's television system which is
designed to monitor the gunner's laying operations
during training exercises The tele vision signals can
be picked up at the control cabinet of the motion

platform via an optical fibre for recording on magnetic tape.
Wegmann training facility tor electronic maintenance personnel lor Leopard 2 MB T
Weight:
(motion simulator without turret) 9500 kg
(motion simulator with turret) 18 500 kg
Traverse range: n x 360
Traverse angle: max 25
Traverse
rate: 7
rpm
MANUFACTURER
PO Box 10 39 67, D-3500Kassel, Federal Republic of
Operating pressure: 200 bar

Mains supply voltage: 3
380 VAC
STATUS
Germany
production. In service with the West German

and the Swiss Army.
In
Army
Telephone: (0561) 105-0 Telex: 99859 Fax: (0561)

105 2208
Krauss-Maffei Gepard
Maintenance Training Equipment
The Krauss-Maffei Gepard twin 35 mm self-propelled anti-aircraft gun system maintenance training equipment is produced in three main sections:
the electronic training
rig,
the
weapon
training rig
and the power supply training rig All three use

original Gepard modules and components and the
test equipment used by the trainees is the same as
used in the mobile workshops where they will work.
Instructors can use the rigs to introduce faults into
the various items of Gepard equipment and trainees
can then be taught to diagnose, isolate and correct
the faults. All the rigs are employed in a classroom
environment.
The electronic training rig includes a complete

Gepard fire-control unit and terrestrial navigation
unit, both fully operational
An electronic digital
processor assumes control of the various safety
circuits involved with the simulation of turret and
weapon controls, muzzle velocities, vehicle speeds
and movements Using the same processor the
instructor can progressively increase the complexity of the faults introduced.
The weapon training rig is composed of the gun

itself
and its associated hydraulic equipment,
muzzle velocity measuring system and the gun electrics.
The power supply training rig duplicates all the

various electrical assemblies and circuitry involved
on the Gepard. The circuits include those for the
turret and weapon aiming drives, and the load,
power supply and operation simulators.
Commander and gunner consoles incorporated into Krauss-Maffei Gepard electronic training rig
MANUFACTURER
Krauss-Maffei AG. Ordnance Division, KraussMaffei-Strasse 2, D-8000 Munich 50, Federal Repub-
STATUS
In
lic
German Army.
of
Germany.
Telephone:
(89)
88 99-0. Telex: 523 163-31
WEAPON SYSTEM AND MAINTENANCE TRAINERS Germany
162
(West

M1 Abrams Tank Turret
Organisational Maintenance
Trainer (TTOMT)
The ECC International Corporation of Orlando,
Florida, developed the M1 Abrams Tank Turret
Organisational Maintenance Trainer (TTOMT)
under a US Army contract. These maintenance trainers are installed at the US Army Armor School at
Fort Knox. Kentucky, and the USAEUR Armor School
at Vilseck. West Germany.
The trainer is used for troubleshooting training,
utilising the STE/M1 test set, as well as for teaching
the removal and replacement of electrical and
hydraulic accumulators and purging of the optical
system components The interior contains the same

components, locations and attachments as on the
M1 Abrams main battle tank The trainer is a fullsize simulation of the M1 turret which rotates in a
surrounding stand The roof and sides are made
from wire mesh allowing up to 15 trainees to view
the operations inside the turret The stand itself is a
welded steel frame which also contains the turret
gun assembly can
rotary drive power The 105
move to allow maintenance procedures to be carried
out. An instructor's station at the turret rear top is
mm
equipped with procedural check facilities, emergency shut-off and other control functions. The
system's troubleshooting simulation model test
board can be located close to the trainer turret.
The trainer turret has oversized locking wheels to
allow it to be moved into its operating position,
where it is lowered onto pedestals,
STATUS
In
service with the
US Army
MANUFACTURER
Enquiries to
Strafford
ECC
International Corporation.
175
Avenue. Wayne. Pennsylvania 19087-3377,
USA.
Telephone: (215) 687 2600 Fax: (215) 2549268.
Interior view of the M1 Abrams Tank Turret

Organisational Maintenance Trainer (TTOMT)
The Ml Abrams Tank Turret Organisational Maintenance Trainer (TTOMT)
USA
ECC EC3 Maintenance Trainer
The ECC International Corporation has developed a
series of maintenance trainers designed to provide
detailed troubleshooting training tor second-level
maintenance of equipments such as the M1 Abrams
and M60A3 main battle tank systems, and TOW/Cobra. All the EC3 trainers for these equipments are
basically similar, but the presentation panel for the
M1 Abrams trainer is slightly larger than the other
trainers.
The EC3 trainers present a graphic display of

a particular system for simulated troubleshooting
practice. Each of the test sets used for each equipment is simulated on the display panel allowing the
trainee to perform the same tests as he would on the
actual equipment The simulator programme shows
both the normal operating condition and a variety of
malfunctions. Each simulation model has visual
responses from a high-speed random access projector, a digital keyboard to enter student information and a line printer to record trainee
performance Malfunctions are entered from the
keyboard Different learning conditions can be
WEAPON SYSTEM AND MAINTENANCE TRAINERS
selected from a training list which appears on a

cathode ray tube display The simulation operates in
demonstration, test practice and individual training
modes Each mode has its own monitoring, cueing
and recording requirements The EC3 computer
controls the operation of all active tank components
in both normal and malfunctioning conditions. Operating conditions, including normal systems operation and malfunction conditions, are activated by
the keyboard on an instructor station. LED displays
on the instructor station monitor student per-
formance.
As an example, the EC3 maintenance trainer used
for the M1 Abrams main battle tank provides troubleshooting programmes for turret hydraulic and
electrical troubleshooting, the ballistics computer,
hull
electrics, engine and transmission troubleshooting An additional programme provides for
troubleshooting on the laser gunsight
Other similar maintenance trainers are produced
for the M1A1 Abrams, the M2 Bradley (in the course
of being upgraded to the M2A1 configuration) and
the
M 109 HIP.
EC3 maintenance trainer for M60A3 mam battle tank
ECC M2 Bradley Turret

Maintenance Simulator
The Bradley M2 Fighting Vehicle turret maintenance
a full-scale simulation of the vehicle's
gun elevates and all
replaceable units are the same weight and have the
same centre of gravity as the actual vehicle parts
The trainer provides the trainee turret mechanic
with component troubleshooting practice using the
STE/M2 test set. This trainer also includes the TOW
missile system as installed on the M2 Bradley
They are designed for both first and second level
maintenance training The simulators allow the
student turret mechanic to learn the use of simulated
test sets, simulate realistic component interactions,
and to practice troubleshooting procedures.
These simulators are being upgraded to the M2A1
configuration.
simulator
turret
is
The
turret rotates, the
STATUS
In
service with the
US Army.
MANUFACTURER
ECC
International
Corporation,
175
Strafford
Avenue, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087-3377. USA

Telephone: (215) 687 2600. Fax: (215) 254 9268.
The
M2 Bradley fighting vehicle turret maintenance

trainer
control and maintenance trainers were the first

be developed concurrently with the actual weapon
system and the first to use the Ada programming
language. The automatic fire control trainer trains
operators in the tactical and procedural use of the
Section Chief's Display and Control Unit (SCDCU). It
fire
to
provides the artillery with the means to practice

engagement of multiple targets simultaneously, and
mass firing when the mission demands The embed-
ded training capability

system is another first
automatic fire control

a combat system of this
type This capability allows crew chiefs to use the
howitzer as a training aid for initial and refresher
training in the gun park as well as during field
exercises
of the
for
STATUS
In
production.
In
service with the
MANUFACTURER
ECC International
US Army
Corporation,
175
Strafford
Avenue, Wayne. Pennsylvania 19087-3377, USA

Telephone: (215) 687 2600 Fax: (215) 254 9268
The M109 HIP (Howitzer Improvement Program)
163
EC3 maintenance trainer torM1 Abrams main battle tank
164
Command and
Level Tactical Trainers
Staff
CANADA
Polaris Battle Simulation
System
The Polaris Battle Simulation System is a complete

and self-contained tactical training system designed
tor the use of both regular and reserve combat arms
units. It has the capacity to train any or all of the
following command groups simultaneously battle
group headquarters; battle group administration
(A
echelon);
combat support
headquarters
company; up to four combat team command posts,
artillery battle tactical headquarters; fire support coordination centre; reconnaissance platoon/troop;
armoured defence platoon; and a combat engineer
troop command post
Polaris is designed to be user operated. There is
no requirement for a user organisation to commit
dedicated staff on a permanent basis to operate the
system The system includes basic and advanced
simulation techniques training packages. Once
a user organisation acquires its initial cadre of
qualified directing staff, the system becomes selfperpetuating
Polaris does not require a
permanent fixed
The system can be transported
lation
instal-
to a par-
ticipating unit and set
up in a control centre which can

beany large room with dimensions of approximately
20 x 15 m. Installation and removal can be completed
in
less than half a day.
The Polaris system
is
not tied to any specific
tactical doctrine, terrain or military organisation
Polaris is weapon system specific' as the computer

database contains information about most modern
weapon systems, vehicles, munitions and target
acquisition systems. The system software is customised to reflect the current (or future) equipment
and weapon systems of the user nation (The enemy
force' structure
is
similarly configured to user speci-
Micro armour (1:285 scale) is similarly

customised to user requirements.
Polaris was designed to be a relatively low-cost
simulation system and uses a physical simulation
display area and symbology in place of digitised
maps and computer-generated symbology Human
controllers perform the analogue and supervisor
fications).
functions.
Polaris is stated to be equally suitable for use by

regular and reserve combat arms units. The only
Sirius Battle Simulation
difference between regular and reserve systems

lies in the time-tabling and scheduling of the directing staff and controller training courses The two
training tracks take into account the full-time nature
regular force units and the evening and weekend

of reserve force units The automated
battle programmes and the combat results tables
are exactly the same for both components
of
schedules
As a procedural
drive a
staff
trainer Polaris
can be used
to
command post exercise designed to practice
procedures or a specific
tactical situation This
done by controlling the pace, tempo and

manoeuvre of the enemy force' within the control
centre As a tactical trainer Polaris can be used to
drive a high stress command post exercise where
the emphasis is to the quality and timeliness of
tactical decision making as well as the speed and
is
detail of the requisite supporting staff co-ordination

is done by permitting the enemy force' commander to operate in a free play mode.
The core of the Polaris system is formed from
automated battle programmes Programmes within
This
group include artillery and mortar fire, air

strikes, direct fire and close combat. Once target
acquisition has occurred and an engagement
decision has been made the battle programmes
chain through a complex series of multi-dimensional
matrices evaluating probabilities of target hit and/or
damage under a wide range of conditions. The
automated
programmes handle return fire
situations, overwatch conditions, and alternate position engagements The results of these engagements drive the fire and manoeuvre command and
this
control functions within the participating
command
groups.
Once a target has been evaluated as hit. the

programmes automatically shift to a sub-routine to
evaluate the seriousness of the hit. The first subroutine involved looks at equipment, calculating
if
involved was comsuffered reparable battle

damage If the latter, the sub-routine calculates the
specific damage, at what organisational level repair
must be effected, and how long it will take. This data
is used as the basis of the reports flowing into the
participating A echelon control post and serves
to drive equipment replacement, recovery and
the vehicle or
pletely
maintenance resource allocation decisions and coordination

The sub-routine also looks at the personnel
associated with the hit' vehicle or weapon system
It will first calculate casualties
to form the basis
of the integrated information flow that will drive
reinforcement play Another sub-programme looks
at the wounded in action (WIA) and calculates
on a statistically valid basis the specific nature
of the wounds, thus driving the medical aspect of the
simulation
The automated battle programmes also have
superimposed upon them probabilities related to
non-combat breakdowns and accidents to vehicles
and weapon systems, disease and non-battle injuries to personnel, and other fog of war' confusion
factors such as misreported grid co-ordinates,
wrong routes taken, communication breakdowns,
and so on The system calculates fuel and ammunition
consumption throughout the duration
of the
simulation.
The system includes its own computer suite of

three microcomputers as well as all the necessary
ancillary equipment The computer is the IBM PS2
Model 30/286 configured with 1 Mbyte RAM. one
144 Mbyte 3 5-inch floppy disc drive, and one
20 Mbyte internal hard disc.
The simulation display area is on a scale of 1:3345
and hasdimensionsof 1.83 x 7.315m For transport
the system can be packed into five shipping containers The simulation display area container
and
measures
weighs approximately 30 kg
1.22 x 1.22 x 0.305 m. The other four containers
each weigh approximately 35 kg and measure
1.22 x 0.914 x 0.914m.
STATUS
Available In service with the Canadian Army, both
regular and reserves.
weapon system
destroyed
or
MANUFACTURER
Crisis Simulations Limited. Suite 106. 1127 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Canada B3H
2P8.
Telephone: (902) 420 9775. Fax: (902) 429 9983
System
is the second in a series of simulations to be

developed by Crisis Simulations Limited. It is a
second generation brigade level computer-assisted
command and control tactical simulator The system
retains all the design features of the Polaris system
(see previous entry) but handles the increased com-
Sirius
area networked computer suite, programming inthe

more powerful Pascal language, and polynomial
equations to resolve combat interactions.
MANUFACTURER
Suite 106. 1127 Bar-
Crisis Simulations Limited.
rington Street. Halifax.
Nova
Scotia.
Canada B3H
2P8.
STATUS
In
production for the Canadian
Telephone: (902) 420 9775 Fax: (902) 429 9983
Armed Forces
plexity of the brigade level battle by using a local
Vulcan Urban Battle Simulation

A proposal
develop a battalion-level urban battle

is currently being considered by
the Canadian Armed Forces Vulcan will be structured to operate on a Polaris equipment suite. As
such it should be seen as a low-cost urban variant of
to
simulator (Vulcan)
Polaris.
STATUS
MANUFACTURER
Available.
Crisis Simulations Limited,
rington Street, Halifax,
Nova
Suite 106. 1127 BarScotia. Canada B3H
2P8.
Telephone: (902) 420 9775 Fax: (902) 4299983
Germany (West) Israel/
COMMAND AND STAFF LEVEL TACTICAL TRAINERS

GERMANY
GESI Battle Simulation System

The name GESI is derived from Gefechtssimulation
system (battle simulation system) and is applied
to a computer-based simulation system based on
mathematical models that describe and display
numerous weapon systems and units in connection
with an efficient graphical user surface, based on
military symbols Taking a command/control structure and an exercise structure into account, GESI
provides for and simulates free play interactive map
exercises. It serves to prepare and support map
exercises (including the preparation of the exercise
documentation) either as a one-sided or two-sided
(force-on-force) exercise. The exercise setting
defined interactively by GESI, is directly available
in the form of a battle scenario and does not require
additional data generation. The GESI system can be
configured to accommodate special command and
control tasks to be performed or accomplished by
individual staff officers.
By means
simulator management
weapons systems of combat
of the internal
of all combat-critical
and combat support troops, airborne units and logistic support systems. GESI simulates the possible
effectiveness of each individual weapon system in a
Making use of technical perbattle situation
formance data, which can be changed by the user
with the aid of menus, the simulation models
implemented in GESI can depict and display both
weapon systems fielded as well as those to be
expected in the future.
On the basis of the different weapon systems,
the task organisation (to include attachments and
detachments) can be freely and individually defined
for each exercise setting
a combat situation the operational effectiveness
of units is determined by terrain and battlefield
conditions as well as by the weapon system
In
(WEST)
available In the GESI system the battlefield is shown

in the form of digitalised terrain and represents
the information content of normal military maps
Terrain-based fortifications and obstacles can be
inserted intotheexerciseterrain by the user defining
the exercise and can be added during an exercise.
When simulating combat operations GESI continuously establishes the visibility conditions
between friendly and threat vehicles and infantry
units Visual contact with the enemy is displayed by a
graphic message, giving the operator the perceived
location, direction of movement and type of weapon
system of the enemy
Target allocation and engagement are conducted
by high performance weapon effectiveness models
which, in conjunction with vulnerability models,
determine the results of direct and indirect fire.
The display of the field of vision of subordinate
units permits the operator to tailor his operational
planning to terrain conditions Apart from the terrain
structure (taking into account built-up areas and
vegetation) the range of vision is dependent on
weather conditions and the time of day In addition
the ability to reconnoitre threat forces is influenced
by the mode of movement and the possibilities of
cover and concealment of friendly weapon systems,

smoke will also provide temporary concealment.
In order to facilitate and support command and
missions given by the operator will

be carried out taking into account current doctrines
and making optimum use of the terrain and the
weapon systems available
In order to realistically describe and display the
operational activities of the units stored and
managed within the simulator, the GESI system
utilises methods from the field of artificial intelligence' The behavioural pattern (doctrine, operational and procedural rules) stored in the database
can be adapted without special data processing
knowledge Thus the behaviour' of the system can
be changed by the user, even while the system is in
operation
Due to the graphic display of the battle situation
and the menu of orders/instructions based on military symbols orientated along the lines of wellbattle situation,
known command
structures, communication within

the GESI simulation system is possible without any
special knowledge of the system or of data processing The flow of information from the units stored in
the simulator
is
passed on by means of map-based

In order to ensure a realistic
situation displays
course
exercise action the only information profrom the user's direct field of
vision or that reconnoitred by units subordinate to
vided
of
is
that derived
control of the units
him
GESI makes use of a modular system architecture
and is based on the use of a UNIX computer work
system,
station
managed within the simulator

a variety of procedural and operation
models are available which permit autonomous
operation of the missions given by the operator In
particular, with regard to efficient command and
control of threat forces the GESI-specific system
intelligence provides the opportunity to simulate a
partially automated, dynamic development of the
threat situation which can, however, be overridden
at
any time.
In
addition to considering the respective current
STATUS
Available.
MANUFACTURER
Interatom GmbH, Friednch-Ebert-Strasse, D-5060
Bergisch Gladbach 1 Federal Republic of Germany
Telephone (02204) 84-2400 Telex: 8 878 457/8 878
.
492iagld
ISRAEL
Ground Tactical Training Centre
(GTTC)
Many small
countries with their land borders

by surrounding nations often find it
difficult to carry out large-scale military exercises
without being either overlooked, or at worst, raising
political temperatures and suspicions In such a
situation the use of some form of large-scale military
exercise simulator is essential and Elbit Computers
Limited developed and produced what is now known
as the Ground Tactical Training Centre, or GTTC
As far as can be determined there is at present
only one GTTC, housed in a permanent one-storey
building. It is basically a large computer programmed to run military exercises of all kinds for
hemmed
the
in
commanders and command
staffs of units
up
to
brigade and corps level The GTTC building houses

not only the computer but basic facilities, a control
centre, a theatre for briefing
and de-briefing, and
various command centre cubicles which may be

furnished in exactly the same manner as field
command posts. If required, extra real field
command post and control vehicles may be located
outside the GTTC and connected to the computer
and control system, or may even be used in place of
the GTTC cubicles
Overseeing any GTTC exercise is a Chief Exercise
Controller He determines the form of the exercise,
its duration and type, and the time in which the
exercise is to take place The basic exercise area is
a simulated stretch of terrain (which may be a real
or purely simulated area) measuring 120 x 120 km
An area of this terrain up to 60 x 60 km may be used
as a particular battle run' For detail the computer
can break down the terrain into 500 x 500m or
100 x 100 m blocks. Three forms of exercise can be
carried out; basic, standard or extended. The staff
and trainees will vary according to the level. The
time scale of an exercise may also vary as it may be
in real-time, double time or speeded up by a factor
of three Normally the lowest level involved will be
the battalion. The computer can also be programmed to present results in changing climatic
conditions and degrees of visibility.
166
Ground
Tactical Trainer Centre
(GTTC) instructor console
166
COMMAND AND STAFF LEVEL TACTICAL TRAINERS/
The Exercise Controllers may play the part of the

enemy' They also control a computer-generated
display on which are imposed selected areas on
which geographical and tactical symbols generated
by the computer can be shown This display is on a
master console which also displays totals of units,
unit strengths, ammunition stocks, forces readiness,
types of weapon involved, transport states, detection
sensors, communication and electronic warfare
states, and other such indications. The central
display may also be projected onto a large screen in
the GTTC theatre for de-briefing or for command
trainees The trainee command staffs are normally
located in their command post cubicles or vehicles
and intercommunicate with each other and the
central system via computer-controlled
UHF networks The
traffic is all
VHF and
recorded and
inter-
faces with the computer so that an order will result

in the movement on the central display, subject to
such elements as those filed or stored in the central
system. For example if an order transmission is
made
in a heavy electronic warfare state there will

be noise superimposed and a battery will not fire if
its ammunition stocks are exhausted
The central computer can simulate up to eight
different types of
equipments
can
weapon or vehicle, and special

be programmed to suit any
exercise Trainees can practise the four basic skills,

which are operations, intelligence, logistics and
support, either separately or combined, and referees can intervene and oversee at any time, as in a
conventional exercise The exercise can be frozen'
at any point and full replays can be made for analysis
and correction at any time.
The GTTC is understood to be a versatile training
system and it is very cost-effective As a war-gaming
and battle planning tool it has a much larger role to
play besides mere command training, and it has the
definite advantage of being secure.
UK
Israe
partition: 500 x 500 m or 100 x 100 m

Exercise time rate: real-time 1 -2 3
Command levels: battalion through to corps
Vehicle types simulated: 8
Weapon types simulated: 8
Special equipment simulated: definable for each
Element area
system
Tactical communications: VHF and UHF separately
controlled several networks in each band
Debriefing: communication-grid traffic two separate
situation displays
Force types: up to 10
STATUS
In
service with the Israeli Defence Forces
MANUFACTURER
Elbit
Computers Limited Advanced Technology

PO Box 5390, Haifa 31053. Israel
Center.
Total exercise area: 120 x 120
Exercise run area: 60 x 60
km
Telephone:
(4)
55 66 77 Telex 46774
km
UNITED KINGDOM
Brigade and Battle Group Trainer
(BBGT)
The British Army's Brigade and Battle Group Trainer
(BBGT) was developed from the earlier Battle Group
Trainer, several of which remain in use at various
Army locations in West Germany and the United
Kingdom (eg. Sennelager. West Germany; Bovington. Dorset) Building work on the first BBGT began
at Sennelager. West Germany, in May 1985 and the
trainer became fully operational in September 1986.
A second BBGT is operational at Catterick in the
United Kingdom. The communications software for
the BBGT was designed produced and installed by
CAP Scientific Limited under a 1 million contract.
The BBGT is intended to provide realistic stafflevel training for brigade and battle group commanders and their staffs with the emphasis being
placed on training procedures. Using the BBGT
battles can be conducted with opposing forces but
the trainer is not designed to produce a winner' and
the exercise controller can to some extent manipulate the battle to ensure its continuation and to focus
on particular aspects of training
The BBGT uses a large centrally located terrain
map divided into squares representing 100 m
(smaller scales can be used) and showing the
ground over which a battle is to be fought. A typical
terrain map would cover 280m'' Surrounding the
map are several rooms or cells' occupied by representatives of the brigade's battle groups or other
sub-units, a regimental reconnaissance unit, flank
units a close air support liaison officer, an engineer
unit and an artillery fire direction centre. The various
cells maintain Ptarmigan radio and land-line telephone links with staff officers who occupy simulated
vehicles which represent the brigade or battle group
headquarters and operational command posts. Officers responsible for operations, intelligence, artillery and engineering sit in mock-ups of FV105 Sultan
command vehicles The brigade or battle group
second-in-command is seated along with the adjutant in another location with a logistics command unit
in a further position. The command headquarters
occupies a corner of the map room but the commander can opt to move to a forward position' by
typical British
Army
Battle
Group
Trainer, from which the Brigade
and
Battle
Group Trainer (BBGT) was
developed
moving
a simulated Challenger tank From there

is presented with what he could
expect to see of a battle area, related to him from a
television camera located over the map in the control
room.
Combat moves are made on the map board with a
Red commander, who is on the permanent staff of
the BBGT, controlling the Red Force actions. During
the battle, which can usually last from five to six
hours, a series of computers provide combat evaluation, the changing of radio frequencies, the introduction of electronic warfare effects, and the control
the
to
commander
engagements, which usually last about

one minute Some of the software involved was
developed by the Royal Military College of Science
atShrivenham.
of actual
STATUS
In
service with the British Army.
MANUFACTURER
(Communications software) CAP Scientific Limited
House. 40-44 Coombe Road. New Maiden.
Scientific
Surrey KT34QF.UK.
USA
167

SIMNET
SIMNET began in 1982 as a
sponsored by the Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in
partnership with the US Army. The objective of the
initial programme was to develop the technology for
networking large numbers of interactive combat
vehicle simulators and their supporting elements
The resultant simulated battlefield can then provide
the opportunity for fully manned platoon-, companyand battalion-level units to conduct force-on-force
engagements against opposing forces of similar
The development
research
of
project
composition
potential of SIMNET has now been
A SIMNET installation at Fort Knox.
Kentucky, known as SIMNET Developmental, is
being used to test new simulation concepts (as well
The
full
realised
as system operators). It is planned that from 1995

the US Army will begin to equip each of its armoured
divisions with SIMNET simulators To date Perceptronics Inc has been responsible for the hard-
ware design and development and the overall

Others
establishment of the SIMNET system
involved include Bolt Beranek and Newman
Laboratories (BBN) and their subsidiary BBN
Delta Graphics, who have been responsible for
system data communication and computer-based
distributed software.
SIMNET has grown to the

SIMNET
The interior of a SIMNET combat vehicle simulator
point where, by mid-
simulators will have

been installed at Grafenwohr, Fulda, Schweinfurt
and Friedberg, all in West Germany; Fort Knox.
Kentucky, Fort Benning. Georgia, Fort Stewart,
Georgia, and Camp McCain. Missisipi. Combat
vehicles simulated to date include the M1 Abrams
main battle tank and the M2 Bradley infantry fighting
vehicle; other combat vehicles are planned for
1990, 252 individual
AH-64A Apache helicopter

(some simplified helicopter simulators have already
been produced). An AIRNET complex for helicopters
has been established at Fort Rucker. Alabama, and
studies are under way to produce a JETNET to
include US Air Force A-10 and F-15 aircraft
inclusion, including the
simulators
SIMNET provides a joint, combined arms environment involving the complete range of command
and control and combat service support elements
required by military operations Each SIMNET
combat vehicle simulator uses a low-cost, real-time
computer-generated image system that provides a
multiple window view of the battlefield. Through
these windows the crews can see a representation
of actual terrain constructed using US Defense
Mapping Agency data. The terrain representation is
realistic enough for crews to navigate through it.
recognising roads, rivers, hills, tree lines and other
distinctive terrain features In addition they also see
combat vehicles, combat support vehicles and other
combat vehicles such as fuel trucks, helicopters
and self-propelled howitzers The actions of these
vehicles reflect the control actions of other vehicle
crews in other simulators elsewhere on the SIMNET
network Each simulator is fitted with facsimile
COMBAT-SIM
COMBAT-SIM was developed
in
1985 by Perceptronics Inc for the Australian Army. In 1986
COMBAT-SIM was selected by the US Army as the
basis for their Brigade and Battalion Simulation
(BBS) and 47 sets were ordered for fielding during
1988 Perceptronics Inc is the exclusive worldwide
distributor for COMBAT-SIM. licensed by the
Australian Army
COMBAT-SIM
is
the
BATtle SIMulation and
acronym
for
COMputerised
a low-cost trainer for the

command and control of military combat operations.
The Australian Army system consists of ten IBM
PC/AT microcomputers tied together in a local area
network The US Army version runs on a ten-station
DEC MicroVAX 11 suite. The architecture of the
model is structured around a top-down modular
concept and is in a totally distributed architecture
The resulting Modula-2/86 code is easily expanded
or modified to update or include new modelling
features MS-DOS 3 1 was used for the IBM system
and VAS 4.4 for the DEC MicroVAX 11 system A
user-friendly data editing capability has been added
is
controls for the gunner, commander and driver and

simulation is carried to the point where there are
re-loading the main gun and transferring ammunition inside the turret The driver can
drive over five different types of terrain, producing
the appropriate drag on performance, and any
attempt to cross an unfordable water obstacle will
result in the vehicle bogging down For fuel or
ammunition re-supply the simulated vehicle has to
be driven to within a set distance (usually 20 m) from
a re-supply vehicle and an inactive appropriate resupply time is imposed Maintenance parameters
are also built into the system
With SIMNET, the support vehicles are not fully
crewed They are controlled from consoles connected to the SIMNET Management, Command and
Control (MCC) system A Logistics Console is used
to direct fuel and ammunition vehicles to rendezvous
points where combat vehicles are re-supplied The
Fire Control Console is used by the battalion Fire
built-in
delays
for
Support Officer to direct artillery and mortar fire A

Close Air Support Console is used by the Air Liaison
Officer to direct air strikes The latter two consoles
are collocated in the battalion Tactical Operations
Center (TOC)
The simulators in the SIMNET network may be
located on the same local area network (LAN). The
SIMNET concept is modular, with each installation
independent but capable of interacting with all or any
others The simulators within each installation
are also modular and are able to function independently, but when forming a LAN they are connected by Ethernet Each simulator has a host
of the
microprocessor, a graphics and sound system, conand instruments, and a world terrain data base
By itself the simulator performs like a single combat
vehicle alone on its patch of terrain By connecting
two or more simulators (using coaxial cables) a
LAN is formed Each LAN requires one extra
microprocessor and from two to six additional
microprocessors for user interface
LANs can be connected together into what is
described as a long-haul network, or LHN, also
described at times as a wide area network, or WAN
Using a LHN allows units at remote sites to train
together Thus units involved in the LAN at Fort Knox
can engage' units involved in the LAN at Grafenwohr
in West Germany Use of the LHN will also enable
trols
any unit to engage the helicopters and attack aircraft

based at the Fort Rucker AIRNET facility Three
types of LHN system are under evaluation, dedicated
digital land lines, wideband satellite, and personal
microwave.
STATUS
In
service with the
US Army.
MANUFACTURERS
Perceptronics
Systems
Inc,
Training
and
Simulations
Division, 21135 Erwin Street,
Woodland
California91367, USA.
Telephone: (818) 884 3485 Telex: 3718933 PERC.
BBN Laboratories Inc. 10 Moulton Street,
Cambridge. Massachusetts 02238, USA.
Telephone: (617) 873 3000. Fax: (617) 873 4315
Hills,
which allows the user to read the information presented in common language using a spread sheet
detailed to ensure a valid representation of any

doctrine at the unit level (eg sections, platoons,
For the Australian Army system this is DBase 1 1 1 or

Lotus 1 23 With the US Army system a DEC on-screen
companies,
editor
is
used
With COMBAT-SIM each of the ten stations are

provided with all the computational power, data
and communications to discharge their assigned
function Each of the stations then shares data with
the other stations in a truly distributed processing
architecture Truly distributed processing, high
speed graphics and computer networking are the
keys to how COMBAT-SIM achieves real-time
combat simulation from a base of individual
weapons in a game
With COMBAT-SIM, for each weapon, vehicle or
system there is a performance profile. Included in
the profile are range, actual firing results against
various types of targets, mathematical probabilities
associated with a weapon's terminal effects, detection, identification, ability to acquire a target and
expected results given a hit. Once fired, each and
every round is tracked from the gun to the target in
very close to real-time The model is sufficiently
Units are modelled as a collection

equipment, weapons and supplies
located within a geographic area. These elements
act as a single entity responding to player instructions and system computations.
The operation of most types of units can be modetc).
of personnel,
all manoeuvre, fire support, close

support, helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft,
engineers, air defence, and personnel and logistics.
Red and Blue forces are modelled individually to
reflect the differences in tactics and doctrine. The
battalion simulation represents all assets available
to, or interfacing with, a Blue battalion at platoon
level with the Red regiment (plus) modelled at
company level For Blue brigade play, companies
can be modelled to face battalion-sized Red units
within a threatdivision with normal support
Three modes of play are envisioned for COMBAT-
elled to include
air
SIM They
(1)
(2)
are:
Single echelon battalion staff exercises.

A multi-echelon exercise for both brigade
and battalion
staffs.
COMMAND AND STAFF LEVEL TACTICAL TRAINERS/ USA
168
(3)
single echelon brigade staff exercise
mode (1) (battalion level) only the battalion

commander and his staff are in the field. The subordinate company commanders are in the control
For
environment acting out their roles and resoondir.g to

direction from the battalion. Company commander
role players focus on the actions of individual platoons and sections when moving them or in combat.
mode
(multi-echelon), both the brigade

and battalion commanders and their staffs are in the
field requiring the control staff to represent division
For
(2)
The simulation proceeds as in mode

except tor the size of the control staff. The brigade
level activities
(1)
interacts directly with
its
and the batThe simulation
battalions,
talions fight the battle as in mode(1).
provides for unit movements, combat, indirect fire

missions, and personnel and logistics support, as in
the battalion exercise As before, company role
players focus on the actions of individual platoons
and sections.
For mode (3) (brigade exercise) only the brigade
commander and his staff are in the field Subordinate
battalion commanders and staff activities are rep-
resented in the control room. Battalion level role

players focus on the actions of companies when
moving them or
With
in
combat.
COMBAT-SIM
the following
numbers
of
ammunition types
and other parameters are modelled:
control units, control measures,
Ammunition types-200
Concurrent smoke missions- 120
Number of units-2150
Minefields/obstacles- 100
Control measures- 100
Interactive work stations/consoles- 10
Data recording capability- 24 h
Digitised terrain area - 10 000 km 2
Equipment types per unit- 10
Weapon types -300
Operational states - 16
Weather types -8
Terrain types- 16
Terrain data resolution - 100 m
Preparation time for new game -4 to 8 h
Restart/instant replay archive interval - 15min
Game cycle (time between updates) -15 s
Line of sight (LOS) calculations are measured and

of each unit using
computed from the centre of mass
Army Training Battle Simulation

System (ARTBASS)
the terrain data base These calculations, coupled

with terrain features and elevation, light conditions,
operational states of the two units and probability of
detection at range, all effect the initiation and results
manoeuvered by
of all conflicts
exercised
The term Resolution is the degree of specificity

and detail that is used when controlling and describ-
accordance with its current tactical

doctrines and operating procedures
External
command and control is played as the exercised
command group interacts with subordinate, adjacent and higher units Role players portray the appropriate personnel in those units Reports and combat
information will be passed to tactical units and the
Tactical Operations Centre (TOC) as appropriate
Three different approaches to conducting
command and staff exercises using COMBAT-SIM
can be employed One is to undertake instructional
exercises in a classroom Another is to conduct
command post exercises with the commanders and
their staffs in the field or in vehicles located in an
appropriate outdoor area Command post exercises
can also be carried out with the commanders and
their staffs in mock-ups of their command posts in a
simulation facility in a suitable location, eg in a
garrison area For a brigade- or battalion-level
ing units in the simulation In COMBAT-SIM results

are reported by platoon and section Results are
reported depending on the level being exercised
For brigade level this will be at the friendly platoon
level while for the threat unit it will be at company
level In all cases direct combat is resolved at the
individual
weapon
(shot
on shot)
in
real-time
For terrain and environment simulation a video

disc map display allows each work station to pan
and zoom independently through six levels of view
ranging from a display of 3 x 4km to 90 x 120km
The model automatically determines when line-ofsight exists between units, incorporating the effect
of foliage and terrain. The model also controls the
unit speed over the various types of terrain The role
player's appreciation of terrain is enhanced by using
an intervisibility fan which indicates dead ground

This same facility can provide a cross-sectional
view, and a perspective or three-dimensional view
from a specified observation point to a specified
target location
Weather conditions are described in terms of

cloud cover, precipitation and light conditions. A
unit's ability to observe and detect enemy units is
automatically limited or enhanced by visibility and
the unit's rate of movement is effected by both
and
visibility
precipitation
weather
report
describing the then-current weather and the limit

of visibility is available upon request at any work
station at
allocate any
one
operational states (OPSTATE) according to the current

posture and task of each unit The OPSTATE specifies the maximum speed of the unit and vulnerability
to enemy observation and fire, as well as the proportion of the unit's weapons which can effectively
of 16
The commander can change

any time to reflect the normal
changes of posture that occur in battle, eg a tactical
march to a hasty attack, an administrative move to
tactical deployment, etc.
Minefields and other battlefield obstacles can be
em placed or cleared at any time during an exercise.
Combat engineering assets are controlled and
the
OPSTATE
unit.
at
information provided by higher, lower and adjacent

ARTBASS allows a company commander role
player to manoeuvre his forces, thereby generating
realistic information that is passed to the approunits.
The Army Training Battle Simulation System, or

ARTBASS. is designed to train battalion commanders and their staffs in the conduct of battlefield
operations. It was developed from an earlier simulation system known as the Combined Arms Tactical
Training Simulator, or CATTS. CATTS was used as
a Command Group Trainer and as a development
provides real-time, free play, twosided, interactive simulation of tactical operations

through the use of a digital computer-based simulation system, an extensive mathematical model,
and a data base The system is flexible enough to be
by the US Army to help define the operational

characteristics and software requirements for a new
training system that became ARTBASS
used for exercising new tactics and doctrines and to

research the effectiveness of new command and
control procedures Other applications include New
tool
During the early 1970s the
US Army recognised
numbers
brigade-level commanders and
need
to
train
large
of
battalion-
staff officers
and
in a
short period of time and with a mini mum expenditure

of funds. Also recognised was the need to ensure
and brigade personnel would

be prepared to perform critical tasks and make
critical decisions under the stress of a combat
environment As a result the Combat Arms Training
Board (CATB) was chartered to develop an automated capability for conducting command post exercises The result was a requirement for CATTS which
was sent to the US Army Training Device Center for
that future battalion
prototype developmentcommencingduring 1971. In

1973 the Center awarded a research and development contract to TRW. Defense and Space Systems
Group,
at
Redondo Beach.
California,
for
the
development of a CATTS prototype testbed. Following acceptance at the Combined Arms center
at Fort Leavenworth. Kansas, the CATTS system
became operational in February 1976 Experience
with the CATTS system resulted in the development
of
ARTBASS
The purpose
priate staff officer or battalion
Team
Training
command group
ARTBASS
is
to drive a battalion
through the decision making

process under simulated combat decisions The
battalion command groups do not actually fight a
battle but manage it, basing their decisions upon
(NOTT),
command
group training and evaluations, and preparation

prior to attending exercises at the National Training
Center
ARTBASS was designed as a mobile/portable

system which can be used at existing US Army
facilities. It utilises readily-available commercial
components and utilises the user organisation s
organic communications and command post equipment The major subsystems are a model of aground
combat environment, equipment to establish a
control facility, a trailer-mounted central computer
system with an environmental subsystem, and a
trailer-mounted power system Two commercialmodel semi-trailer vans are used, one for the computer system while the second houses the power
generation system and the control facility equipment. On arrival at a training site the semi-trailers
are parked close to a suitable building and the
control equipment
building.
From
is
unloaded and installed
their location in the
commander and his

company commanders
talion
of
commander.
ARTBASS
Organisation
the
the control
facility
via
command
staff
semi-trailer van
the
the
post the bat-
communicate with
The computer system

and is connected to
equipment by cables provided
equipment.
remains
control facility
in
(role players) located in

the unit's organic com-
munications
in its
if
exercised
desired
field
Internal
the senior control station and can

in the control post exercise (CPX)
command and control is played within the

command group as plans and executes
it
the battle in
COMBAT-SIM
large
enough
exercise the control room should be

to
accommodate
ten work stations.
planning areas, a briefing and visitor area, administrative space for a permanent staff and the usual
domestic
facilities
A minimum
three permanent staff is required to

exercise; a manoeuvre
controller, a threat controller and a systems
manager Other directing and controlling personnel
can be drawn from existing unit strengths and
assigned as required.
conduct any
of
COMBAT-SIM
STATUS
any time.
A commander can
engage an enemy
be
Available In service with the Australian Army.

Entering service with the US Army (47 sets) and
under consideration by several other armies.
MANUFACTURER
Perceptronics
Inc.
Training
and Simulations
Division. 21122 Erwin Street, Woodland Hills.
California91367. USA.
Telephone: (818) 884 3485. Telex: 3718933 PERC
with the system

vided by either
necessary power can be proof two diesel-powered 60 kW

generators carried in one of the semi-trailer vans if
mains power is notavailable
The tactical environment is modelled for any tactical area which encompasses a surface area of
5000 km' to an altitude of 10 km The model is based
on data digitised by the US Defense Mapping
Agency ARTBASS is capable of simulating a total of
200 units simultaneously during an exercise. These
can include combat, combat support and combat
service support units Both air and ground units are
included in the model. Natural environmental factors
such as hydrography, weather, vegetation and
forests, ground surface and soil types, wind and
visibility are also included. All units can be manoeuvered or positioned any where in the tactical area
during an exercise.
ARTBASS and its cadre are assigned to a specific
post and move to the user's location. The system
cadre consists of US Army personnel who operate
and maintain the equipment They also act as an
interface between ARTBASS and the user unit.
All
one
For training the players establish their command

post and establish communications with the role
players in the control facility The battalion commander and his staff issue orders and guidance
to their company commanders who react to those
orders and direct the system cadre to input them
into the system. These role players are provided
with approximately five hours of training to enable
them to use the equipment involved in their role.
Graphic displays of terrain, unit position, and control
measure data are provided by ARTBASS to increase
realism for the players Based upon the computer
responses, the role players provide pertinent tactical and logistical information to the players in
as realistic a manner as possible Based on this
information the players must analyse the tactical
situation and exercise their command, control and
communication procedures. Players are provided
USA
with the capability to
169
manoeuvre combat, combat
support and combat service support units as freely

as they would in actual combat They are permitted
the application and co-ordination of fire power in its
various forms, including direct and indirect fire,
close air support and surveillance, aviation support,
air defence and combat engineer activity. During an
exercise the brigade tactical operation centre may
be physically located in the field or in a simulated
facility.
The ARTBASS Control
Facility
equipment group
divided into six stations, Manoeuvre Stations 1

and 2, a Threat Force Station, a Fire Support Station,
the Logistics/Administrative (Log/Admin) Station,
and a Higher Command Station The Manoeuvre
Stations are operated by the system cadre, with the
company commanders (role players) collocated to
is
The Log/Admin and Fire Support

Stations are arranged to be manned by the system
cadre and role players while the Threat Station is
fight the battle.
manned by cadre personnel

multi-function
keyboards
only. Each station has

(MFKBs), the cursor
control bit pads, controller input/output (I/O) ter-
minals, Terrain Map (TM) and Terrain Appreciation

(TA) displays, and line printers.
The MFKB is used to select and control menus
and tableaux to be displayed on the TM displays and
to control the TM and TA display parameters These
keyboard units are microprocessor-controlled flat

panel displays Alphanumeric switch legends are
changed via software to reflect the mode of operation
of the keyboard Touch-sensitive positions on the
screen enable operator inputs to be sensed. The
cursor control bit pads are used to control a cursor
on the TM display. The controller I/O terminal is
used to request and display status reports, control
and display alert messages, and to facilitate the
selection and transmission of messages from the
display screen to other terminals at other stations.
Types of tactical operation that can be carried
out using
ARTBASS
include:
movement
to contact,
reconnaissance (including in force), exploit

ambush, hasty and deliberate defence,
delay and withdrawal. Battalion elements can
attack,
and
pursuit,
include infantry, airborne infantry, air assault, mechanised, tank and cavalry Targets are identified as
static, moving, ground or air
(Targets are also
identified as to vulnerability to the type of ordnance
that can be delivered against them and the degree
of protection provided by their attributes and operational state).
Command and
control inputs possible include
unit initial locations
and missions, changed oper-
move
units, control firing, establish
ational state,
measures, significant event tagging, Army

and air defence Special
inputs include: manoeuvre, fire support, logistics,
environment and weather, obstacles and mines.
One of the control stations is designated to provide
simulation control and thus controls the following
functions: backup and restart, terminate and save,
terminate and not save, freeze, start scenario, reinitialise at the beginning or any 15 minute interval,
replay or replicate the entire scenario, and replay
the scenario beginning at any one-minute interval.
control
aviation, Air Force assets,
Map displays are

scales are available:
48 x 36 km
32 x 24 km
in
64 selectable colours
COMPUTER VAN
Schematic layout of an operating

displays are updated once every minute for ground
units, four times every minute for air units and upon
repositioning of the map
The battlefield environment graphics include
terrain, vegetation and forests, surface conditions,
road, river and bridge descriptions and hydrography Dynamic modifications include bridge modification,
illumination
and
smoke,
obstacle
emplacement or reduction and minefields Weather
environment includes 11 selections of weather
class, local fog or dust, the moon phase, ambient
illumination, wind direction and velocity and the
time of day or night (updated every minute)
The ARTBASS system defines and characterises
all units as a collection of personnel, equipment
and supplies collocated within a definable occupied
area, operating as a single entity in response to
system cadre inputs and model calculations Units
are uniquely identified with standard battalion,
company, platoon, squad and section nomeclature
or their equivalents Each unit is defined with a basic
load (personnel, ammunition, equipment and fuel)
and occupying a specific area. Each unit's resources
are managed as to utilisation and re-supply The
system models the unit's movement and engagements and the unit's characteristics and attributes
are determined by its operational state. The operational states are defined by controller input or by
the model computations Parameters specified by
operational state include factors such as engagement range, break range, movement rates, rate of
Six
16 x 12km
8 x 6km
5.33 x 4 km
4 x 3km.
Annotation of the display includes vegetation,

contour lines, hydrography, built-up areas, labels,
lines of communication and cross-country movement. These can be selectively added or deleted.
The Technical Appreciation (TA) display has
graphic displays in colour and is located at each
Manoeuvre and Threat Station. It can use a threedimensional' perspective display.
Computer-generated exercise graphics can be
used to overlay the basic TM displays Four colours
can be displayed for separation of information
Graphic elements include: combat, combat support
and combat service units, command post location,
direction of movement, Blue and Red firing lines,
battlefield obstacles and minefields. Control displays include lines, areas and points. Sensor graphics can be provided for ground surveillance and
air-to-ground radars, ground sensors, night vision
devices and observation posts Weapon graphics
can include tanks, anti-tank rockets and missiles,
field artillery, mortars, air defence, air missions,
impacting fire and pre-planned targets. The graphic
ARTBASS
personnel vulnerability, combat

power, weapon effectiveness, suppression level
tire,
detectability,
and engagement state

The tactical model permits the use of the following:
Equipment types per unit-30

Ammunition types per unit-30
Equipment types overal - 200
Ammunition types overall- 150
Concurrent smoke missions- 150
I
Targets may be detected by visual or aural means,

by radar, by unattended ground sensors, or by
ground-to-air or air-to-ground observation and
sensors.
Simulated aviation assets employed in support of
the Blue battalion operations include utility, observation and cargo helicopters, helicopter gunships,
close air support aircraft and reconnaissance and
surveillance aircraft The simulation model considers the type of air ordnance used and the modes
of flight The aircraft are modelled with built-in
weapons commensurate
their
with the aircraft type, and

performance characteristics are included The
controllers are provided the capability to assign air

missions interactively and they can specify mission
routes, number of aircraft, type of
types of equipment, targets, weapon or
sensor load. etc. Any of the air units specified can
be designated as Red force units.
Air defence parameters for the purposes of simulation include: maximum detection range, maximum
and minimum horizontal engagement range and
altitude, acquisition probability, rate of fire, probability of kill per round, maximum detection range
under enemy electronic warfare conditions, and the
electronic countermeasures degradation factor.
For casualty and damage assessment the
ARTBASS system determi nes the effects of weapons
on personnel and equipment These effects are the
result of direct or indirect fire and other supporting
actions The effects are provided in terms of personnel casualties and equipment damage Factors
considered are weapon and target characteristics,
weapon factors, firing unitcharacteristics, minefield
types,
flight
aircraft,
personnel
casualties,
equipment
damages, environmental damage, and the suppression of unit strength The value of suppression
is used in the calculation of rate of movement,
vulnerability, detectability, rate of fire, and weapon
casualties,
effectiveness.
For logistics the
ARTBASS model
simulates,
in
real-time, the logistic requirements present in a

real-world situation to the players. Each unit has a
equipment and supplies allocated and as the unit consumes these, or loses them
in combat, that unit's allocation is reduced. Any resupply causes the unit's supply to be incremented.
Re-supply will occur as a result of a command
to transfer resources between units A record is
continuously maintained of the personnel, equipment and supply status. A minimum threshold can
be specified by the user which, when reached, will
starting quantity of
The interior of a typical ARTBASS tactical operations

centre
COMMAND AND STAFF LEVEL TACTICAL TRAINERS /USA
170
produce an alert message at the responsible control

station.
order to transfer supplies to centres needing

re-supply, the ARTBASS provides simulation of the
re-supply process The logistic elements must
manage supply volumes to where they are needed
when they are needed The system also models
maintenance activities to allow for the recovery
and repair of partially damaged equipment, and for
combat engineers to build and remove obstacles
and minefields Up to 20 critical repair equipment
types can be designated for repair
At the end of an exercise the system generates
user selectable hard copy post game summary
reports on the computer line printer The types of
summary report available include
Manoeuvre and fire support reports; including
In
equipment report, ammunition report,

and personnel level report
Logistic and administrative reports, including personnel, equipment and supplies status
unit status,
fuel report,
Threat controller reports; these include the same

types of report as those available to friendly units.
A slightly revised version of ARTBASS known as
and adjacent units The number of units involved

has been increased to 400 and to 1000 for some
applications Another change is the introduction of
a digital map base option
The latest version of ARTBASS has been delivered to the New Jersey National Guard This
ARTBASS provides both battalion and brigade training capabilities A list of the major enhancements is
as follows:
Increased exercise area- 10 000 km'
Increased number of simultaneous units- 1000
Increased number of simultaneous close air
support missions -50
Attack helicopters as manoeuvre units - up to
50 simultaneously
Additional
"m i 7
4 iIjbW
'if"'
"*
jn
typical Battlefield
j^^^H
<^^îîî^^
support
is operational with the US Marine
Corps Air Ground Combat Center (MCAGCC) at
Twentynine Palms. California, to support brigade
and unit level Combined Arms Exercises (CAXs).
During FY88 a request for proposals was issued for
fire
One CAST
follow-on CASTs These will be installed at Camp

Lejeune, North Carolina; Camp Pendleton, Cali-
Camp
Butler.
Japan; and
and electronic warfare modelling

models - providing deep
facilities
targets and additional capabilities

There is also the addition ol new on-demand
reports available during an exercise Also increased
is the number of work stations; lOfor a basic brigade
multi-echelon exercises The

involved has been increased to 400.
and to 1000 for some applications
and 10
to 16 for fully
number
of units
STATUS
Available
In
service with the
US Army
MANUFACTURER
CAE-Link Corporation. Link Tactical Simulation Division. 11800 Tech Road Silver Spring Maryland
20904 USA
Telephone (301)622 4400 Telex 710 825 9768 LINK
SSMD Fax (301)622 8383
included:
Trainer control room, that lor

essentially similar
The Combined Arms Staff Trainer (CAST), or Device

16N8, is a US Marine Corps combat simulation
device designed to train Marine Amphibious Unit
(MAU), Marine Amphibious Brigade (MAB) and
Marine Amphibious Force (MAF) staffs in supporting
arms co-ordination and application CAST will
enable the US Marines to practice the control and
co-ordination of artillery, air, naval gunfire and
fornia,
Support
Command
Combined Arms Staff Trainer
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modelling
Intelligence
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new models
NBC
Medical model - providing casualties by type

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the Battlefield Command Trainer, or BCT. has been

produced by the Link Tactical Simulations System
Division and offered for export sales The main
difference from ARTBASS is the addition of a Higher
Echelon Station, operated by the Chief Controller
and providing interaction with higher headquarters
MCAS Kaneohe
Bay. Hawaii The MCAS Kaneohe Bay CAST will

support MAB and MAU level exercises while the
Camp Lejeune, Camp Pendleton and Camp Butler
CASTs will support up to MAF level exercises.
The CAST will provide the necessary communications, control and co-ordination practice to
units organisations and commands that make up
Marine Corps Air Ground Task Forces (MAGTF).
This means that the various staffs of a MAGTF can
practice the application of supporting arms during
force-on-force engagements Fire missions are
visually depicted on the CASTs three-dimensional
terrain surface. Pre-planned as well as target-ofopportunity fires can be simulated
The CAST consists of four basic subsystems which
are integrated to support requests for fire, processing of fire requests, co-ordination of firing
assets, and the simulation of fire missions.
The terrain subsystem of CAST provides for the
use
of
ARTBASS
is
typical Battlefield
both two- and three-dimensional terrain
Command Trainer manoeuvre station
and pulsing illumination
Either type of surface may be used to depict the

locations of both friendly and enemy forces and to
ordnance.
display the impact of fire support missions on these

units The terrain surface can be as large as 12 feet
by 32 feet (3.657 x 9.75 m) The three-dimensional
radio communications for
boards are designed in 4-foot by 8-foot

(1.22 x 2.438 m) sections and depict a variety of
geographical locations. The scale of the terrain
varies from one exercise to another when twodimensional surfaces are used The three-dimenterrain
sional surface
to
125
is
constructed at a scale of one inch
The CAST computer subsystem is a series of

networked PC computers that provide for the entry
mission data. Fire plans are entered using a
pre-formatted method of data entry which makes the
computer subsystem extremely user-friendly. This
of fire
same method
is used for on-call Forward Observer/Forward Air Controller (FO/FAC) requested missions. The computer applies pre-determined delay
factors and then executes the mission by illuminating the terrain surface with lasers at the appropriate time and for the appropriate duration The
computer subsystem is also capable of accepting
notes in a word-processing file. Fire mission
requests, fire plans and notes in an exercise timesequenced list are stored for post exercise analysis
and critiques.
For the fire marking subsystem of CAST, the application of fire support from artillery, aircraft, naval
gunfire and mortar assets is presented on the terrain
subsystem through the use of a computer-controlled
fire marking system (FMS) The FMS consists of
eye safe lasers that illuminate the terrain surface
displaying the impact points of fire support missions.
The lasers display red and green spots for enemy
and friendly fire as well as providing steady or
pulsing
illumination
of
high
explosive
shells
for
white phosphorous
The CAST communication subsystem simulates

all assigned units Each
player position is capable of transmitting to, and
receiving from, all of the other network stations that
they would be capable of using during an actual
operation. For example, a Forward Air Controller
can communicate with the battalion air officer, the
aircraft supporting his request, and all other normal
operational frequencies The CAST also provides
the flexibility to allow each position within any cell
to transmit to. or receive from, any network going
to that cell Individual position locations may be
determined prior to an exercise and network assignments may be established at that time The CAST
also provides the controllers with the capability of
monitoring, recording and application of jamming
techniques over any frequency The controllers are
also provided with two-way communication devices
to allow them to communicate with each other during
an exercise
The CAST
is
housed
in
a permanent building with
two floors The centre of the building is occupied by

a well in which the terrain boards are located
Various cells and rooms are located around the well,
which extends to the roof, and there is space for
exercise spectators as well as control staff and
players The fire marking subsystem occupies the
ceiling area. Each cell or room is occupied by a
particular staff function and space is provided for
offices, a lecture/de-briefing room and storage
space.
STATUS
One trainer
in service with the US Marine Corps and

a further four planned (see text)
USA
TAC Thunder
CACI Information Systems are a consultancy and
systems house founded in 1962 who established a
European operation in 1974 They produce a number
of
software
programmes
written in
SIMSCRIPT
of
TAC Thunder is their leading defence product

The TAC Thunder package originated in the early
1970s as TAC Warrior, an integrated air-to-air and
which
air-to-surface
combat software programme. This
was expanded during

present
the following few years to the

theatre-level
programme which simulates
and ground warfare together with logistics to

provide a tactical air campaign model. Its purpose
is to assist the analyst studying the impact of policy
decisions such as force location, alternative equipment choices and theatre-level air tactics.
The model simulates the air war to the level of
air
Joint Exercise Support

flight groups on missions while individual air bases
servicing aircraft are also modelled. Air war planning is accomplished by means of generating
mission orders from intelligence' collected dynamically in the model and from air resources collected
both dynamically and from input. When aircraft are
available missions are flown.
The ground war is modelled with divisional units
which engage each other causing the Forward Line
3
of Troops (FLOT) to move. The C
net and logistics
are modelled to assess unit effectiveness and
mobility features are also included. The purpose of
the air operations package is to assess the effectiveness of operations upon the ground war and the
targets which may be attacked include units, choke
3
points, C
and the logistics network The effect of
air defence resources is also taken into account
Geographic data bases can be prepared in three to
six months, force structure data bases in one or two
I
(TACSIM
is a military model which simulates the

Blue intelligence assets)
The WAN extends the DECnet for worldwide JESS
System
effects of
(JESS)
at
communications DEC interconnect hardware is

used to connect JESS to dedicated telephone lines
or satellite links WAN operations anywhere in the
world can be managed from a central location
The VAX 8600 primary processor has 128 Mbytes
of random access memory (RAM) and is configured
withaMassbus, Unibuss and Computer Interconnect
bus. The processor holds the Game Events Executive Processor (GEEP - see below), the game data
base, and software that supports GEEP communication with work stations Major peripherals
include: one HSC 50 hierarchical storage controller,
three RA81 456 Mbyte disc subsystems, one RA60
205 Mbyte disc subsystem (removable disc); one
RL02 console terminal with a 10 4 Mbyte disc; one
TA78 tape drive (1600/6250 bits/in); one Printronix
600 high-speed printer, and one H4000 Ethernet
capability form of
transceiver
The Joint Exercise Support System (JESS) is a computerised and automated Command Post Exercise
(CPX) driver designed to train corps, division and
brigade staffs. During a CPX, staff in their field
tactical operations centres and command posts
interact with exercise controllers The exercise controllers, working in a response cell, provide an
interface between the staffs and the JESS. The
system accepts orders and requests, simulates
combat and support activities, and provides outputs
to drive an exercise,
JESS is under development by the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology
under the sponsorship of the Joint Warfare Center
Hulbert Field, Florida. An interim operational
JESS was first used to support the
Cascade Peak 111 exercise for the US Army's 1
Corps in November 1985. A complete initial operational capability was used to support Exercise Bold
Venture 87 during November 1986 The development
of JESS Version 1.0 is complete and a complete
set of JESS equipment has been installed at the
Combined Arms Center, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas,
the Joint Warfare Center, Hulbert Field, Florida, and
at each of the US Army's Corps headquarters. The
latest configuration is JESS Version 1.1.
JESS utilises a suite of 14 interconnected computers and a variety of peripherals The computers
include one VAX 8600 minicomputer (the primary
simulation processor), one MicroVAX
Gateway
processor, and 13 or more MicroVAX
microII
II
computers. The microcomputers support up
to
45
work stations.
The JESS communications network consists of
one to three DECnet (Ethernet) based local area
controller
networks (LANs) that can be linked via a wide area

network (WAN) for worldwide communications.
The Ethernet-based LAN provides highly efficient
communications between nodes located no more
than 2.8 km apart. Collision sensing technology
(CSMA/CD) is used for access control with shielded
coaxial cable as the physical medium. The bus
topology of Ethernet permits continuity of network
operation in the event of some node failures.
Synchronous RS-232C lines are used to connect
JESS to special applications such as TACSIM.
The GEEP is the central software programme of

JESS and is a computerised simulation model
the
that permits users to
game military actions including
major components of a land-air battle Among

the actions simulated by the GEEP are: air and
ground movement; consumption; re-supply; military
engineering; equipment maintenance; air and
ground combat; medical actions; and weather
As a corps exercise driver, JESS models Blue
all
units at battalion resolution with
Red forces
rep-
resented as regiments Due to the training orientation of the JESS, Blue forces are modelled in much
greater detail than Red forces Blue units can be
modelled at company level for specialised units
such as combat engineers and air defence
GEEP
controls the game clock that is

run in real-time, or (for small scenarios) faster than
real-time Action with JESS is continuous although
the game can be stopped and re-started at any time
The GEEP is written in a version of SIMSCRIPT
11.5 language that is processed by the Software
In
addition
Documentation and Design Language (SDDL)
weeks while scenarios can be produced
17.1
within a few
hours.
The package allows the user to test his operational

plans and see the impact of changes in doctrines,
strategies and tactics. By running the programme
the user can see in high resolution graphics terms
the movements of the Forward Line of Troops,
changing target lists and mission types as well as
the effect upon the logistics system. The data can be
changed for continuous testing.
The package has been sold to the US Air Force
and is now being offered abroad.
STATUS
Available.
In
service with the
US Air Force.
MANUFACTURER
CACI
International Inc.
1700 North
Arlington, Virginia22209,
Moore
Street,
USA
Telephone: (703)875 2919
by computer storage, processing power, and time

available for data base preparation Terrain playbox
size is limited to three Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) zones due to mathematical constraints
A typical JESS data base has a 588 700 km-'
playbox in addition to the items as follows (Blue/Red
in brackets):
Military
units
(338/362);
combat
systems
support systems (32/12); aircraft types

(21/11); supply types (124/9); and personnel categ(20/26);
ories (36/1).
The JESS work station provides an interface

between controllers and the GEEP's simulation
model The work station processor is a MicroVAX
computer with 17 Mbytes of RAM and three 71 Mbyte
internal discs Each MicroVAX
supports one to
three work stations Major peripherals for each
work station include: two DEC VT220 alphanumeric
terminals; one GTCO co-ordinate digitising pad;
one Sony laser video-disc player; two Sony colour
graphic monitors; one DEC LA210 dot matrix printer;
and one Graphover 9500 overlay generator.
A menu permits the controller to enter orders and
information requests A total of 72 orders and 15
II
II
Some requests are handled

by the work station while most are sent to the
GEEP (via DECnet) for further processing The menu
system has a variety of user-friendly key pad features
designed to minimise typing, and extensive on-line
assistance is available
Graphics consist of a tactical military map image
with selection game information overlaid by a
Graphover 9500 overlay generator Map images are
stored on a 54 000-frame laser video disc Data
items displayed include unit and target symbols, unit
reports are available
conflict,
orientation
and
status, control lines, air
mission tracks, and features of the game's hexagonally-tiled terrain

Auxiliary software used with
JESS includes a
scenario preparation programme a report and
scenario verification programme and a terrain data
base preparation system
for
readability
STATUS
The JESS simulation is data driven so all units,

weapons, systems, classes of supplies, personnel,
terrain features, and scenario information are
derived from a data base external to the computer
programme code. Therefore the numbers of units,
combat, combat support and combat service support
systems played in a JESS scenario are limited only
In
use by the US Army. Under active consideration

by other armed forces
DEVELOPMENT AGENCY INFORMATION POINT

Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Information Systems Division, 4800 Oak Grove Drive. Pasadena, California
91109, USA.
172
Miscellaneous Land-based
ISRAEL
Elisra
REAS (Realistic
Electromagnetic Arena Simulator)

REAS
a tool for testing the reception and identicapabilities of radar warning receivers
(RWR). The system simulates continuous wave or
pulsed radio frequency threats in the 0.7 to 18 GHz
is
fication
frequency range as received by the antennas of

RWRs of an imaginary aircraft during a pre-planned
flight path. The system provides a three-dimensional
simulation of the aircraft flight path which includes
radiation
patterns of transmitting and
may be altered to enable the customer to examine

the identification capability of the system under test,
to correct the definition of the threat target or to
check target seperation
The system consists of digital generating, control
and communication, RF generation, power supply,
automatic calibration and main computer units The
RF generation
units include high range and low

range frequency as well as continuous wave and
high range combiner units Each digital generating
unit comprises up to 32 emitters
receiving
antennas, antenna scan patterns and various modes

of operation of scan and control radars. Up to 128
emitters may be simulated in any one scenario
REAS can bereprogrammedtosimulateanumber

by determining their location relative
to the position of the imaginary aircraft and their
parameters The parameters of one or more emitters
of emitters
STATUS
In
production.
MANUFACTURER
Systems Limited. 48 Mivtza Kadesh
Beraq 51203, Israel
Telephone: (03) 75451 1 1 Telex: 33553
Elisra Electronic
Street, IL-Bene
The Elisra Realistic Electromagnetic Arena

Simulator (REAS)
Elisra
NS-9002 Electronic Warfare
Simulation System
printer. This group accepts data inputs consisting of

emitter and scenario parameters. The digital group
is controlled by the control group and generates
parameters on a pulse-by-pulse basis. The

radio frequency group translates digital parameters
arriving from the digital group to RF signals.
The system includes log periodic antennas for the
0.5 to 2 GHz frequency range and parabolic dishes
for the 2 to 8 GHz and 8 to 18 GHz ranges. If the
simulator is connected to an airborne radar warning
receiver. RF hardware is provided instead of transmitting antennas so that the proper signal level
is distributed dynamically between the receiving
digital
The NS-9002 electronic warfare simulator is a highly

compact system which may befitted in a vehicle. It is
capable of generating any known electro-magnetic
environment including spread spectrum, frequency
agile and coherent electronic warfare signals. It
can be used for the evaluation and maintenance of
electronic warfare systems and for training
operators, and can simulate up to 256 emitters in the
0.5 to 18 GHz frequency range, up to 2 megapulses
Each emitter is independently
per second
programmable for a variety of parameters and
trajectories
mapping
permits the dynamic
The software includes
and Might path simulation
that
terrain
radar warning receivers.

evaluation
The NS-9002 comprises a control group, a digital
group and a radio frequency group. The control
group includes a 16 Mbyte random access memory
computer, a hard disc, a colour terminal and a
ports.
STATUS
In
production.
of aircraft
MANUFACTURER
Street. IL-Bene
Systems Limited, 48 Mi vtza Kadesh

Beraq 51203. Israel
Telephone:
75451
Elisra Electronic
(03)
1 1
Telex: 33553.
The Elisra NS-9002 electronic warfare simulator

which may be carried in a vehicle
UK
MISCELLANEOUS LAND-BASED TRAINERS AND SIMULATORS
173
UNITED KINGDOM
Training Simulator for
Gun Sound
Ranging Equipment
is for use with Gun Sound Ranging
equipments It was originally developed
Mark
by Marconi Instruments under contract to, and as
This simulator
II
specified by, the British Army

The simulator, when connected to any mark of
sound ranging equipment fitted with Pen Recorder
and the Power Supply and System Selector Unit
(PS & SSU), and operated by an instructor, can

produce pen recorder signals which realistically
simulate live firing in a range of battlefield scenarios
Students can be trained to a full operational standard
in the use of the sound ranging equipment and the
analysis of the pen recorder traces, either in a
classroom or under field conditions
The simulator may be connected in a few seconds
ranging
sound
deployed
operationally
into
command posts even when hostilities are imminent
An instructor is able to plan and execute tactical
exercise and hostile scenarios for refresher training
or as part of large-scale exercises.
The simulator is contained in a protective casing
and is a portable, free-standing unit. The cable
connecting the simulator to the PS & SSU is 15m

long, enabling it to be located in a nearby vehicle if
necessary. The front panel of the simulator carries
a key pad, an alphanumeric display unit, power
and pen recorder connectors, status indicators and
Power supplies are taken from a
switches
24 V DC 75 Ah vehicle battery while cables and other
accessories are carried in a separate case.
The instructor can prepare training or operational
scenarios in advance of tuition Many scenarios
can be prepared and retained in the simulator's
permanant memory (library) and when required for
tuition a particular exercise scenario can be recalled
from the library and run unaltered or temporarily
altered to suit a particular lesson requirement.
The simulator is capable of generating simulated
battlefield acoustic effects as follows:
A 200 km 2 area of scenario
Gun signatures from typical weapon types
including heavy, medium and light guns and mortars
Zero, one or two echos from gun waves
Shell supersonic shock waves
Shell bursts
Shell splinter signatures
Microphone wind noise
Marconi Simulation Training Simulator
tor
Gun Sound Ranging Equipment
(at rear) in
use
in
a classroom
environment
Faulty microphones
Moving wheeled and tracked traffic

Aircraft and helicopters moving across the
scenario
All of the above effects may be placed at any point
on the scenario using national or UTM grid coordinates The simulated microphone locations and
advance posts are similarly inserted and also wind
speed, wind direction and air temperature
A training exercise run time schedule is inserted
into the simulator to use the required signatures at
the required locations and at the required timing
schedules Once inserted, this exercise schedule
may be transferred into the long-term memory
(library) of the simulator When the exercise is
recalled for use in training and is set into the run
mode, the exercise scenario acoustic signals are
generated in the simulator and fed into the sound
ranging PS & SSU and thence into the pen recorder.

The simulator also controls the on/off switch for the
pen recorder chart motor and displays the correct
advance post messages to allow trainees to annotate the pen traces
The simulator has its own built-in test facilities
The weight of the simulator is 37 kg and its case
weighs 18 kg Accessories weigh a further 7.3 kg.
STATUS
Available In service with the British
other armed forces
Army and some
MANUFACTURER
Marconi Simulation. Napier Building, Donibristle
Industrial Park, nr. Dunfermline, Fife
KY1 1 5JZ, UK
Telephone: 0383 822131. Telex: 727779.
Communications and Electronic

Warfare Training Simulator
COMSIM-SS2932
The SS2932 COMSIM provides a realistic training
environment for all personnel in the land battle
concerned with radio communications, from junior
radio operators to communication and electronic
warfare (EW) managers and the general staff.
to make use of their current
equipment and avoid the potential
security dangers of widespread radio frequency
(RF) radiation by being connected to the simulator
by coaxial cable. Advances in radio surveillance,
direction finding and jamming can thereby be countered by improved operating procedures In addition
there are savings to be made in logistics costs such
as fuel and track mileage.
COMSIM comprises a Central Operations Control
Board complete with an interactive map board, an
Engineering/ECM Console (in which the system
computer is located), two equipment racks and radio
interfaces to which user radios are connected. All
exercises are carried out based on any mapped
exercise area. Static and transportable installations
Operators are able
in-service radio
are available.
Personnel taking part use unmodified radios connected into the simulator by coaxial cables and each
participant has acopy of the map in use. Acomputercontrolled network of attenuators, known as a propagation matrix, represents the RF transmission paths
between notional locations in the exercise area.
Propagation losses dependent upon the positions
and the intervening terrain are calculated by the
main system computer which
applies
the
Layout of a permanent SS2932
COMSIM communications simulator installation
appropriate settings to the attenuators. Each radio

user therefore experiences the full effect of terrain-
dependent communications.
The exercise controller, who may be an instructor
or a signals officer under training, first establishes
the notional positions of each user with reference to

the area map which is placed on the interactive map
board. Each mapped location is entered by stylus
contact with the control board and map. Similarly
the exercise controller will determine and enter the
174
positions of hostile ECM or ESM stations Using this

simple pointing' mechanism, other facilities such as
antenna heights, path profiles and manual override
can also be called up.
Thereafter the simulator provides the 'communication interconnection between radios with the
signal paths and various forms of interference or
jamming that may be expected on the modern battlefield The exercise controller has a direct private
intercom with each separate radio station so that
requests for changes of position can be passed
between the trainee and the exercise controller
Facilities for data logging and recording ensure
that the current level of information
post exercise de-briefing and
game
available for
analysis
is
COMSIM Specifications
of
(including
UK
Number
of
simulated
interference/jamming
sources: up to 8
Exercise control and display facilities: colour graphics display unit; visual display unit and control keyboard, audio monitoring unit; interactive map board
with pointer
system
Monitoring: switch-selectable
split
earphone oper-
ation enables listening to individual radio traffic
Intercom: 10-way intercom enabling all exercise

participants and the exercise controller to converse
without using the exercise radio links
STATUS
In
production
In
service with
NATO armed
forces
and others worldwide
MANUFACTURER
Simulated terrain exercise area: 40 x 40
maps
Number
km
1:50 000
independently positioned radio stations:

simulated interference and jamming
max
Max number of radios: 4 per
sources) 10
radio interface, 40
Racal Communications Limited. PO Box 112. 472

Basingstoke Road Reading. Berkshire RG2 0QF
UK.
Telephone 0734 875181 Telex 848011 Fax: 0734
866014
max
Frequency range of radio equipment to be connected

to simulator:
.5 to
88
MHz
Max power
output of radio equipment to be connected to simulator in a radio interface unit: 100W

any one radio; max of 250
into one radio interface
Exercise control board and console ol a SS2932

COMSIM communications simulator
CREST Radio Simulator and

Trainer
CREST
is a low-cost, multi-purpose, combat net

radio simulator and trainer suitable for basic and
advanced simulating signalling in training establishments or at regimental or reserve forces level. It
can be used for basic voice and morse training
through to advanced exercises, both in the classroom and in the field.
CREST is a modular system using plug-in units
which, in its basic form, can cater for a net of six
students under the control of one instructor. By
adding further modules the system's capability can
be increased to 30 students with up to five
instructors.
CREST is modelled on the Clansman system but

can be styled to mimic any of a wide variety of radio
systems currently in service in the Western world.
The system imitates HF and VHF transmissions,
good
and jamming effects can
whilst variable signal strength (from
to not
all be
determined by the instructor to simulate real life
conditions Instructors also have the facility to communicate directly with individuals or groups without
receiving), fading
disrupting the others.
STATUS
Available.
MANUFACTURER
The
CREST radio simulator and trainer
Widney Aish Limited, Fleets Lane, Poole, Dorset
BH153BU.UK.
Telephone: 0202 686200. Fax: 0202 665445.
Miltra Military Training Aids
Miltra
EOD Training Devices for Bomb Disposal
produces a range of replica Soviet and

Warsaw Pact bombs and bomblets for training
explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) operatives
These devices are highly detailed and accurate and
can be used not only for identification purposes
but also for practising disarming techniques Also
produced is a corresponding range of bomb and
bomblet fuzes in armed and unarmed states.
Miltra
Miltra
produces a wide variety of training equipment
ranging from 1:100 scale models of vehicles and

troops, through to full-scale mock-ups of items of
military equipment. The company has a wide range
of stock items but can produce models and mockups to suit almost any requirement.
Mine Replicas
Miltra developed its training mine replicas at the
request of the British Army and currently produces
a range of full-size Soviet mine replicas in metal,
plastics and wood Fuzes and arming mechanisms
Miltra Training
are fully reproduced to permit disarming drills to be

carried out. Each mine can be produced as an inert
replica, a mine fitted for a smoke charge, or in crosssection form. A corresponding range of fuzes is also
produced
The range includes virtually all of the in-service
Soviet and other Warsaw Pact mines, both anti-tank
and anti-personnel They have been procured for
armed forces of the United States. Canada West

Germany and Norway, and are being evaluated by
other armed forces.
the
Also available
mines and fuzes
is
full
range of American framing

and metal
in plastic
1:100 Scale
Models
metal scale models of

and equipment is available for a
variety of purposes from recognitiontraining for use
in tank gunnery simulators and for organisational
layout training. They can be supplied painted in
A wide range
of high quality
troops, vehicles
authentic colour finishes that include recognition

green or full camouflage The models are available
in a number of optional guises with vehicle hatches
open or closed,
in
camouflaged
towed
netting,
or
to
deployed, covered
almost any
suit
Large Scale Vehicle Models

Fully detailed models in scales from 1:35 to 1:5 are
manufactured by Miltra for uses ranging from sand
table exercises and logistic loading to computer
image generation Miltra large scale models are

also in use with radio control for laser gunnery
trainers
Modular Terrain
Modular terrain models are increasingly being used
to train forces in tactics deployment recognition
field exercises, the defence of airfields and other
Miltra
specific objectives
Scales are normally 1:10000.
1:1000. 1:500 or 1:100 but for specific applications
any scale can be modelled Terrains are modelled

from photographs of actual locations.
Dioramas and Systems Models

11 00 scale terrain layouts can be used for all manner
of military training, from the layout of communications and supply systems to the depiction of
historical events
Miltra Terrain
requirement.
is currently developing a thermal image
system based on this scale of model.
These scale models have been supplied to the
British Army as an official recognition training pack
of vehicles and aircraft
Moving Target Terrain

have developed a moving target terrain
module in conjunction with 1100 scale models for
gunnery training It is currently being tested by the
British Army.
Miltra
Miltra
training
Miltra
UK
Miltra Field Recognition Set
Mark
17*5
III
Using 1:100 model vehicles and resin model buildings the Miltra Field Recognition Set Mark III is
issued in standardised field containers to permit
all aspects of armoured and other fighting vehicle
recognition to be taught either in the classroom or in
the open All components can be supplied to meet
individual customer requirements. The British Army
has obtained sets for use by the Territorial Army and
sets have been adopted by the US Army in Europe.
Mock-ups
mock-ups and training aids
Miltra Full Size

Full size
for a variety of
purposes are largely purpose-built to meet exact

customer requirements. Full size mock-ups of
combat vehicles have been produced or are in
production
Miltra
MGB Training System
Miltra
produces 1:12 scale models
Fairey
Medium Girder Bridge (MGB) which faithfully
of
the Williams
aspects and characteristics of the full

model can be used for all aspects
and training drills, and includes
MGB
items such as the MGB Link Reinforcement Set. the
Span Junction and the Pier Set These sets are in
reproduce
all
size bridge. The

training
of
use by the British Army, the
US Army and Marine
Corps, the Canadian Armed Forces, plus the armed

forces of Australia, Italy and Iraq and some other
nations
S2 Field Aid
Developed at the request of the US Army V Corps,
the Miltra S2 Field Aid is a pocket-sized book containing a mass of information specially prepared for
the use of personnel in the field The book covers
Warsaw Pact and NATO weapon capabilities, including armoured fighting vehicles, small arms, artillery
rockets, engineer equipment, helicopters and aircraft
A comprehensively revised and updated
Miltra
edition
is
Miltra
comprehensive method
isation of
Warsaw
modular
terrain
displaying the organ-
Pact units
Large scale drawings
armoured
available
for
fighting
of
Warsaw
vehicles
are
Pact and
available
upon
of Williams Fairey
Miltra
357 Uxbridge Road. Rickmansworth, Hert-
fordshire
either in display binder form or large size

wall charts the Vehicle Organisation Chart offers a
model
MANUFACTURER
Miltra,
Warsaw PactVehicleOrganisation Charts

Used
STATUS
In
WD32DT, UK
Telephone: 0923 771 171 Telex: 25738.
production to suit customer requirements.
Medium Girder Bridge used
MGB training system
Kingdom armed forces and
NATO
request.
Miltra 1:12 scale
model in use
service with the United

many other nations.
In
with the
Miltra full-size land
mine replicas
176
USA

National Training Center VISMODs
Following their withdrawal from service with the US
1978-79, a total of 330 M551 Sheridan
light tanks/reconnaissance vehicles were assigned
to the National Training Center (NTC) at Fort Irwin.
California. There they were modified visually and in
other ways to enable them to take part as aggressor'
vehicles in the large scale tactical exercises conducted at the NTC. Most vehicles have had their
Army during
armament removed and their appearances

have been altered by the addition of suitable superstructures and dummy armament to produce visual
modifications (VISMODs) that resemble current
Warsaw Pact combat vehicles VISMODs in use at
the NTC include the ZPU-23-4 23 mm self-propelled
anti-aircraft gun system, the T-72 main battle tank,
original
the
BMP
combat
infantry fighting vehicle, the
BMD airborne
ASU-85 airborne self-propelled

and the 122 mm M-1974 (2S1) self-
vehicle, the
anti-tank vehicle,
propelled howitzer.
In October 1986, 24 of these NTC vehicles were
permanently transferred to Fort Knox, Kentucky.
It is known that most of these vehicles will require
replacement in the near future. FMC Corporation
have proposed their M1130PFOR vehicleconsisting
of a lightweight M1 13 chassis and drive train with a
turret assembly similar in outline to that of a BMP-2.
Onto this chassis and turret could be built facsimile
hulls for the BMP-2. ZSU-23. 2S1 and T-80 armoured
ZSU-23-4 sell-propelled anti-aircraft gun system
CTA have proposed a VISMOD (see next

and General Motors of Canada have proposed
a series of VISMODS based on the hull of their
wheeled LAV.
vehicles
STATUS
entry)
In service with the US Army at the National Training

Center. Fort Irwin. California, and Fort Knox.
Kentucky.
BMD airborne combat vehicle VISMOD based on the M551 Sheridan
that
in
can convert any suitable vehicle
the form of kits

into a replica of
Warsaw
Pact armoured fighting vehicle.

The VISMOD (Visual Modification) kits contain all
the necessary components to change the external
appearance of the host vehicle, such as a Jeep or
CUCV, to match that of any particular Soviet vehicle
VISMOD kits are available for the T-80 and
T-72 MBTs, the ZSU-23-4 23
self-propelled antiaircraft gun system, the BMP-2 IFV, the BTR-70 APC.
a Soviet or
T-72 main battle tank
mm
CTA VISMODS
The CTA VISMODS are produced
VISMOD based on the M551 Sheridan
mm
the BRDM-2MICV and the2S1 122

self-propelled
howitzer. Other kits can be produced on request.
Thefibreglass reinforced plasticcomponentparts
are bolted to the host structure with no modification
necessary for the host vehicle VISMOD components
can absorb strikes from trees without suffering structural failure
as the components
utilise
a special
VISMOD based on the M551 Sheridan
rifle. These replicas are the same weight

as the real weapons and have the same point of
balance. The barrel of the M16A1 training rifle is
training
metal.
STATUS
Available.
filler.
Operational turrets, radar reflectivity and thermal
image signature options are available.
CTA
also produce solid plastic (urethane) fullscale replicas of small arms such as the M16A1
MANUFACTURER
Custom Training Aids (CTA) Inc. PO Box
Swansea, South Carolina 29160, USA.
Telephone
(803) 794 3210. Fax: (803) 796 1810.
&e
CTA VISMOD of Soviet
T-72
MBT
CTA M16A1
training
rifle,
a solid plastic replica
759,
USA
Firefinder Training Devices

There are three Firefinder Training Devices used to
provide training support for the AN/TPQ-36 and
AN/TPQ-37 weapon locating radars They are the
A17E11,theA17E12andtheA17E14.
TheA17E11 provides those simulation and control
functions necessary to present a trainee operator
with a variety of simulated tactical situations or
training scenarios. These scenarios require the
trainees to format data to perform system start

procedures, to locate hostile weapons such as artillery and mortars, and to initiate fire registration
assistance for friendly batteries, as they would in a
environment
The A17E12 and A17E14 simulate various organisational maintenance aspects of the AN/TPQ-36
and AN/TPQ-37 radar sets respectively, by providing
tactical field
malfunction indications through the simulation of

diagnostic test results or manual trouble-shooting
the
in
malfunctions
concerning
procedures
Firefinder radar system. Removal and replacement
procedures are simulated by the use of alphanumeric codes that identify the various maintainer-
replaceable units. When the trainees have located

the faulty unit they then enter the corresponding
alphanumeric code via the simulator keyboard.
With all three trainers the instructor has the capability of selecting a set of initial radar conditions to
be used in an exercise at the time of assigning the
exercise to a student. A zeroing mode allows the
instructor to return a simulation problem to the
preset initial condition. The instructor also has the
option of freezing, aborting or assigning problems
at any time. The trainers provide the flexibility for
sharing the instructional workload by the provision
of two instructor positions, each with the capability
to control the training scenario at any or all of
the student stations On-line test diagnostics are
provided to verify the operational status of the
trainer An off-line diagnostic test is provided to
allow the isolation of any trainer malfunctions
The trainers perform student grading while
student actions are being summarised on the
At the end of each exercise
the instructor can obtain a printed copy of student
instructor displays
performance
Each trainer can support up
to
12
students.
System (PLRS) Master Station
an accurate emulation of the real-time tactical PLRS

display, and on-line performance monitoring with
audio and visual feedback for the reinforcement
Trainer
of training
Position Location Reporting
The Position Location Reporting System (PLRS) is a

tactical data support system which provides ground,
air and amphibious force commanders with automatic, near real-time positioning information for
forces on the battlefield, regardless of terrain,
weather, visibility or geographical location. The
PLRS Master Station Trainer has been developed to
support the training of operators and maintainersof
the PLRS system, with the requirement originating
from the Project Manager
New Jersey.
PLRS
at Fort
The PLRS Master Station Trainer
US Army
tutional training at the
is
Monmouth,
used
for insti-
Signal Training
Center (USASTC) at Fort Gordon, Georgia The

has two main elements, the student stations
and the instructor station.
The five student stations provide either operator
or maintenance training Each station provides a
high fidelity simulation of the PLRS Master Station,
trainer
Wherever possible, commercial
quality
panels are used to realistically simulate the PLRS

Master Station Exercise-directed simulation software provides accurate response to every student
action in real-time An interactive graphics system
tied to the student processor is used to effectively
emulate both the PLRS display control console and
an
oscilloscope
display
Computer-assisted
software,
responsible for on-line evaluation,
grading and the production of messages, is provided
for automatic performance monitoring and instant
feedback.
The instructor station for the trainer supports a
variety of exercise monitoring, control, authoring
in
STATUS
In
US Army.
service with the
MANUFACTURER
Hughes
Aircraft
Company, Ground Systems Group,
1901 Malvern Street, PO Box 3310,

California 92634, USA
Telephone: (714) 871 3232 Telex: 685504
Fullerton,
progress in more detail He may request a list of the

student's previous switch actions and/or monitor in
real-time either of the student station displays. The
instructor may also 'freeze' an exercise while he
verbally tutors the student using intercom equipment. The instructor is also provided with the
controls to resume the exercise at the point frozen
or at other selected points in the exercise
The trainer includes self-test system diagnostics
which can be run on any student station without
interfering with the operation of any of the other four
student stations The student stations are totally
stand-alone devices so training can be conducted
even during a failure of the instructor station.
STATUS
In
service with the
MANUFACTURER
Hughes
1901
Aircraft
Malvern
US Army
Signal Training Center
Gordon, Georgia
at Fort

PO Box 3310, Fullerton,
Street,
California 92634,
USA
Telephone: (714) 871 3232 Telex: 685504
electro-optic mode, and the capability to record the

video for the later evaluation of aircrew responses
to radar detection.
The Type III TRTG system adds digital scan conversion to the basic TRTG system The Type III
system displays both radar and video on the television monitor screen. It can also show mission data
such as flight number and date and time, on the
monitor screen.
The Type IV TRTG system adds a score/
instrumentation subsystem to the basic system,
thus providing the increased realism of gun-fire
scoring. The system also records the aircrew's
The Tactical Radar Threat Generator (TRTG) is a

land-based, mobile, modular radar emitter used to
aircrews
supply There are 33 individual pieces weighing

6192 kg overall.
The A17E14 consists of an AN17E11 plus a signal
processor, an AN/TPQ-37 trailer and a shelter power
supply. There are 33 individual pieces weighing
5458 kg overall.
The Firefinder training devices are used at the US
Army's Field Artillery School at Fort Sill, Oklahoma
permits the instructor to

simultaneously monitor multiple student stations If
a student's progress is lagging or an abnormal
performance alert is generated, the trainer provides
the capability for the instructor to monitor a student's
(TRTG)
train
an operator console and a shelter

power assembly. Total weight is 3470 kg
The A17E12 is basically an A17E11 plus a signal
processor, an AN/TPQ-36 trailer and a shelter power
tribution system,
(USASTC)
Radar Threat Generator
Tactical
The A17E11 consists of five units consisting of 15

The main units are a computer
system, an instructor station, a main power disindividual pieces.
and computer managed instructional features A

student progress summary, continually presented
at the instructor terminal,
177
a realistic electronic environment.
The TRTG emits radar signals that simulate signals

emitted by anti-aircraft gun laying radars and
surface-to-air
missile target tracking radars. Its

mobility permits the realistic deployment of TRTG
in
simulated combat situations, and its
modularity permits features to be added for
increased effectiveness.
The TRTG is a modular system based on the
AN/APQ-150 airborne fire control radar, already in
units
Type
Type II. Type III
Each configuration can be installed in
various vehicles and in semi-permanent installations, and each configuration can be adapted to
reactions
The following capabilities can be added to the
TRTG system: command guidance; millimetre wave,
continuous wave; laser threats; additional missile
threats; and helicopter air-to-air threat simulations
The TRTG has been carried on the M880 (4 x 4)
1-ton truck or the M548 tracked cargo carrier (both
housing the equipment in a S-250 shelter/container)
and the M114 tracked vehicle (used by the US Air
Force), although many other vehicles could be used
the mission athand.

The basic TRTG
STATUS
worldwide use. The principle of the TRTG is that its

signal transmissions stimulate the radar warning
receiver on an aircraft. The system has four configurations referred to as
and Type
I,
IV.
configuration is the Type I,

consisting of a radar, an indicator, a motorised
turret/radome, and the controls needed to operate
the system. The Type
provides a radar/beacon
operation.
I
The Type TRTG system has all the equipment of

the Type system plus a television subsystem. This
subsystem adds a television camera, a monitor
In
Tactical
Radar Threat Generator (TRTG) mounted

on an M880 (4 x 4) 1-ton truck
screen and a video tape recorder The Type system

thus has an electro-optic mode, a radar-assisted
.
US Army and US Air
Force.
MANUFACTURER
Electric Electronics and Space Corpor8100 West Florissant Avenue, St Louis,
Missouri 63136, USA,
Telephone: (314) 553 2264. Telex: 209903.
Emerson
ation,
II
service with the
178
Mobile Subscriber Equipment

System Simulator (MSS)
Working as a subcontractor to GTE Government
Systems Corporation. ECC International Corporation is developing a sophisticated communications network simulator for training network
managers and operators.
The Mobile Subscriber Equipment (MSE) system
is an advanced digital tactical communications
system for echelons below corps level. MSE links
nearly every element of modern digital and cellular
communications technology, including satellite
Radio
Net.
communications,
the
Combat
Joint Surveillance Target Attack
Radar System Trainer

The Joint Surveillance Attack Radar System
(Joint
STARS) provides commanders with a window on

the battlefield', permitting US Army and Air Force
decision-makers to detect, track and engage enemy
forces. The Hughes Joint STARS Ground Station
Trainer
is
interpreting
used
data
soldiers and airmen in

and providing near real-time
to train
SINCGARS. NATO systems, and commercial telephones Virtually every soldier in the US Army will
receive some aspect of MSE training The MSE
System Simulator (MSS) will provide training on
two key assemblages; the Node Center Switching
Shelter and the Node Center Operations Shelter
The initial fielding of MSS will be at the US Army
Signal Center at Fort Gordon. Georgia Multiple
student stations and instructor stations will interact
with up to 42 simulated nodes and provide elective
training across a wide range of realistic tactical
scenarios
Each simulated shelter will incorporate high
fidelity simulations of actual MSE components and
selected actual equipment The combination of
STARS Project Office uses this data as a

foundation for system improvement specifications
for the operational equipment.
Hughes installed its Joint STARS operator trainers
at the US Army Intelligence Center and School at
Fort Huachuca, Arizona The trainers are based
on the concept development testbed architecture
augmented with special training features and configured to match the Joint STARS operational hardware Classroom lessons and trainer exercises are
Joint
used
to
teach students
how
to
use the Joint
realism and simulation

actual
intended
to
provide more
be achieved using an
STATUS
Development
MANUFACTURER
ECC
International
Corporation.
175
Strafford
Avenue. Wayne. Pennsylvania 19087-377. USA

Telephone (215)687 2600 Telex 311317 ED COMP
STRF Fax:(215)254 9268
used
conjunction with worldwide field data

produce detailed scenarios depicting
the activities of tens of thousands of individual
vehicles, emitters and aircraft across the huge area
of battlefield that Joint STARS will see These scenarios, updated as perceptions of enemy activity
evolve, provide imagery depicting what these battlefields would look like' to a variety of sensors This
imagery is used in the trainer to permit multi-day
simulation exercises and examinations
is
in
collection to
STARS
STATUS
support the Joint STARS surveillance,

target acquisition and target attack missions.
Hughes has worked with the US Army to establish
MANUFACTURER
information from multiple sensors to predict and

quantify improvements in system performance. The
a capability
Station Modules.
skills that
to
is
MSE network
The trainer, which duplicates operational hardware both functionally and

physically, permits students to develop and refine
of
USA
effective training than could
combat information.
A Joint STARS Ground Station Testbed was
developed to examine the impact of alter native technology, mission and man/machine interfaces The
testbed is used to simulate changes in enemy
doctrine, enhanced operator aids, and integration
Ground
produce scenario-based imagery
depicting hypothetical battlefields. This capability
In
service with the
US Army and
Hughes Simulation Systems
Air Force.
Inc.
2855 Anthony Lane
South. St Anthony. Minnesota 55418.
Telephone: (612) 7824000.
USA
NAVAL SYSTEMS
181

GERMANY
Ship Handling Simulator (SHS)
A major manufacturer
Atlas Elektronik
ling
of
naval electronics, Krupp
GmbH also produces the Ship Hand-
Simulator (SHS) This system includes a replica
ship's bridge, an instructor's console, model data

input stations, briefing-debriefing rooms, a com-
puter room using the Krupp EPR/MPR 1300 processor and (optionally) student cubicles each
equipped with facsimiles of the necessary sensors
and inputs The SHS is designed to train watch
officers as well as providing refresher courses and
continuation training for holders of maritime certificates and ship's masters The two naval systems
are used to train junior officers in manoeuvring
and navigation. The system can also be used for
research into bridge layout and design, develop-
(WEST)
performance and characteristics of various specific

ships with the West German Navy, SHS systems
having the characteristics of the 'Bremen' class
(Type 122) frigate, the Type 143 A Fast Attack Craft,
the Lindau' class (Type 331) minehunter and a
supply ship Traffic situations involving up to 14
instructor-controlled ships can be conducted with
the exercises being recorded for playback
Watson in Sydney in March 1985. was the first purpose-built naval ship-handling simulator A similar
system was supplied to the Federal German Navy's
Marine Training School at Murwik, Flensburg, in
October 1986 Both systems have 250" viewing arcs
but the Australian system has four cubicles while
the German system has six.
MANUFACTURER
STATUS
Five systems have been sold since 1982; two to West
Germany (one for naval use), two to Australia (one
for naval use) and one to Taiwan. The Roval AusHMAS
tralian Navy system, which was delivered to
Krupp Atlas Elektronik GmbH. PO Box 448545.

D-2800 Bremen 44, Federal Republic of Germany.
Telephone: (421) 4570 Telex: 2454 460.
ment of new ports and channels and for fleet training

purposes with up to seven ships' (ie students in
cubicles) sailing independently
Each system has a life size replica of a ship's
bridge with a full range of navigation aids and
accessories mounted on an electro-hydraulically
controlled motion base which provides pitch and

roll
movements
of
between 5 and
generated images are projected
12.
Computer-
colour onto a 135

forms of environ-
in
panoramic screen. All

mental and visibility conditions can be reproduced
The simulator can be programmed to produce the
to 250
The instructor's station in the West German Navy's

ship handling simulator at Murwick
The bridge section of the Royal Australian Navy's ship handling simulator
at
Sydney
Built
by
AEG
it
was
commissioned in 1985
UNITED KINGDOM
Ship Motion Simulator
VSEL design and produce
number
of
simulators
shore-based Royal Navy integration facilities

and trainers. These include ship motion simulators
for submarines as well as ship motion and anemometer simulators for surface ships.
The Ship Motion Simulator is used to simulate
submarine motion while the Ship Motion and Anemometer Simulator (SMAS) simulates the motion and
wind sensors for a surface vessel The company

also manufacture a decoy simulator which simulates
launcher and round deployment together with the
characteristics and motion of chafl clouds.
for
STATUS
Five systems are in service supporting simulators
United Kingdom for 'Upholder' class subDuke' (Type 23) class frigate
marines and
simulators. Another eight are being built
for the
MANUFACTURER
VSEL
Combat
Systems,
Barrow-in-Furness,
Cumbria LA141AF. UK.

Telephone: 0299 873982 Fax 0229 873846.
182
SHIP HANDLING SIMULATORS
USA

Pilotship
and Schoolship
Founded in 1972, Ship Analytics have specialised in

ship handling simulation, training system development and associated computer-generated imagery.
They produce two ship handling simulators.
and Schoolship
is a system designed to provide intermediate and senior officer training. It can be configured to meet a variety of standard and specialised
advanced shiphandling requirements including
docking, anchoring, tug and tow operations together
with under way replenishment.
Schoolship is for marine officer and cadet ship
handling training and is designed to be a costeffective system in a limited space. In addition to a
Pilotship
Pilotship
variety of standard ship handling requirements it

can also be used to upgrade an existing radar
simulator.
Both systems use hydrodynamic models which

give accurate representations of own ship motion
from tug to super tanker Naval vessels modelled
include aircraft carriers, destroyers, frigates and
auxiliaries. The instructor can alter the models while
the system will inject environmental and dynamic
conditions such as wind and current effects, channel
bank suction and cushion Horizontal synthetic
views of 120, 180, 240, and 360" are available
together with aft views of 25 to 75 and vertical views
in excess of 20* Both systems may be provided with
a radar simulator or they may interface with an
existing radar simulator, with multiple radar
cubicles being an option. Both standard radar
and automated radar plotting aids may also be
simulated.
Shipcontrols includea helm and propulsion panel

with two engine telegraphs, helm and auxiliary propulsion units modelled with realistic response
and anchor panel which can take on or

release up to six tugs and three anchors and a
mooring lines panel with up to seven lines and
times, a tug
auxiliary indicators.
A Ship Analytics ship handling bridge simulator
STATUS
MANUFACTURER
Ten ship handling training systems have been supplied with customers including the Maritime Training and Research Center, Toledo, Ohio, the Harry
Lundeberg School of Seamanship, Piney Point,
Maryland, the US Coast Guard Academy, New
London, Connecticut, the Massachusetts Maritime
Academy. Buzzard's Bay, Massachusetts, the Korea
Marine Training and Research Institute, Pusan,
South Korea, and the NDSchool, Cochin, India.
Ship Analytics Incorporated. North Stonington

Professional Center. North Stonington, Connecticut
06359. USA.
Telephone: (203) 535 3092. Telex: 643732. Fax: (203)
535 0560.
MarineSafety International (MSI)

Shiphandling Trainer
i
Marine
Safety International, has developed commercial and
naval ship handling trainers which emulate the
characteristics of many ship types in various sea
current and weather conditions.
For US naval officers the company has a facility,
shiphandling
provides
Newport,
which
MSI
A subsidiary
of FlightSafety International,
refresher training for prospective commanding officers and executive officers, tor department heads
and division officers and for submarine officers

There are special courses for aviation officers who
normally have less shiphandling experience. This
includes close-in shiphandling exercises with airIntermediate and advanced courses
include docking and undocking, harbour transits,
working in channels, anchoring, precision mooring,
underway replenishment and captain-to-bridge The
simulation system has been provided by Tracor
craft carriers.
Hydronautics Inc of Laurel. Maryland.

A full mission bridge is available with provision
for 45 view over the stern if necessary and will
Observing a
'task force
'
from a visual shiphandling trainer
full motion base. Visual shiphandare used to assist the development

of decision-making expertise. The facility has also
conducted team training for crews of 'Ohio' class
shortly receive a
ling trainers
ballistic missile submarines with division officers

on the 'sail' (actually a visual shiphandling trainer)
and navigation teams in the control room' (actually
Surfaced submarine
the full mission bridge)
shiphandling training has been provided for officers
attending the submarine officers' advance course
at the Groton submarine base All these facilities
feature full-colour visual effects.
A navigation team from an Ohio' class submarine

conducting team training on the full mission bridge
For warships the facility can reproduce the

response characteristics of a very wide range of US
Navy vessels These include major units such as the
John F Kennedy' (CV-67) class aircraft carriers and

the Leahy' (CG-16) class missile cruisers, together
with medium-size warships such as the Charles
F Adams'(DDG-2). Arleigh Burke' (DDG-51) and
Spruance' (DD-963) class destroyers as well as the
Oliver Hazard Perry' (FFG-7) and Knox' (FF-1052)
class frigates. In addition to first line combat vessels
the responses of support vessels such as the Austin
(LPD-4) class amphibious transport docks, the
Whidbey Island' (LSD-41) class dock landing ships,
the Newport' (LST-1179) class tank landing ships,
(MCM-1) class mine-counterAvenger'
the
measures and various auxiliaries. Submarine
characteristics have also been included, specifically
for the Ohio' (SSBN-726) class ballistic missile
USA
SHIP HANDLING SIMULATORS
183
STATUS
MANUFACTURER
submarines.
The MarineSafety Newport Simulator Complex has
Geographic areas created include Norfolk, New

London, San Francisco-Oakland, Los Angeles, San
Diego, Charleston and Pearl Harbor A wide range
four interactive shiphandling simulators for which

the company have contracts from the US Navy to
MarineSafety International, Newport Simulator

Aquidneck
Training/Research
Complex.
344
Avenue, Middletown, Rhode Island 02840, USA.
Telephone: (401 849 0222.
submarines and Los Angeles' (SSN-688) class
fleet
provide tuition
forces including multiple currents, winds, passing

ship interaction, mooring lines, anchors, tugs and
tides are created while there is also the full range of
visual effects including haze, fog, sea swells, wakes
of
and bow waves.
Honeywell Full Mission Trainer for

the Landing Craft Air Cushion
(LCAC) (Device 20G6)
Honeywell's Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC) Full
Mission Trainer is under development to act as the
key element in an extensive training programme
for the LCAC Craftmaster, Engineer, Navigator and
Group Commander crew positions The trainer will

accurately simulate the performance, manoeuvring
capabilities, craft systems, electronic equipment
control reactions and responses of an actual LCAC.
hydraulic, craft control and auxiliary power

systems The functional simulation covers all appropriate operating modes and conditions.
fuel,
Six software-controlled hydraulic actuators are

configured to provide six-degrees-of-freedom This
simulation of actual craft motion is co-ordinated with
craft controls, instrumentation and visual imagery.
The instructor station is located on the motion
system, adjacent to the simulated control cabin This
arrangement allows the instructor complete control
of the training scenario, over-the-shoulder observation and a direct view of the visual scene
and will simulate the operational environment, ie

over water, over land, and in LCAC support ship
deck wells.
The craft dynamics module computes solutions to
six-degree-of-freedom equations It also includes
STATUS
and inertial effects. Handling qualities and

performance characteristics peculiar to the LCAC
are modelled. Systems models provide complete
simulation of the LCAC's communications and navi-
Training and Control Systems

Inc.
1200 East San Bernardino Road. West
Covina. California 91790. USA
Telephone: (818) 331 0011
lift,
thrust
gations suite (including radar), plus the electrical,
Under development and scheduled

March 1994
to
be ready
for
training in
MANUFACTURER
Honeywell
Division,
Artist's
impression of the Honeywell

Mission Trainer
LCAC
Full
184
Weapon Operating

CANADA
Submarine Fire Control System

Trainer
This system has been designed to provide operators
with a realistic series of tactical exercises Accurate
simulations of both friendly and hostile vehicles are
created together with that of the Mark 48 torpedo
This is the first of Atlantis' training systems to use

the ADA software language and it has been purchased by the Canadian Armed Forces.
STATUS
In
service with the Canadian
MANUFACTURER
Aerospace Corporation. 1 Kenview Boulevard. Brampton. Ontario. Canada L6T 5E6
Telephone (416) 792 1981 Telex 06 986766
Fax:(416)792 7251
Atlantis
Armed Forces
FRANCE
SIMPAP
The DCN has one establishment producing weapon
operating simulators; ECAN (Etablissement des
Armes Navales) Ruelle. F-16600

Ruelle, which produces simulators for the PAP 104
remotely operated vehicle and the F17 Mod 2
Constructions et
torpedo.
The SIMPAP
is
a piloting simulator
to
train
operators of the PAP 104 remotely operated mine

disposal system, particularly during the phase
of aoproaching the mine. A SogitecGI500 computergenerated image system is used to simulate the
display from the PAP television camera for classification purposes
Multiple parameters may be
inserted including various seabed conditions, currents, mines, visibility, other objects and even the
mine explosion.
STATUS
A SIMPAP
Navy
in
simulator
MANUFACTURER
DCN (Direction des
)
A simulator for the wi re-guided F1 7 torpedo has been

developed by DCN. It is designed as a complete,
independent tactical system simulating the system
used in the Rubis' class fleet nuclear submarines
with all of the torpedo firing control functions. The
system generates and maintains target elements,
calculates firing parameters and controls the torpedo' to simulated impact. A precise mathematical
model is used to reproduce the effect of the acoustic
propagation conditions upon the performance
characteristics of the torpedo homing head.
STATUS
One simulator was delivered to the French Navy in
December 1987 and another in November 1988 They
are at Lorient and Toulon
Constructions Navales), 8 boul-
evard Victor. 75732 Paris Cedex 15, France

Telephone: 1 40 59 21 02. Telex: 270734F.
Fax: (1)40 60 1565
(
The instructor s station
for
theF17 trainer
ISRAEL
Gabriel
Weapon System Trainer
(GWST)
IAI, the aircraft and missile manufacturer, designed
and developed the Gabriel anti-ship missile and to
support it has produced a weapon operator trainer
The Gabriel Weapon System Trainer (GWST)
features an instructor's console and a number of
simulated operator consoles and provides the
student with familiarisation with the operations

room target designator the weapon selection and
control units together with the missile selection unit.
Programming and mid-exercise instructor intervention are conducted through a standard teleprinter Operators are also given familiarisation
courses with associated naval gunnery, missile
launch and optical director units. A digital computer
provides control and scenario simulation of target
data, sea state and electronic warfare environment
A system has been sold to the Israeli Navy
STATUS
In
service with the Israeli Navy.
MANUFACTURER
Aircraft Industries Limited.
Ben-Gurion
International Airport, Lod, 70100, Israel.
371-1
Telephone: (3) 971 31 1 1 Telex:
14.
Israel
to the
French
Constructions Navales). 8 boulevard Victor, 75732 Paris Cedex 15. France.

Telephone: (1 40 59 21 02 Telex: 270734F.
Fax: (1)40 60 1585.
F17 torpedo simulator
MANUFACTURER
DCN (Direction des
was delivered
April 1987
The IAI Gabriel Weapon System Trainer
UK
WEAPON OPERATING TRAINERS AND SIMULATORS
185
UNITED KINGDOM
EASAMSSIDFAC
EASAMS have been awarded
a contract by the
Ministry of Defence to provide and
to operate a Shore Integration and Demonstration
Facility (SIDFAC) for the 'Swiftsure' and 'Trafalgar'
United
Kingdom
submarine
update programme.
class nuclear
tactical
weapons system
Point Air Defence Trainer
(PADT)
Since 1974 Ferranti have produced a number of

weapon trainers, the first being a Sea Dart Operator
Trainer which uses a FM 1600B computer and was
delivered to the Royal Navy School of Maritime
Operations (HMS Dryad) at Fareham, Hampshire, in
1974. A Point Air Defence Trainer (PADT), using
Ferranti FM1600E and FM1600B to provide complete
training for controllers of the
Seawolf surface-to-air
Loral Solartron On Board Visual

Aimer Continuation Trainer
(OBVACT)
The On Board Visuai Aimer Continuation Trainer,
or OBVACT, was developed and manufactured by
Solartron Defence Systems, now Loral Solartron, in
response to a Royal Navy requirement for a naval
gunnery trainer. OBVACT is a system adaptable to a
wide range of small calibre guns and uses computergenerated imagery (CGI) to provide realistic weapon
aimer training on board a ship without using live
ammunition or target drones The system also provides training in target recognition, improves
trainee familiarisation with a weapon type and provides a comprehensive printout of student performance. OBVACT is used by the Royal Navy to
provide training on all its surface target and antiaircraft guns ranging from 20 to 40 mm in calibre
The system is used on all types of ship and at landbased gunnery training centres.
The high resolution CGI graphics used in OBVACT
provide realistic seascape backgrounds and accurate three-dimensional scaled targets. The stabilised
picture ensures that the synthetic horizon is correctly aligned
targets
is
and
that the relative orientation of the
maintained. Air or surface targets can be
Loral Solartron
The purpose of SIDFAC is to bring together the

component parts of the tactical weapons system to
allow exercises in an arduous but realistic manner
STATUS
refitted into submarines. This will enable

be completed earlier than might otherwise
have been the case SIDFAC will be housed in
MANUFACTURER
EASAMS Limited,
EASAMS'
purpose-built test block and the Ministry

Defence will provide the individual items of equipment which make up the tactical weapons system.

683468
missile (GWS25 ModO) and part task training for

missile directors, electronic warfare directors and
air warfare officers was delivered to HMS Dryad in
1985 and became operational in the summer of 1986.
This system features an instructor's annex with two
consoles and a radar display with simultaneous
monitoring of up to eight communications channels,
a computer room and a student display room The
latter consists of actual Seawolf. Exocet, and elec-
containerised
before
the
it
is
refit to
of
equipment and a simulated

Information
Action
(Computer-Aided
CAAIS
System)
The company also supplied four
tronic warfare operating
Under development.
Lyon Way, Frimley, Camberley,
SurreyGU165EX,UK.
trainers to
WSA 421 weapon

HMS Cambridge in 1985.
control
system
STATUS
In
service with the Royal Navy (see
text).
MANUFACTURER
Ferranti Computer Systems Limited, Naval Trainer
Sales, Priestwood, Wokingham Road, Bracknell,
BerkshireRG12 1PA.UK.
Telephone: 0344 427171. Telex: 8481 17
selected and up to two targets at a time can be
held unit also provides an indication of trainee
utilised.
results
OBVACT
on gun' modules include a weapon

interface kit. a target image unit and interface optics,
with the latter two components mounted on the sight
unit The weapon interface unit contains gyros to
provide the computer unit with angular rotation
rates The target image unit receives video signals
from the computer unit and converts them into visual
images on a cathode ray tube The interface optics
couple the cathode ray tube image and the weapon
sight
'On deck' modules are used by the instructor and

include the computer unit which provides overall
control of the system The computer unit also processes the stabilisation of the synthetic picture and
generates all CGI video signals including the scene
background, targets, tracer paths and weapon and
target noise Other instructor units include a handheld unit with a keypad and a liquid crystal graphics
display. This unit interfaces with the computer unit
and has a built-in test facility The hand-held unit is
used to initiate an exercise, has an exercise run
facility, and is also used for target prog ramming and
replay control There is also a printer and power
supply on deck' unit which can be used to provide a
hard copy of a trainee's performance and progress
results The display facility on the instructor's hand-
OBVACT installed on a 30 mm gun
OBVACT is manportable and can be fitted onto a

gun within 15 minutes No electrical interface with a
gun platform or gyros is required Once installed the
system is self-contained. An instructor can select
exercise general visibility conditions, the seascape
and the sun position The system can be programmed
number
to suit different ballistic characteristics.
preset exercises can be selected for

unsupervised training and progressively more difficult targets can be introduced as skill levels rise
For all exercises the trainee is provided with a visual
simulation of target hits
OBVACT requires a 115V AC 300 supply with
short circuit and over-voltage protection. Starting
current is less than 8 A and maximum steady state
current is less than 5 A. The gyroscope full scale
deflection rate for both slew/pitch and roll is 1607s.
of
STATUS
In
production
In
service with the Royal Navy.
MANUFACTURER
Loral Solartron,
580GreatCambridgeRoad.
Enfield,
Middlesex EN13RX.UK.
Telephone: 081 367 5500
Fax: 081 367 3146.
The instructor's hand-held
unit
used with the Loral Solartron
OBVACT
186
V-MAT (Versatile Multi-Aimer

Trainer)
As a major supplier of naval radar systems, Marconi
the V-MAT (Versatile Multi-Aimer
Trainer) missile operator trainer. This system is
used to train up to eight gun or missile aimers
simultaneously using simulated infra-red or low-
developed
light television sights.
The system is based upon the Tepigen (Television

Picture Generator) to produce computer-generated
The
targets'
creates realistic
objects, either ships or aircraft, can move freely
images
which
within the play area' under the instructor's control
Harpoon On-Board Trainer (HOT)
Missile
Compensation Trainer
In 1967 Vosper supplied a missile compensation

trainer to simulate operations from Resolution'
class ballistic missile submarines This system is
designed to provide handling simulation for submarine personnel and provides an indication of the
UK USA
while scenery or light condition details can be easily

changed.
Based upon the Marconi Locus 16 processor, of
which one is used with the Tepigen and the other is
a control computer. V-MAT can be used to simulate
various defensive and offensive roles using missiles
or guns simply by changing the software Student
progress is monitored from the Exercise Control
Console from where a wide variety of problems can
be inserted into the student's console A print-out of
the student's progress can be made immediately
from the Exercise Control Console which also incorporates record and reply facilities
The Malaysian system features a rolling platform
to simulate a ship's deck, two visual displays and a
Bofors 40 mm L/70 gun The system also provides

computer-generated weapon-mounting sounds
HOT exchanges
STATUS
with the
data through the
weapons
control system
weapon
interface
and simulates the
combat command system

Software Sciences Limited have developed the HOT
(Harpoon On-board Trainer) for use with the McDonnell Douglas RGM-84A Harpoon anti-ship missile.
The HOT system is based upon an IBM-compatible
personal computer with scenario software with
which Harpoon engagements can be carried out The
for
engagements
is
created
In
the second (play) the scenario is run interfaced with

the missile and in the last mode (analysis) the
exercise
is
examined
One system
for training missile operators was

Royal Navy use at a cost of C500.000
during the 1970s
Another system for gunnery training was purchased for the Royal Malaysian Navy at a cost of
C500.000
bought
for
MANUFACTURER
Marconi Radar Systems Limited. Writtle Road.
Chelmsford. Essex CM1 3BN. UK
Telephone: 0245 267 71 1 1 Telex 99 108
The Ministry of Defence has purchased 14 systems

use on board Royal Navy ships and in training
for
It has three modes of operation; set-up. play and

analysis. In the first (set-up) a library of target plat-
forms and scenarios
STATUS
in detail.
change in trim and other handling characteristics

once a Polaris missile has been fired The system is
installed at the Royal Navy Polaris School at the
Faslane naval base (HMS Neptune).
establishments
MANUFACTURER
Software Sciences Limited. Farnborough, Hamp-
shireGU147NB UK
Telephone: 0252 544 321 Telex 858 228
MANUFACTURER
Vosper Thornycroft (UK) Limited. Controls Unit. Cow
Lane. Wymering. Portsmouth Hampshire P06 3TR
UK.
Telephone 0705 373 51 1 Telex: 86528
STATUS
In

Harpoon Engagement Training Aid
(T0403)
solution generation, simulated missile firing and an
immediate
result.
STATUS
The Harpoon Engagement Training Aid (HETA).
which has the US Navy training device number
T0403. is a single-station tactical trainer for Harpoon
anti-ship missiles whether they are air, ship or
submarine launched It can be used to support either
anti-surface warfare tactical training or Harpoon
team training
HETA can simulate the launch of an unlimited
The manufacturer has developed 19 different programmes for the US Navy as well as for navies and
air
forces of 12 foreign countries.
MANUFACTURER
Delex Systems Inc. 1953 Gallows Road, Suite 700,
Vienna, Virginia 22182-3991 USA.
Telephone: (703) 734 8300 Telex: 901154. Fax: (703)
734 9303.
,
number of missiles in realistic tactical situations.

The system uses commercial desk top computers
The Delex HETA uses desk top computers and Delex
with Delex-designed software. It provides scenario

generation, target designation training, fire control
Launcher Maintenance and

Operational Training System
(LMOTS)
The Launcher Maintenance and Operational Training System (LMOTS) provides simulation training
for shipboard operators of the US Navy's Guided
Missile Launching System Mark 13 Mods 4, 5, 6
and 7 together with the Guided Missile Launching
System Mark 26 LMOTS training includes normal
operation, casualty identification and fault isolation
procedures.
An LMOTS system consists of the primary tactical

guided missile launching system control system
elements and a missile simulator together with a
Launcher Order Responder Unit (LORU). The control
system elements include the power distribution
panel, an operator's control console, a missile
power supply, a launcher relay control box and a
missile simulator The use of the standard control
system elements is a key feature of the LMOTS
concept. They are identical to that which the guided
missile launcher system operator will be working
with aboard ship When training, the operator
receives the same visual indications and simulates
the same actions as when operating the shipboard
guided missile launching system and overcoming
problems which may be encountered.
The heart of the LMOTS is the LORU which consists of an instructor's console and the control
software
system This duplicates the electrical, timing and

response function of the launcher, the magazine
and the jettison hydraulic-mechanical assemblies.
It
also duplicates
weapons
control sufficiently to
generate the proper guided missile launching

system and missile orders in the time intervals
encountered with the real launching system, as well
as the electrical interface characteristics of missiles
sufficiently to complete the necessary simulated
firing responses. It inserts simulated malfunctions
of the launching system electrical system and
operational conditions.
LMOTS systems are installed in shore-based
training facilities which include visual and other
instructional aids They are used in the initial training courses for shipboard operators with 50 per cent
of the time spent in classrooms. 30 per cent in
operational training with LMOTS, and 20 per cent in
hands-on' training with the actual system
STATUS
The US Navy uses LMOTS Mark
13 and Mark 26 and

others are believed to have been bought by the
navies of Australia, France West Germany, Italy,
Japan, the Netherlands, and Spain.
MANUFACTURER
FMC Corporation. Naval Systems Division
River Road.
55459-0043.
PO Box
USA
4800 East
59043. Minneapolis, Minnesota
Telephone:(612)571 9201. Telex: 170371.
The power
distribution,
operators control and
display panels in the
LMOTS
''31
USA
Gun Maintenance and Operational

(GMOTS)
Training System
The Gun Maintenance and Operational Training

System (GMOTS) is similar in concept to the LMOTS
(see previous entry). It consists of a power dispanel, an operator's control panel, a
display panel, an electronic fuze-setter unit, an electronic fuze simulator and a Gun Order Responder
tribution

The
GORU
duplicates the electrical, timing and

of the Mark 45 Mod 1 gun mount,
its ready-service loader, lower hoist and fuze setter
It simulates the ammunition selection, loading and
unloading as well as strikedown operations, duplicates weapon control orders and interfaces Simulated malfunctions can be inserted in the gun mount'
electrical circuits and operational conditions. It can
also insert mechanical timing errors.
response functions
Unit(GORU)
The CSTS stimulates surveillance radars, sonars,
AN/SSQ-91 Combat Simulation

Test System (CSTS)
the IFF system, Link 4A and Link 11. For radar and
IFF systems the stimulator injects RF at the wave
guide In amphibious assault ships the system also
Systems
manufacture a range of
control systems together with communications systems The company provide the
Litton
Data
command and
Combat Simulation Test System (CSTS)
for
US Navy
use.
The CSTS is a test/training system to support

combat systems, their subsystems and equipment and is designed for use both at sea and at
the dockside By comparing known CSTS inputs
naval
to
correlated outputs at the operator positions the
combat system and
efficiency of the
its
subsystems
can be determined
The system is used to train crews at individual,

sub-team and team levels by generating combat
system scenarios in anti-air, anti-submarine and
anti-surface warfare in simple or complex, single or
multi-threatsituations by stimulating and simulating
ship's sensors and tactical data links The environ?
ment generated covers a 10 608km (4096 square
miles) area and is composed of 1024 individual items
simulates the inertial navigation system and for

later ships an air traffic control simulation including
carrier controlled approach is being developed. On
the destroyers the system also stimulates the gun
and missile fire control sensors.
STATUS
is operational in Wasp class amphibiclass missile
Kidd'
assault ships and
destroyers Elements are used for data link testing
on the Ticonderoga' class cruisers while a tactical
variant is used on the battleship Iowa.
The system
ous
MANUFACTURER
Litton
Data Systems. 8000 Woodley Avenue.
PO Box
7601 Van Nuys. California 91409-7601 USA

Telephone: (818) 901 2820 Telex 862643 Fax (818)
901 2075
.
including threats, friends, fixed or special points
bearing lines, electronic warfare targets, chaff, rain,

clouds and sea clutter. The system can also generate
a land mass derived from 5000 vectors.
Functionally distributed processing techniques
are used in the system with hardware and software
distributed around the ship combat system linked by
a fibre optic bus. The CSTS stimulators are colocated with the subsystems with which they are
interfaced. Although compatible with NTDS (Naval
Tactical Distribution
require
System) the system does not
NTDS
The
Submarine Combat Control System

Mark Training System
I
The Librascope Division of the Singer Corporation

produce submarine fire control systems and to train
operators have developed a simulator This is a
land-based system designed to train tactical information and weapon control personnel in the use of
It
the Submarine Combat Control System Mark
I
consists of a simulated weapons control console

with appropriate communications and a computer to
run the system and generate a variety of appropriate
data which can be injected into the system.
STATUS
The SCCS Mark has been purchased by Australia.
Canada and India. In May 1987 Singer announced
the delivery of a Mod 151 training system to the
I
Navy for installation at a dedicated facility

Bombay. The two year programme cost $6 14
Indian
in
million.
MANUFACTURER
Singer
Corporation,
Librascope
Division,
833
Sonora Avenue, Glendale, California 91201-0279,

USA.
Telephone: (818) 244 6541 Telex: 674912.
.
The Singer SCCS Mark training system which has

I
been delivered to the Indian Navy
Litton
ANISSO-91 CSTS
tactical control
console
187
STATUS
In
production and
in
service with the United States
and Turkey.
MANUFACTURER
FMC Corporation, Naval Systems Division, 4800 East
River Road, PO Box 59043, Minneapolis, Minnesota
55459-0043. USA.
Telephone:(612) 571 9201. Telex: 170371.
188

CANADA
ADLIPS/CCS-280 Simulators
ADLIPS (Automatic Data Link Plotting System) is the
control and tactical data communication system
used by the Canadian Navy's frigates while the CCS280 (Command and Control System for the DDH-280
a similar system for Canada's destroyers
Each replaces electro-mechanical plotting tables
with associated radar displays with a horizontal
display which processes data from shipboard
sensors, as well as those of friendly ships and
aircraft, received by data link The systems process
the data and present it as a composite tactical
class)
is
display.
The simulators use the original horizontal display

systems but they are operated by specialised computer systems controlled from the instructor station
The computer produces realistic responses of both
own
sensors and weapon systems as well as

ones with the instructor monitoring
the students' response and inserting complicatory
ship'
those
of hostile
factors
STATUS
Three ADLIPS display systems were provided in the
early 1980s for the Fleet Training School at Halifax,
Nova Scotia, while a CCS-280 system was installed
at the Canadian Armed Forces' Combined Support
Division (CSD) at Dartmouth. Nova Scotia
MANUFACTURER
Systems Canada Limited, 25 Cityview Drive.
Rexdale, Ontario, Canada M9W 5A7
Telephone: (416) 249 1231 Telex: 06-989406
Litton
Students
operating
horizontal
console
Combined Support
facility at Dartmouth. Nova Scotia
CCS-280 system
at the
FRANCE
SICOMORE Simulator
Thomson-CSF's Simulator Division manufactures
the SICOMORE (Simulateur de Centre Operations
Modulaire et Reconfigurable) modular operations
room simulator. SICOMORE was designed to
provide
cost effective solution to perceived

demands, both domestic and foreign, for a modular
operations room simulator which can be modified
quickly and easily to train equipment operators,
tactical teams and commanders of surface warships
or submarines. It features a central processor, an
instructor's console and student stations.
The instructor's console and student stations are
standard, multi-function consoles with both graphics
and alpha-numeric displays, and are software run.
The graphics display can be used to present synthetic images, raw sensor signals or video signals
to train sonar, radar or electronic warfare operators
within the operations room.
When the system is used as a tactical trainer each
vessel participating in an exercise is represented
by one or two consoles with an optional command
console Each vessel can have up to 40 sensors
and weapons while the graphics display can show

up to 128 tracks. 18 000 km of coastline and 28 marker
symbols for patrol zones, points of interest, etc.
Up to 100 scenarios may be stored in the central
processor and can be modified within three hours to
new situations. During exercises

may participate by taking control
create
tor
the instrucof
moving
elements.
STATUS
A SICOMORE system was
delivered to the French
Navy in 1986 as the result of an order from the

SocieteNavalede Formation etdeConsei (NAVCO):
I
used for training foreign naval personnel

Another was delivered to Saudi Arabia to train surveillance radar and helicopter control radar operators of Type F2000S frigates This system also
includes minehunting scenarios and is likely to be
used to train mine-location sonar operators.
it
is
MANUFACTURER
Thomson-CSF. Simulator Division, 3 avenue Albert
Einstein. B P. 116, 78192 TrappesCedex, France
Telephone: (1)30 6941 00. Telex: 616780 F.
A radar station
Fax: (1)306941 50
in
SICOMORE simulator
Surface Vessel CIC Simulator

Thomson-CSF are now offering a surface vessel
Combat Information Centre (CIC) simulator. Two
versions are proposed; specific ship CICs and
genericshipCICs.
The specific ship simulator would have facsimile

consoles and instruments with the same appearance and performance as those in the ship. Computer-generated image techniques would be used
to present radar, sonar or optical data on the
displays. In a generic ship CIC, standard consoles
would be used to represent the prime sensor and
weapon system functions.
The instructor's station can modify the sensor
and weapon system characteristics before each
exercise. During the exercise the instructor can
change environmental conditions and target
courses Debriefing can take place in a dedicated
area.
Thecomputer system would consist of one or more

standard
digital
processors together with dedicated
computers for image and audio generation. The

software package would be adaptable to allow the
customer to modify sensor or weapon performance
data.
STATUS
Available for production.
MANUFACTURER
Thomson-CSF. Simulator
BP
Division. 3
avenue Albert
78192 Trappes Cedex. France.

Telephone: (1 30 69 41 00. Telex: 616 780 F.
Fax: (1)306941 50.
Einstein,
116,
An
artist's
impression of the Thomson-CSF surface vessel CIC simulator
ot
Division
Germany (West) UK
GERMANY
OPERATIONS CENTRE SIMULATORS
189
(WEST)
Mine Counter-Measures Vessel

Simulator
Marine- und Sondertechnik GmbH (formerly
Marine and Special Products Division of MBB)
have developed a mine counter-measures vessel
simulator This system uses a mine-location sonar
into which are injected simulated scenarios There
MSG
the
are some 15 student cubicles with their own 'sonar

system' and search and classification screens upon
which computer-generated images are projected In
addition to realistic sonar performance the simulator also displays the sea bed and objects which
may be encountered there A synthetic image of a
remotely operated vehicle is also displayed for mine
classification
STATUS
A system to train crews for the West German Navy's
'Gbttingen' class mine-counter-measures vessels
has been installed at the Naval

Eckernforde.
Weapons College
at
MANUFACTURER
MSG Marine- und
Sondertechnik GmbH, PO Box

D-2800 Bremen 1, Federal Republic of
107845,
A model
Germany.
ol the
MCMV operations room produced by MSG and installed at the West German Naval Weapons
College
02. Telex: 24825.
ISRAEL
ElbitCIC-PT
The Combat Information Centre Procedural Trainer
(CIC-PT) is designed to train members of the operations centre. It features facsimile radar and command-control consoles, plotting tables, internal and
external' communications
STATUS
MANUFACTURER
Believed to be in production
Reportedly a
Wielingen' frigate CIC version is in service with the
Belgian Navy.
Elbit
Computers
Ltd,
PO Box
5390, Haifa 31-053,
Israel
Telephone: 4 555 056 Telex: 46774. Fax: 4 520 002.
UNITED KINGDOM
Frigate Operations
Room
Simulator
Ferranti have developed a range of operations room
simulators for frigates, mine countermeasures
vessels and fast attack craft. A variety of systems
have been developed by Ferranti since 1966 and
installed at various sites. Their purpose is to provide
comprehensive training for operations room personnel at skill levels from track supervisor to principal warfare officer. They normally comprise a
central simulation suite and control room from
where exercises may be controlled using a Ferranti
1600E computer and a facsimile or facsimiles of the
operations room of a specific class of warship with
their own computers Earlier systems used a centralised architecture but there is now a trend towards
distributed architecture. Exercise preparation and
de-briefing facilities are often provided, each with
own Ferranti F1600E computer.

Within the operations room, ship simulation is
carried out with a Ferranti FM1600 or F1600B/E
computer with weapon-fire control system interface
using a F1600B processor. For television simulation
a Locus 16 system is usually used while the latest
sonar simulation uses Argus F/G computers. In the
their
systems real consoles were used but later

systems have facsimiles. With all systems realistic
operational and environmental scenarios are
earliest
A Type 42 destroyer operations room
created
STATUS
Program (TRUMP). This system, which
seven operations room simulators to the Royal Navy's School of Maritime Operations (HMS Dryad) at Fareham, Hampshire. These
systems (delivery dates in brackets) were for
instructor consoles, will be based upon the VME

68020 processor. A similar system has been ordered
Ferranti havesupplied
will
have five
'County' Class destroyers (1970), Ikara-equipped

Leander' Classfrigates, CAAIS-equipped 'Leander'
Class frigates and Standard 'Leander' Class frigates
in
1976),
purpose ship was delivered to an unidentified navy

in 1977. In 1985 a frigate operations room for a
Niteroi' class frigate was delivered to Brazil. In
November 1987 the Canadian Armed Forces ordered
a simulator of the Command and Control System
(CCS) as part of the Tribal Update and Modernization
HMS Dryad
by Hollandse Signaalapparaten BV as the basis

Portuguese Navy's Vasco de Gama' claso
(MEKO 200) frigate combat information centre simulator. It will feature the CREST radar simulator and
is scheduled for delivery in 1990
Ferranti have also supplied combat information
system trainers, similar in design to the full operfor the
ations room system but designed to train system

operators, to HMS Collingwood. These include a
Type 42 destroyers (1976), Type 21

frigates (1979), and Type 22 frigates (1985). The
County' Class system was removed in 1984 while
the Type 42 system was extended in 1979.
A two-operations room system for a general
(all
trainer in
WSA-4
trainer for a Type 21 frigate in 1971. CAAIS

trainers were delivered in 1971 (Type 21 and Leander' class frigates) and 1977 (Type 22 frigate). A
CAAIS system with three displays was supplied to
m*w
A Type 21
frigate operations
HMS Dryad
room
HMS Dryad in 1972.
T
trainer in
MANUFACTURER
Ferranti
Computer Systems
Bracknell, Berkshire
Limited, Western Road,
RG12 1RA, UK.
Telephone: 0344 483 232. Telex: 848 117.
190
OPERATIONS CENTRE SIMUL
Mine Counter-Measures Vessel
(MCMV) Operations Room

Simulator
The Mine Counter-Measures Vessel (MCMV) operations room simulator is a modular system designed
to provide training both for individual operators and
command teams and features a Computer Aided
Action Information System (CAAIS) computer, with
two Argus 700 processors Data for up to 4 h of
exercise time can be stored permitting a reconstruction of the exercise for debriefing purposes
with facilities including freeze and fast run.
The system is housed in two semi-mobile trailers.
one of which houses the computer and simulation
hardware suite with two generators, while the
second houses the CAAIS computer, instructor's
and students' areas. The instructor's area consists of
a two-seat station with displays with the helmsman's
console alongside, separated by a curtain. The
student's room has two CAAIS displays with an
overhead visual control system, the Remote
Mine Destruction System (RCMDS). a

minesweeping sonar console, simulated acoustic
and magnetic sweep equipment, a chart table and
an echo sounder.
The system features Plessey 193M high resolution
sonar simulation which includes sea bottom pictures
which may be altered to meet various requirements
The computer also has digital models of both mines
and mine-like objects which can be laid' by the
instructor. The models are of sufficient fidelity to
Control
allow classification by sonar Synthesised Kelvin

Hughes Type 1006 navigation radar video signals
provide displays with coastlines, sea clutter, navigation buoys and other vessels with the instructor
selecting range scale, pulse rate frequency (PRF)
and pulse length. Inputs from buoys' and navigation
radar' can be injected into the training system.
The trainer includes a combat data system which
is identical to the operational system, normal communications facilities and realistic ship control with
orders from the student commander being injected
into the simulation computer at the helmsman's
The Type 193M mine location sonar consoles
console. Front panels of the acoustic and magnetic

sweep consoles are provided with the indicators
driven by simulated signals. Control of the remote
control mine disposal vehicle includes a synthesised television view and searchlight control.
STATUS
The system, designated
HMS Arcturus,
is in
service
in
HMS Arcturus
Navy to train Hunt' Class MCMV

based at HMS Vernon, which is now part
HMS Dryad s School of Maritime Operations
with the Royal
crews
of
It
is
MANUFACTURER
Ferranti Computer Systems Limited. Western Road.
Bracknell. Berkshire RG12 1RA, UK.
Telephone: 0344 483 232 Telex: 848 117.
Fast Attack Craft Tactical Trainer

This system
is
essentially the
same
as that used to
crews although the emphasis is upon

training crews in anti-surface vessel operations.
train frigate
STATUS
MANUFACTURER
A containerised system simulating the operations

room of the Ramadan' class fast attack craft was
Ferranti Computer Systems Limited,

Bracknell. Berkshire RG12 1RA. UK.
delivered to Egypt
Telephone: 0344 483 232. Telex: 848 117.
in
1983
Western Road.

Pierside Combat Systems Team
Trainers (20B5 and 20B4)
The US Naval Training Systems Center

announced that in the early 1990s it will upgrade
Device 20B5 with new threat target data Weapon
control systems will be sampled, the weapon trajectory and resultant damage assessment will be
modelled with appropriate weapon system status
These systems are designed to provide shipboard

combat information centre teams with realistic shipboard training
in
their operational
environment.
They can be used to provide combat information

centre teams with refresher training as well as
raising the level of individual crewmen's skills. The
threat environment of the 20B4 can present up to 32
targets with up to 256 emitters.
The systems are housed in mobile containers
weighing 1588tonnes which contain a computer
three student consoles and voice-data communications equipment The container is driven to
thedocksideand parked alongside the ship It is then
linked to the ship's sensors and data transmission
systems and produces a realistic simulated environment for air. surface and anti-submarine warfare
exercises One system can train two ships simultaneously with provision for expansion to train up
tosixships
The 20B4 system has been supplemented by the

20B5 system designed to support the Oliver Hazard
Perry'
class (FFG-7) guided missile frigate. It

includes simulation of the AN/SQS-56 hull-mounted
sonar and the AN/SQR-19 passive towed-array
sonar. In the field of counter-measures a variety of
systems may be simulated including the Mark 36
SRBOC
(Super Rapid-Blooming Overboard Chaff)

AN/SLQ-25 Nixie torpedo counter-measures system and Prairie-Masker acoustic
decoy together with the AN/SLQ-32 electronic
warfare system
chaff launcher, the
A Device 2085 simulator alongside a Oliver Hazard Perry class

'
frigate
USA
signals generated to drive operator display equip-
ment. There will also be expansions to include

LAMPS III input. The 20B5 design is currently undergoing a degree of mi naturisation designed to provide
for future ship training to be conducted at sea.
STATUS
Two systems were bought
OPERATIONS CENTRE SIMULATORS

MANUFACTURER
in
1983 for $16.1 million
and two more during 1985. They are located at

Maryport and San Diego In 1986 the Royal Australian Navy purchased a system at a cost of US $9.7
million to support destroyers and frigates.
AAI Corporation,
21030-0126,
PO Box
126,
Hunt Valley, Maryland
USA
Telephone: (301) 6283215. Telex: 87849.

Fax:(301)6283215.
Command Tactical Trainer

(Device 20F1 6)
a generic system designed to teach key
of the CIC (Combat Information Centre)
and is destined for an officer's training school.
It consists of a generic representation of a CIC
based loosely upon that of the Kidd' class
destroyers but it also has two large screen displays
which are more usually found in Aegis-equipped
ships. The system is designed to train tactical action
officers, weapon co-ordinators, prospective commanding officer and executive officers, as well as
This
is
members
selected CIC personnel

In addition to an Aegis-style command station
there are four Norden sensor' display consoles
which present Naval Tactical Data System (NTDS)
symbology There are two large display screens for
the presentation of processed data and six Automated Status Boards (ASTABS) for the presentation
alphanumeric data.
The system also includes an instructor's station
to supervise and monitor the exercise The system
uses a Harris Night Hawk computer, based upon
Motorola 68030 microprocessors, with Ada and
software language programmes By these means
up to 120 platforms may be generated, each having
a degree of artificial intelligence which permits
one million moves/sec
of
An
artist's
impression of the
Command
STATUS
The system is being developed for the US Navy and
is scheduled for delivery to the Surface Warfare
Officers' School in Newport, Rhode Island, in the
New York
summerof 1992
Telephone: (315)453 2300.
MANUFACTURER
lntellisys.4641
Crossroads Park Drive. Liverpool,
13088. USA.
191
Tactical Trainer (Device 20F16)
192
Submarine
Command Team
Trainers
FRANCE
Submarine Control Room
Simulators
Thomson-CSF's Simulator Division have manufactured a number of 'Daphne' Class submarine
control room simulators These systems are used to
give submarine command teams a wide range of
operation of individual systems as well
as operating as a team A facsimile of the submarine
operations room is created including consoles for
active and passive sonars, radars, the attack periscope, plotting tables and fire control consoles. A
computer analyses the crew's operations and the
instructor's actions to generate data on the operskills in the
ations room instruments. Some systems also

include a couple of cubicles with sonar and radar
consoles together with plotting tables to simulate
the operations rooms of surface vessels, which can
then provide opponents in anti-submarine warfare

exercises.
Thomson-CSF are currently developing the
Amethyste nuclear submarine control room simulator in association with ECAN and Sogitec.
STATUS
addition to selling a system to the French Navy
sold several Daphne' Class
simulators abroad, with customers including
Pakistan whose system became operational in 1980
In
Thomson-CSF have
MANUFACTURER
Einstein. B P. 116. 78192 TrappesCedex. France.
Telephone: (1 30 69 41
Fax: (1)30 6941 50.
)
00. Telex:
Saturne Control
In
support
of the
616 780
F.
An artist's impression of a Thomson-CSF submarine simulator combining the operations room and handling
training
systems
Room Simulator
French Navy's Amethyste' class
submarine programme ECAN Ruelle has developed

the Saturne simulator.
The system uses a distributed computer architecture with a Gould 3297 responsible for the tactical
situation simulation and sound propagation model
five Bull SPS7 and Mitra computers simulating tactical data, sensors and fire control functions. A
Syster dedicated signal generator is used for sonar
audio simulation and the system software is written
in Fortran 77 and C. There are three independent
data networks and data is displayed on Unigraph
industrial graphic display systems
The system is to be upgraded with a new EW
system and the incorporation of a periscope simulator with photo-quality CGI.
STATUS
Saturne became operational at ENSM (Ecole Navale
Sous-Marine) Toulon at the beginning of 1990. The
upgrade is scheduled to take place in mid 1992
MANUFACTURER
DCN (Direction des
Constructions Navales), 8 boulevard Victor, 75732 Paris Cedex 15, France

Telephone: 1 40 59 21 02. Telex: 270 734 F.
Fax:(1)40 601565
(
The DCN Saturne submarine control room simulator
IBM
Germany (West) UK
SUBMARINE COMMAND TEAM TRAINERS
GERMANY
193
(WEST)
AWU 206/206A Submarine

Command Team Trainer
submarine electronics Krupp
also produce the AWU 206
submarine command team trainer. The AWU 206
has been designed to train command teams for the
Type 206 and Type 206A diesel electric submarines.
The system, which is in a permanent structure,
simulates tactical situations and trains student
weapon officers and operators to respond. The
system can also be used to develop and analyse
naval doctrines, weapon firing and the most efficient
As a major supplier
use
of
of
GmbH
Atlas Elektronik
on-board equipment.
The system consists of an auditorium with a large

screen display, an instructor's console and communications equipment, a combat information
centre with real equipment and a computer room
which generates the sonar, weapon handling, tacdata handling, periscope, navigation, ship
control and electronic surveillance/warfare inputs
for the system The consoles in the combat information centre are for the Signaal M 8 (Type 206)
or Krupp Atlas SLW 83 ISUS (Type 206A) combat
system. The former is associated with the AN 410.
AN 5039 and Thomson-Sintra DBQS-21 and DUUX-2
sonar systems while the latter is associated with the
CSU 83 sonar suite
tical
STATUS
Two systems have been sold to the West German
Navy; the AWU 206 was commissioned in 1978 while
the AWU206A was scheduled to be commissioned
during 1988.
The control room
MANUFACTURER
in
the
KAE A WU 206A simulator which has been supplied to the West German Navy
Krupp Atlas Elektronik GmbH. PO Box 448545,

D-2800 Bremen 44, Federal Republic of
Telephone: (421 4570 Telex: 2454 460
Germany
MBB Submarine Attack Simulator

MBB
are offering a Submarine Attack Simulator

(SAS) designed to train submarine command teams
in procedures and tactical operations. It is a modular
design consisting of a simulated control room, an
instructor station, a briefing room and a computer
system.
The
control
room uses genuine equipment
rather
than facsimiles and these will be linked to the computer system to provide accurate sensor and oper-
performance parameters The periscope

subsystem will be a facsimile with video-generated
ational
will depend upon the

customer requirement but the system is designed
for low operating costs. It will also be capable of
data The degree of simulation
The SAS may be mounted in a building or it may

be installed on a motion system with a six degree
field-of-movement
part-task training.
The modular concept ensures
that the
system
reasons, be installed at reduced

cost with only the basic subsystems which may be
upgraded at the customer's discretion. Fire control
consoles would be involved in the basic configuration with the addition of a periscope system, a
plotting table, passive sonar classification and
target assignment, a tactical data handling system
and a radar
may.
for financial
STATUS
Available for production
MANUFACTURER
MBB Marine Training
Simulators, Hunefeldstrasse
2800 Bremen 1. Federal Republic of Germany.
Telephone: (421 538-2303. Telex: 245 821
1-5.
UNITED KINGDOM
Submarine Command Team
Trainer
have produced a number of submarine
trainers which usually comprise
an instructor's room and two simulated submarine
Ferranti
command team
control
rooms with simulated sonar, radar, elecmeasures (ESM), fire control systems,
tronic support
plotting facilities, key ship's instruments such as log

and compass and an attack periscope. The periscope systems initially used televised models but
the latest systems incorporate computer-generated
imagery. Some systems are in transportable con-
tainers while others are installed

existing training establishments.
in
rooms
within
The systems are used to train new submarine

commanders, as part of operational working up,
for general command team training and refresher
training,
as well as for training officers
in
specific
such as Officer of the Watch. The earlier

systems used central processing but the latest incorporate a distributed architecture. The later systems
also feature an ocean model simulation which
produces a real-time, nvilti-target environment with
a range of acoustic sensor range prediction performances. Vehicle data bases are based upon the
latest Ministry of Defence trainer data base formats
which can be modified within the trainer. In addition
to surface vessels, submarines and aircraft the
systems can simulate enemy torpedoes, decoys,
sonobuoys, and various sonars.
In HMS Tactician there is a Ferranti computerroles
ize Ferranti nuclear submarine command team trainer at the Royal Navy s Faslane submarine base
generated imagery system for periscope views. This
enables the student to benefit from a wide variety of
aircraft
and ship models not only
in
daylight but also
simulated low light television and using thermal

imaging. Up to six target images can be generated
from a library of 60 models.
in
194
UK
In May 1989 it was revealed that Ferranti had won

a contract to build the command team trainer for the
'Vanguard' class ballistic missile submarines It will
be installed in a permanent building and will consists
of two rooms, an instructor's station, v/iewing area
and de-briefing
the 10-place
facilities.
One room
command team
will
consist of
trainer with simulated
weapons and tactical data handling

system consoles. Uniquely there will be no periscope simulator for all optical/electro-optical
images in the ship will be displayed on a screen at
a two-place command desk These pictures will
feature the computer-generated imagery technology already used in the company's periscope
simulator but with improvements including rotating
features such as aircraft propellors and radar antefire control,
nnas.
Next door will be a seven-position simulated

sound room where the acoustic sensor team will be
trained. The Type 2054 sonar suite will be simulated
display authentic contact signatures as defined
by the exercise scenario. A comprehensive software
model' of the ocean enables the system to emulate
different
environmental
conditions
including
ambient, biological and own-ship noise as affected
by sea state, weather and bathythermal conditions
An additional CBT (computer-based trainer) sonar
trainer (the Type 2054 MMIT) will be incorporated
to enable operators to acquire basic classification
to
the equipment and interpreting the display

presentation. The two rooms can operate autonomously or co-operatively and the whole trainer will
ski Is with
I
be able
to
provide tactical training
with collocated
SSN
in
HMS
Pugnacious was one of the earliest submarine command team trainers to be supplied to the Royal
Ferranti. The system uses televised models lor the periscope views and is used to train Oberon
Class submarine crews
Navy by
association
STATUS
trainers.
The
four-position instructor's station will allow

close monitoring of the student team's performance
and an action replay facility will be provided for

debriefing. The instructor will be able to control all
aspects of the exercise scenario Manoeuvres by
the 'contact' can be injected together with various
weapon and sensor emissions.
have produced simulators for Oberon'.

Upholder', Type 206, Type 209 and 'Kobben' class
diesel electric submarines and also for ballistic
missile and fleet nuclear submarines The Royal
Navy has used the Oberon' class simulator, HMS
Pugnacious, since 1970 and it will remain in service
until the 1990s. A more advanced system was
Ferranti
installed in
Link-Miles Submarine
Team Trainer
A major producer of simulators.
Singer
Link-Miles)
also
Command
Link-Miles (formerly
a submarine
produce
command team
to
trainer. This trainer is designed

provide effective training in command, target
detection and surveillance, weapons control and the

use of combat data systems. The heart of the system
is a replica of a submarine control room with Intel
386/387 microprocessor-driven facsimiles of the
command, weapon control and sensor consoles,
together with a periscope. All systems use Fortran
language software.
Visual
simulation for the periscope uses
computer-generated imagery and the two systems
available are Seescope, which has the widest range
of facilities, and VISTA (Visual Imagery Simulation
Training Aid -see entry under Computer-Generated
Image and Visual Display Systems section).
Marconi Simulation Submarine

Command Team Trainer (SCTT)
Simulation Submarine Command
(SCTT) provides training for
submarine command team personnel in the coordination of attack and defensive manoeuvring
tactics. The SCTT also provides both sub-team and
full-team training in the operation of all related
tactical functions including sonar, radar, electronic
warfare,
periscope, weapon,
navigation and
communication systems.
The
Team
Marconi
Trainer
HMS
Tactician during 1986 for nuclear
submarine command teams. Known export customers include Australia ('Oberon' class) and
Norway ('Kobben' class) The Vanguard' class
simulator will be installed at Faslane in 1992
MANUFACTURER
Ferranti Computer Systems Limited. Bird
Cheadle Heath. Stockport SK3 0XQ, UK.
Telephone: (061 (624 9552. Telex: 665 764.
Hall Lane.
STATUS
1987 the company won a 10 million contract to
provide a system to the Royal Norwegian Navy for
use with the Ula (Type 210) class submarines. The
system (called a Technical Trainer by the Royal
Norwegian Navy) is part of a training package and
includes a two-axis motion simulator at the
helmsman's station. It will be installed at the submarine training school at Haakonsvern naval base,
near Bergen. The system will interface with a submarine control system trainer produced by the same
In
company.
MANUFACTURER
Link-Miles Limited, Churchill Industrial Estate.
Lancing, West Sussex BN15 8UE, UK.
Telephone: 0903 755881 Telex: 87165 LINSKI
Fax:0903 763172.
The training requirements for a SCTT will vary

according to vessel type, equipment configuration,
operational deployment and the training philosophy
adopted by the designated naval authorities. These
factors are taken into account during SCTT design
by Marconi Simulation to ensure that customerspecific operational scenarios and simulated equipment configurations are incorporated.
Comprehensive periscope simulation, based on
Marconi Simulations' computer-generated graphics
system, is incorporated within the SCTT. The system
will enable the command teams to identify surface
targets, assess target range, bearing, course and
Helmsman
s station
Via class technical trainer

'
speed, and provide a comprehensive analysis of the

tactical situation. For details of the graphics system
refer to the entry in the Computer-Generated Image
and Visual Display System section.
STATUS
Available.
MANUFACTURER
Marconi Simulation. Napier Building. Donibristle
Industrial Park. nr. Dunfermline. Fife KY1 1 5JZ. UK.
Telephone: 0383 822131 Telex: 727779
USA
195

AAI Submarine
Command Team
Trainers
have
AAI
produced
number
of
submarine
command team trainers to provide an entire submarine command team and other specific crew
members
with training in all phases and aspects of

approach and attack in a realistic environment Seven trainers have been ordered since FY80
and there are three types; Devices 21 A40, 21 A38 and
21B63
target
Link
Device 21A38 is a combat systems team trainer

which features the Device 21B63 Generalized Individual Fire Control Operator Trainer (GIFOT). The
system has since been updated to Combat Control
System Mark 1C capability with the AN/UYK-1 simulation computer being converted to double-density
memory It will be used to train in the use of General
Dynamics Tomahawk cruise missiles using overthe-horizon targetting data and the AN/BQQ-5B
sonar
Device 21 A40 refers to a series of advanced attack
trainers which are configured to meet specific
requirements, eg 21 A43, 21 A44. They usually feature

Mark 113/10 and Mark 117 underwater fire control
systems.
STATUS
Seven trainers have been purchased by the US Navy.
MANUFACTURER
AAI Corporation.
21030,
PO Box
126.
USA
Telephone: (301)666 1400. Telex: 87 849.
Submarine Trainer
The CAE-Link Corporation is a major supplier of

electronic equipment to the US Navy and has supplied its own submarine trainers produced by the
Link Tactical Simulations Division There are three
types of Trident training devices and four different
simulators for various classes of nuclear attack
submarines. They are designed to maintain proficiency and to increase crew effectiveness in a
of
through highly
variety
tactical
situations
advanced simulation.
The Trident command and control trainer (Device
21A42) simulates the Trident submarine tactical
environment which consists of ocean models, con-
weapons, sonar and counter-measures. A

second device, the Mark 118 defensive weapons
operator trainer, is used to train personnel in counter-measures procedures and tactics The third
device supports the Trident Unique Software
Support Facility (TUSSF). It supports future hardware and software development for the two operator-team trainers Currently all trainers have
undergone retrofits to reflect submarine modernisation programmes. The TUSSF has been
updated and reflects the newest configurations in
this family of Trident submarine trainers.
Submarine combat system trainers provide fire
control team training. All four devices simulate the
tactical
environment which includes oceans,
targets,
own-ship dynamics, sonar sensors,
weapons and counter-measures Device 21A37/4
tacts,
uses multiple attack centres to train crews, while

Device 21A41, has a single attack centre to train one
fire control team Devices 21 A38A and 21A39A were
produced as more capable upgrades to older attack
and ballistic missilecombatsystem simulators Personnel can be trained on the Mark 1 13 and the Mark
117 fire control systems using realistic simulations
for the Mark 48 and the Mark 37 torpedoes, the
Sub-Harpoon anti-ship missile and the Subroc antisubmarine system. Target data simulations for up
to 57 targets with surface, submarine and air
contacts are possible,
STATUS
Link have supplied systems to act as the Trident
Control Team Trainer and the Mark
Command and
The simulated control room
in
a Link Trident submarine
118 Defensive Weapons Subsystem Operator

Trainer to the US Navy's Trident Training Facility at
Bangor, Washington, and King's Bay, Georgia. The
TUSFF is at Newport. Rhode Island Attack and
ballistic missile submarine combat system trainers
have been supplied to the Fleet Ballistic Missile
Training Center at Charleston. South Carolina, the
Pacific Submarine Training Center at Pearl Harbor,
Hawaii, the Fleet Anti-Submarine Warfare Training
Centers at Pearl Harbor. Hawaii, and Norfolk.
command team trainer (Device 21A42)
and the Naval Submarine Base

London. Connecticut
Virginia,
at
New
MANUFACTURER
CAE-Link Corporation. Link Tactical Simulation
Division. 11800 Tech Road. Silver Spring,
Maryland 20904. USA
Telephone: (301) 622 4400. Telex: 710 8259 768
Fax:(301)622 8383
Ship Analystics Submarine Combat

Systems Team Trainer (21A43)
full combat system training for
Los Angeles' (SSN 688) class submarines.
It has an AN/UYK-7 computer with peripherals and a
facsimile of the Mark 1 submarine control system, a
display system using a VAX computer, generalised
This trainer provides
crew
of
operator consoles, display controllers and large

screen displays. A processor subsystem simulates
the ocean, the dynamic performance of the submarine, sonar, weapon and target data. There is also a
communications subsystem between all stations

The software language is DML (Decision and Modelling Language) which is used to control and
monitor the system.
STATUS
The manufacturers have supplied 15 units for
training and laboratory work. Another six will be
delivered by 1992.
MANUFACTURER
Ship Analytics Inc., North Stonington Professional
Center. North Stonington, Connecticut 06359, USA.
Telephone: (203)535 3092 Telex: 643732
Fax:(203)535 0560.
The instructors station

'
of Device
21A43
196

CANADA
Bendix Avelex Operations Team
Trainer
The Bendix Avelex Operations Team Trainer (OTT)
for the Canadian Navy is a flexible, fully integrated
software framework featuring distributed architecture connected through a local area network. The
same network can be used for building trainers and
simulators of almost any level of sophistication to
train users to manage discrete systems to solve
three-dimensional motion problems
The OTT facility is designed to meet a range of
training requirements for effective naval operations
room management. The installation consists of four
simulated operations rooms, a main control room
with four controller consoles and a large projection
screen for monitoring and debriefing purposes
Student command teams are presented with equipment and operational scenarios similar to those
normally experienced at sea
The operations rooms are equipped with replicas
of actual shipboard equipment such as a ship control
unitfor manoeuvering, an IFFdecoder panel, achaff
launcher panel, a radar control panel and a heading
marker panel. The OTT system drives this equipment to simulate the dynamic operating characteristics of the ship while representing a realistic
visual and acoustic behaviour simulation of sensor
and weapons data. It also provides contact association, target motion analysis, data display and
weapon firing proposals together with simulation of
weapons and decoys.
Instructors manipulate environmental and operational conditions during the exercise from the fourposition control console. A label plan raster display,
integral to each console, is used to monitor the
progress of the exercise in graphic form. The content
of the colour raster scan display projected onto the
large screen can be defined from any controller
position. This display is used for monitoring
The Bendix Avelex Operations Team Trainer (OTT)

purposes during the exercise and
for
subsequent
debriefing.
The data required
running training exercises,

including land-mass radar simulation, is generated
on an off-line exercise preparation system. This
for
system permitsall gamesettingsandscenariostobe

tested off-line before the actual game Parameters
available to game planners include an exercise area
of 1024 x 1024 nm (1896 x 1896 km) and up to 64
vehicle types, 104 manoeuvrable targets and 186
point targets per exercise. Positional accuracy is
STATUS
The OTT was accepted by the Canadian
School at Halifax. Nova Scotia, in 1990.
Fleet Forces
MANUFACTURER
Aerospace Canada. Bendix Avelex
200 Laurentian Boulevard. Montreal Quebec
Allied-Signal
Inc.
Canada H4M2L5.
Telephone: (514) 744 281
Fax: (514) 342 3795.
30 m.
FRANCE
J
STFG (Simulateur d'Entrainement

Tactique Fixe Generate) Tactical
Simulator
Thomson-CSF's Simulator Division supports two
tactical training simulators formerly
Sintra.
produced by
namely the STFG-2 and DUFZ-6 (see
fol-
submarines or aircraft and the system has a capacity

of 128 vehicles which can represent any of 16 types,
of which 32 are control led by students in the cubicles.
Each of these student stations has access to 16
sensors and 32 weapons. Exercises are preprogrammed into the control computer by punched
tape and the computer automatically simulates the
environment for each participating 'ship'. Up to
000 nm 18 500 km) together with 28 marker points
1
lowing entry).
may bedisplayed.
The STFG (Simulateur d'Entrainment Tactique

FixeGenerale) is a large system developed by Sintra
and DCN (Direction des Constructions Navales) for
Exercises are normally divided into three phases:

scenario preparation, scenario execution and analysis. The latter is performed in an auditorium with a
large screen display upon which the exercise can
be shown at various speeds.
The original system, STFG-1 was upgraded from
1982 by the installation of a new modular console
tactical
and operational research,
tactical training,
and for studies into new weapons It consists of

an instructor's station and a number of cubicles
representing
as surtace
participants
warships,
capable of simulating 16 radar sensors, 13 manoeuvring targets and a complete range of sensor
DUFZ-6 Anti-Submarine Warfare
Team Trainer
This system
to
train
is
similar to the
anti-submarine
STFG
but
was designed
warfare teams
and
is
system with colour displays which permitted the
The new consoles have their own programmable processor

together with a keyboard and rolling ball system.
The system is now known as the STFG-2
integration of five display screens.
STATUS
The STFG-1 system, which was delivered in 1965 to
the French Navy's Centre D'Entrainment de la Flotte
at Toulon, has now been upgraded to STFG-2
standard.
MANUFACTURER
Thomson-CSF, Simulator Division. 3 avenue Albert
Einstein. B P 116. 78192 TrappesCedex. France.
Telephone: (1)30 6941
Fax: (1)306941 50.
00. Telex:
616 780 F
MANUFACTURER
data.

Einstein, B.P 116. 78192 TrappesCedex. France
STATUS
Telephone: (1)30 69 41
Fax: (1)3069 41 50.
In
service with the French Navy.
00. Telex:
616 780 F
Germany (West)
GERMANY
TACTICAL TRAINING SIMULATORS

(WEST)
Fleetwork Trainer (FWT)

An important producer of systems, Dornier GmbH
has developed and produced a Fleetwork Trainer
(FWT) and an Action Speed Tactical Trainer (ASTT)
No information about the latter is currently available
The Fleetwork Trainer (FWT) system is designed
to give training in fleet work and basic tactical
procedures It provides 10 cubicles, each manned
by two students, representing ship's bridges and
these are used to control formations of ships The
system, which uses Cadmus computers, is controlled by two instructors with their own consoles.
These cubicles are linked with a ship dynamics
calculator which computes the actual position of the
'ship' in a formation based upon initial position,
control inputs and ship characteristics Helicopters
can also be integrated The cubicles can be divided
into two formations with their own voice or flag
communications.
Two versions of the FWT are available: Version 1 is

a colour monitor version with flag hoist presentation:
while Version 2 features a monochrome monitor
without flag hoist The former can be used both for
fleet work for senior officers or to train junior officers
in flag signal recognition.
STATUS
An anti-submarine warfare training system of
Version 1 has been sold to the Nigerian Navy for
use at their new Anti-submarine Warfare Training
School. Version 2 is used by the West German Navy
at
Bremen.
MANUFACTURER
Dornier Luftfahrt GmbH, Training Division, Postfach
60, D-8000, Munich 66, Federal Republic of
21
Germany.
^briefing session at the Nigerian Navy's Fleetwork Trainer (FWT)
Telephone: (089) 841 080. Telex: 521 765.

Fax:(089)8410 8256
AGUS Anti-Submarine Warfare

Trainer
As a major supplier of electronics to the West
German Navy, Krupp Atlas Elektronik GmbH have
also supplied an anti-submarine warfare trainer
known as the AGUS AGUS is designed to train and
assess command information centre teams in antisubmarine warfare It also trains and assesses operators of differing grades in the practical use of
sensors and weapon systems, provides facilities for
training in convoy protection and can be used to
develop and give training in anti-submarine warfare
tactics.
It
features a distributed architecture using
Krupp Atlas Elektronik MPR/EPR 1300 processors,

which permits modular construction to meet
customer requirements.
The system consists of a number of command
information centre cubicles, an instructor's station,
a debriefing auditorium with a large screen display
and an electronics room. The simulator provides
dynamic operating behaviour for ships', realistic
visual and acoustic presentation of sonar radar
and weapon data together with combat situation
displays. Also provided
ation, target
is
realistic contact associ-
motion analysis and data display, and
weapon firing proposals, together

of weapons and decoys.
with simulation
STATUS
The West German Navy commissioned an
AGUS
trainer in 1979.
The WestGerman Navy's
MANUFACTURER
Krupp Atlas Elektronik GmbH, PO Box 448545,
D-2800 Bremen 44, Federal Republic of Germany.
Telephone: (421 4570. Telex: 2454 460.
)
AGUS anti-submarine warfare trainer
197
TACTICALTRAINING SIMULATORS
198
Israel
Italy
ISRAEL
Naval Tactical Training Centre
(TTC) and Naval Tactics and
Command Trainer (NTCT)
are an important supplier
Elbit
ment
of electronic
equip-
Navy and have produced the

Training Centre (TTC) and the
to the Israeli
Naval
Tactical
ASWT-2
anti-submarine
warfare
trainer
(see
following entry).
The TTC
to give naval commanders

decision procedure training by
simulating scenarios which might be encountered.
It may also be used to develop and analyse combat
tactical
designed
is
command
doctrines.
fourth generation tactical trainer
distributed architecture
comprises
expanded
based upon a
was produced
in
1989
stations (which may

eight instructor stations.
student
11
to 14)
and
It
be
features high quality colour displays, advanced

MMI and inherent simulation of C3I functions. Two
exercises may be held simultaneously each with a
maximum of 350 simulated objects including naval,
It
and shore units, unmanned aircraft, EW systems

and weapons. The communications facilities include
up to eight voice/datalink nets per student station as
well as two internal communications nets.
The NTCT is a derivative of the TTC and uses DEC
hardware. This includes VAX computers. Microvax
local computers and alphanumeric displays.
The system also uses Genisco graphic display
air
II
generators.
STATUS
About a dozen TTC/NTCT systems have been sold
both to the Israeli Navy and foreign customers
The instructor's console
MANUFACTURER
Elbit
Computers Limited. PO Box
in
the Elbit
TTC system
5390, Haifa 31-053,
Israel.
Telephone:
(4)
555 056. Telex: 46774. Fax:
(4)
520 002.
ASWT-2 Anti-Submarine Warfare

Trainer
This system
designed to train anti-submarine

warfare (ASW) teams and provides all aspects of
operational experience including classification of
sonar echoes, identifying submarines, attack procedures and the use of weapons All vehicles
involved in ASW are represented within the system
which is housed in a building.
The ASWT-2 consists of a control room, a computer room, a de-briefing room, two anti-submarine
ships' each with their own bridge, an operations
is
room and sonar room, and a number of multipurpose cubicles representing various submarine
and air vehicles. Each bridge has a manoeuvring
control console, a simulated bridge radar, communications and weapon release equipment. The
operations room includes a plotting board, indicators to note target data, a console for simulated
radar and visual detection together with an optional
electronic support measures display. The sonar
room has only the sonar operator's console and
communications.
The
exercise
depth
charge
and three other
anti-submarine
weapons can be simulated
STATUS
The first generation system, ASWT-1 was delivered
to the Israeli Navy in 1971 while an ASWT-2 system
succeeded in 1979.
,
it
MANUFACTURER
Elbit
Computers Limited. PO Box
5390, Haifa 31-053,
Israel.
area
covers
100 x 100
nm
(185 x 185 km) and realistic maritime environments

are created. Three types of torpedo, two types of
Telephone:
(4)
555 056. Telex: 46774. Fax:
(4)
520
002.
ITALY
DATAMAT Action Speed Tactical

Trainer (ASTT)
An Action Speed
developed by
Tactical Trainer (ASTT) has been

for training staff officers,
DATAMAT
commanding officers and operational teams of naval

planning and executing naval
one major exercise or a series
independent exercises. The system consists of
or airborne units
operations either
of
in
in
major subsystems: cubicles, control, debriefing,

computer and communications.
There are 10 cubicles each representing the
combat information centre of a surface warship or
submarine, or acting as an aircraft, and housing the
equipment necessary for training command teams.
Each has two or three horizontal display systems.
The control room consists of five twin-operator consoles each with three display screens and three
five
hard-copy printers. It is seperated from the debriefing room by a folding screen and data may be
displayed upon a large screen in the debriefing
room The communications system includes
voice,
and telegraphic communications.

The gaming area is defined as being
1000 x 1000 nm (1852 x 1852 km), 900 m deep and
data
link
27 400
maximum
high.
The
vehicle
characteristics,
speed, radar, electro-optical and optical
An
instructor s console lor the
ASTT
signatures together with turn rates are faithfully

simulated. For aircraft these performance parameters also include climb and dive rate together
with maximum altitude while for submarines features such as maximum depth, surfacing and diving
rates together with snorkel/periscope depth have
also been included
The system also authentically reproduces the
characteristics of sensors, weapon systems and
electronic warfare systems.
One
of the students' consoles; the ASTT will

of them in 10 cubicles
use 22
STATUS
In
production for the Italian Navy.
MANUFACTURER
DATAMAT Ingegneria
dei Sistemi SpA, via

Martini 126. 00143 Rome. Italy
Telephone: 5409 641/2/3/4/5. Telex: 613436
Simone
Norway
199
NORWAY
MPS Action Speed Tactical Trainer
(MASTT)
MPS Action Speed Tactical Trainer (MASTT) is
a flexible system for building naval tactical trainers
and simulators extendable to almost any level of
complexity, sophistication and training level It is
designed to fulfil the training requirements for
seamen (reporting procedures, sensor and weapon
operating procedures, classification training and
operator training on real equipment), officers under
training (decision making, team work, reporting procedures and weapon employment), and high ranking
The
dispositon
training,
tactical
officers
(tactical
analysis,
and exercise planning, analysis and deThe system is stated to be very easy to
briefing)
use with students able to operate the cubicles by

themselves after one or two one-hour introductory
sessions.
MASTT was developed
in
close co-operation with
Norwegian Navy The project was initiated

during 1984 and the first configuration was installed
at the Royal Norwegian Navy Training Establishment in Bergen in November 1986, Since then
development has passed through three stages and
by 1988 an upgrading programme was in progress
to add a dedicated anti-submarine warfare section
The contract includes three advanced sonar
the Royal
simulators.
The installation at Bergen consists of 10 cubicle

consoles, an extended control section, a standard
control section, a system console, two recorder/
playback computers, two weapon computers, a
communication control, three sonar simulators
and two anti-submarine warfare consoles This configuration allows up to 100 active tracks, including
cubicles, weapons and enemy forces The new antisubmarine warfare section consists of two cubicles,
an instructor console and an additional weapon
computer. Each trainer console is software configurable and the user has full control of model and
scenario generation The distributed concept, using
an Ethernet network, makes it easy to expand the
trainer by adding more cubicles or enhance it by
interfacing with real equipment simulators (such as
and weapon control).
The model preparation and storage for the complete game is performed using a commercial computer The user interacts with the system console
via a menu-driven operator dialogue. The number
of game settings and unit models is limited only
by external disc storage capacity The customer
supplies all parameters which control the mathematical models for realistic simulation of units,
sensors and weapons. All game settings and scenarios can be prepared and tested off-line prior to the
actual game, so it is possible to build up a library of
A student
s console with units,
weapons and sensors operated
An exercise
dedicated easy-to-use panels
initiated from the same console

and preparation The system software is loaded into the different computers in each
cubicle via the Local Area Network (LAN) data
highway and the complete trainer is started The
user then selects the game set-up to be used, downloads it and the exercise commences
Following an exercise a playback programme
provides synchronised audio and video playback
with freeze and fast wind/rewind functions During
replay the screens in the cubicles and control will
used
radar, sonar
pre-planned games settings on disc.

Scenarios are based on digitised map contours
overlayed
with
various
optional
synthetic
information. The actual exercise area is generated
from a map library. Two files are made: one for the
three-dimensional terrain model and the other for a
two-dimensional model for presentation. These files
can be stored for later use
Each cubicle console can be configured as a
surface ship, a submarine, an aircraft, a land-based
coastal defence installation, or a coastal radar
station. With each of these types, a large number of
specific units can be modelled by the user to meet
via
is
for set-up
contain the same information as during the exercise

Recorded information can be used during a game
The playback programme can also use recordings
from real exercises.
The instructor's console in the Royal Norwegian

Training Establishment MASTT
specific requirements A unit configuration consists
of a set of parameters describing the unit type and
its
dynamic behaviour
In
addition, the user specifies
weapons with which the unit is

equipped Sensor and weapon models can be easily
the sensors and
modified by the user

Before a game is started, the different units are
given their initial data such as start-up position,
course and speed Units run from the system control
can be set up to run pre-defined tracks using a
special Automatic Vehicle Control feature. Final setup parameters are the weather and environmental
conditions in the exercise area Wind, sea current,
precipitation and sea temperature layers are among
the data provided
STATUS
The MASTT system has been
operational with the
Royal Norwegian Training Establishment since

1984 Originally this was an eight console system
for general purpose naval operations The need
to add weapon systems led to the addition of a
dedicated weapon computer
Subsequently a
requirement for dedicated anti-submarine warfare
training led to the addition of another two cubicles
with three anti-submarine warfare consoles, a dedicated control section and three sonar simulators.
The Swedish Navy has ordered a MASTT system
with 12cubicles and this will be delivered in 1991.
MANUFACTURER
Micro Processor Systems A.S.
N-3600 Kongsberg, Norway.
Telephone: (3)735766
Baneveien
32,
200
UK
UNITED KINGDOM
Action Speed Tactical Trainer
(Distributed Processing)
have designed and produced a number
Action Speed Tactical Trainers (ASTT) and the
Distributed Processing (DP) system is the latest
They are designed to train combat teams in naval
tactics and operational procedures in all aspects of
naval warfare including surface actions, air defence,
anti-submarine and amphibious warfare. A typical
system comprises a control and debriefing room,
exercise preparation rooms and a number of student
cubicles
Originally the system used Ferranti
FM1600B processors but later systems use the Ferranti FM1600E processor or. in the case of the DP
version, the VME 68000 processor The system can
be transportable, in trailers, or it can be installed in
Ferranti
of
permanent structures.
The control and debriefing room surpervises the
instruction and features from three to eight conconsoles, a multi-colour large screen display,
a tactical communications monitoring system and a
public address system. The exercise preparation
room contains a computer node providing control of
the total exercise picture and this is connected by
an Ethernet local area network to other computer
nodes installed within each cubicle as well as to
each instructor's console.
The cubicles, ranging in number from six to 22,
have 19-inch (483 mm) general purpose multi-colour
raster tactical displays, 15-inch (381 mm) monochrome raster tote displays and communication
troller
They can represent any type of surface

submarine, aircraft, naval headquarters or
shore-based weapon platform. A wide variety of
electronic and electro-optic sensors including sonobuoys is available while the acoustic signature of
each platform can be detected by students in other
cubicles. Up to 15 weapon/decoy launchers may be
facilities.
ship,
maximum
available per cubicle to a
A student s cubicle
of 100 for the
STATUS
provided together with jamming facilities.

The maximum training area is 2048 x 2048 nm
(3793 x 3793 km) with up to 60 vehicle types per
Navy's School
exercise.
The system can be upgraded. Those used by the

Royal Navy have received raster scan consoles in
Speed
Tactical Trainers
The C8000 Action Speed
Tactical
Trainers are
systems using the

Rediffusion R2000 general purpose computer and
they are designed to teach and develop tactics
for naval warfare applications. These systems can
simulate an area of up to 2000 nm 2 with aircraft and
missiles up to a height of 30480 m and submarines
to a depth of 910 m. The systems simulate the control
of ships' operations rooms, aircraft as well as other
vessels and feature inputs by navigation, communications, sensor, weapons and electronic
warfare equipment by means of computer-driven
displays and man-machine interfaces. The central
computer ensures data presented to each cubicle
is up to date and that no unit exceeds its real
performance It can also inject peripheral targets
from a pool of 48 additional tracks.
central processor architecture
Solartron Action
Trainers
A division
of
Speed Tactical
Solartron Defence Systems (Simulation
Division) was purchased by Ferranti in 1988. It is

well known for its simulator products, including
Action Speed Tactical Trainers, which it has
produced since 1961

usual
realistic
These systems feature the
which can generate

environmental and operational conditions
instructor's
one of the Ferranti ASTT's at HMS Drvad
the instructor's console while the control and

debriefing room has received a large screen laser
display system.
wholesystem. A radiocommunications network with

10 channels for each of two opposing forces can be
Rediffusion C8000 Action
in
station
masses upon radar

displays. The latest systems feature a new radar
video generator. A typical modern instructor's
station, used in the Canadian system, features 11
Mainframe ASTTs have been supplied
to the Royal
Maritime Operations at Fareham.
Hampshire (HMS Dryad in 1970 (20 cubicles) and
number
of countries.
of
Canadian Navy in 1981

system was modernised in
the
fied
and 1984 (six cubicles) The system at HMS Dryad

was modernised in 1983 and again in 1984-1985
while the Canadian system was expanded between
1983 and 1985.
The similar FAC simulator has been exported to a
(14 cubicles).
1983.
In
The
British
addition unidenti-
navies took deliveries of systems
in
1975 (eight
MANUFACTURER
Ferranti
Computer Systems
Limited.
Wokingham
Road. Bracknell. Berkshire RG12 1PA. UK.

Telephone: 0344 427171. Telex: 848 117.
cubicles). 1977 (eight cubicles). 1980 (10 cubicles)
Various types of system are available with some

representing specific ship operations rooms while
others have command cubicles to represent any kind
of ship, aircraft, submarine, helicopter or surface
effect vessel to create a variety of friendly and hosti le
forces Atypical system will have six cubicles which
feature raw sensor plotting tables for manual operation or automatic systems or combinations of both
They will usually have three radars' and a weapon
control console with eight to ten weapons. The
students can manoeuvre' their unit, operating
sensors and weapon systems as well as communicating. All are interconnected by internal and
external' communications systems, the latter simulating six or more HF. VHF. and UHF r adio channels
together with realistic noise interference, range fade
and jamming effects which might be encountered at
course of the game is recorded for later de-briefing

and analysis using a large vertical screen with
monochrome or colour display.
STATUS
Rediffusion produced some 25 trainers of this family
in
1965 Customers include Australia.
starting
Belgium, Brazil, Canada. Chile. West Germany.

Greece. India, Norway. Spain and the Royal Navy
which purchased five systems
MANUFACTURER
Simulation Limited. Gatwick
Crawley. West Sussex RH10 2RL. UK.
Telephone: 0293 560992. Telex: 87661
Rediffusion
sea.
The war games are directed from a central control

room where problems are posed in real time (action
speed).
students may fight each other or they may combine

to fight the instructional staff The games are prepared on punch paper or magnetic tape that is fed
into the computer which automatically provides the
cubicle displays with their performance criteria. The
Two
types of exercise
may be
Road.
played: the
The exercise area varies with a typical one being

the Canadian system which is 1024 x 1024 nm
(1894 x 1894 km). The students work in a number of
cubicles each representing a surface warship, a
submarine, or a fixed or rotary wing aircraft. Each
system supplied to the Greek Navy. These

improvements included new hardware and software
to provide more complex tactical scenarios and
increase the number of students who would be
trained The system was operational by the end of
cubicle features the appropriate radar (typically

three primary and one secondary radar), sonar and
electronic warfare displays, and communications
facilities, as well as weapon systems, typically up to
10, including missiles, guns, bombs, depth charges,
1986
torpedoes and mines.
In February 1987 Solartron and Allied Bendix

Avelex received a contract to upgrade the fourcubicle Canadian Operations Team Trainer at the
Canadian Fleet Forces School in Halifax, Nova
Scotia (see entry in this section under Canada).
STATUS
MANUFACTURER
together with synthetic land
interactive consoles
and four Label Plan Situation
Displays, and can create
more than 100 vehicles
Systems have been supplied to a number of navies

including those of Canada. Greece, Malaysia and
the Netherlands In May 1986 Solartron was awarded
a 500 000 contract to improve the eight-cubicle
Ferranti
Systems
Computer
Systems
Limited
Division). Bird Hall Lane.
(Training
Cheadle Heath.
Stockport, Cheshire SK3 0XQ. UK.

Telephone: 061 4280771 Telex: 666803
UK USA
display of the exercise area which shows ship dispositions With their controls the students will
manoeuvre their own ships in accordance with the
instructor's orders over the intercom Ship positions
will be relayed around the network and regularly
Westland Tactical Fleetwork

Trainer
This system
was designed
meet a Royal Navy
to
requirement for two networked, micro-computerbased trainers each with eight student cubicles and
an instructor station. The system will train both
individuals and command teams in the interpretation and timely application of tactical manoeuvring
signals.
Each student
is
presented with a dynamic colour
updated
The manoeuvres
will
variety of threat conditions.

The instructor will activate
points, threat types
and
be executed
in
and display reference
profiles to increase tactical
20*1
STATUS
Delivered to
Royal Navy
HMS
Mercury
in
1990 for use by the
MANUFACTURER
Westland System Assessment Limited, Telec
House. Goldcroft, Yeovil, Somerset BA21 4DQ, UK.
Telephone: 0935 24545 Telex: 46542 W-SYST
Fax: 0935 32864
awareness Digitised harbour outlines and coastlines are available for leaving and entering harbour
manoeuvres There will be a large screen projection
of the
exercise
for
debriefing purposes.

Link Tactics Trainer
The Link Tactics Trainers are team trainers and
consist of a central auditorium and de-briefing room
with large screen displays and up to seven instructor
consoles together with one or two communications
controller consoles, a computer room and a number
of individual instruction
areas.
The trainers can produce up to 24 surface, submarine and air vehicles and can engage up to 280
range of
sensors and weapon systems can be simulated with
voice, teletype and data link communications in
a game area of 2000 x 2000 nm (3700 x 3700 km),
30 480 m in height and 1000 m in depth The speed of
the action can be accelerated 20 times
However, the numbers vary One trainer provides
targets of which 80 can fight back'
full
navy has six cubicles and offers 57 targets. 26 radar

displays and 18 plotting tables in a gaming area of
200 x 200 nm (370 x 370 km)
Turkish Navies, while the Royal Danish Navy has

a Tactics Trainer at Frederikshavn The US Navy
operates a number of the company's surface, subsurface, and airborne tactics trainers.
STATUS
Link has supplied an Action
Speed Tactics Trainer
and a Tactics Procedures Trainer to West Germany

and these are installed at Wilhelmshaven and
Bremerhaven respectively Other Action Speed
Tactics Trainers have been supplied to the Italian
Navy at Taranto and to both the Portuguese and
MANUFACTURER
CAE-Link Corporation, Link Tactical Simulation
Division. 1800 Tech Road, Silver Spring, Maryland
1
20904,
USA
Telephone: (301) 622 4400. Telex: 710 825 9768

Fax:(301)622 8383
simulation of 10 combat information centres

together with a land-based headquarters and has a
gaming area of 1024 x 1024 nm (1894 x 1894 km)
The West German Action Speed Tactics Trainer
simulates 14 ships of eight different types and 112
target vehicles of 10 different types A tactics procedures and radar navigation trainer for the same
The student display station
Link ASW
(14A12)
in
the Link
ASTT
Team Tactical Trainer
ASW Team Tactical Trainer (Device

14A12) will provide anti-submarine warfare (ASW)
team procedural team tactical training and evaluation for conventional ASW warships and those
equipped with tactical data systems. Simulated
sonars, command information centres, bridges and
platforms (aircraft and ships) will be used to provide
trainees with the capability of exercising essential
anti-submarine warfare engagement procedures in
a simulated multi-threat environment.
These simulated systems will contain general
Link's Surface
purpose programmable consoles which can be

recognised under software control to represent the
anti-submarine capabilities inherent in any of the US
Navy's 16 major classes of anti-submarine warfare
ships. The simulated Underwater Battery Plot will
feature re-programmable sonar general purpose
consoles The system's design covers five major
categories
of
simulation:
platform
simulation
The instructor's station
in
the Link
ASTT
and hostile), sensor detection, weapons

and employment, tactical environment, probability
of interception calculations, and damage assessment. A modular, database driven design allows for
ease of future modifications and additions as new
platforms, weapons and sensors are added to the
(friendly
fleet.
STATUS
is scheduled to be delivAnti-Submarine Warfare Training Center
Atlantic at Mayport, Florida, in October 1990. The
second will be delivered to the ASW Training Center
The first production system

ered
to the
May 1991. They

November 1991 and
The US Navy has options
Pacific at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, in

will
be ready
March 1992
for training in
respectively.
on further systems for delivery at the rate of one a

year from the summer of 1991. In August 1989 the
manufacturers received a $7.42 million contract for
a 14A12 which will be delivered in 1992
A student console
Division,
in
a Device 14A1 2 system
1800 Tech Road, Silver Spring, Maryland
20904, USA.
MANUFACTURER
CAE-Link Corporation, Link Tactical Simulation
Telephone: (301) 622-4400. Telex: 710-825-9768.

Fax:(301)622 8383.
202
Harpoon
USA
They also control electronic emissions
from platforms Once decisions have been made
they receive immediate feedback
HITTS has three operating modes The tutorial
mode highlights tactically significant aspects of antisurface warfare The exercise generator allows the
instructor to create a number of training exercises
to teach specific skills The exercise simulator provides realistic simulations and allows the instructor
to control all aspects of the scenario
targetting
Interactive Tactical
Training System (HITTS)

is a shore-based, multi-station training system
based upon networked commercial desk top computers and Delex-developed software. It is designed
to provide tactical employment training for the
Harpoon weapon system.
HITTS simulates up to 20 maneouvring targets
(each with defensive capabilities) and will simulate
can be
up to 24 Harpoon firings per scenario
This
it
STATUS
It
configured to simulate other anti-ship missiles,

either ship or air launched, as well as guns. It also
simulates active and passive sensors of all platforms
in
the scenario together with environmental
conditions and detection horizons
Training covers all aspects of anti-surface warfare
and the use of all versions of Harpoon; air, ship and
submarine-launched. The freeplay scenarios are
run in real time and involve multiple platforms, both
Surface Launch Organic Tactical

Training System (SLOTTS)
SLOTTS
is
a shipborne system designed
to
provide
anti-surface warfare teams with training in the tactical employment of the Harpoon anti-ship missile. It
helps the teams to develop tactical proficiency in the
use of the Harpoon and also teaches them combat
information centre (CIC) procedures.
Hughes Surface Tactical Team

Trainer (20A66)
have won a $27 million contract for
a new surface tactical team trainer, Device 20A66,
to replace the existing Device 14A6 to provide antisubmarine warfare tactical team training in a multiplatform, multi-threat environment from supervisor
Hughes
Aircraft
to battlegroup
commander.
HITTS has been purchased by the US Navy and

two countries have
ordered the system
four foreign countries Another
Instructor
and student stations ot the Delex HITTS
MANUFACTURER
and
The instructor controls progress

and rr.ay control target actions and reactions.
The students control launch platforms and can
friendly
hostile
order platforms which assist
in
over-the-horizon
SLOTTS interfaces directly with the AN/SWG1A(V) Harpoon ship command-launch control set
and simulates realistic environmental, geographic
and tactical scenarios in which the team may launch
up to eight missiles using the actual CIC equipment.
STATUS
SLOTTS has been
been ordered by a
The system
flag
MANUFACTURER
Delex Systems Inc. 1953 Gallows Road. Suite 700.
Vienna, Virginia 22182-3991. USA.
Telephone: (703) 734 8300 Telex 901 154. Fax: (703)
734 9303
sold to two countries and has
third
include a reproduction of a tactical

centre, aircraft carrier and aircraft
will
command

Vienna. Virginia 22182-3991. USA
Telephone (703) 734 8300 Telex 901 154 Fax (703)
734 9303.
carrier anti-submarine module, and warfare commander centre together with two AEGIS combat
information centres, 18 surface warship-submarine

aircraft
14
information centres and
platforms. General purpose consoles, rather than
facsimiles, will be used in most of these centres and
they will display simulated data on other platforms,
weapon systems, sensors, threat information and
STATUS
The
first trainer is scheduled to be delivered to San

Diego. California, in 1993 The US Navy has an option
on a second system which would be installed at
Norfolk. Virginia.
combat
environmental information.
MANUFACTURER
Hughes Aircraft Company. Support Systems Group.
1510 Hughes Way. PO Box 9399. Building A1/A301.
Long Beach. California 90810, USA.
Telephone: (213) 513 3000. TWX: 910 3466 332
Bridge/Combat Information Center

Trainer (20B6D)
This trainer, formerly the Action Speed Tactical
Trainer (ASTT), consists of 13 rooms organised into
ship's bridges, combat information centers (CICs)
and can train up to 60 students simultaneously. It is
based upon 39 DEC mini-computers and personal
computers which are networked. Device 20B6D is
designed to train officers in bridge and CIC duties
and to exercise tactical teams.
The tra ner consists of four independent ownship'
bridge/CIC mock-ups each of which has a Problem
Control Centre. This includes a menu-driven instruc-
W////
yh^/Sfffl*
Each ship' may be operated independently or the ships' may operate together. In
two ships' the controls and displays are typical of
those found in a steam-driven, single-screw ship
such as the Knox' class frigates while the others
powered, twin screw
represent gas-turbine
Spruance' class destroyers.
The simulator includes facsimile radar and sonar
displays, internal and external' communications,
automatic plotting tables, indicators, dead reckoning analysers, and manual plotting boards. The
bridge equipment includes steering and propulsion
control stands, a binnacle, a radar display unit,
communications equipment, ship's performance
indicators and an optional computer-generated
visual scene with a 120 field-of-view.
The system has a gaming area of 1500 x 1500 nm
(2778 x 2778 km) with aerial activity to 30 500 m and
underwater activity to 3050 m, with a bottom slope
30 down from the shoreline A shoreline with threedimensional masking of targets and other shorelines
is offered together with up to 10 floating or fixed
navigation aids. Up to 60 air and surface targets
ranging from aircraft carriers to drones can be
simulated together with five submarines.
MS/ ///TV /frS^J/TlL '/"
^^ly^y^fe^rÔ
7yn^^^^V>^
tor's station.
/^T^^/m bC/7
^^^^
QQVy7>/
An artist's impression of the Ship Analytics Action Speed Tactical

'
STATUS
One system has been delivered to SWOSCOLCOMDETCoronado in California and the second
is
scheduled for delivery to the Surface Warfare

School Command at Newport, Rhode
Officers'
Island, in 1990.
Trainer (ASTT)
MANUFACTURER
Analytics, North Stonington Professional
Center, North Stonington. Connecticut 06359. USA.
Telephone: (203) 535 3092. Telex: 643732 Fax: (203)
Ship
535 0560
USA
Ship Analytics
Trainer (CTT)
Command Tactical
The Ship Analytics Command Tactical Trainer (CTT)

has been developed to provide naval officers with
the opportunity to practice decision-making skills in
multimulti-threat,
simulated,
realistically
platform, time-stressed environment. The threats
include anti-air warfare (AAW), anti-surface warfare
(ASUW). anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and electronic warfare (EW), The CTT helps students to
identify and assess threats, assign sensors and
weapons as tactical situations develop, to conduct
and to monitor engagements It would also assist
them in learning to support other platforms and help
them to develop skills as tactical decision-makers
and combat system team leaders.
The CTT consists of a number of ship modules
each with general purpose, software-driven
display and control consoles with associated
NAVTAG (Device 16H3)

The Naval Tactical Game (NAVTAG) is a wargaming
system designed to train surface warfare officers. It
can be played by as few as two and as many as
31 students and it consists of three subsystems:
hardware, software and courseware
The hardware consists of three table-top computers and a printer while the software programme
Tactical Anti-Submarine Warfare

Interim Trainer (TASWIT)
The Syscon Corporation developed the Tactical AntiSubmarine Warfare Interim Trainer (TASWIT) to
enhance the existing ASW team trainer (Device
14A6) pending the arrival of Device 20A66 (see above
entry), TASWIT is based upon a Hewlett Packard
HP825SRX computer supplemented by a distributed
network of 64 Zenith PC AT personal computers
Tactical Advanced Combat

Direction and Electronic Warfare
Trainer
(TACDEW)
The Unisys, formerly Sperry, organisation produced

the TACDEW (Tactical Advanced Combat Direction
and Electronic Warfare) trainer (Device 20F15)
which is used to train naval officers in integrated
combat direction by simulating various warships
and sensors in exercises with and against each
Outboard Operator/Team Trainer

(7B4)
The US Navy has a requirement for a simulator for the
Outboard Electronic Support Measures Detection,
Identification and Tracking System. The trainer will
be a reproduction of the Outboard system area and
Amphibious Warfare Tactical

Trainer (16C81)
Plans exist for a multi-purpose, multi-echelon training system, Device 16C81 to train amphibious task
force commanders, landing force commanders,
their subordinates and their staffs in tactical decision
,
communications equipment and alphanumeric

status displays which represent those used by the
tactical action. AAW, ASUW, ASW and EW officers.
The students use the consoles to monitor and to
analyse the tactical situation, to operate ship
sensors and to co-ordinate tactical actions including
the use of weapons. The multi-display instructor's
station controls manually or by script the exercise
and the movement
of hostile
and neutral platforms.
Several modules can be linked for a
fleet training
exercise.
As an option an intelligent platform control capability may be provided This would use artificial
intelligence software and a tactical knowledge database to command automatically individual platforms
according to the appropriate tactical doctrine. The
CTT approach allows the customer to specify an
appropriate set of friendly and hostile platform
characteristics for the system generally and the
student consoles
ments but can be a maximum
of
2000
20'3
2000
nm
(3700 x 3700 km), an altitude of 30 500 m and a depth

of 4500 m. Bottom contours and three-dimensional
land masses can be included. Each training module
can have target tracks representing 30 platforms
and 150 objects including weapons, sonobuoys,
chaff and infra-red decoys. Platform type options
offer a selection from 35 friendly and 35 hostile
surface warships, five friendly and five hostile submarines, as well as 20 friendly and 20 hostile aircraft,
both fixed and rotary wing.
STATUS
This system has been sold to the
US Navy
MANUFACTURER
Ship

Center, North Stonington, Connecticut 06359, USA.
Telephone (203) 535 3092 Telex: 643732. Fax: (203)
5350560.
in particular.
The gaming area varies to meet customer require-
is designed to react to the students' inputs as well as

providing an accurate simulation of ships, weapons
and sensors. The game moves in a series of turns,
each of which simulates a minute in real time, which
allows the exercise to proceeed at a pace set by the
students' abilities
MANUFACTURER
Syscon Corporation, 1000 Thomas Jefferson Street
North West. Washington DC 20007, USA
Telephone (202) 342 4000 TWX: 710 8220 103
Fax:(202)342 4449
STATUS
In
service with the
fleets
US Navy
at
shore stations
in
two
and on warships
These provide computer-assisted individual level

training, or they can provide combat information
centre team training. They can also be used for
multi-ship team training
Device 14A6 has 16 simulated anti-submarine
warfare ship combat information centres with Naval
Tactical Data System (NTDS) displays, sonar, tactical picture and electronic warfare displays The
system can simulate 16 anti-submarine warfare
ships, their individual aircraft and four submarine
targets together with nine anti-submarine
STATUS
Integrated with Device 14A6 at the US Navy's Fleet
Anti-Submarine Training Center, Atlantic, in Norfolk,
Virginia, in August 1988
MANUFACTURER
Syscon Corporation. 1000 Thomas Jefferson Street
North West. Washington DC 20007, USA
Telephone (202) 342 4000 TWX 710 8220 103.
Fax (202)342 4449.
weapons
and 64 sonobuoys
other There is one system each for the Atlantic and

Pacific Fleets Since 1982 the system has been
progressively improved including the provision of
26 radar simulation-target generation systems and
22 radar display systems for each fleet system
The US Naval Training Systems Center plans
further modernisation to TACDEW during the early
1990s These include the provision of an environmental generation control system, replacement of
the radar video simulation sub-system with a digitally activated generic radar display system, an
will
be integrated with selected Naval Tactical Data
System (NTDS) combat information centre trainers

and other teams within TACDEW complexes.
The trainer, designated Device 7B4. will have
seven facsimile consoles for the system supervisor,
DF and HF operators, three VHF operators and a
external voice communications system together

with problem control and evaluation.
STATUS
In
service with the
US Navy (2).
MANUFACTURER
Ground Systems Group,
Marcus Avenue, Great Neck. New York 1 1020, USA.
Unisys. Shipborne and
Telephone: (516) 574 0111. Telex: 277 259. Fax: (516)

574 3318.
STATUS
Five systems are planned to be purchased: two each
Combat Training Centers, Atlantic and
Pacific, and the fifth for the Naval Technical Training
Center at Corry Station The systems are scheduled
to come on stream from February 1990 onwards.
for the Fleet
division officer.
making
in a realistic operational environment. It will

also train selected teams in previously acquired
amphibious warfare-related operational skills.
In addition to training the combat elements the
trainer will be used to train the logistic command
and control organisation in support of landing forces
including the off-loading of the assault follow-on
echelon. Refresher training will also be provided
for air controllers in the Tactical
Air
Command
Center/Helicopter Direction Center (TACC/HDC).
STATUS
The requirement is for two systems for the Naval
Amphibious College at Coronado, California, and
the Naval Amphibious College at Little Creek,
Virginia.
204
Power Generation and

System Simulators
Distribution
CANADA
Integrated
MCS
in ship propulsion and power

generation systems, as well as meeting the SHINMACS (Shipboard Integrated Machinery Control
System) requirement of the Canadian Defence
Department. CAE have developed the Integrated
MCS (Machinery Control System).
To assist training
The system
operates
is
designed
for rapid training
and
time, giving students experience in

controlling a ship's machinery and monitoring all
in real
the data they require for this task. The hardware

consists of microprocessor-driven control consoles,
a data bus network, remote terminal units and
enginecontrol modules
The control consoles have between one or three
high resolution CRTs upon which are displayed
computer-generated graphics and alphanumeric
data. One acts as a prime control station, another as
a bridge console and others have dedicated roles.
The man-machine interface includes dedicated and
non-dedicated keys, a roller ball and joysticks There
are also audio alarms, data recorders, colour graphics printers and a bell logger
Each console is driven by a controller which is
linked through the triple-redundant databus to the
computer-generated machinery'. The machinery'
is controlled by two propulsion controllers although
between them and the gas turbines' is the engine
control module. This provides all the essential
functions for engine operation
A photograph of the main console in the CAE Integrated MCS
STATUS
MANUFACTURER
production to support the Canadian Patrol Frigate

programme The system will be installed at Halifax
in 1992
CAE
In
Electronics Limited, C. P. 1800 Saint-Laurent,
Quebec. Canada H4L 4X4

Telephone: (514) 341 6780
TWX 610 422 3063
Telex:
05 824 856
FRANCE
Ship Propulsion and Electrical
Power Generation Machinery
Control Simulators
The DCN's ECAN (Etablissement des Constructions
etArmesNavales)Ruelle,F-16600Ruelle, is a major
supplier of submarine/ship propulsion and power
machinery control simulators. It
generation
produces the Simpra, Orion and Simcor submarine
propulsion machinery control simulators, the propulsion machinery control and electrical power
generation-distribution simulators for the Saudi
Arabian Type F2000 frigates and a reconfigurable
electrical
for
power generation-distribution simulator
French surface warships.
These systems are based upon the SEL 32/77
computer but are mounted on
static platforms.
They
are usually configured to represent specific ship

systems. Propulsion/machinery control simulators
include:
Simpra for Agosta' Class submarines

Orion for Rubis' Class submarines
(c) system for 'Le Redoutable' Class submarines
(d) Simcor for Georges Leygues' Class frigates
(e) system for Type F2000 Class frigates.
(a)
'
(b)
Electrical power generation/distribution machinery control simulators have been produced for the
F2000 Class frigates and a reconfigurable system
has been produced for training crews of the
Tourville' Class destroyers, the Georges Leygues'
Class frigates and the Eridan' (Tripartite) Class
minehunters
STATUS
Simpra has been produced for the French and
Spanish Navies.
Orion, Simcor and the Le Redoutable' simulator are
used by the French Navy, with the last used at
Soument M4
in
Brest.
The Saudi Arabian Navy uses both versions of the

Type F2000 Class simulators.
The reconfigurable power generation simulator is
used by the French Navy.
MANUFACTURER
DCN (Direction des
Constructions Navales). 8 boulevard Victor. 75732 Paris Cedex 15, France.

Telephone: (1 40 59 21 02. Telex: 270734F
Fax: (1)4060 15 65
)
France Norway
PROPULSION/ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION
205
Sogitec Interactive Modular

Training System (IMTS)
known for
Better
its
aviation simulators, Sogitec also
produces the IMTS (Interactive Modular Training

System) which is used in a naval application. The
system is also known by its French initials SIEM and
is based upon a VMI computer. It is used to provide
basic training in naval engineering and can be used
to train upto 15students
It consists of an instructor position, a display unit
and number of student stations and is used in three
modes: teaching, simulation and course creation
Instruction is given in real-time or slow-time modes
using animated diagrams produced by a MIAMI
graphic processor which are displayed on a screen
The exercises are run by the instructor and the
student interacts with them.
The instructor position features an alpha-numeric
dialogue screen to select the course and its
sequence and an infra-red remote-control to control
the sequence. Scenarios, diagrams and diagram
animation may be edited to modify the courses and
also a digitising table, a plotter and colour
The visual display unit consists of a large screen with high definition images
which include animated diagrams It can also
display individual trainee stations, which consist
of touch-sensitive screens. A front panel creation
there
is
printer for hard copies.
editor acts as a control during
course creation
STATUS
Two IMTS have been ordered by ECAN
The Sogitec IMTS system being demonstrated at an exhibition
Ruelle for
the Mechanics' School at St Mandrier.
MANUFACTURER
Sogitec Industries SA, 27 rue de Vanves, B.P.203.
F-92108 Boulogne-Billancourt Cedex, France.
Telephone: (1 46 09 91 01 Telex: 260 9220 F
)
GERMANY
Dornier Powerplant and
Switchboard Trainer
Dornier produce a powerplant and switchboard
trainer but no further details are available.
(WEST)
MANUFACTURER
Dornier Luftfahrt GmbH, Training Division, Postfach
D-8000. Munich 66, Federal Republic of
2160,
Germany.
Telephone
84108256
(089) 841080. Telex:
521765 Fax: (089)
ITALY
Sacie Power Distribution
Simulation System
Esacontrol, part of the Selenia-Elsag Group, provide
the Sacie electrical power generation and dis-
systems for most Italian warships. They

have produced a simulator which allows students to
perform all the basic operations
The system features a facsimile control room with
a Modiac distributed architecture computer system
tribution
SEPA Propulsion System Control

Simulator
SEPA, who are major producers of propulsion
and submarine control systems for the Italian
shipbuilding industry, have supplied a propulsion
system control simulator to the Italian Navy. It is a
processing nodes based upon a

bus and a 16-bit DCJ11 microprocessor The instructor station has a video terminal and colour monitors while the students
operate facsimile mechanical and electrical control
This features
M3BUS
parallel
instructor both to monitor the exercise and to insert

malfunctions.
STATUS
I
n service wi th the Italian
Navy at the Taranto training
panels.
A sub-set of the ship's electronic cards are in the
system together with high speed transmission cards
which simulate the input/output cards of the ship
They are controlled by a software package identical
to that of the ship and this can be accessed by the
centre.
single console system representing the propulsion

control unit of the 'Maestrale' and 'Lupo' class frigates and is controlled by a SEPA ULP computer. No
further details are available.
Taranto since the early 1980s and believed
MANUFACTURER
Esacontrol SpA, viaHermada6, 16154 Genoa.
Telephone: (10)41081 Telex: 275532.
STATUS
In
MANUFACTURER
(Societa
di
Elettronica per I'Automazione)
SpA,CorsoGuilioCesare294, 10154 Turin,
service with the Italian Navy training centre
in
have
been exported.
SEPA
control
to
Italy.
Italy.
Telephone: (11)2053371. Telex: 221 527.
NORWAY
DieselSim
DieselSim is an engine room training simulator
designed to train junior engineers in basic engine
room operation, to train senior engineers in emergency procedures and to train both senior and chief
engineers in fuel economy and energy conservation
It consists of a simulated engine control room, an
instructor's room which acts as the bridge, and a
simulated engine room. Within the simulated engine

room are local starter panels similar to those which
arefound in real engine roomsfordiesel generators,
turbo generators, the boiler system, compressors,
fresh water pumps, seawater pumps and lubricating
oil pumps. Features for simulating the repair of
malfunctions are provided. Exercises can be conducted with a background of realistic digitised sound
and it is possible to extinguish all light in the
student's engine room for special exercises.
STATUS
MANUFACTURER
Norcontrol Simulation AS., Bekkajordet8A, PO Box
1024, N-3191 Horten, Norway.
Telephone: (33)41436. Telex: 70218. Fax: (33) 43410.
206
UK
UNITED KINGDOM
Haven Engine and Machinery
inserted by the instructor and the student must enter

repair or maintenance' commands
Simulators
Haven Automation have been manufacturing simulators since 1966 and produce systems designed to
train engineers. They have produced major ship
machinery simulators for civil customers in the
United States and the United Kingdom as well as for
the Royal Navy's training school HMS Sultan
Their latest products are the Modeq range of
modular training systems based upon IBM-compatible personal computers. These run a series
of schematic interactive panels together with the
and support
facilities.
The
STATUS
Two large
simulators have been supplied

Royal Navy together with a number of
systems.
to the
Modeq
* U
MANUFACTURER
Automation Limited. Cwmdu Industrial
Swansea, SA5 5LQ, UK
Telephone: 0792 588 722 Telex: 48479 Fax: 0792
Haven
Estate. Gendros,
582624.
exist-
ing product range consists of Modeq 100, Modeq 200

and Modeq 300
Modeq 100 is anelectrical power generationsimulator designed to teach training in power generation
theory and practice It simulates a grid supply and
O 9
'
DDD| DDD
two three-phase diesel generators rated at 1200 kVA

which supply power to one of four load centres.
Modeq 200 is an electrical motor and motor drive
simulator while Modeq 300 is a marine diesel engine
DD
simulator.
The panel supports controls for operating equipment such as pumps and compressors. Analogue
instruments monitor the engine's' performance and
there is a command, control and telegraph section
for communication with the bridge'. Faults can be
Zc
'
A Modeq 300 marine diesel engine simulator
Link-Miles Submarine Machinery

Control Trainer
The Link-Miles (formerly Singer Link-Miles) Submarine Machinery Control Trainer system is used to
crews in an engine room compartment. It can
provide both initial and refresher training in a wide
variety of conditions to give the students experience
in a wide variety of standard and emergency operating procedures. It consists of facsimile machinery
control consoles and atrainingmanagementsystem
and features a separate instructor's position with a
one-way mirror. The system uses functionally
distributed computing architecture with microprocessors and it can be integrated with a submarine
train
control simulator.
STATUS
The company have delivered a machinery control
trainer for the Upholder' class submarine to meet a
Royal Navy requirement. This is installed at HMS
Dolphin, Gosport. England and was formally
accepted in July 1989. Machinery control trainers,
both stand-alone and integrated with submarine
control simulators, have been sold to the Royal Navy
and a number of European and Far Eastern Navies.
MANUFACTURER
Link-Miles Limited. Churchill Industrial Estate
Lancing, West Sussex BN158UE.UK.
Telephone: 0903 755 881 Telex: 87165 LINSKI.
Fax: 0903 763172.
.
The Link-Miles Upholder' class machinery control trainer with instructor station
in
the foreground
UK
20Y
Surface Ship Machinery Control

Simulators
Vosper Thornycroft supply machinery control and
monitoring systems for frigates, mine countermeasures vessels, diesel electric and nuclearpowered submarines and have produced a range of
propulsion control simulators. These simulators are
custom-built systems whose facilities range from
simple simulators for familiarisation with individual
pieces of equipment to full-detail complete system

The latest feature, with the machinery
control and monitoring systems, is the D86 microprocessor-based computer system which uses the
Intel 8086 and 80286 microprocessors and Pascal
trainers
and Coral 66 software. All have instructor consoles

which can inject emergency situations into the students' consoles A typical console, used in the Hunt'
class machinery controls trainer, features normal
bridge controls with internal communications and
a colour monitor showing Mimic diagrams of the
machinery's reactions to the student's actions.
A description of two systems indicates the product
range For the Belgian Navy there are three machinery operating consoles from the combat information
centre, the bridge station and the machinery control
maintenance at
Navy there
are full-scale operator and maintainer machinery
control consoles for corvettes, and for patrol craft a
completesetofconsoles including machinery space
controls, electrical distribution boards, and local
room There are facilities
for limited
the rear of the consoles For the Spanish
The Vosper Thornycroft engineering training simulator
tor
Descubierta' class corvettes which has been
installed at El Ferrol
control panels.
STATUS
Thecompany has provided machinery control simulators for the Type 22 class frigates, the Invincible'
class aircraft carriers, and a combined one for the
Type 21 frigate and Type 42 destroyer A machinery

control operator-maintainer for Hunt' class mine
countermeasures vessels was commissioned in
1985 at the Royal Navy's Marine Engineering School
at Portsmouth (HMS Sultan). A similar system has
been ordered for the Sandown' class Single Role
Minehunter,
A machinery control operator-maintainer for the

Belgian Navy's Wielingen' class frigates was commissioned at Zeebrugge in 1981, while the Spanish
Navy commissioned a machinery control and
switchgear operator-maintainer trainer for Descubierta' class frigates and a machinery control operator for the Lazaga' class patrol boats at El Ferrol
during 1988
MANUFACTURER
Vosper Thornycroft (UK) Limited, Controls Unit, Cow
Lane, Wymering, Portsmouth. Hampshire P06 3TR,
UK
Telex: 86528.
'Vanguard' Class Propulsion

Control System Simulator
A simulator
A complete set of consoles for Lazaga class patrol craft engine room simulators These ha ve been supplied
to the Spanish Navy by Vosper Thornycroft
system for the nuclear

propulsion of the Vanguard' class ballistic missile
submarines will be built by Rediffusion, The simulator will be a replica of the manoeuvring room from
which the propulsion system is controlled. Plant
failures and faults in the main and auxiliary power
system can be simulated in the simulator which will
of the control
train
watch-keepers
in
both normal operations and
emergency procedures
Accurate real-time simulation of the instrumentation and controls related to the submarine's
propulsion system is achieved using distributed
processing backed up with an ultra fast reflective
memory based upon flight simulation techniques.
The instructor's console will be equipped with the
simulator
control
touch-activated
(TASC) which allows the instructor to change a
training scenario instantly by selecting a function on
the touch-screen. The TASC also provides the full
range of control and monitoring facilities.
Rediffusion
STATUS
production for delivery to
Faslane. Scotland, in May 1990.
In
HMS
Neptune
at
MANUFACTURER
Rediffusion Simulation Limited, Sussex Manor Business Park, Gatwick Road, Crawley, West Sussex
RH102YD.UK,
560992,
Telex: 87661
Fax: 0293
208
UK
Rediffusion Type 23 Frigate

Machinery Control and
Surveillance System Shore Trainer
During 1986 it was announced that an order worth

over C1 million had been awarded by the United
Kingdom Ministry of Defence to Rediffusion Simulation Lim ited The order was for a Machinery Control
and Surveillance System Shore Trainer for Type 23
frigates
The
trainer consists of four sections: the instruc-
room, the main ship control centre, a conventional classroom area and a maintenance
trainer The instructor's room overlooks the replica
tor's
ship control centre with a series of one-way windows

allowing the instructor to monitor the training exercises. His console incorporates TASC (TouchActivated Simulator Control) which combines
full-colour touch-screen technology with micro-
processor control.
The main ship control centre represents the engineering control console area of the Type 23. The
students sit at a large console with machinery
control and surveillance (MCAS), together with
nuclear, biological and chemical damage control
(NBCD) sections. To one side are the NBCD incident
board and controls for ventilation, chilled water
supply and other environmental systems. To the
other are the MCAS controls for the ship's' combined diesel-electric and gas turbine (CODLAG)
propulsion system and electrical supplies.
Also in this space are five local control consoles
representing equipment in other parts of the ship.
These represent the gas turbine local control panel,
the diesel local control panel, the Varister local

control panel together with the forward and aft sec-
ondary electrical local control panels. Other

systems such as chilled water local control panels
are provided at two touch-activated colour monitors
The classroom is allocated for briefings and
debriefings. It includes a back projection screen and
an active MIMIC panel linked into the main simulator
for illustrated instruction. The maintenance trainer
The instructor console
tor the
Type 23 frigate Machinery Control and Surveillance trainer with the main ship
one-way window
control centre visible through the
permits instruction on the maintenance of the ship's

computerised control and surveillance systems
either in a combined or a separate mode operation.
The maintenance trainer uses Intel 280 processors
Use software.
Trainee crews will be able
with
experience handson training in all procedures associated with normal,

incidental and emergency procedures.
The central system computer is a Gould 32/6732
using a Rediffusion-produced Fortran 77 software
language programme based on the Type 23 manufacturer's data. The equipment also includes a
to
maintenance trainer for the MCAS microprocessorbased secondary surveillance system.
STATUS
The trainer was opened
January 1989.
at
HMS
Sultan. Gosport, in
MANUFACTURER
RediffusionSimulation Limited. Sussex Manor Business Park, Gatwick Road. Crawley. West Sussex
RH102YD.UK
560992
Marconi Simulation Nuclear
Submarine Machinery Control
mm î
.'
Room Simulators
Marconi Simulation Nuclear Submarine Machinery
Control Room Simulators provide training for
nuclear submarine engineering watch-keeping staff
in the start-up, shut down and emergency procedures relating to nuclear submarine propulsion
plant.
Within the simulated Machinery Control Room

environment are installed all control, instrumentation and equipments normally visible to, and
operated by, the watch keeping staff. The appearance, location and operation of these equipments
correspond exactly to those which exist in the actual
submarine. Additional realism is achieved by the
inclusion of simulated audio effects in response to
operator actions. These audio effects include diesel
^>
generator run-up, the rod drive transmitter, circuit

breaker actions and instructor-induced steam leaks.
Reactor initial conditions such as core age. power
levels of previous operations, time since shut down
and desired pressuriser and heat exchange levels
may be specified by the instructor as system initial
conditions. The Instructor's Console has been
designed to enable the training staff to overlook the
interior of the simulated control room and observe
trainee actions. Under the controlled lighting conditions the glazing material
between the
instructor's
console and the machinery control room becomes

uni-directional. This enables the instructor(s) to
have full vision of trainee actions whilst remaining
unobserved.
Full record and replay facilities are provided,
operating in real or non-real time as required for
de-briefing purposes.
A Marconi Simulation nuclear submarine machinery control room simulator
STATUS
Available.
MANUFACTURER
A
seven
these simulators,
representing four different classes of submarine
have been delivered to the Royal Navy.
total
of
of

Industrial Park, nr Dunfermline. Fife KY1 1 5JZ. UK
Telephone: 0383 822131 Telex: 727779.
.
USA
209

of the
LM 2500 Training System
LM 2500
It
consists of five part-task trainers:
combustor and high-low pressure

borescopes, a turbine model and a sensor-igniter
panel trainer. In the cases of the calibration and
borescope trainers the appropriate elements of the
for calibration,
(19E43/19E46)
As the manufacturer of the LM 2500 naval gas turbine
propulsion system, General Electric have produced
a training system to support it. This system is
designed to train engine room crews in the workings
propulsion unit are available in an instruction area

where students may practice upon them The
sensor-igniter panel trainer is a working panel
showing the operation and elements of the system
STATUS
A system was purchased for the US Navy
of approximately US$14 million.
in
1984, at
a cost
MANUFACTURER
General Electric Company, Simulation and Control
Systems Department, PO Box 2500, Daytona Beach,
Florida32015,
USA
Telephone: (518)438 6500.
Link Gas Turbine Propulsion Plant

Trainer
The Link Gas Turbine Propulsion Plant Trainer is an

expandable system designed to train engine room
personnel in the safe and efficient operation of naval
gas turbine propulsion units The system simulates
a system with two engine rooms (port and starboard)
four gas turbines, and provides real time simulation
of both normal and emergency conditions, not only
of the engines but also of ship systems and environmental effects. It comprises an instructor station,
trainee stations and a computer complex.
The instructor station includes a control and
monitor display terminal with an alphanumeric keyboard. The station is used to monitor and control
all training problems. It features a self-contained
memory, a flickerless display, an operating speed
of 900 000 characters per second while field tab
pointers are positioned on the display by the
computer. The student stations interact in the same
way as in a real ship and they include a propulsion
auxiliary control console, one propulsion local
control console for each engine room' and an electrical
plantcontrol console.
The minicomputers
in
the computer
complex
operating aspects and a wide range of

emergency conditions for the main propulsion gas
turbine, ship motion, controllable reversible propellor and key subsystems. The computer complex
of simulating the electrical power,
is capable
reduction gear, shaft, fuel and lubrication, throttle,
waste heat boiler, bleed air, combustion air, compressed air, distillation and sewage systems.
simulate
all
STATUS
Link has supplied three systems which simulate
warship propulsion plants. Individual
specific
The Link gas turbine propulsion plant trainer
MANUFACTURER
Spruance' (DD 963) class destroyer and Oliver

Hazard Perry' (FFG-7) class frigate engine room
simulators have been installed at the US Navy's
Great Lakes Training Center in Illinois, while a
Perry' class simulator has been installed at Sydney
CAE-Link Corporation. Link Tactical Simulation

Division. 1 1800 Tech Road. Silver Spring. Maryland
20904, USA.
Telephone: (301) 622 4400. Telex: 710 8259 768.
forthe Royal Australian Navy.
Fax:(301)622 8383.
210
Submarine Steering and Depth

Control Simulators
FRANCE
DCN Submarine Steering and Depth
Control Simulators
The DCN's ECAN (Etablissement des Constructions

etArmesNavales)Ruelle,F-16600Ruelle, is a major
supplier of submarine steering/depth control simulators including the Sienda. Sisma and Sirius
systems These systems are all based upon the SEL
32/77 dual-processor computer and are mounted on
platforms which can reproduce the movement of
submarines
in
to
reproduce the environment and characteristics of

submarine classes The systems are:
(a) Sienda for Daphne' Class diesel electric submarines
(b) Sisma for Agosta' Class diesel electric submarines
(c) Sirius for Rubis' Class nuclear submarines
'Le Redoutable' Class nuclear
(d) One for
submarines.
specific
STATUS
Sienda
used by the French (at Toulon). Spanish.

and South African Navies
used by the French (at Toulon) and Spanish
is
Pakistani
Sisma
is
Navies
Sinus and the Le Redoutable system are used by the
French Navy, with the latter system at the Soument
(Sous-Manns Entrainement) M4 at Brest
MANUFACTURER
DCN (Direction des
Constructions Navales). 8 boulevard victor. 75732 Pans Cedex 15. France

Telephone: 1 40 59 21 02 Telex: 270 734 F.
Fax: (1)4060 1565
(
two dimensions. They are designed
GERMANY
(WEST)
MSG Submarine Diving Simulator

(SDS)
As a major supplier of electronics and systems to
the West German armed forces. MSG Marine- und
Sondertechnik (formerly MBB) also produces a submarine steering and depth control simulator (SDS).
This system consists of a simulated submarine
control room, which matches the layout of the
customer's submarine, mounted on a hydraulically
operated motion system driven by a computer
Usually the SDS is equipped with the original instruments into which simulated data is injected, but
facsimile instruments are available. The instructor's
station monitors the student's performance by
watching his alphanumeric display and a television
monitor The instructor's station and the main computer system are both housed in a standard ISO
container to reduce the customer's infrastructure
requirements
The students' station is on a motion system which
can move 30 in the roll axis and 45 in the pitch
axis The computer memory, which uses FORTRAN
language, has details of the real ship's performance
and simulates it to match the instructor's direction
Standard and emergency surface and underwater
manoeuvres may be carried out including snorkelling operations. The system is modular, and
minelaying,
emergency surfacing and water
penetration features may be added
In addition to dedicated SDS systems MSG are
proposing combined submarine diving and attack
simulators.
STATUS
Systems have been supplied to the West German
Navy (this Type 206/206A was ordered in December
1981) and the Greek Navy, the latter's 'Type 209'
The instructor station of the German Navy 's submarine steering and depth control simulator (SDS)
system being installed near Piraeus in April 1982.
During 1989 another Type 209' system, for the
Turkish Navy, was being installed at Golcyk and is
scheduled to enter service in August 1990. Another
SDS has been ordered for an unidentified NATO
Navy for delivery in March 1992.
MANUFACTURER
MSG Marine- und
107845.
Sondertechnik GmbH. PO Box

D-2800 Bremen 1. Federal Republic of
Germany.
Telephone: (0421 538-02. Telex: 245825
)
ITALY
SEPA Sauro Submarine Control
Simulator
SEPA, who produce control systems for all the Italian
Navy's submarines, have developed a number of
submarine control simulators based upon their ULP
computer. Their latest is being built to train crews
for the 'Sauro' class submarines of the Italian Navy.
The system will consist of a replica control room
complete with auto-pilot console, tactical plotter and

facsimile periscope, installed on a three-motion
hydraulic platform. The computer has full details of
the 'Sauro' submarine's dynamic performance
to provide a realistic response to the facsimile
instructor's station will
platform to
In
production. The system is scheduled to be delivto the Italian Navy training centre at Taranto in
ered
1992.
MANUFACTURER
controls
An
STATUS
be mounted beside the
monitor the student's progress. The
instructor will also be able to alter the simulated
environment and add a wide range
of malfunctions.
SEPA
(Societa di Elettronica per I'Automazione)
SpA,CorsoGiulioCesare294. 10154 Turin.

Telephone:
(11)
2053 371 Telex: 221 527.

.
Italy
Netherlands UK
SUBMARINE STEERING AND DEPTH CONTROL SIMULATORS
211
NETHERLANDS
Sea Dragon
The Sea Dragon simulator was developed by TNOIWECO( Institute of Mechanical Engl peering) to meet
a Republic of China (Taiwan) Navy requirement The
simulator was designed to train crews for the new
Sea Dragon' class submarines It is housed in three
movable containers housing the hydraulic system.
the instructor's position and simulated engine
control room, while the third contains the simulated
control room Up to six students can be given training in normal steering control, ballast-trim and
engine control functions, together with emergency
situations.
The instructor's position controls the activities in

the student areas which are observed through oneway windows The instructor can select about 100
control functions and has available 130 malfunctions
which he can insert into the training schedule He
can also simulate the activities of other departments

in the submarine which are not represented in the
trainer. The control room and engine room areas
have facsimile operating and control panels At
the request of the Republic of China Navy, motion
simulation is confined to pitch.
STATUS
The system was ordered by the submarine manufacturers. Wilton Fijenoord BV, and the system has
been delivered to the Republic of China (Taiwan)
Navy.
MANUFACTURER
TNO-IWECO (Institute of Mechanical Engineering).
PO Box 29. 2600 AA Delft. Leeghwaterstraat 5. 2628
CA Delft, Netherlands
Telephone:
(31)
The instructor s station of the TNO-IWECO Sea Dragon submarine handling system The student's
compartment can be seen through the one-way window on the left of the picture
1560 8608 Telex: 38192
UNITED KINGDOM
Nuclear Submarine Control
Simulator
Room
The Nuclear Submarine Control Room Simulator

produced by Rediffusion was originally one system
based in two cabins to provide training for nuclear
submarine crews, each cabin being mounted on a
two-axis motion system. One cabin was configured
to represent either Resolution' or Valiant' class
submarine control
rooms while the other
represented Swiftsure' or Trafalgar' class submarines. The system was controlled by a Rediffusion
R2000A computer with a shared linkage system and
one hydraulic power unit.

The Swiftsure-Trafalgar' system was subsequently modified with a Gould 32/67 computer, a
new linkage and advanced off-board instructors
and operators' consoles These permit the setting up
exercises
automatic, semi-automatic
and manual modes to provide a complete range of
standard and emergency operating procedures
of training
in
STATUS
The
system (NUSCOT) was commissioned

Clyde Submarine Base (HMS Neptune), in July
original
at the
1977 Inthesummerof 1986 the Swiftsure-Trafalgar'
element was transferred
(HMS Drake)
to
to
the Devonport base
become DEVNUSCOT
MANUFACTURER
Simulation Limited. Gatwick Road,
Crawley West Sussex RH10 2RL, UK Telephone:
0293 561 56 Telex: 87661 Fax: 0293 560992.
Rediffusion
1
Link-Miles Submarine Control

Simulator (SCS)
The Link-Miles (formerly Singer Link-Miles) Submarine Control Simulator (SCS) incorporates a full
size replica of the forward and port side sections of
a submarine control room which is mounted, with
the instructor's facilities and computer, on an electrically
driven, two-axis motion platform and
includes an on-board training management system
The system is designed to produce as authentic an
environment as possible, and as well as sea motion
these include a simulated intercom system and
A model
of the Link-Miles
SCS
and operator's consoles together

with the one-way mirror
with instructor's
S&^
The Link-Miles SCS for India with the instructor's station
in
the foreground
212
SUBMARINE STEERING AND DEPTH CONTROL SIMULATORS
authentic submarine lighting Distributed architecture with Intel 386/387 microprocessors is used
in the system whose software is written in Fortran
The instructor's console and management station
is separated from the student's compartment but the
instructor can observe them through a one-way
mirror. Each instructor's position includes consoles
for the instructor and the unit operator The consoles
can display detailed schematics which permit the
instructor to adapt a wide variety of lesson plans
These facilities permit student-paced training as
well as precise monitoring of performance.
The instructor's position in the Vanguard' system

includes a control and monitoring facility based
upon a high definition ship schematic display. To
monitor student's progress the instructor gains
access by moving the cursor to the relevant part of
the ship reducing the need for displaying alphanumeric data Faults may be injected or removed
with the aid of a keyboard.
Marconi Simulation Submarine

Control Simulator (SCS)
Link-Miles have supplied a HDW Type 1500 SCS

to the Indian Navy and this has been installed in
Bombay This has a two-man steering station and
simulated water-control as well as propulsion
control stations Another SCS has been supplied to
the Royal Navy for Upholder' class submarines and
HMS Dolphin Gosport. England The

has a motion system with
45 in both axes
installed at
latter
and was officially opened in June 1990

The company have orders from the Royal Norwegian Navy and from the Royal Navy for SCS systems
The former is for an Ula' class SCS which will be
installed alongside the command team trainer at
Haakonsvern Naval Base, Bergen as part of a total
training package, while the latter is for Vanguard
class ballistic missile submarines and will be
installed at HMS Nep/une, Faslane. Scotland
In January 1989 the company were awarded a
contract by Van Rietschoten and Houwens of the
Netherlands to provide a Walrus' class SCS for the
individual
more
The Marconi Simulation Submarine Control Simulator (SCS) was designed to provide a submarine
control room team with both boat control and
systems training under normal or emergency operating conditions The Marconi SCS can be utilised
to provide a range of training from ab-initio crew
introduction, through con version-to- type training, to
continuation and refresher training for experienced
submarine control room teams.

The Marconi SCS provides the opportunity
STATUS
for
crew members
to
become
increasingly
proficient in the operation of their respective
UK USA
Royal Netherlands Navy and this will be installed at

Den Helder The Dutch company will provide the
integrated monitoring and control system while VAX
computers will be used Like the Vanguard SCS
this will feature a motion system capable ot providing 40".ol motion in pitch and t 46' in roll Both
simulators have a 380 MByte disc of which 60 per
cent of the code is tor the instructor's station
In March 1990Link-Miles announced they had won
a contract from the Brazilian Navy to supply a Tupi'
class (Type 209-1400) SCS This system, designated
a Submarine Training Simulator (STS) will be
installed at Rio de Janeiro in mid 1992
MANUFACTURER
Link-Miles Limited. Churchill Industrial Estate.
Lancing. West Sussex BN158UE. UK
Telephone 0903 755 881 Telex 87165 LINSKI
Fax 0903 763172
communications
individually
with
synthesised
voice-overs representing various submarine crew
background
noise
simulation
tor
positions,
equipment and related systems, and also serves to

emphasise the importance of their role as a team
member within the overall submarine command and
enhanced realism, synthetic smoke

emergency breathing systems, and
control structure
conditioning.
The Marconi SCS cab is manufactured to a design

capable of withstanding the extremes of pitch and
roll motion determined by the simulated sea state
and imparted by the electrically driven two-axis
motion system The simulated control room houses
the steering control and associated consoles and
equipment configured to provide a realistic representation of a submarine control room interior
The
control
room also includes
lighting,
injection,
air
full
STATUS
Available
MANUFACTURER
Industrial Park, nr Dunfermline. Fife KY1 1 5JZ. UK
Telephone: 0383822131 Telex: 727779.
voice

'Ohio' Class Ship Control
Trainer (Device 21 C1 0A)
Team
This system is designed to provide a range of instruction from basic instrument familiarisation and ship
manoeuvring to full command and control exercises
The system consists of a simulated ship control
panel, a ballast control panel, steering and diving
stations, a missile command centre digital display
unit,
and an officer-of-the-deck
station with realistic
SSN-21 Seawolf Ship Control

Operator Trainer (Device 21 C1 3)
The US Navy has a requirement for a ship control
operator trainer for their new Seawolf (SSN-21)
class fleet nuclear submarines. This
Submarine
Piloting
will
feature a
and Navigation
Trainer (15F12A)
The US Navy is to seek proposals for a system to
meet its requirement for a submarine piloting and
navigation trainer. Device 15F12A, to train surfaced
and submerged navigation and piloting techniques.
sound and communications system They are

mounted on a manoeuvrable platform capable of
providing 45 pitch and 25 roll motions. The
instructor's console is mounted in a separate cabin
on the platform and the system is operated by a
Gould SEL 32/9750 which can simulate all the
dynamic movements of the Ohio' Class submarine
1986 but
to
in
April 1987 responsioility
Systems and Simulations
Inc.
was transferred
The system
is
being
installed at the Trident Training Facility. Bangor.
Washington, and was due

January 1989
to
be commissioned
in
MANUFACTURER
Gould Systems and Simulations Division. 50 Marcus
Drive, Melville, New York 11747, USA.
STATUS
Gould's Systems and Simulations Division won the
$6 2 million contract to build the trainer in August
simulated ship control station with all the relevant

indicators, displays, panels and controls representing the ballast, combined instrument and diving
officer's panels, the
helmsman/planesman
and communications equipments

upon a motion platform
It
stations
will be installed
The system, also known as SPAN, will simulate the

navigation systems in submarines, such as Omega
SINS and satellite navigation equipment displays,
and there will be a simulated periscope using a
computer-generated image system. SPAN will be
capable of simulating specific geographic areas by
displaying both radar and visual representations of
the land mass peculiar to each training area. It will
be equipped with three plotting stations, two radar
STATUS
Contracts are not expected to be awarded before
February 1991 with the first system coming into

service in April 1994 at Groton. Four systems are
currently envisaged for installation at Groton.
Charleston. Pearl Harbor and Norfolk.
an electronic navigation station and a

scope station
stations,
peri-
STATUS
Contracts are scheduled to be awarded in February
1992. The system will be installed at Pearl Harbor.
Hawaii and will be ready for training in February
1994.
213
Sensor and Electronic Warfare

Simulators and Trainers
FRANCE
SRFG-3 Radar Training Simulator
Designed to train naval radar operators, the SRFG-3
Radar Training Simulator has a hybrid architecture
There is a simulation control unit with capacity for
three ships, 14 air, surface or submarine radar
targets, two surveillance radars and one heightfinder radar. There are three student consoles (with
an option
another two)
for
processor controls the targets'

repetitive computers are
assigned to distributed processors The instructor
console features a graphic display console and a
set of standardised alpha-numeric control units to
move the targets Noise, clutter jamming, fading
and IFF can be added to the surveillance sensors
The 14 radar targets can be increased to 20.
and
digital central
sensors'
while
GERMANY
STATUS
In
service with the French Navy
MANUFACTURER
Einstein, B P 116, 78192 TrappesCedex, France.
Telephone: (1)306941 00 Telex: 616 780
Fax: (1)3069 41 50
F.
(WEST)
Dornier Radar Reporting Trainer

This system
to train up to eight students

the correct use of shipborne navi-
used
is
simultaneously
in
gation radar, navigational aids and plotting It consists of two display consoles, a communications
console and a PPI display and can be linked to
a hard-copy printer The selection of types and
numbers of radars and navigational equipment
depends upon customer requirements It trains the
student in the use of marine radars, the rules of the
maritimenavigation, blind pilotage, relative velocity
problems and radar reporting procedures It can be
linked with the Dornier Radar Plotting Trainer (see
following entry).
STATUS
In
German and
Nigerian
Navies
MANUFACTURER
Dornier Luftfahrt
21
60,
GmbH.
D-8000 Munich
The Dormer Radar Reporting Trainer
in
Training Division. Postfach

66, Federal Republic of
Nigerian service
Germany
8410 8256.
Dornier Radar Plotting Trainer
In
This system
MANUFACTURER
STATUS
German Navy
Dornier Luftfahrt
21
and plotting
procedures together with surface and air attack
plotting and reporting procedures
is
used
to train reporting
60,
D-8000,
GmbH,
Munich
Training Division, Postfach

66, Federal Republic of
Germany.
Telephone: (089) 841080 Telex: 521 765 Fax: (089)
8410 8256.
Krupp Atlas RASI Radar Simulator

Krupp Atlas STU Sonar Simulator
Kr upp Atlas Elektronik are a major supplier of radars
and sonars to world navies. The company have
sold sonar systems to the West German Navy and
exported systems to Argentina, Australia. Brazil.
Chile, Colombia. Denmark, Ecuador, Greece, India,
Indonesia, Italy, South Korea, the Netherlands.
Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Sweden, Taiwan (Republic
of China), Turkey, the United Kingdom, Venezuela
and Yugoslavia. They have produced two simulators
to assist operators; the RASI radar simulator and
the STU sonar training simulator.
A RASI system was commissioned by the West
German Navy in 1985, and two systems have been
delivered to maritime training establishments in
Hamburg and Cuxhaven (both coming on-stream
in 1986) while a fourth was delivered to Taiwan
(Republic of China) and was commissioned in 1984.
More than 50 STU on-board sonar simulator
systems have been exported since 1976 with
The instructor s console of the Krupp Atlas RASI radar simulator system
customers including Australia,

Germany. India, and Norway.
STATUS
A Krupp Atlas STU on-board sonar simulator
See
text.
Brazil.
West
MANUFACTURER
Krupp Atlas Elektronik GmbH, PO Box 448545.
D-2800 Bremen 44. Federal Republic of Germany.
Telephone: (421) 4570. Telex: 2454 460.
214
SENSOR AND ELECTRONIC WARFARE SIMULATORS
Italy
India
INDIA
Bharat Radar Target Simulator
(RTS01)
The Bharat Radar Target Simulator (RTS) was
use on board frigates for operator
training at sea or in harbour. It provides target
identification, tracking and designation at TIU and
other displays associated with the Signaal M44/45
designed
for
consists of the simulator

console, a RUGCOM ruggedised 16-bit minicomputer, an instructor control panel, a changeover
switch with relay, and junction boxes Within the
fire
control system.
It
console are a search video generator, three track

video generators, course and speed synchros and a
power supply
The computer provides the target data for the
search video generator once a second. The video
generator controls the rotation of the PPI displays
and generates target traces mixed with simulated
receiver noise, sea clutter, jamming videos and
coast-line videos The system can generate a
by the instructor Up to three M44/45 systems

be exercised simultaneously
STATUS
In
service with the Indian Navy
MANUFACTURER
Bharat Electronics Limited, Trade Centre. 116/2.
maximum
Race Course Road. Bangalore-560001. India

Telephone 27251-3/27322-5/76639 Telex 0845
aircraft
2477/8650 Fax 91-812-258410
of 13 moving targets, both ship and

Of these a dozen are pre-programmed on
digital casette tapes while one may be introduced
may
ISRAEL
Elbit Electronic
Warfare Trainer
(EEWT)
As a supplier of electronic warfare equipment to the
Israeli Navy Elbit have also developed an electronic
warfare trainer known as EEWT - Elbit Electronic
Warfare Trainer. The EEWT is a centralised architecture system designed to improve the skills of
operators by providing exercises in electronic
warfare ranging from the simple to the complex, as
well as teaching responses to common electronic
warfare situations such as anti-missile operations
and the tactical use of equipment. The system consists of an instructor's room, and a number (up to
simulated ships each with an operations room,

(electronic support measures) operators
and one ECM (electronic counter measures) operator each in a separate cubicle.
The electronic warfare requirements can be met
by synthetic display simulation or alternatively
either by video or RF signal injection into genuine
consoles depending upon customer preference.
Elbit prefers to offer synthetic display simulation
The instructor's position has a console with situation
and graphics display for monitoring the student's
activities, supervising the exercise and inserting
new problems. ItwillalsofeatureaPPI radardisplay
similar to that used in the operations rooms. The
operations room features a conventional radar
12) of
two
ESM
display,
manoeuvre' control
and com-
unit
munications equipment, and ESM positions, each

with two consoles; one with with two IFM (Instantaneous Frequency Measurement) displays and an
analysis display while the other has a goniometric
display. The ECM console has a panoramic display
deception,
jammer and decoy controls
STATUS
Available
MANUFACTURER
Elbit
Computer Systems Limited. PO Box
5390. Haifa
31-053. Israel
Telephone:
(4)
555056 Telex: 46774.
ITALY
Elsag-Raytheon Multi-Application
Sonar Trainer (MAST)
The Consorzio Sistemi Navali Selenia-Elsag
produces under licence the Raytheon MAST (MultiApplication Sonar Trainer). As production of MAST
initially took place to meet an Italian requirement
the system is described here rather than in the
United States section.
MAST
is used to train sonar operators to work

and variable depth sonars and reproduces
the acoustic signals normally encountered including
passive and active signatures together with environmental characteristics. It may also be used to create
or modify new target parameter or ocean model
with hull
tables
The trainer consists of desktop-mounted sonar

consoles identical to those in operational service,
an instructor's console, a VAX 11/750 computer with
one Megabyte of main memory and an acoustic
signal generator using 10 embedded 68000 microprocessors to produce, 'own ship' acoustic signatures and those of simulated submarines. The
system also includes RK07 disc drives which store
the VAX VMS software, a TS11 tape unit and a
LP25 line printer. The MAST trainer is used to
train operators of the DE1160 and DE1164 hull
RS 100/B-MM Radar Simulator

The RS 100 system trains operators in operating
S- and X-band radars in realistic conditions with
simulated sea and rain clutter.
The system can be interfaced with any radar
display upon which can be presented true motion,
relative motion and stabilised relative motion. The
speed, course and manoeuvring parameters of the
The
MAST sonar trainer produced under licence by Selenia
variable-depth sonar systems and

is
being
expanded to include training ror operators of the
improved DE1167 sonar system together with
passive sonar systems.
MANUFACTURER
Consorzio
Navali
Sistemi
Panama 52,
1-00198.
Telephone:
(6)
Rome,
Selenia-Elsag.
Via
Italy.
841 441 Telex: 621 276.

.
STATUS
In
service with the Italian Navy's Fleet Training

at Taranto.
Centre
and the targets are variable and any kind of

may be injected.
The instructor has 100 exercises per disc and
because they develop automatically he can concentrate upon monitoring the students rather than
operating the simulator He can, however, freeze
ship'
coastline
the exercise to give verbal instruction. Exercises

which can be carried out with the simulator include
navigation, anti-submarine warfare (ASW), and
attacks by fast attack craft.
STATUS
In
service with the Italian Navy at Taranto.
MANUFACTURER
Sindel
srl,
via Divisione
Acquie
66f.
Italy.
Telephone:
0)
330 891 Telex: 275 851
16166 Genoa.
Netherlands Norway
215
NETHERLANDS
latter situation
SSE Sonar Simulator

Van der Heem Elektroniks NV, now part
simulated targets can be inserted
marine environment
Several dedicated models are available for use
with specific sonar systems including the SSS-03
with the EDO Model 610 sonar, the SSS-05 with the
Westinghouse Canada AN/SQS-505 and the SSS-32
with the Signaal PHS-32 All the simulators can
produce realistic simulations of two targets with
accurate representations of the performance envelope in all sonar operational modes These targets
can be ships', submarines', wrecks', and false
echoes' One target can be a torpedo fired from a
target submarine
into the existing
of the Hol-
landse Signaalapparaten organisation, has produced a variety of shipborne simulators for training
sonar operators together with ship command and
weapon control teams. Their SSE sonar simulator,
which generates realistic surface and submarine
targets in video and audio form, can be used with
any active or passive sonars The system can be
used when the ship is berthed or at sea and in the
STATUS
The system
is
in
service with Belgium (SSS-05),
Brazil (SSS-03), Canada (SSS-05). France (SSS-05),

Iran (SSS-32). Italy (SSS-03) and the Netherlands
(SSS-05).
MANUFACTURER
Van der Heem Elektroniks NV, Regulusweg
PO Box 16060. 2500 AB the Hague, Netherlands
15.
Telex 31164
NORWAY
Navsim
NMS 90 Radar and
Navigation Training Simulator

Navsim NMS 90 is a radar and navigation training
simulator designed to train students ranging from
cadets to senior captains in skills ranging from basic
radar plotting to bridge team training.
The system is based upon Motorola 8086/8051
processors and is based on up to six simulated shipfits, usually with a radar and/or ARPA, steering
system and engine controls, although one is a fully

equipped bridge with radar and/or ARPA display,
navigation system, steering console,
engine and alarm panels and real or facsimile navigation systems Any system may be fitted with
windows for simulating driving rain, a noise generation system and a nocturnal visual system
The systems may be operated on a stand-alone or
an integrated basis with up to 60 target ships, 600
turn points and 500 fixed points in the whole system
STATUS
In
production
integrated
MANUFACTURER
Norcontrol Simulation AS, Bekkajordet 8A.
1024, N-3191 Horten, Norway
Telephone:
(33)
PO Box
41436 Telex: 70218 Fax:(33) 43410
MPS Multibeam Sonar Simulator

(MMSS)
The
MPS Multibeam Sonar Simulator (MMSS), forMPS Enhanced Sonar Simulator, is a
merly the
system for the operators of active sonars

whether hull-mounted, variable depth or dipping
The student can use all the controls on the sonar
console, learn to understand the working principles
of the equipment and assess the results when the
control settings are altered The system is based
upon the 32-bit Multibus real-time computer using
the Motorola 80386 as the main processor
Echoes from underwater objects are produced
by a digitised representation of reflected sound
at different aspect angles This produces a very
training
II
accurate generation of the acoustic characteristics

of the sound return which takes into account the
size, geometry, location, aspect angle, and doppler
effects. The operational characteristics of the sonar,
including the source level, transmission modes,
scanning sectors and pulse lengths together with
the actual operator settings such as range scale and
tilt, are used as the simulator model.
The operator can use either an actual sonar
console or a MPS tactical console simulating the
man-machine interface, presentation modes and
signal processing capabilities of a specific, or a set
of. real sonar sets In order to steer' and control
the sonar-carrying vessel' a manoeuvre console is
connected for setting speed, course and manoeuvre
models The sensor platform and all the targets are
controlled by the instructor.
Optional extras for the system are a network
interface with an action speed tactical trainer such
as MASTT, a plotter for analysis purposes,
additional tactical displays and an interface with a
video-audio recorder.
An MPS Multibeam Sonar Simulator (MMSS) console
STATUS
MANUFACTURER
service with the Royal Norwegian Navy and

ordered for the Swedish Navy for delivery in 1990.
Micro Processor Systems AS.. Baneveien

N-3600 Kongsberg. Norway.
Telephone: (3) 735 766 Fax: (3) 736 965.
In
32.
216
UK
UNITED KINGDOM
System and Design Sonar
Procedure Trainers
Digital
Systems and Design Limited produce generic

and dedicated intelligent procedure trainers which
provide students with a full range ot training facilities
from basic to full tactical and weapons operations
Each student is guided automatically by verbal and
visual command commands in accordance with a
predefined training programme The system features high resolution animated graphic presDigital
touch-screen control operations,

complete emulation of main system displays and
operating control panels within the customer's
requirements together with emulation of targets and
the environment.
Two dedicated products have been produced,
the IPT-32 and the IPT-2022. The IPT-32 is an antisubmarine warfare sonar simulator for training
operators of the PHS-32 hull-mounted sonar while
the IPT-2022 is a mine-hunting sonar and mine disposal system trainer for training operators of TSM
entations,
Ferranti
full
D5540 On-Board Radar
Simulator
September 1989 Ferranti Training Systems
revealed they were marketing the D5540 on-board
radar simulator. It is designed to assist command
and anti-air warfare training in ships but it may also
be used for developmentand proving work atshorebased establishments
The D5540 uses real time video generation techniques to produce targets' and IFF transmissions.
These may be injected into displays for use with real
In
Ferranti
Sonar Principles Trainer
2022 sonars Both simulators have been supplied to

Dormer for use with their training systems
The company have also produced a generic
trainer which is software controlled and may be
used for sonar or radar training With the relevant
software several IPT (Generic Trainers) may also
be used as an Action Speed Tactical Trainer
STATUS
In
production and
in
service with the Nigerian Navy
MANUFACTURER
Systems and Design Limited, 18 ShakeBusiness
Centre.
Hathaway Close.
Eastleigh. Hampshire S054SR, UK
Telephone 0703 620 499 Telex: 477575 Fax 0703
629164
Digital
speare
The OSD IPT-32 anti-submarine sonar trainer The

student s position is on the left and the observer s is
on the right
ship movement data or they may be used in a

synthetic situation. The system can produce returns
for two collocated or own-ship radars together with
up to 80 tracks which may be located within an
exercise area of 2048 x 2048 nm. It is possible to
expand the system to produce more radar platforms.
Clutter, jamming, environmental and land mass features may be added to the scenario
The simulation is controlled by a real-time scenario generator In ships this can operate on its own
using data provided by the operator or use a prerecorded data software package. It may also operate
have also produced a Sonar Principles

and the SAINT (Sonar Analysis Initial
Trainer-see entry on next page).
The Sonar Principles Trainer is designed to
provide comprehensive and cost-effective training
of sonar operators in understanding the elements of
sonar signals and the skills relating to detecting,
evaluating and tracking targets in a variety of scenarios and environmental conditions. It was not
designed to train operators of specific systems.
Ferranti
Trainer
Ferranti Surveillance
and IFF
Radar Simulation (SIRAS)
Available for production
MANUFACTURER
Ferranti
Division.
Computer Systems Ltd. Training Systems

Beech House. Ancells Road. Ancells
Busines Park. Fleet, Hampshire. GU138UN, UK.

Telephone: 0252 811232 Telex: 859611 Fax: 0252
811376.
own mode
identification (IFF) system. Control of these outputs
996 radar This enables the system to accurately

simulate each of the radar beams individually and
also add other effects such as IFF weather, mutual
radar interference and electronic warfare (EW)
plus other relevant information is interfaced directly

with the real radar equipment. SIRAS will also generate video outputs to the coder/decoder of the IFF
August 1988 it was announced that Ferranti Computer Systems had won a contract to supply the
Ministry of Defence with a Surveillance and IFF
Radar Simulator (SIRAS). The simulator is to be
incorporated into a Type 23 frigate shore development facility at the Admiralty Research Estab-
system.
lishment at Portsdown. Portsmouth, Hampshire.

SIRAS generates a supply of representative
targets as real time outputs that are used to stimulate
the signal processing system of a Type 23 frigate's
primary radar system along with its associated
puter interfaces to two synchronised radar video

generators Each video generator provides the
capacity to simulate four radars for one ship or one
radar for each of four ships. Two generators are
required in SIRAS due to the complexity of the Type
In
STATUS
consists of an instructor's user-friendly console

which the instructor can prepare, execute, monitor
and de-brief exercises using an extensive library.
The instructor has full control over the ocean
environment ship movement', the sonar types
involved, selection and movement of target vessels
and weapon deployment. A repeat monitor and
audio system allows him to follow any student's
performance.
Up to 10 trainer operator consoles are available
each with a multi-purpose display unit, a sonar
control panel, simulated audio reception and communications facilities. Each student can control his
It
at
A major supplier of sonar systems to the Royal Navy.
in a network receiving scenario data from a host

generator
overall
All scenario generation will respond to the

Type 23 scenario generator or to a stand-
alone, off-line interface.
The SIRAS system operates on a Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) MicroVAX computer. In
addition to providing real time simulation the com-
of operation, sonar frequency, pulsewidth and beam forming The sonar pictures and
audio effects presented respond to student actions.
STATUS
A two room system was
supplied to an unidentified
navy during 1977.
MANUFACTURER
Computer Systems Limited. Bird Hall Lane
Cheadle Heath. Stockport. Cheshire SK3 0XQ, UK.
Ferranti
Telephone: 061 428 0771. Telex: 666803
returns
STATUS
One system
in
production for the Royal Navy
II
MANUFACTURER
Computer Systems Limited. Training
Division. Bird Hall Lane. Cheadle Heath.
Stockport. Cheshire SK3 0XQ. UK.
Ferranti
Systems
Telephone: 061 428 0771 Telex: 666803.
UK
217
Ferranti SAINT (Sonar Analysis

Initial Trainer)
Sonar Analysis Initial Trainer (SAINT)
sonar operators in the principles of under-
The
role of the
is to
train
water noise generation, signal display presentation

and narrow-band analysis from basic to advanced
The system consists of a dual-position instrucconsole linked to as many as 12 student positions each for two students As a result of this
organisation each instructor can conduct independent exercises with six positions
Each instructor position has two video monitors,
one for monitoring the trainer control menu and the
other to repeat any picture seen by students There
level.
tor's
pointer to identify
is also a joystick-controlled
important features on any video seen by students, a
digitiser pad and stylus for rapid repositioning of
frequency lines in a lofargram or free-hand graphics
sketching' onto video pictures There are video
record facilities and communications with each

student location
Each student position has a tabletop-mounted
paper chart recorder with numeric display to identify
the frequency window covered by the lofargram
being recorded The positions also have a video
monitor and cursor generation electronics. Cursors
can be superimposed upon a picture relayed by
the instructor to permit the student to identify both
frequencies and harmonic relationships Numeric
displays can also be incorporated
The Ferranti SAINT (Sonar Analysis Initial Trainer)
in
operational
mode
STATUS
Available.
MANUFACTURER
Ferranti Computer Systems Limited, Bird Hall Lane.
Cheadle Heath. Stockport, Cheshire SK3 OXQ, UK
Telephone: 061 428 0771 Telex: 666803
Ferranti
Radar Operator Trainer
generator has a 40 track capacity covering a 2048

square mile (5304 km ? area.
The standard student display is a Racal Decca
relative motion marine unit with pedestal or bulkhead mounting It has a 256
diameter tube,
electronic bearing and range markers, nine range
scales and the usual display controls However,
alternative displays can be supplied to meet
customer preference.
)
This is a versatile, multi-purpose trainer which can

befitted into a building or a transportable container
It
is designed to develop a wide range of skills
including training operators to recognise all types
of radar response, to plot and report targets, to use
the controls to produce the best radar picture, to
track targets in an electronic warfare environment,
monitor and control auto-tracking The system

can also be used for training navigation and blind
IFF
pilotage as well as familiarisation with
mm
s;;x">-.
to
responses It consists of a Ferranti Radar Simulator,

an instructor's console and up to 10 trainee display
consoles.
The
has a multi-line solid

and conventional keyboard with the
20 rapid function keys. The display pro-
instructor's console
state display
addition of
vides three separate areas for own ship tote, track
data and menu pages The Radar Simulator includes
a microprocessor-controlled radar video generator

module which can also be installed in a host system.
It provides realistic simulation of all
radar effects
and has a capacity of 128 tracks while the scenario
Ferranti
D5540 Radar Simulator
a real-time video generator designed to

emulate target' returns and IFF emissions which
may be injected into a live or a synthetic scenario
shown on the ship's own radar displays. It is
designed to help in shipborne com bat command and
anti-air warfare training.
The system represents signal returns for two colocated or own-ship radar installations while up to
This
is
Ferranti
On-board Sonar Trainer
Ferranti were awarded a 2 mi lion contract to supply

an on-board trainer subsystem with the Type 2050
sonar system being fitted into all the Royal Navy's
surface warships.
The simulator was designed to provide high fidelity acoustic contacts to simulate the operational
sonar processor. It is controlled by an intelligent
I
STATUS
A system
with eight displays was supplied to the

Royal Navy's School of Maritime Operations (HMS
Dryad) in 1971 Ferranti also supply onboard trainers
with radar video generators and scenario generators customers including Brazil which uses them
in the Niteroi Class frigates with hand-held control
terminals
MANUFACTURER
Ferranti Computer Systems Limited, Bird Hall Lane,
Cheadle Heath, Stockport, Cheshire SK3 OXQ, UK.
Telephone: 061 428 0771 Telex: 666803
80 supplementary tracks can be positioned in an

exercise area covering a 3296 x 3296 mile area.
Also included are a range of environmental, geographic and counter-measures effects. The D5540
can be expanded to cater for further radar platforms
each of which can be located within the exercise
area
Ferranti radar simulators
STATUS
The system was revealed at the Royal Naval Equipment Exhibition in 1989 and is available for production.
MANUFACTURER
Ferranti
Systems
Computer
Systems
Limited
Division), Bird Hall Lane,
(Training
Cheadle Heath,
Stockport, Cheshire SK3 0XQ.UK.

Telephone: 061 4280771 Telex: 666803,
graphics terminal and will incorporate a comprehensive ocean environmental model to ensure
realistic detection scenarios under different thermal
either at
and acoustic conditions.

Several contacts can be injected simultaneously
into the sonar processor. Exercises can be con-
STATUS
structed to include either a real-world, real-time

environment or alternatively contacts can be generated together with a large variety of synthetic
operational scenarios for continuation training
MANUFACTURER
included
In
sea or
in
in
port,
A data recorder
will
be
the system,
production,
Ferranti Computer Systems Limited, Bird Hall Lane,

Cheadle Heath, Stockport, Cheshire SK3 OXQ, UK.
Telephone: 061 4280771 Telex: 666803
.
218
GEC AS 21 05 Sonar Stimulator

A major
supplier of electronics to the Royal Navy.
GEC Avionics produce the AS 2105 sonar stimulator.

is a compact, self-contained, system designed
provide comprehensive testing and training facilities for passive sonar systems. The system, which
can be installed in surface warships and submarines, can be configured to simulate towed, flank and
conformal hydrophone arrays. It is a compact unit
(525 x 440 x 415mm) weighing 25kg and capable
of operating with various power supply levels.
The basic version, when used for stimulation of a
single sonar, can be controlled either by the integral
lap computer or by a ship's computer which has
This
to
been suitably programmed. The Mark version, for

integrated sonar systems, uses a central scenario
computer to control several stimulators each of
which is interfaced with a seperate sonar.
In the test mode, calibrated signals generated in
the stimulator are used to measure the accuracy of
a sonar's performance in processing and displaying
frequencies, bearings, target movement and signalII
UK
A version of the Mark II is PASSIM (Passive Sonar

Array Stimulator) which stimulates sounds received
by towed sonar arrays This is fed into the sonar
system which displays the stimulated data
STATUS
In service with the Royal Navy In January 1989 a
contract for a PASSIM system was awarded by the
United Kingdom Ministry of Defence This will be
supplied to the Type 23 Frigate Weapon System
test facility at the Admiralty Underwater Research
Establishment, Portsdown
MANUFACTURER
GEC Avionics Limited. Sonar Systems
Division,
26-28 Hyde Way. Wei wyn Garden City, Hertfordshire
AL7 3BD.UK.
Telephone: 0707 328511. Telex: 269404 Fax 0707
327822
to-noise.
As a
training aid the stimulator
is
programmed
to
respond to simple anti-submarine warfare scenarios modelling own-ship and target information
together with basic environmental effects. Exercises
can be pre-planned or free play. A fast time-review
facility enables scenarios to be checked quickly
GEC AS 2107 Sonar Stimulator

The AS 2107
a development of the AS 2105 (see

previous entry) which is being re-modelled and
extended to provide an improved on-board training
capability. It generates synthetic targets of opportunity' needed for opportunistic training of sonar
operators, sonar sub-teams and command teams
while on passage or on patrol. This is achieved
by superimposing the training data on live data.
is
The GEC Avionics AS 2105 sonar simulator
enabling the
commander
maintain surveillance
to
and safety coverage during a training exercise

The trainer will be available in two forms A selfcontained compact equipment will be suitable for
integrating into a ship's sonar while the other
version will be a portable unit.
MANUFACTURER
GEC Avionics Limited. Sonar Systems
26-28 Hyde Way, Welwyn Garden
Division.
City. Hertfordshire
AL73BD.UK.
327822
Telex: 269404
Fax: 0707
STATUS
Under development
deliveries by
for the
December
Royal Navy with
initial
1989.
Solartron Radar Simulators

During the 1960s and 1970s Solartron produced a
large number of radar and navigation aids
simulators. This activity was subsequently acquired
by Ferranti.
In 1960 an analogue thermionic valve type system
with one own ship and up to eight targets on a live
radar display was delivered to Norway. Similar
systems were delivered to Sweden with two, four
and eight targets

Specialised digital transistor equipment was
introduced in 1962 and then five simulator products
were developed, all of which would simulate a
number of own ships, a number of targets, and
coastlines In 1965 a system was introduced which
could simulate six own ships and 24 targets and this
was followed, in 1967. by a system which simulated
one own ship and five targets. These systems were
sold to the Royal Navy as well as to Australia, Brunei,
West Germany. India, Malaysia, Morocco, New
Zealand. Sweden, and an unidentified Middle East
Navy. The New Zealand system included a helicopter direction trainer and was improved in 1973
with the number of targets provided increased from
AnSY 2086 own-ship cubicle set into a dummy bulkhead
four to 12. The West German system was upgraded

in 1976 with a high accuracy coastline generator.
In 1968 the company produced a system with two
mobile simulators each of which had one own ship
and eight targets This was sold to the Royal Navy
Shipborne simulators were also produced in the
early 1970s and sold to the Royal Navy (17) and the
Royal New Zealand Navy (2).
In 1976 a new system capable of simulating two
own ships and up to 46 targets appeared, to be
followed (in 1978) by a one own ship system which
generated six targets and had a very high resolution
coastline generator, together with a
PDP
11 digital
recorder
Typical of this range of products were the SY 2086
and SY 2094 The SY 2086 was a fully programmable
simulator based upon the company's SY 2098 digital
generator. The latter provided highly

representations of land masses
and radar reflective objects for up to four own ships
It generated a minimum of 24 targets, but any number
could be specified, while the database could store
information for about 8045 km of coastline.
The student stations represented a ship control
coastline
realistic, drift-free
An
instructor at a SY:2086 IK AT console with

plotter beside him
X-Y
reading. Digital readouts of distance run and of

exercise time were also provided
The instructor's console featured the IKAT (Interactive Keyboard and Terminal) in which the instructor could monitor student progress or intervene
through a menu-driven process. The progress of ail
ships and targets was recorded on an X-Y plotter
while the entire exercise was recorded upon a floppy
disc for later evaluation and debriefing.
The SY2094 was similar but featured a more
sophisticated instructor's console and own-ship
cubicle. This included a colour graphics display
which provided a detailed labelled plan of the exercise area with a roller ball for easing the positioning
of vessels A second VDU provided tote information
on the location, speed and heading for all vessels in
the exercise together with details of all radar effects
and weather condition set by the instructor. An
optional extra was a display to show the student s
radar picture
Both systems used a variety of Solartron navigation aid simulators including units representing
the Decca Navigator, satellite navigation. Omega.
andLoranC Radio direction finding and echo soundwere also available

An SY 2094 was sold to the Royal Navy for use in
HMS Mercury while radar training systems of this
generation were sold to Australia Canada West
ing simulators
switches for 'helm' and engine telegraph'

together with meters indicating speed, engine revolutions per minute, rudder angle and gyro compass
unit with
UK
Germany, Indonesia, New Zealand, and Sweden

(two). A helicopter direction trainer was also sold to
the Netherlands Digital coastline generators were
(1975),
speed and heading are set up on the trainer's panel

The exercise portrays the own-ship centrally
deployed while one or both of the targets maneouvre
within an 80 nm (150 km) square exercise area. The
target speed, course, rate of turn and range of first
2081
and
1980).
Malaysia
1984)
in
1978. 22
SY 2081
in 1979.
SY 2081
in
1982-3)
Miscellaneous Helicopter direction trainer for the

Netherlands (1978). eight-target radar training
system for Norway (1960), two mobile simulators for
A SY2094
instructor's console with labelled graph-
ics display.
STATUS
IKAT keyboard and two displays
United Kingdom (1968).
lor
alphanumeric data
Land-based radar trainers have been delivered to

the following navies on the following dates: One
own-ship systems: Australia (1979), Germany (one
system in 1970, one system in 1983), Sweden (three
(1971
Kingdom (1976and
Three own-ship systems: India (1973),

Four own-ship systems: Indonesia (1981). Morocco
unidentified Middle East Navy (1976),
(1975),
Sweden (for Coastal Artillery School in Gothenburg
and Navy Radar School inBerganboth in 1980),
Six own-ship systems: United Kingdom (1965).
Eight own-ship systems: Canada (1979)
Shipborne systems New Zealand (2 systems in
1972). United Kingdom (17 systems in 1972. 27 SY
also sold to Ferranti, for incorporation in a Royal

Navy simulator, and to Brazil
During the 1970s the company also developed a
new on-board radar trainer, the SY2081 This is a
one own-ship, two target system in which the ship
detection are individually controlled on the front

panel These trainers are used by New Zealand and
the United Kingdom while six were sold to Ferranti
New Zealand
(1973), United
219
MANUFACTURER
Ferranti
one system in 1966), United

Kingdom (two systems in 1967, one system in 1978)
systems
in
1961,
Two own-ship systems:
Australia (1965). Brunei
Systems
Computer
Systems
Limited
Division). Bird Hall Lane,
(Training
Cheadle Heath,
Stockport, Cheshire, SK3 0XQ, UK

AS 1092 Shipborne Radar and

Sonar Trainer
In
the 1970s
trainer, the
THORN EMI marketed a shipborne sonar

AS
1077.
which was originally developed
by Bendix Electronics An improved version of this

product is the AS 1092 radar and sonar trainer This
is the latest in a series of multi-sensor on-board
trainers produced by THORN EMI and designed to
train command team sensor operators within their
operational environment using their normal equipment The systems are modular and compact to suit
the limited space available
The AS 1092 itself consists of a main control
console, a sonar simulation cabinet and an Initial
Detection and Classification Trainer (IDCT), a
second control unit, weapons system and navigation
radar interface units and an IDCT remote control
unit, a second control position and a hand-held
helmsman's control
unit. The system uses seven

Motorola 68000 16-bit microprocessors and five
Motorola 6802 8-bit processors. To be compatible
with Ferranti sonars a Z80 processor may be added
to the systems.
Synthetic targets can be inserted onto screens
receiving real data or an exercise may be carried out
using simulated targets and simulated background
with the latter covering an area of 2048 x 2048 nm
(3788 x 3788 km) to heights of 80 000 feet (24 384 m)
and to depths of 20000 feet (6096 m). A ship movement simulator is included with high integrity
change-over devices for switching between real and
simulated data. Up to 70 vehicles (surface ships,
submarines, torpedoes, aircraft) may be simulated
simultaneously from a library with a capacity for
254 classes. The system can be used to provide
procedures training or as part of command team
training with simulated weapons firing.
STATUS
From the mid-1970s THORN EMI supplied some 70
AS 1077shipbornetrainersystemstotheRoyal Navy
Marconi Acoustic Training System
(MATS)
To satisfy the continuing requirement for antisubmarine warfare (ASW) acoustic training,
Marconi Simulation developed the Marconi Acoustic
Training System (MATS). This system, an augmentation of the Marconi MANDARIN computerbased training system with additional hardware and
software, is an extremely powerful training tool.
The MATS is used for teaching anti-submarine
warfare operators a range of skills associated with
underwater acoustic analysis, providing training in
such subjects as source characteristics, oceanographies, sensor characteristics and visual signal
presentations such as lofargrams. By using the
Marconi Simulations Programmable Audio Synthesizer (PAS) in conjunction with MATS, realistic
audio, synchronised with simulated passive or
active sonar displays, can be produced.
MATS can be used for teaching the basic principles of sound generation, propagation, transmission loss, and sonar processing systems, and
can provide sonar-related training requirements
The
THORN EMI AS
1092 shipborne radar and sonar trainer
and while none were directly exported they may still

be found on former Royal Navy warships bought by
other countries The AS 1092 is available to meet
customer requirements
MANUFACTURER
THORN EMI Electronics Limited, ElectronicSystems
Division. Albert Drive, Sheerwater, Woking, Surrey
GU215RU.UK.
Telephone 0483 757000 Telex: 859615.
from the time a student enters service

encounter with the prime equipment.
to his first
STATUS
Available.
MANUFACTURER
Marconi Simulation, Napier Building, Donibristle
Industrial Park, nr.Dunfermline. Fife KY1 1 5JZ, UK.
824227.
The Marconi Acoustic Training System (MATS) in

use for lofargram training
220
UK
Mandarin Solo-Plus Sonar Trainer

The Solo-Plus has been designed as a cosi-effective
aid to training sonar operators. It is based upon
a personal computer and instructors can create
scenarios and ship's audio signatures. The students
can then analyse and classify the data displayed.
STATUS
CONTRACTOR
Mandarin systems are used by the Royal Navy
Napier Building. Donibristle

FifeKY11 5JZ UK
Telephone 0383 822131 Telex 727779 Fax 0383
824227
Marconi Simulation
Industrial Park, nr Dunfermline.
Marconi Simulation Sonar

Simulation
Marconi Simulation supply specialist equipment for

the test and evaluation of passive, active and intercept sonar processing equipment. The company
also provides specialist ship data system simulators
providing signal sources for use in shore develop-
ment facilities. The mathematical modelling expertise gained by Marconi Simulation as a result of their
association with the development of major sensor
simulation for the Royal Navy, combined with extensive private venture work has provided the company
with a comprehensive and up-to-date capability for
the design of sonar simulation equipment.
Sonar simulation modules are available for audio,
active, intercept, passive narrowband and broadband scenarios. These modules have extensive
software parametric control capabilities and may be
configured for sonobuoy, towed array, and flank or
bow array applications.
In addition. Marconi Simulation has supplied the
Royal Navy with compact sonar simulation systems
for a number of acoustic test requirements. The
Sonar 2054(1) is an example of factory/setting-towork equipment which is compact and portable for
use on board ship or submarine Dynamic high
frequency signals can be supplied simultaneously
to all hydrophones to allow comprehensive testing
of the prime sonar equipment In addition, as most
of the parameters are under software control, the
device also has an on-board training capability.
Larger versions of the equipment are available for
Walmore
Electronic Warfare
Simulators
A subsidiary of Walmore Electronics Limited.
Walmore Defence Systems Limited have produced
radar and electronic warfare simulator system for
three British services They produce customised
systems for training electronic warfare operators
incorporating a number of approaches including
all
British
Aerospace Electronic
Warfare Simulation
British
Aerospace produce a number
of
EES Series
electronic warfare simulator systems:

The EES 100 Series are basic emitter analysis
system trainers designed to provide a cost-effective
solution to basic training in signal recognition. The
hardware consists
of
a computer-multiprocessor
and audio threat signature

outputs Comprehensive software emitter model ling
facilities with a tailored, menu-formatted instructor
interface are also included. The equipment may be
supplied with Mimic operational electronic warfare
displays and controls for specific equipment
with
digital,
video
training
The EES 200 Series are basic RF signal generators

with external programmable interface. They may be
used with the EES 100 Series to provide a comprehensive range of test signal types. The equipment may be supplied for portable field-test use or
configured with EES 100 Series equipment and a

high power transmitter and steerable antenna to
provide a permanent range test or training aid.
The EES 300 Series consists of multiple emitter
threat simulators for electronic support measures
systems with crystal video/intermediate frequency
Array Signal Simulator for Sonar 2054(1)

maintainer training and shore-based development
MANUFACTURER
applications.

Industrial Park, nr Dunfermline. Fife KY1 1 5JZ. UK.
Telephone: 0383 822131 Telex: 727779 Fax: 0383
STATUS
Available.
In
824227.
radio frequency radiation, radio frequency or video

injection. They are also produce digital inputs for
the system processor. All simulators are reported
to be user-friendly with operator-defined or preprogrammed emitters with menu techniques used
for control Frequency ranges cover from 0.5 to
18 GHz. Electronic warfare simulators for surface
vessels and submarines have been supplied to the
STATUS
In
MANUFACTURER
Walmore Defence Systems Limited, Laser House
132/140 Goswell Road. London EC1V7LE.UK.
15.
Telex: 28752.
Royal Navy.
modulation (IFM)
The equipment
is
designed
to
with multiple, amplitude comparison,

crystal video direction finding type systems with or
without omni-directional antennaand instantaneous
interface
frequency measurement. They are based upon

multi-processor, software-based emittor and scenario modelling facilities and may be interfaced with
video, RF and digital inputs to the electronic support
measures (ESM) equipment.
The EES 400 Series offer multiple emitter threat
stimulation systems for superhet receivers with
intermediate frequency interfaces. The superheterodyne receiver's digital or analogue tuning
demand is used to select, in real time, those emitter
descriptors having frequencies within the current
analysis frequency band. These descriptors are
used to generate the correct RF signatures at the
equipment's intermediate frequency (IF) for direct
densities and can be interfaced to other real-time

simulators including aircraft flight simulators. It is
supplied with comprehensive software to allow high
fidelity emission simulation and may be used either
to
simulate combat conditions or for a test/training
tool.
The EES 600 Series is designed to provide the

basis for a comprehensive research or validation/
acceptance testing facility for a wide range of types
of electronic warfare equipment. Comprehensive
RF signal generation of multiple pulse and radar
mode, multi-mode formats, interactive air-to-air and
surface-to-air
weapon engagement modelling
is
possible with multiple targets in real time, high

fidelity signatures of exotic signals, terrain or blind
arc modelling with aircraft height-related site screening. The system may be directly connected to
flightsimulators.
injection at the IF port or ports. This simulation
equipment may be used to model either amplitude

comparison or scanning antenna direction finding
interfaces to the electronic warfare receiver.
The EES 500 Series offer multiple emitter threat
stimulation with multi signal frequency banded

outputs. This equipment features multiple independent RF signal generation bands covering 5 to
18 GHz. The equipment is supplied with a variable
size multiprocessor to match the desired signal
STATUS
Available.
MANUFACTURER
Aerospace. Dynamics Division. Downshire
Way. Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 1QL. UK
Telephone: 0344 483222 Telex: 848129
British
UK USA
Software Sciences Electronic

Warfare Training System (EWTS)
own simulated electronic

warfare console. The students operate their equipment independently in response to a training exercise which may be changed or altered by the
a computer-based facility designed to give

operators the necessary skills to operate electronic
warfare equipment to the maximum effect. It features
an instructor's station and a number of student
instructor.
This
stations each with their
is
variety of displays
and student progress

subsequent analysis.
and scenarios are available
is
automatically recorded for
221
STATUS
Available.
MANUFACTURER
Software Sciences Limited. Farnborough, Hampshire GU 14 7NB, UK.
Telephone: 0252 544321 Telex: 858228
.

Generic Radar Display System
(GRDS)
The AAI Generic Radar Display System (GRDS)
is
micro-processor-based universal peripheral device

which generates radar video simulating surface and
air-search radars Communicating with the host
computer through a standard Ethernet local area
network, the GRDS generates radar video reflecting
the tactical environment including targets, jamming,
weather, clutter and IFF
The design of the GRDS incorporates the inherent
flexibility to simulate any type of search radar, since
the pertinent parameters describing the features of

the radar to be stimulated are outputted to the GRDS
from the host computer This capability is of primary
importance in providing cost-effective training
Each GRDS video generator has the inherent
capability of providing simultaneous simulation of
two independent radars The video generator provides simulated radar video, synchro antenna position and timing signals to independently driven PPI
displaysfortwo collocated radars Forteamtraining.
several GRDS systems can be employed on the
STATUS
same
TWX 7102321800
provide for joint team

exercises involving a variety of ships and fleet
local
area network
to
The company has supplied 24 VRDS video generator

systems each to the Fleet Combat Training Centers,
Pacific (San Diego, California) and Atlantic (Virginia
Beach, Virginia) The last units were delivered in
November 1988
MANUFACTURER
AAI Corporation,
21030.
manoeuvres.
Device 15F12 Radar Navigation

Device 15F12 was developed by AAI as a digital
landmass and target simulator for surface search
radar sets It is designed to be used for training and
qualifying combat information centre teams and
bridge personnel in the techniques of shipboard
radar navigation and collision avoidance
The system provides high fidelity simulated radar
video for the returns of landmass, targets, and rain
squalls co-ordinated with depth indicator readings
and a dead reckoning plot These features are modified and move as the 'ship' moves on the map All
targets and rain squalls move independently
The 'ship' helm orders, physical characteristics

and response parameters are simulated during
training exercises as are target characteristics The
land mass region simulated by the system is
64 x 64 nm (118 5 x 118.5km). In addition to the
'ship' another dozen surface ship targets can be
manoeuvred within a 164 nm 2 (425 km 2 ) area centred
on the landmass region within 15 m of any map point
STATUS
otter to the
US Navy.
MANUFACTURER
AAI Corporation,
PO Box
126,
126,
Telephone: (301) 666 1400 Telex: 87849
Trainer
On
PO Box
USA
21030-0126, USA.
Telephone: (301) 666 1400 Telex: 87849
A student studying with a Device 15F12
222
Naval Electronic Warfare Training
System (NEWTS) (Device 10H1)

NEWTS (Naval Electronic Warfare Training System),
officially
effective
designated Device 10H1.
means
of
training
is
large
a rapid, cost-
numbers
of
electronic warfare
The system consists of eight generic equipment
suites which include superheterodyne, instan-
students
in
taneous frequency measurement, radar homing and

warning, direction finding receivers, deception and
noise jammers, chaff and automatic PRF measurement and receiver-jammer systems. There are
between 30 and 100 student stations which feature
self-paced training through station instruction. The
students learn in a dense electronic warfare environment with up to 128 emitters per problem, 32 platforms simultaneously with up to 64 simultaneous
signals. The simulation is of high fidelity and the
threats react to student actions.
Computer-assisted instruction is a major feature
of the system prompting the student through
displayed briefing pages, evaluating his performance and asking questions through an instructional
cathode-ray tube display. This also assures a high
student-to-instructor ratio.
STATUS
A 60 station system
service at the Naval TechPensacola. Florida
is in
nical Training Center,
MANUFACTURER
PO Box 6767,
AAI Corporation,
21204,
Baltimore, Maryland
USA
Telephone: (301) 666 1400 Telex: 87 849.
A Naval Electronic Warfare Training System

(NEWTS) students station
Q-21 Emulator
The US Navy has introduced a new family of radarsonar display systems, the Hughes AN/UYQ-21, and
CSC have developed the Q-21 to assist shore-based
training at reduced cost. Four versions are available
to provide students with experience in Naval Tactical
Data System (NTDS) consoles and each reproduces

the performance of the respective console. The
versions are the OJ-451(V)9 tactical data console,
the OJ-452(V) 10 acoustic console, and OJ-535 graphics terminal of the UYQ-21 display family together
with the OJ-194 sensor display console of the older
AN/UYA-4 family.
The system comes as a basic console
to
STATUS
Some 100 systems have been ordered and by the
spring of 1990 some 60 had been delivered. These
are used at the Aegis Educational Center
Dahlgren, Virginia and at training establishments
Orlando and Wallops Island.
in
in
MANUFACTURER
Computer Sciences Corporation, Defense Systems
Division, 304 West Route 38. Box N. Moorestown.
New Jersey 08057, USA.

Telephone: (609) 234 1 166.
which an
auxiliary display isaddedintheOJ-451 configuration
while a second display unit is added for the OJ-452

Although the Q-21 reproduces the performance of
the real consoles it consumes less power for it uses
the US standard 110 V. 60 Hertz power system and
forced aircooling
A Q-21 emulator in the OJ-451 configuration
USA
USA
ATACO Position Trainer (Device

20F18)
Air Tactical Control Operator (ATACO) is
responsible for directing the operations of the Light
Airborne Multipurpose System (LAMPS) Mk III helicopter from the ship To train students in all ATACO
The
223
software One or two instructors may use the station

using touch-screens to view student displays, to
create computer-generated scenarios or even
create their own menu-driven programmes There
is also an audio recording facility
STATUS
In
service with the
operational roles, to develop their skills in analysis,

judgement and coordination the Device 20F18 was
at the Pacific
developed
The trainer has four student stations each of which
is a facsimile of the ATACO position with OJ-194(V)3
display console, AN/SRQ-4 antenna control monitor
and AN/UPA-59A(V)2 decoder. There are also four
LAMPS pilot' positions and the system simulates
the LAMPS Mk III flight performance together with
those of the sensors, data links and navigation equipment Simulated raw sensor data is displayed on the
PPI screen together with symbology and processed
simulators.
US Navy which is to have one each
and
Atlantic
ASW
Training Centers
(FLEASWTRACENT) Thereare plans to expand both
MANUFACTURER
Cubic Defense Systems, 9333 Balboa Avenue,
P.O Box 85587, San Diego, California 92138-5587
USA.
Telephone
(619) 277 6780. Telex: 68
34020 or 910
335 2010.
data
The twin position instructor's station monitors

performance aided by menu-driven
A student at an ATACO position
the student's
MASTER (Modular Acoustic

Stimulator/Emulator) (Device
2F64C)
MASTER
based on a Ferranti design and is a

modular hardware-software system It can be tailored to meet surface ship, submarine or airborne
anti-submarine sensor systems to provide a wide
range acoustic analysis training and sonar equipment testing The hardware consists of target generators, inverse beam formers and sonobuoy
simulation modules with a software package which
can be used to alter the target scenario and ocean
model parameters to provide a realistic environment with the generation of high-fidelity signatures,
including composite narrowband-broadband The
system can be used to provide individual or full team
training at
is
all
trainer
A POP
11/44 host minicomputer operates the

software with a simple instructor monitor
can be embedded in a larger system or it
can be provided as a stand-alone simulator Atypical
installation consists of the instructor facilities, the
controller computer, an acoustic signal generator,
an interface with the trainer computer and assorted
MASTER
MASTER
peripherals.
'
STATUS
Two systems have been purchased
for
by the
use with the SH-3 weapons system
\
1
5^9
B V|
US Navy
trainer.
MANUFACTURER
Diagnostic Retrieval Systems Inc. 8 Wright Way.
Oakland, New Jersey 07436, USA
Telephone: (201) 337 3800 TWX: 710 988 4191
^^^
Fax:(201)337 4775.
proficiency levels.
;
The Diagnostic Retrieval Systems
'
MASTER
acoustic stimulator
AN/SQQ-T1 Sonar Training Set
STATUS
In
The SQQ-T1 is a shipborne sonar training set

designed to improve the efficiency of operators of
the AN/SQR-17A sonar signal processing system
and AN/SQR-18A sonar. It is designed to provide
training in both active and passive acoustic training
The system simulates realistic, high fidelity
acoustic signals through a purpose-built unit It can
be operated on an individual basis using up to 64
pre-programmed scenarios or it can be used on an
service with the
US Navy
in
Belknap' class
Knox' and
cruisers. Spruance' class destroyers.

Oliver Hazard Perry' class frigates
MANUFACTURER
Diagnostic Retrieval Systems Inc. 8 Wright Way,
Oakland, New Jersey 07436, USA.
Telephone: (201) 337 3800 TWX: 710 988 4191.
QDiaOD
Mk
*i.
ARRAY INJECTION UNIT
Fax:(201)337 4775
interactive basis with an instructor who has his own

control unit. The gaming area can be as much as
512 x 512nmand include up to four acoustic targets

from a library of 40 target types
Two modes are available for the instructor; one
with only synthetic scenarios and the other with a
live scenario with synthetic data injections. The
instructor can select 16 preprogramed ocean areas
with various sea state and shipping density levels.
Data from up to eight simulated sonobuoys

be simulated in the system.
may also
INSTRUCTOR
CONTROL
UNIT
AN/SOO-T1 Sonar Training Set
Û
ACOUSTIC
STIMULATOR UNIT
224
Basic Sonar Operator/Diagnostic

Trainer (14G1)
The sonar operator and diagnostic trainer, designated Device 14G1. is designed to provide students
sonar operators with familiarisation training with
AN/SQQ-89 (V) sonar and to provide classroom
the
training for recruits.

It consists of four student stations
each
of
which
simulates the appearance and operations of the

AN/UYK-21 console associated with the SQQ-89
sonar. The students receive from the instructor's
station six hours of fully automated, self-paced,
computer-controlled instruction. The instructor
selects either individual exercises or a common
training exercise for all the students Each includes
recorded narrations and visual presentations of the
selected exercise
The instructor station has a control box, a display
screen for monitoring the students, an alphanumeric keyboard and a matrix printer.
STATUS
In
service with the
US Navy.
MANUFACTURER
EMS Development
Corporation, 100 Sea Lane.

Farmingdale, New York 1 1735. USA.
Telephone: (510) 293 7900. TWX: 510 244 6480.
A Basic Sonar Operator/Diagnostic Trainer

(Device
UG1)
STATUS
The CCT has been used
Combat Crew Trainer (CCT)

Hughes developed a generic signal generator, the
Combat Crew Trainer (CCT), which simulates the
front end of a naval radar The system may be used
to simulate combat scenarios involving up to 100
targets against a synthetic
background
of
land
masses and various meteorological and electronic

warfare conditions. The CCT will interface with two-
by the
US Navy since
1978.
MANUFACTURER
Hughes Aircraft Company. Support Systems Group.
1510 Hughes Way. PO Box 9399, Building A1/A301,
Long Beach, California90810, USA.
Telephone: (213) 513 3000. Telex: 910 3466 332.
and three-dimensional radars, fire control systems

and IFF radars as well as data systems.
The Hughes Combat Crew Trainer for use with radar

systems
Hughes Sonar Operator Trainers
STATUS
The US Navy uses 36 systems
These trainers are high fidelity simulators of US

Navy active and passive sonars used in both surface
ships and submarines. They are used to train individual operators, sub-teams or complete ASW teams
in detection, classification and tracking.
Simulated sonar data is generated which includes
regional and seasonal velocity profiles, layer, depth
and sea state together with bottom type, depth and
slope Accurate targets are produced based upon
mathematic models of ship motion, deceptive
behaviour and acoustic signature. Sonobuoy and
acoustic processor characteristics, data link effects
and equipment malfunctions may also be included.
Depending upon the operational system the
student sits at real sonar consoles or at facsimiles
In both cases accurate video and audio data is
presented. There are seperate instructor consoles
to create exercises, monitor the students and modify
MANUFACTURER
Hughes Simulation Systems Inc, 1200 East San
Bernardino Road. West Covina. California 917911098,
USA
Telephone: (818) 331 001
Fax: (818) 915 9250.
the tactical situation.
A Hughes sonar operator trainer
USA
USA

The system has three modes; synthetically genlive radar and a composite of both
There is manual control of 11 sensors each of four
Hughes Video Signal Simulator

(SM-441)
erated video,
The VSS is part of the Naval Tactical Data System

(NTDS) AN/UYA-4 display system and isanon-board
system designed to simulate tactical situations
also be used to test and calibrate display
It can
equipment.
Honeywell Sonar Trainers

Honeywell manufacture a number of sonar operator/team trainers. Each system is dedicated to a
sonar set; 14E36 for the AN/SQR-18A Tactical Towed
Array Sonar (TACTAS), 14E19 for the AN/SQS-26CX
bow-mounted system 1 4E23 for the AN/SQS-35 variable depth sonar, 14E24 for the SQQ-23, and 14E25
for the AN/SQS-53 bow-mounted system
Depending upon the operational system the
student stations are either actual sonar consoles or
high fidelity facsimiles. In either case students are
,
STATUS
In
service with the
channels with five radar beam widths, five video

durations and four video intensity levels The basic
system provides simulation only of 2D radars but
Hughes
options are available for a variety of radars including

the AN/SPS-30, SPS-39, SPS-48 and SPS-52.
1901 Malvern Street,

California 92634, USA.
Aircraft
incorporate
an
presented with sonar audio and video signals. The

underwater acoustic environment is faithfully modelled in all operator trainers. Simulated sonar propagation is generated based upon ocean variables
such as regional-seasonal velocity profiles, layer
depth and sea state as well as bottom type, depth and
slope These simulations use complex algorithms to
account for effects of propagation loss, reverberation, surface duct, time delays, convergence
zones, multipath returns and shallow water operation
The instructor consoles are used to set up problem

exercises, to monitor student performance and to
and replaying the exercise.
STATUS
In
service with the
US Navy.
MANUFACTURER
Honeywell
Inc.
Training and Control Systems
1200 East San Bernardino Road, West
Corvina, California91790-1098, USA
Telephone: (818) 331 00 1 1 Telex: 670452.
Division,
improved
ational systems and can also provide a variety of

exercises from simple target location to complex
tactical operations
Each system comprises an
instructor station, four trainee stations, the computer
system and an acoustic signal generator Each
system is configured to a class of ship, eg the
Ticonderoga' (CG 47) Class cruiser, 'Spruance'
(DD 963) and Kidd' (DDG 993) Class destroyers, or
Oliver Hazard Perry' (FFG-7) Class frigates.
STATUS
Link received the
first contract for these systems in

1982 configured to the Spruance' and Oliver Hazard
Perry' Classes. The first two units entered service
with the Fleet Anti-Submarine Training Center at
San Diego, California, late in 1987 and two more
followed by 1990 Six systems are being supplied to
San Diego in a programme which will cost about
$107 million In December 1988 the company were
awarded a $12 36 million contract to modify an AOT.
The Device 14E35 acoustic operator trainer
MANUFACTURER
CAE-Link Corporation, Link Tactical Simulation Division, 11800 Tech Road, Silver Spring, Maryland
20904, USA.
Telephone: (301) 622 44
Loral Hycor Training Simulator
STATUS
00. Telex:
710 8259 768
Fax: (301) '622 8383.
in
1990.
It consists of a desk-top computer, based upon the

Hewlett Packard Vectra ES/12, with touch screen
and keyboard. The student has a number of software
tutorial packages which provide interactive lessons.
These allow tactical action officers and operators
MANUFACTURER
Loral Hycor, 10 Gill Street, Woburn, Massachusetts
01801, USA.
Telephone: (617) 935 5950. TWX: (710) 393 6345.

Fax:(617)932 3764.
become
familiar with decoy systems and their

upon missiles. There are also lessons on the
decoy launcher system hardware and how they
to
effects
operate
Once the student is familiar with the system there

are engagement analysis software packages which
provide scenarios with appropriate responses. The
instructor can define the number of launch platforms,
the number and type of missile together with its
performance parameters as well as countermeasures
characteristics.
Fullerton,
modify the tactical situation in real time The instruchas the capability of inserting malfunctions
Navy League convention
3310,
tor also
AN/SQS-53B sonar together with an interface with

the Mark 16 Underwater Fire Control System
The trainer simulates the performance of the oper-
This simulator is designed to train decoy launching

system operators and was announced at the US
P.O.Box
Telephone: (714) 871 3232 Telex: 685 504
III
will
NTDS-
AN/SQQ-89 underwater sensor system which has

components; the AN/SQQ-28 LAMPS Mark
sonobuoy signal processor, the AN/SQR-19 Tactical
Towed Array System (TACTAS), the AN/SQS-53B
hull-mounted sonar and the AN/UYQ-25 Sonar Insitu Mode Assessment System (SIMAS). Later protrainers
150
MANUFACTURER
Link Tactical Simulation Systems produced an

acoustic operator trainer for the AN/SQQ-89 underwater sensor system This product supports the
duction
US Navy on some
equipped warships.
Acoustic Operator Trainer (Device

14E35)
four
225
A student examining
anti-ship missile threats on a

Loral Hycor training simulator and the automated
best response
226
Norden CE535
Military Display
Emulators
The Norden CE535
is
compatible with the
a military display emulator
US Navy's AN/UYA-4 and
AN/UYQ-21 family of display systems. They are

based upon the OJ-535 terminals and are designed
USA
to
STATUS
to
Available
provide Naval Tactical Data System (NTDS) data

support emulation of other consoles
There is a radar video simulator which emulates
the Hughes VSS and can provide programmable
radar parameters compatible with any US Navy
radar The system can also generate realistic scenarios similar to those which may be encountered
both at present and in the 1990s.
for
production
MANUFACTURER
Norden Service Company Inc, 200 Professional
Drive. Gaithersburg, Maryland 20879. USA
Telephone (301)9218100
STATUS
Radar Environmental Simulator

System (RESS)
and
Kidd' class
Upgrade (NTU)
and Advanced Combat Direction System (ACDS)
programmes.
In
production for
destroyers in the
Republic Electronics produced the RESS (Radar

Environmental Simulator System) which has been
selected for US Navy service as the AN/USQ-93(V)
The system is designed to provide on-board training,
testing and performance monitoring of the New
Threat Upgrade Anti-Air Warfare equipment.
The RESS will accurately simulate in real time all
the radar returns which would be encountered in
anti-air warfare. These include IFF. decoys, clutter
and weather The system can be controlled by the
Tactical Data Systems Training Supervisor or it can
come under the pre-programmed control of the ship
Weapon Direction System. It is being purchased
to interface with
cruisers
New
Threat
MANUFACTURER
Republic
Melville.
Electronics.
New York
575
1747.
Broad Hollow Road.
USA
Telephone: (516) 249 1414 Telex: 96 1460
AN/SPS-48E and AN/SPS-49(V)5
surveillance radars, AN/SPS-51D and SPS-53B

control radars and Mark XII IFF systems.
fire
An AN/USO-93 controller
Seatone Contact Signature

Generator (CSG)
The Seatone Contact Signature Generator (CSG)
designed
is
a variety of precision, controllable,

high-fidelity, signal-source applications It is being
incorporated in the company's sonar operator
trainers, sonar on-board trainers, classification
trainers and sonar test equipment together with
for
DS1200 Sonar Trainers

The DS1200 family of sonar trainers are based upon
common hardware and software modules to
produce an expandable, programmable system
They are normally carried on warships and produce
high fidelity, electronically synthesised active and
passive contacts which are manoeuvrable, threedimensional and realistic They feature front-end'
target injection and sonar simulation.
The original system. DS1210. was for on-board
sonar training with passive systems and was
AN/SQQ-89(V)-T On-Board Sonar

Trainer
This simulator is part of the US Navy's AN/SQQ89 anti-submarine warfare system and is used to
generate
manoeuvrable,
three-dimensional
targets It injects synthetic data into the sonars and

interfaces with the AN/SQS-53 active and passive
sonars, the AN/SQR-19 towed array sonar, the
AN/SQQ-28 and the LAMPS Mark III as well as

the Mark 116 anti-submarine combat system. It is
sonar analysis centre stimulators and mobile acoustic targets Its main functions are tone generation
tone parameter computation and path-sensor equal-
STATUS
isation.
MANUFACTURER
The system can generate 640 programmable

tones and six contacts. Two of these are multi-path
with 128 tones/contact and the remainder are direct
with 96 tones/contact, these including narrow band,
modulated broadband and unmodulated broadband.
subsequently supplemented by the DS1213 which is

for totally integrated sonar suites The DS1240 is for
surface warships offering passive sonar system
training with the capability of providing background
noisegeneration when used indock.Themulti-target
shore-based version is designated MAST (see entry
under Italy).
STATUS
Some 40 DS1200
trainers
have been produced
for
In
service with the
Rockwell International. Autonetics Marine Systems

Division. Autonetics Electronics Systems. PO Box
4921, DA41. 3370 Miraloma Avenue. Annaheim.
California 92803-4921 USA.
Telephone: (714) 762 3327.
.
while two DS1213s were produced for unspecified

nuclear submarines Nine DS1240s have been
ordered for the
Ticonderoga' (CG-47) class
cruisers
MANUFACTURER
Raytheon Company, Submarine Signal Division.
1847 West Main Road. Portsmouth. Rhode Island
02871-1087. USA.
Telephone: (401 847 8000. Telex: 927 787.
)
US Navy and other navies since 1970. Of this

total 31 are for US Navy ballistic missile submarines
TWX: 710 3826 923.
four configurations to match those of the

various ships
It consists of a trainer control console, a scenario
input device, signal generator and processor, signal
STATUS
the
available
SQQ-89
in
in
system status and power control. RF transRF antenna. LAMPS helicopter interface,
and LAMPS helicopter navigation simulator. The
injector,
US Navy and other navies.
production and in service with the US Navy in

Belknap'.
Virginia'
and 'Ticonderoga' class
cruisers. Kidd' and Spruance' class destroyers.
Oliver Hazard Perry' class frigates
In
mitter.
supported by a printer-plotter, a status

indicator and maintenance assistance modules.
simulator
is
MANUFACTURER
Raytheon Company. Submarine Signal Division.
1847 West Main Road. Portsmouth. Rhode Island
02871-1087.
USA
Telephone: (401 847 8000 Telex: 927 787

TWX: 710 3826 923
)
USA
227
Passive Acoustics Analysis (PAA)

Trainers (14E40,21H14)
The US Navy's Passive Acoustic Analysis (PAA)
trainers (Devices 14E40 and 21H14), allow sonar
operators for both surface warships and submarines
to analyse and classify various commercial ship,
surface warship and submarine contacts both
aurally and visually The displays include LOFARgram, DEMON and VERNIER frequency data
together with a student worksheet. The displays
are time synchronised with raw and filtered audio
presentations The worksheet data entered by each
student provides a record of his performance for
training feedback and course grading
The PAA trainer generates realistic sonar audio
and 19-inch (482.6 mm) generic visual displays by
preprocessing user-supplied acoustic analogue
tape recordings from a variety of user-deployed
tactical sonar systems The pre-processing facility
produces VHS tape casettes for audio signals and
computer disc files of synchronised generic visual
replay
upon the trainer. The
displays for
trainer includes hardware for as many as 12
student stations, a single instructor station and a
preprocessing
facility.
STATUS
In
Two Passive Acoustic Analysis (PAA)
service with the
trainer student displays
US Navy.
MANUFACTURER
Center, North Stonington, Connecticut 06359, USA.
Ship
535 0560
Radar/Sonar Display Unit (RSDU)
STATUS
The RSDU
The RSDU
a generic sonar and radar trainer which

may be configured to represent specific displays
such as the AN/SPA-25F or the Canadian Marconi
LN-66. The unit duplicates all the functions of the
is
is used in Ship Analytics' ship handling

simulators and it has also been supplied to the US
Navy Three are used in Device 2F158, the SH-2G
weapon system trainer, and 50 are used in Device
20B6D, the bridge-CIC trainer
real display.
The system consists of a simulation unit based

upon a personal computer, a display unit and a data
acquisition sub-system with controls. The simulated
radar may be configured as either an air search or a
sea search unit and can display tactical contacts,
weather, chaff, sea return, jamming and land mass
features. The simulated sonar is active, operating in
either a steerable sector or an omni mode. The
RSDU can be interfaced with any host simulator.
MANUFACTURER
Ship Analytics Inc.. North Stonington Professional
Center, North Stonington, Connecticut 06359. USA.
5350560.
An RSDU configured as an AN/SPA-25F display
Surface Passive Acoustic Analysis

Trainer (Device 14E40B)
The US Navy has a requirement for a PAAT (Passive
and advanced training for sonar operators in surface

warships. It will train them to analyse and classify the
audio signatures of surface warships, submarines
and merchant ships with the aid of visual displays.
STATUS
operators with training and electronic intelligence,

communications intelligence and ESM skills. It will
STATUS
provide stand alone signal recognition training with

graphic displays to simulate current US Navy ESM
to
Contract awards to supply a system each to the

Pacific and Atlantic Fleet Anti-Submarine Warfare
Centers (FLEASWCENT) are scheduled in June 1991
with training to begin in the summer of 1992
Acoustic Analysis Trainer) to provide intermediate
Submarine
ESM Trainer (Device
21E15)
be a portable carry-on device to provide
submarine Electronic Support Measures (ESM)
This
will
receivers.
A contract
systems is scheduled
February 1992. The first system is to
for the first of four
be placed
enter service
in
in
July 1993.
228

UNITED KINGDOM
Compact Maintenance Trainer
As a producer both of propulsion control equipment
and simulators Vosper Thornycroft have produced
a compact maintainer trainer for the Belgian Navy
This is used for training engine room crews of the
Wielinggen' Class (E-7 frigates and demonstrates
the full range of testing procedures in the machinery
control system. The trainer includes engine selection, engine change-over, sequencing and the
scheduling of both fuel and propellor pitch. A cutaway engine actuator is provided to show what
happens when an operator moves the engine control
levers and a diagram above the console shows the
machinery in operation
1 )
STATUS
In
service with the Belgian Navy.
MANUFACTURER
Vosper Thornycroft (UK) Limited. Controls Unit, Cow
Lane. Wymering. Portsmouth. Hampshire P06 3TR
UK
Telex: 86528
The compact maintainer trainer produced by Vosper

Thornycroft for the Belgian Navy to train escort
vessel engine room crews. The system includes a
full range of testing procedures, a cut-away
engine
actuator and a mimic diagram to show the machinery
in
operation

AN/SQQ-89(V) ASW Combat
System Maintenance Trainer
AAI are a major supplier of electronics to the American Defense Department and have developed the
AN/SQQ-89(V) anti-submarine warfare (ASW)
combat system maintenance trainer system. It consists of three maintenance training devices: 14G2for
common SQQ-89 equipment. 14G3 for the AN/SQR19(V) towed array and AN/SQQ-28(V) LAMPS Mark
III sonar signal processing systems, and 14G4 for
the AN/SQS-53B(V) hull-mounted sonar rangingdetecting set Each device has a distributed architecture based upon the Intel 8086 and is used to
provide students with practical experience in operating and maintaining SQQ-89 equipment with the
focus of attention upon fault isolation, identification
and the alignment procedures used to remedy faulty
assemblies
Each device consists
to
of
an instructor
station,
up
20 student stations, a distributed computer system
and a communication system The instructor's

station features two high resolution graphics
displays, one of which is used to monitor all student
stations, while the other can be used to intervene to
give further instruction The other display is used to
control the main computer.
The student stations provide a realistic training
environment and include a microcomputer together
with graphic representations of unit interiors and
components to assist recognition skills, simulated
controls and indicators, and software which simulates the real responses of test and sonar equipment
Technical manuals are provided for each station
For lessons on specific subjects a selection of
eight panels are mounted on a drum below the
computer control while simulated test equipment is
available on a test equipment cart
The AAI AN/SQQ-89 anti-submarine warfare combat system maintenance trainer
14G4 systems These have been installed at the

Fleet Anti-Submarine Warfare Training
STATUS
US Navy's
During FY84 AAI received a $6 12 million contract to

supply 7 Device 14G2, 7 Device 14G3 and 16 Device
Center, Pacific.
MANUFACTURER
AAI Corporation PO Box 126. Hunt Valley Maryland
21030-0126. USA.
Telephone: (301 666 1400 Telex: 8-7849
)
USA /NAVAL MAINTENANCE TRAINERS
229
Mark 1 5 CIWS Maintenance Trainer

(Device 11 G2)
Cubic Defense Systems manufacture the Mark 15

Close-in Weapon System (CIWS - Phalanx) Maintenance Trainer (Device 11G2) and an electronic
maintenance trainer (see next entry). The CIWS

Maintenance Trainer is a stand-alone system
designed to train two students simultaneously in the
correct identification of faults and their correction
Each trainer consists of a computer console, an
optical laser video disc system with monitor, a microprocessor, six simulated test instruments, training
panels and various simulated features of the CIWS,
Instructors can prog ram me up to 480 malfunctions
into the trainer and, aided by the relevant manuals,
the student learns to detect and repair them. Eight
interchangeable panels provide physical and functional simulation for detailed subsystem training.
STATUS
The Defense Department purchased these systems
from FY80 onwards at a total cost (to FY87) of some
$27 million. Atotal of 48 trainers has been purchased
and most have been installed at the US Navy's Great
Lakes, Illinois, and San Diego, California, Naval
Training Centers One system has been installed at
The Cubic Defense Systems Close-in Weapon System maintenance trainer has been purchased by the US
Navy and the Royal Navy
Dam
Neck, Virginia.
In 1984 the Royal Navy purchased a system costing
the equivalent of $500,000, and this was installed at
Cubic
HMSCollingwood.
910-335 2010
Electronic Equipment Maintenance Trainer (Device 1 1 B1 06)
with schematic diagrams and other useful data The

student may also see the effects of any maintenance
This is a stand-alone trainer consisting of a console

with a video disc system, a touch-panel, and both
colour and monochrome displays. By touching the
screens the student can make the item on display
operate' as in real life. Complete systems, subsystems or components may be studied together
MANUFACTURER
Defense Systems. 9333 Balboa Avenue.
POBox85587 San Diego. California92138-5587. USA

Telephone
(619)
277 6780
68-34020 or
Telex:
MANUFACTURER
work' which he has undertaken
9333 Balboa Avenue.

POBox85587. San Diego, California921 38-5587, USA
STATUS
Telephone. (619)
910-335-2010
Cubic Defense Systems.

277
6780
Telex
68-34020 or
A total of 32 systems were purchased from FY82

onwards at a total cost of some $10 2 mil ion and have
been delivered to the US Naval Training Centers at
Great Lakes. Illinois and Orlando Florida
I
AN/BSY-2 Maintenance Trainer

MANUFACTURER
General Electric have been awarded a $113 415 000

contract by the US Defense Department to produce
a single maintenance trainer for the AN/BSY-2
integrated sonar-fire control system for the
Seawolf class nuclear submarine. No further
details are available.
STATUS
Trident Sonar Maintenance Trainer

Front End Simulator (TSMT FES)
bathythermograph, depth-sound speed recorder,

and fathometer muting signals. The unit contains
four major drawers each comprised of a module
assembly and a power supply section.
The spherical array inverse beam former is Unit
202. This receives control and the simulated acoustic
signals from Unit 201 and processes them to account
The Trident Sonar Maintenance Trainer Front End

Simulator (TSMT FES) was designed to offer US Navy
personnel realistic, effective maintenance training
for the AN/BQQ-6 and AN/WLR-17 sonar systems. It
is
a follow-on
AN/BQR-4T on-board sonar

The system offers intermediate
to the
operational trainer.
and advanced instruction
in
sonar system main-
tenance, repairand calibration. Realism isachieved

by injecting TSMT-transmitted signals into the front
end.
The system consists of ten elements, designated
Units. The contact generation and control assembly
is Unit 201 and is the major electronic processing
cabinet of the system. It receives input commands
and processes them to develop contact signals
appropriately modified to simulate propagation
effects for selected ocean models. Signals are
further modified to account for the effects of various
arrays of the AN/BQQ-6 sonar. Signals for the spherical array a re output to Unit 202 for further processing.
Simulation
outputs
are also developed for
In
production for delivery
in
Electric Company, Military Electronic

Systems Operations, Building 3, Court Street,
PO Box 4840, Syracuse, New York 13221, USA.
June 1994
General
Telephone: (315)4560123,
spherical array spatial effects. It combines

the signals with simulated sea state noise and
outputs 944 parallel channels to the AN/BQQ-6
spherical array inputs. The unit consists of four
major drawers each with a module assembly and
for the
power supply
Unit 203
is
the trainer control console which pro-
The processor system
is Unit 210 and consists

powerful HP 9807 transportable, UNIX-based
computer. The operating system and the application
software are provided on a 3.5-inch (88.9 mm) floppy
disc and loaded via an RS-232-A standard interface.
The trainer data base consists of 16 contacts, one
ocean and 40 active emitters. Up to four active and
passive, manoeuvrable targets are generated at any
onetime.
The final elements of the system are the power
control-status monitor (Unit 21 1) and the active emissions simulator (Unit 2 12) The latter provides active
emissions to the AN/WLR-17 system and receives
control orders from Unit 201 through an IEEE-488
of a
grammes, controls and monitors exercises by interacting with a series of functionally dedicated plasma
interface.
is the printer-plotter which

generates hard copies from the plasma displays
while Units 205, 206 and 209 provide resistive loads
STATUS
The US Navy has 52 of these systems on order.
display panels. Unit 204
for
AN/BQQ-6 acoustic communication and
the high
frequency sonar transmitters together with supplying variable loads for the power supply of the
supplementary array. Unit 207 is the distress beacon
dummy load while Unit 208 is the emergency
communications
dummy load.
MANUFACTURER
Raytheon Company, Submarine Signal Division,
1847 West Main Division, Portsmouth, Rhode Island
02871-1087. USA.
Telephone: (401) 847 8000.
230
NAVAL MAINTENANCE TRAINERS
Mark 92 Fire Control Maintenance

Trainer (Device
1 1
G3)
Formerly the Sperry Division of the Sperry Corporation, Unisys has produced the Mark 92 Fire
Control Maintenance Trainer (Device 1 1G3).
The Mark 92 system is used with the Standard
Missile and the Mark 75 Gun Mounting Each computer-driven maintenance trainer consists of an
instructor station
and a number
of
USA
The work stations are divided into three

major sections The first has a pictorial presentation
of the major circuit systems of the Mark 92 system
and also includes working test jacks, major indicators and displays The working parts are computer
controlled The second section consists of a computer display which is fully interactive with the test
stations
section
The
contains the test equipment In addition to working with the trainer, students
also work with an operational Mark 92 system
third section
student work
contract
in
schools
at
April 1982
Dam
and were
a $9 4 million
installed at training
Neck. Virginia, and San Diego.
California
MANUFACTURER
Unisys Corporation. Surveillance and Fire Control
System
Division,
Great Neck.
Marcus Avenue & Lakeville Road
New York
1020
USA
Telephone (516)574 0111 Telex 960167
AN/SPN-46 Radar Maintenance
STATUS
Trainer
In production for the US Navy The system is scheduled for delivery to the Naval Air Technical Training
Center, Memphis. Tennessee, in October 1991
The US Defense Department has awarded Bell Aerospace Textron a $113 million contract to provide
a maintenance trainer for the AN/SPN-46 carrier
approach radar The company will provide a trainer
unit, maintenance assistance modules and two
antenna pedestals. No further details are available
STATUS
Two systems were purchased under
MANUFACTURER
Bell
Aerospace Textron. P
York, 14240-0001.
Telephone
O Box
1,
Buffalo
USA
(716) 297 1000
Fax (716) 6966981
New
231

FRANCE
CM Submarine Target
of the DCN's establishments, ECAN (Etablissement des Constructions et Armes Navales) St
Tropez. F-83990 St Tropez, produces a target
system, the CI-1 submarine target.
The CI-1 submarine target is used both to tram
torpedo launch crews and to evaluate new operational techniques and tactics, due to the device's
accurate representation of submarine charac-
One
teristics.
TSM 3500 (ED 28B) Practice Mine

The TSM 3500 (ED 28B) practice mine is used to train
minesweeping crews and is launched by surface
ships. It is equipped with magnetic and acoustic
sensors A mine explosion can be simulated by
means of a smoke grenade attached to the float The
mine, which has a float, is launched with a 420 kg
reinforced-concrete sinker (measuring 950 x 800
x 400 mm) to which it is tethered by a cable A timing
device and an explosive cutter are also fitted A logic
The electrically powered system resembles a

large torpedo and carries acoustic equipment which
permits it to simulate the signature of a submarine
being illuminated by the active sonar of a homing
torpedo Alternatively it can act as a homing torpedo
The system has
maximum endurance,
at
minimum
hours
A new version of this submarine target, the CI-5
will have a command link system enabling the
mission programme to be modified during the exer-
speed,
of eight
STATUS
The CI-1
The CI-5
is
is
operational but no longer

under development
in
production
MANUFACTURER
DCN (Direction des Constructions Navales),
Royal, PO Box 1, F-75200 Paris Naval France
2 rue
Telephone 1 42 60 33 30. Telex: 650 421 F

Fax (1)4703 32 99
(
and it will also have a higher speed to match

the speed performances of nuclear submarines
cise,
processes detected signals from the ship and

there is a counter mechanism which shears the
tethering cable when the exercise time is completed
circuit
Length: 1 55 m
Diameter: 550
Weight:
(in air) 210 kg
(in water) 175 kg
In service with the French Navy and

navies
some
other
MANUFACTURER
mm
(sinker, in air)
STATUS
Thomson-Sintra ASM (Activities Sous-Marins),

Chemin des Travails. PO Box 53, F-06801 Cagnessur-MerCedex, France.
Telephone 93 20 01 40 Telex: 204 780 F
420 kg
TSM 3515 (MCED 23) Practice Mine

mines weeper crews and has the same magnetic and
TSM
(MCED 23) is a submarine-launched

version of the TSM 3500, and is externally identical
to the TSM 3517 (MCEM 23) practice mine (see
The
following
3515
entry)
is
It
also
used
for
training
TSM 3517 (MCEM 23) Practice Mine
acoustic sensors as the
STATUS
In
service with the French Navy.
how to
to lay
The TSM 3517 (MCEM
23) practice
mine
is
externally
TSM
3515 (see previous entry) but has

no sensors and is used to train submarine crews
similar to the
load mines into torpedo tubes and, later,
how
those mines
STATUS
service with the French Navy and
navies
In
MANUFACTURER
Chemin des Travails PO Box 53, F-06801 Cagnessur-MerCedex France
Telephone: 932001 40 Telex: 204 780 F.
TSM 3500
some
other
MANUFACTURER
Chemin des Travails, PO Box 53, F-06801 Cagnessur-MerCedex, France
Telephone: 93 2001 40 Telex 204 780 F.
ITALY
MR-80/1 Exercise Mine
MISAR SpA are
Italy's
leading producers of naval
mines and for mine countermeasures training have

produced the MR-80/1 exercise mine. The MR-80/1 is
an inert version of the operational MR-80 sea mine
designed for exercises, training and trials. The
system consists of a sensor and processing section
and a tail section with recovery aids.
The MR-80/1 exercise mine is laid by surface
vessels, submarines or aircraft after the appropriate
sensor simulator has been installed with a complete
range of ground mine influences being covered. The
system can be used not only to train mine hunters

and minesweeper crews against any type of influence mine but also in mine warfare research. The
activation of the mine is simulated by means of a
flare and at the end of an exercise a buoy is released
which permits the system to be recovered.
The dimensions and weights provided below may
vary according to the precise operational model of
MR-80 mine being modelled.
Length: 2 096 m
Diameter: 533
Weight: 750 kg
mm
STATUS
is in service with a number of NATO
navies, many of whom also use the company's war
stock naval mines. One of the latest customers was
The system
Norway which ordered a number

1984 India
customer.
in
is
of exercise mines
believed to be a non-European
MANUFACTURER
MISAR SpA, Strada Statale 236 Goitese, Localita
Fasciad'Oro, 1-25018 Montichiari (Brescia), Italy
Telephone: (30) 996 1061 Telex: 302 280,
Fax: (30)962561.
UNDERWATER PRACTICE WEAPONS AND TARGETS
232
New Zealand UK
NEW ZEALAND
Exercise Limpet Mine
Marine-Air Systems Limited was founded in 1975
and produces defence electronics, navigation, communications, simulation and civil aviation products
It has also produced an exercise limpet mine.
This is an inert device designed to train divers in
limpet mine removal and it can be used in sea water
down to a depth of 30 m It weighs 6 5 kg including
batteries and is 300 mm in diameter. After the timer
is set. (it can be set for any period up to 24 h), the
mine is placed against a ship's hull and activated by
withdrawing an arming pin
Activation causes an anti-lift plunger to move into
place against the hull and its location is recorded by

an on-board electronics pack If the mine is not
removed properly, or if it is not detected, a bright
Xenon flashing strobe is activated
STATUS
In
production
for the
Royal
New Zealand Navy
MANUFACTURER
Marine-Air
Wellington.
Systems
Limited,
PO Box
12-197.
New Zealand
Telephone: (04)720-113 Telex: 31412 Fax (04)733501.
The Marine-Air Systems exercise limpet mine
UNITED KINGDOM
Versatile Exercise
Mine System
(VEMS)
Aerospace (Dynamics) Limited manufacture
number of naval weapon systems for air
defence and anti-submarine warfare as well as producing the Versatile Exercise Mine System (VEMS)
The Versatile Exercise Mine System (VEMS) is
designed to test the effectiveness of mine countermeasures systems against ground mines and the
tactics of clearing such weapons
is also used in
mine warfare research and development programmes.
The system is in two sections; a heavy ballast
section and a buoyant section which are linked by
200 m of rope. The buoyant section contains the
computer and sensor units together with a transponder for communication with the exercise
vessel The system is launched from a mine countermeasures vessel either by means of a special
trolley which forms part of the system or by slipping
British
a large
It
it
from a
flying at
davit.
It
speeds
may
of less
also be laid by helicopters

than 10 knots from below a
height of 6m.
The mine simulates the actuation system of any

magnetic, acoustic, pressure or combination influence ground mine and is programmed to record
exercise data for subsequent detailed analysis
A transponder fitted to the VEM permits two-way
communication between the mine and the exercise
vessel with the data transmitted including a mine
sensor actuation signal and mine-to-ship ranges.
The mine can remain on the sea bed for up to six
months before it should be recovered and serviced.
Mine emulation programmes can be provided from
any standard library of mine types or may be
developed to meet specific requirements
Recovery begins by transmitting a coded acoustic
signal which activates the mine recovery mechanism. This uses compressed air from a bottle in the
ballast section first to free the mine of mud and silt
then release the buoyant section which floats to the
surface and acts as a buoy
Length: 2 71 m
Diameter: 533
Weight: 560 kg
mm
STATUS
The
VEMS
is in
production and has entered service
with the Royal Navy. Thailand placed a contract

worth 900,000 ($1.4 million) for a number of
systems, while the US Navy ordered 10 at a cost of
$6 2 million for delivery by

options for a further 15.
December
1989.
and has
MANUFACTURER
British
Bristol
Aerospace (Dynamics)
BS12 7QW.UK
Ltd.
PO Box
Telephone: 0272 693831 Telex: 44163.
5.
Filton
The Versatile Exercise Mine System (VEMS) being lowered into the water
UK
device.
Limpet Exercise Mine

British Aerospace produce a limpet exercise mine
which is used to train divers in the handling and
removal of live limpet mines. Mounted on the mine's
base are four magnets for attaching the mine to a
target, plus the necessary controls - a timer (from
20 to 120mins), an arming switch and an anti-lift
Top surface
of
Underwater Transponder Target)

Dynamics
experience
in
Limited have considerable

producing not only sonar systems but
also acoustic decoy and countermeasure systems.
It
Marconi Practice Delivery Torpedo

The Practice Delivery Torpedo (PDT) is a low-cost
training system which is a facsimile of the American
Mark 46 lightweight torpedo It is designed only for
launching from aircraft, torpedo delivery systems
and torpedo tubes and once it enters the water it
floats to the surface. The system can be recovered,
checked and replaced in the launcher system within
an hour.
THORN EMI Deep Mobile Target

(DMT)
THORN EMI produce a number of underwater acousranges, systems and targets including the Deep
Mobile Target (DMT) and SoundTrak (see following
tic
flash tube beneath a window in the

triggered to simulate the explosion of the
A Xenon
is
The mine is circular and has a base 260 mm in

diameter The hemispherical cover is 130 mm high
DMT
a fully instrumented, self-contained,

unmanned vehicle for use in anti-submarine warfare
trials and training exercises to simulate the dynamic
and acoustic characteristics of submarines and to
carry out pre-programmed manoeuvres It can travel
at speeds of 8, 14 and 22 knots to a maximum
depth of 366 m and has an endurance ranging from
is
the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence

other undisclosed nations.
STATUS
In
British
Aerospace (Dynamics)
BS12 7QW.UK.
and some
Ltd,
PO Box
5, Filton,
Telephone: 0272693831 Telex: 44163.
production These mines have been supplied to
Lower surface
of Limpet Exercise
has also produced the G 733 SLUTT (Ship-Launched

Underwater Transponder Target)
The G733 is a small towed transponder system
designed to simulate a variety of underwater targets
to permit functional training of sonar operators as
well as to assist calibration and alignment tests
Some 24 versions have been produced to meet
various requirements
STATUS
The PDT can be launched for a minimum of 10

times before it requires a major overhaul and it can
also withstand up to 150 air drops. For launch record
purposes it includes a read-out subsystem while a
three-mode recovery air system assists recovery
they
STATUS
In production and in service with the Royal Navy
together with those of Brazil, France and Pakistan.
In September 1987 the manufacturers announced
8 minutes at 22 knots to 100 minutes at 8 knots. It has

a turn rate of 107s, a climb/dive rate of 9 5 m/s and
is capable of climb/dive angles of 45
The boat-launched DMT normally carries a miss
distance indicator and two sonar subsystems which
are interchanged at base, the system being supplied
to
233
MANUFACTURER
Bristol
meet customer sonar-frequency requirements
When used
entry)
The
cover
mine.
G 733 SLUTT (Ship-Launched
Graseby
with a three-dimensional underwater

tracking system it is fitted with the THORN EMI Type
5 synchronised acoustic transmitter (SAT) which is
compatible with American. British, West German,
Italian and Japanese tracking ranges Recovery is
initiated by command, exhaustion of the propulsion
battery, when the system deviates from the preset
depth limits or by programme run completion.
Mine showing controls
service with the Royal Navy and a number of other

navies around the world
In
MANUFACTURER
Graseby Dynamics Limited. Park Avenue, Bushey,
Hertfordshire WD2 2BW, UK.
Telephone 0923 285 66 Telex 923 010
would be delivering systems
for
Foreign
Weapons Evaluation by the US Navy
MANUFACTURER
Marconi Underwater Systems Limited. Elettra
Avenue. Waterlooville. Hampshire P07 7XS, UK.
Telephone: 0705 264466. Telex: 869233 Fax: 0705
260246
Length: 3 28 m
Diameter: 324
Weight: 236 kg
mm
STATUS
The system
is no longer in production but it remains

service with the Royal Navy and several foreign
customers.
in
MANUFACTURER
THORN EMI Electronics
Division,
Victoria
Limited, Defence
Road,
Feltham,
TW137DZ, UK.
Telephone: 081 890 3600. Telex: 24 325
Systems
Middlesex
234
UK USA
THORN EMI SoundTrak (Type 2058)

SoundTrak is an anti-submarine target simulator
designed to provide realistic acoustic signatures for
operators and command teams, simplified performance assessment of noise ranges and all types
of passive sonar The system is attached to a Type
182 torpedo decoy winch
The towed body, based upon the Type 182 Mark 3.
made primarily of glass fibre, houses a hydrosounder and pressure vessel with depth and attitude
sensors The hydrosounder is capable of high acoustic power output. The on-board elements of the
system include a power amplifier and a digital signal
generator The generator, which has 10 channels,
provides the various low level noise and tone signals
required It has a visual and display unit to assist
setting and monitoring of the system's performance
Towed body
Length: 2.03 m
Weight: 160 kg
Diameter: 473
mm
Cable length: 61 7
STATUS
SoundTrak
Type 2058
is in
service with the Royal Navy as the
MANUFACTURER
THORN EMI Electronics Limited. Electronic Systems
Division. Albert Drive. Sheerwater. Woking, Surrey
GU215RU.UK.
Telephone: 0483 757 000. Telex: 859615. Fax: 0483
A SoundTrak system being recovered during trials
755888

Honeywell HOTTorp
1988 Honeywell began to address a Royal AusNavy requirement for a Mark 46 practice
torpedo. This is now available as HOTTorp (Honeywell's Operational Training Torpedo) which was
revealed atthe US Navy League convention in 1990
HOTTorp is a facsimile of the Mark 46 torpedo
which can be used for handling, loading, preparing.
presetting and launching training It has movable
ballast weights to adjust the centre of gravity,
stationary fins and windmilling propellors At the
front are six drop weights and behind them is a
In
tralian
buoyancy chamber
The practice torpedo is loaded and launched in
the same way as a warshot torpedo Upon entering
the water an actuator in the nose releases the
weights and the buoyancy chamber helps bring the
system to the surface where a seawater-activated
dye container helps recovery The maximum plunge
depth from a surface ship is 23m and from a helicopter it is 37 m. The system can be recovered and
used again within 60 minutes and a liquid crystal
display for recording purposes. The manufacturers
state
it
has a minimum operating
life
of 150 launches.
STATUS
Available for production A similar system
offered to meet a US Navy requirement.
is
being
2900A Honeywell Operational Training Torpedo (HOTTorp)
MANUFACTURER
Honeywell
Inc.
Marine Systems Group. 600 Second
Street North East, Hopkins, Minnesota 55343. USA.

Telephone: (612) 931 5130. TWX: 910 7563 437.
USA
Mark39EMATT
The Expendable Mobile ASW Training Target
(EMATT) is a training target which may be deployed
from surface ships or anti-submarine aircraft. It
weighs
is 910mm long, 127mm in diameter and
of 8 knots The
1 1 34 kg yet it has a maximum speed
operating depth is between 23 and 183 m
The EMATT may be launched down an aircraft
sonobuoy chute or thrown over a ship's side Before
launch one of three pre-programmed operational
patterns is selected and the system is set to run
either with or without Magnetic Anomaly Detection
(MAD) capability.
The simulator is activated at about 9 m and will
run at various depths and headings for 3 hours generating four acoustic frequencies Its echo repeat
system allows it to receive, store then retransmit
enhanced active sonar signals which simulate a
submarine echo also has a transponder to provide
acquisition and a homing response for the Mark 46
a*::
It
torpedo. For use with MAD the EMATT deploys

a 30 m wire along which DC power is pulsed to
reproduce a submarine's magnetic signature. In
this mode endurance is only about 2 hours and the
maximum speed is reduced to 7 knots At the end of
the exercise the EMATT sinks to the sea bed.
STATUS
In
production and
in
service with the
US
Navy.
The Mark 39
EMATT
target
system shown attached to a US Navy helicopter
MANUFACTURER
Sippican Inc. 7 Barnabas Road, P.O.Box861. Marion,
Maine 02738-0861, USA
Telephone: (508) 748 1 160. Telex: 200 189 Fax: (508)
748 2091.
SPAT
STATUS
The Self-Propelled Acoustic Target (SPAT) was

designed to assist the training of sonar crews in
the detection, classification and tracking of dieselelectric submarines. It uses noise-generating circuity to create such a submarine's unique acoustic
signature in the 1000 Hz to 85 kHz range SPAT can
also trail a hydrophone to pick up an acoustic pulse
which is then elongated by on-board electronics and
Development
MANUFACTURER
Westinghouse
Electric Corporation, Naval
Division, 18901
44117, USA.
Systems
Euclid Avenue. Cleveland, Ohio
Telephone: (216) 4868300 Fax (216) 481 1247
transmitted
The programming electronics allow SPAT
to
take
up to ten different headings during an exercise which

can last from 2 to 120 minutes at low speed (7 knots)
and 102 minutes at high speed (12 knots). SPAT can
dive to a maximum of 150 m.
Length: 3 28 m
Diameter: 2 54
Weight: 150 kg
m
A Self-Propelled Acoustic Target (SPAT)
being launched from a small ship
.-
rlO
,\
235
236

GERMANY
(WEST)
Dornier Naval Communications

Trainers
"
fc-^j
the West German defence

industry. Dornier's Naval Division also produces a
number of naval communications trainers
A major systems house
in
The Communication Equipment Operator Trainer

(CEOT) can be tailored to meet a specific customer
ship-fit communications requirement and is used
to train operators in voice, morse and teleprinter
communications as well as equipment maintenance. Individual operator positions for all communications modes are provided as they would be
on board a ship. There are separate radio and audio
frequency sections, a selection of different types of
antennas or dummy loads, as well as a modular
layout to meet customer specifications.
The Teletype Trainer (TTT) can be used to train
up to 15 students in teleprinter operation. The
trainers are linked to a microprocessor and the
instructor can group up to six students for
specific exercises An electronic metronome may
be added to help students acquire a typing rhythm
A Morse/Voice and Language Trainer (MVLT) is
offered to smaller navies as a cost-effective means
of imparting communications training to students
Facilities include training in morse, in the use
of signal lamps, voice procedures and even language training. Up to 15 students can be trained in
separate cubicles and they can be linked to one
A Communication Equipment Operator Trainer (CEOT)

communications circuit or up to three independent
circuits
Morse signals may be generated
automatically at preselected rates or
manually.
may be
sent
In
use with the Nigerian Navy
MANUFACTURER
Dornier Luftfahrt GmbH. Training Division. Postfach
2160. D-8000 Munich 66. Federal Republic of
Germany.
Telephone: (089) 841080 Telex 521 765 Fax (089)
8410 8256
STATUS
production The
been sold
in
CEOT and
the
MVLT have
both
to Nigeria.
SINGAPORE
Vosper Naval Damage Control and
Firefighting Training Simulator
This simulator consists of two training areas each of
a replica ship's compartments on two decks. The
first training area is for firefighting and contains
portable equipment including a fire pump as well as
systems for creating artificial fires. Here students
are trained not only to fight a wide variety of fires but
also search and rescue techniques as well as the

use of breathing apparatus.
The second training area is for teaching basic
and advanced damage control and consists of a
floodable compartment in which leaks can be simulated.
The water comes from an
MANUFACTURER
Vosper Naval Systems Pte Limited. 232Tanjong Rhu
Road, Singapore 1543.
Telephone: (65) 344 9388 Telex: 21219. Fax: (65) 344
6642.
integral tank.
STATUS
The system
is in
production and has been bought by
the Brunei Navy.
UNITED KINGDOM
TN4 Plotter Navigator Training
System
MS Defence Equipment and Systems Limited manufactures a wide range of naval and maritime
products, including naval plotting tables, and to
assist training it has developed the TN4 Plotter
Navigator Trainer.
This system is designed to give navigators experience in the procedures and techniques for plotting a
ship's course and contacts within the ship sensor
range. The system consists of an instructor's
console with a ship-contact simulator, communications and recording
facilities and up to four

or SPL plotting tables each of which
can have up to three students.
DESL Type TN4
The microprocessor in the instructor's console

simulates the ship course and speed based upon
pre-determined ship dynamic characteristics and
transmits simulated target track data to the plotting
tables either automatically or orally The system can
simulate any time of the day or night and features a
.
freeze' facility.
STATUS
The Naval Plotting Trainer has been sold both
United Kingdom and abroad.
in
the
MANUFACTURER
MS Defence Equipment
and Systems Limited.

Salhouse Road. Norwich. Norfolk NR7 9AY.UK
Telephone: 0603484065 Telex: 975067
A TN4 naval plotting trainer system
in
use
UK USA
MISCELLANEOUS NAVAL SIMULATORS AND TRAINERS
237
Damage Repair Instruction Unit

As a major shipyard and naval systems supplier
Vosper Thornycroft have produced damage repair
instruction units A simplified system has been sold
to Oman but the most comprehensive is with the
Royal Navy's shore training establishment at HMS
computer-controlled
Plymouth.
This
system can simulate flooding from splinter holes,
distorted hatchways, holed bulkheads or distorted
pipework and there can be electrical damage', all
with realistic battle sounds Students can be trained
to repair battle damage, to handle casualties and
conduct search and rescue techniques in an environment which can be flooded with up to 95 tonnes of
water or into which simulated smoke may be fed
The system consists of a training unit measuring
14.6 x 6.7 x 7 77 m It is three decks high and is
Raleigh,
outfitted to
represent the interior of a typical frigate
The training unit is attached to a steel frame which

can tilt it 15 either side of vertical at varying speeds
There is a control unit and also a pump house to
flood the training unit.
The Vosper Thornycroft Damage Repair Instruction Unit installed at HMS Raleigh. Plymouth
STATUS
service with the Royal Navy at HMS Raleigh,
Plymouth. A simplified unit was sold to Oman.
In
MANUFACTURER
Vosper Thornycroft (UK) Limited. Victoria Road.
Woolston, Southampton, S09 5GR, UK
Telephone: 0703 445144. Telex: 47682.

AAI Firefighting Trainer
This training system consists of representations of
various ship compartments in which there are metal
representations of bunks, boiler fronts, electrical
panels, bombs, stoves and clothes dryers.
Beneath or behind each
Firefighter Trainers
The US Navy
is
receiving
which are being installed
in
compartment'
(1
new
is
9F1 A/1 9F3)

firefighter trainers
specially designed and
constructed buildings They are electro-mechanical

systems which produce fires by control led, propanefuelled gas-burners in a realistic shipboard environment Non-toxic, non-polluting smoke is introduced
only at specific points as tactical objectives require
For safety reasons the systems feature visual monitoring, rapid shutdown, automatic shutdown by
sensors and an engineered fail-safe device
The system includes a centralised instructor's
console with programmable controller system This
can operate up to four fires simultaneously with
the parameters selected by the instructor He also
computer-controlled propane burner system which

simulates fire growth There are also sensors underneath which detect the various fire-fighting agents
such as water or powder to ensure the right ones
are used by the students If the correct techniques
are applied the computer extinguishes the fire but
if
not the
computer
will
cause the
fire'
Instructors can also introduce non-toxic
to flare
trainer.
will
practice
in
the
advanced
The students encounter
may occur
firefighting
situations which
a ship's engine room, bilges, galley or

berthing areas Repeated exercise will provide the
students with expertise, these exercises including
basic fire hose handling.
in
The advanced
is
Device 19F1A.
a multi-decked structure designed for teams on
firefighting trainer,
In
production
MANUFACTURER
AAI, P.O.Box 126, Hunt Valley. Maryland, 210300126. USA.
Telephone (301 666 1400 Telex: 8 7849
)
smoke
determines the location of the fires and controls the

propane burner system There is a communications
system for broadcasting information, for contacting
on-site instructors or for alarm signals In the
event of a malfunction the entire system may be
closed instantly by hand
The basic firefighting trainer. Device 19F3, provides introductory instruction into the General Shipboard Fire Fighting Training Course which the
students
STATUS
the Advanced Fire Fighting Team Training Courses.

The teams are presented various scenarios generated by the 13 Class A, B and C fires in the trainer.
These provide a variety of realistic fire situations in
similar conditions to those encountered on board
ships
STATUS
Three systems are being purchased for the Recruit
Training Centers at Glakes, San Diego and Orlando,
with the first system coming into service at Glakes
in June 1991.
CONTRACTOR
Symtron Systems
Inc. 17-01 Pollitt Drive,
New Jersey. 07410, USA

Tel: (201)
794 0200.
Fair Lawn,
238
MISCELLANEOUS NAVAL SIMULATORS AND TRAINERS
Landing Signal Officer Trainer

(LSOT)
The Landing Signal
developed
medium
to
Officer Trainer
(LSOT) has been
provide an interactive instructional
within a controlled classroom environment
for training aircraft carrier
Landing Signal Officers
(LSOs).
The system, based upon a Gould 9705 computer,

features an instructor operator station with a 19-inch
(482 6 mm) touch-sensitive, multi-function cathode
ray tube screen. This provides the instructor with a
repeater to the LSO head-up display, or PLAT (Pilot
Landing Aid Television) and allows him to monitor
The
Pilot
and
to control instruction He can control the visual

displays, scenario selection, malfunction insertion
and voice communications

The student station which can be used for selftraining or under the supervision of the instructor,
consists of a head-up display console with a
9-inch (228 6 mm) cathode ray tube that presents
the simulator PLAT There is a base station, a manually operated visual landing aid system controller
and a landing area status light
A computer-generated visual system provides
visual simulation of up to six different moving aircraft
types including the S-3A Viking, A-6E Intruder, the
EA-6B Prowler, the E-2C Hawkeye, the F-14A Tomcat
and the F/A-18 Hornet The background scene
Land Aid Television (PLAT) repeater, incorporating a touch screen,

partofthe
LSOT student's station
is
USA
provides varying seascape, light and environmental

conditions and there is a 270 display system with a
6 m radius The voice generation system provides
deck noise, loudspeaker calls, communications on

the same radio frequency and wind sound together
with authentic engine sounds
STATUS
In
production
for
the
US Navy
CONTRACTOR
Systems and Simulation Inc. 5902 Breckenndge
Parkway. Tampa. Florida 33610-4233 USA
Telephone (813) 628-6100 Telex 810 876 0809
Fax (813)6217763
The Landing Signal Officer Trainer (LSOT) student station with a computergenerated image view of an aircraft carrier' deck
Aviation/Avionics Systems
241
and Helicopter Simulators

and Procedure Trainers
Aircraft
BRAZIL
Flight Simulator for
Tucano
ABC's first simulator is of the EMB-312 Tucano

turboprop trainer and was built for CTA, the Brazilian
Air Force Technology Centre. The work was carried
out in association with the American company
Intersim.
The two-axis simulator is controlled by a minicomputer of Brazilian design, but based upon the
Gould Concept 32/27. which took 30 months to
MByte
develop. The computer has a memory of
and a performance of 46 Mips
The simulator cockpit uses real instruments all
of which are operational although linked to the
computer system through the instructor station The
latter can have either a closed circuit television
system or a duplicate set of the main cockpit instruments A dedicated keyboard and colour monitor
allow the instructor to supervise and to control
the exercise including changes in environmental
conditions, the aircraft configuration and the introduction of about 100 malfunctions which can be
easily activated and cleared
The control loading system and the motion system
represent accurately and smoothly the forces
sensed by the pilot during flight and on the ground
The system has a computer-generated image
system with changeable visibility, runways, clouds
and terrain together with a simulated sound system
1
STATUS
The Tucano simulator for the CTA was produced in
1984 and series production began in 1986. Since
then five have been produced for the Iraqi and
Forces
while
Egyptian
Air
produced
for the Brazilian Air
first of
are now being

Force Academy. The
six
the latter will enter service
in
the
autumn
of
1990.
MANUFACTURER
ABC Sistemas Eletronicos
Avenue
ladores e Avionica,
S.A
Divisao Simu-
Heitor Villa
The
first
of the
ABC Tucano simulators
Lobos 2176,
Sao Jose dos Campos (SP), Brazil.

Telephone 123 21 7522 Telex: 123 3325 Fax: 123
21-1789
Flight
Simulator for Brasilia
To familiarise and adapt flight crews in operations

of the Embraer EMB-120 light transports ABC Simuladores e Avionica, in association with the American
company Intersim, developed an advanced flight
simulator which is mounted upon a motion platform
with six degrees of movement. The system is certified to FAA Phase and Phase
standards.
The cockpit features the aircraft's instrumentation
II
which
controlled from the instructor's station

inside the command cabin The instructor uses a
colour video terminal and a keyboard with simple
operation functions. Maps, contours and aircraft
routes are made in the terminal itself.
The visual system uses the McDonnell Douglas
is
IV system
(see entry under ComputerGenerated Image and Visual Display Systems
section for details) with two or four windows. This
system permits the generation of a simulated
horizon, runway surface texture, buildings, terrain
relief, runway approach illumination and taxiing,
approach strobe lights and moving vehicle lights.
Vital
STATUS
The system has been produced since 1984
for
various customers.
MANUFACTURER
ABC Sistemas Electronicos
ladores e Avionica,
Avenue
S.A., Divisao SimuHeitor Villa Lobos 2176,
Sao Jose dos Campos (SP). Brazil.

Telephone:123 21 7522. Telex: 123 3325. Fax: 123
21-1789.
The Brasilia
flight
simulator
*-
fl
242
AIRCRAFT AND HELICOPTER SIMULATORS
Canada
CANADA
STATUS
Atlantis Cockpit Procedures

Trainers
Available
MANUFACTURER
These systems include an instructor's station and a
facsimile cockpit. The instructor station is not only
capable of setting up lessons for students but also of
inserting faults during the exercise The trainers
provide full simulation of engine dynamics and
accurate simulation of abnormal and transient
regimes Hundreds of faults may be inserted by the
instructor and audio simulation is included.
The customer may specify any number of customised features including open or closed cockpits,
real or facsimile instruments and monochrome or
full colour displays Aircraft simulated include the
F/A-18 fighter, the OH-58 helicopter, the Canadair
Challenger and the Lear-35 business
1 Kenview Boulevard, Brampton.

Canada L6T 5E6.
Atlantis Limited.
Ontario,
Telephone: (416) 792 1981. Telex: 06986 766

Fax:(416)792 7251.
jets.
An F/A-18 cockpit procedures
trainer
produced by
Atlantis for the
HELIOS Helicopter Procedures

Simulator
A high performance,
high
fidelity
rotary-wing
procedures simulator based upon the commonly

used OH-58/Bell 206 Jet Ranger III is offered by
the company as HELIOS (Helicopter Instrument and
Operational Procedures Simulator) It is designed
provide full instrument flight training together with
in operational and emergency procedures.
It consists of a simulated cockpit with
real or
facsimile instruments and displays as well as an
to
training
capable of fault insertion. The

dynamic helicopter systems simulation
with audio simulation of engine, rotor and warning
systems. Full weather simulation is provided
trainer has
together with synthesised voice instructions while

simulated map areas may be presented to represent
real navigation maps.
STATUS
The Canadian Armed Forces have purchased one
these systems
of
MANUFACTURER
1 Kenview Boulevard. Brampton,
Canada L6T5E6.
Atlantis Limited,
Ontario.
Telephone: (416) 792 1981 Telex: 06 986 766.

Fax:(416)792 7251
.
A HELIOS produced by Atlantis
Armed Forces
'
lor the Canadian

Bell 206 helicopter
RAAF
Canada
CAE Flight Simulation
CAE
commercial and
military aircraft.
The
such as digital control loading,

motion and an advanced rotor model. Com-
ation technology,
mercial aircraft simulators have been made for the

Airbus A300, A310 and A320, the Boeing 727, 737,
747, 757 and 767, the McDonnell Douglas DC-8. -9,
-10, MD-80, MD-82 and MD-1 1 series, the Lockheed
L-1011, the Fokker F28, Fokker 50 and 100. the
Cessna Citation and the Canadair Challenger
CL-600 CAE has manufactured simulators for military flight, tactical, mission, combat, patrol and
transport aircraft and helicopters CAE has supplied
simulators for the Boeing E-3A AWACS, Lockheed
C-5B Galaxy and C-130 Hercules and P-3C Orion.
Panavia Tornado, McDonnell Douglas CF-18 and

A-4S Skyhawk and the Northrop F-5E Tiger
CAE has provided eight full flight simulators to
United Airlines (two for Boeing 727s, two for the
Boeing 737, one for the Boeing 747, two for the
Boeing 767 and one for the DC-10) and has a techII
nology-sharing agreement with the airline for

access to extended aircraft performance data.
British Airways ordered a Boeing 757 flight simulator
in
the
summer of
1987.
A CAE simulator
243
30 customers in 20 nations, and the company

believes that it holds one third of the world market
company has introduced many innovations in simuldigital
to
Electronics designs and produces flight simu-
lators for
MD-80, incorporating
a McDonnell Douglas Vital IV visual system, was
installed at FlightSafety's facility in St Louis in 1985
for training TWA crews.
Since 1960 CAE has supplied more than 140 military tactical, transport and helicopter simulators
for the
share for commercial flight simulators.

In August 1989 it received a contract to provide a
West German F-4F simulator with an air combat
simulation capability by late 1991. This involves
the provision of two helmet-mounted visual display
systems, an integrated air target system and two gsuit and g-seat systems. CAE Electronics GmbH
provide a new host computer while Evans and
Sutherland will provide an image generator system.
In April 1990 CAE were awarded another contract to
upgrade three USAF F-16 flight simulators built by
will
Link Flight Simulation. This work will be completed
by March 1993.
Customers include the RCAF which uses a C-130
Hercules flight simulator at CFB Trenton, the US Air
Force which has six C-5B Galaxy System Trainers
and the West German Luftwaffe which has seven
Tornado simulators CAE's German subsidiary has
won a contract to develop a simulator test bed to
enhance low-level flight training with the Tornado

Upon the completion of this programme CAE in
Canada will upgrade the Tornado simulators
between 1992 and 1993.
The latest and most sophisticated simulator from
CAE is that for the Canadian Armed Force's CF18 Hornet Cockpit controls and systems are fully
represented and the system simulates load factors
up to 7 g There are three such simulators, at Bagotville, Quebec. Cold Lake, Alberta, and Baden. West
Germany.
The
first
of six
C-5B Systems Trainers
for the
US
Air
Force
MANUFACTURER
CAE
Electronics Limited,
CP
1800, Saint-Laurent,
Quebec. Canada H4L 4X4
STATUS
See
text
Telephone: (514) 341 6780. Telex: 05-824856.

Fax:(514)341-7699.
:5&r
7P=
^
-I
v*
The Luftwaffe operates seven
One of the RCAF
s three CF-18 Hornet flight, tactics
and mission simulators
of these multirole Tornado

mission simulators
flight,
tactics
and
244
Canada France
CAE Helicopter Simulation

CAE
claims to be the first company to develop

successfully an accurate simulation of the complex
dynamics of a helicopters rotor blades, greatly
enhancing the realism of helicopter flight training
on a simulator during all phases of flight
The generic real-time blade element software
treats the helicopter, the main rotor hub and hinges,
together with the rotor blades themselves as seperate elements, the blade flapping and lagging being
faithfully replicated Velocities are calculated at five
points along each blade to allow for the varying
Mach number effects.

of a very high-speed computer, some six
times faster than a conventional computer
used in simulation, enables a typical rotor blade to
be simulated at every V during its rotation, giving
realistic effects which are portrayed through the
simulator to the pilot.
Helicopter simulators have been built for the
Agusta AB-205 and AB-212, Bell UH-1D. BoeingVertol CH-47, Sikorsky CH-53. the Westland Sea
Lynx and the Sea King Mark 41. CAE Electronics
GmbH have installed an updated West German
Navy's Sea King Mark41 simulator at Kiel This
features an armamenttraining capability and will be
completed in 1990 Also completed is a four-cockpit
UH-1 simulatorcomplexfortheTurkishLand Forces'
Command Aviation School in Ankara.
CAE are currently developing a Simulator Complexity Test Bed (SCTB) for the US Army Research
Institute at Fort Rucker, Alabama. The SCTB will be
used to investigate the transfer of training issues
relative to the level of simulator sophistication. CAE
is developing this simulator using a modular hardware and software architecture which can be rapidly
reconfigured to represent different levels of simulator complexity Also for the US Army CAE are
producing a MH-47E combat mission simulator, with
an option on a MH-60K combat mission simulator
These will be derivatives of the CH-47D and the
UH-60A flight simulators and will be delivered to
Fort Rucker during 1991
The use
to ten
STATUS
See text
MANUFACTURER
CAE
Electronics Limited.
CP
1800. Saint-Laurent.
Quebec. Canada H4L 4X4.

Telephone: (514) 341 6780. Telex: 05-824856.
Fax:(514)341-7699.
The
CAE Lynx helicopter simulator supplied to

Norwegian Navies
FRANCE
STATUS
Sogitec Fixed Base Flight

Simulator
Several Alpha Jet simulators are
in
service.
MANUFACTURER
These systems are designed
to
provide
fam-
iliarisation with the cockpit together with training
on normal and emergency procedures, instrument

and radio-navigation system operation
Usually using a Sogitec SI80 16-bit processor with
PZL software language programmes, the system
features an instructor's station and a student station
The instructor's station features an automatic
Sogitec Industries SA. 27 rue de Vanves

92100 Boulogne-BillancourtCedex. France.
Telephone: (1 46 09 91 01 Telex: 260922 F
)
BP
203.
flying
sequence and integrated tests and is keyboard driven with a menu-driven selection. The
student station is a facsimile of a cockpit with a
mixture of real and facsimile controls The system
responds to the dynamics of the aircraft and a pedagogic-image display based upon a video disc unit
and television screen display is also incorporated
start-up
The Sogitec fixed base
flight
used by the Danish. West German and

and anti-submarine warfare crews
the Dutch Navy, also
to train flight
simulator
France
simulator
is
A simulated submarine
Estocade
The ECAN
with accurate dynamic

is controlled by the operator and the
simulator stimulates the dropping of up to four active
sonobuoys The aircraft's real sensors receive data'
from these stimulated sensors and when the target
has been located simulated anti-submarine warfare
performance
de Ruelle Estocade acoustic training

an on-board system designed to provide
maritime patrol aircraft

experience at a low cost
tactical
crews
with
The system consists of two units, each carried in

25 kg cases, one with the computer and the other
with the simulator The simulator contains the small
display screen and a plug-in miniature keyboard
The system stimulates on-board sensors and simulates a target and weapons effects
torpedoes
may be dropped
either
manually or
automatically through Digibus coupling in the

Atlantique 2 simulator (see separate entry under
Thomson-CSF
in this
Under development
section).
a second simulator which

from eight passive sonobuoys.
will
is
stimulate input
245
The system is available in five languages and

requires only limited interfaces with the aircraft,
involving a 115 V 400 Hertz AC power supply and a
single VHF coaxial cable
STATUS
In
production
for the
French Navy.
MANUFACTURER
DCAN (Direction des
Constructions Navales). 2 rue

Royale. B.P.1, 75200 Paris Naval. France
Telephone: 1 42 60 33 30 Telex: 650421
(
Thomson-CSF Flight Simulation

Thomson-CSF have been building simulators for
more than 30 years and the Simulator Division has
produced some 400 systems
the world
Its
activities
for service all
now embrace
all
over
types of
systems, from cockpit procedures trainers up to

full flight and mission simulators, for military and
commercial
vehicles,
stations
and helicopters, armoured

and nuclear and other power
aircraft
ships,
Responding to the standards for new simulation

equipment set by the FAA with the aim of reducing
training time on actual aircraft. Thomson-CSF's
commercial-aircraft simulators embody a number
of standard facilities These are six-degrees-offreedom motion systems mounted on hydrostatic
bearings: g-seats, advanced digital-based control
loading systems: computer-generated image displays: high-resolution alphanumerics and graphics,
displays, together with pre-programmed lessons,
enabling greater consistency of teaching at the
instructor's console; real-time computers specially
adapted to simulator requirements, permitting
optimisation of performance and flexibility; programming in high-level or assembler language, and
built-in test equipment that continuously verifies the
fidelity of simulation.
For military users Thomson-CSF offers two simulator configurations: a trailer installation for customers needing mobility, and a fixed version where
the training site is permanently located These military systems embody motion platforms with fouror six-degrees-of-freedom. a g-seat to reproduce
sustained acceleration, and computer-generated
image displays representing airfield or aircraft
carrier layouts, air-to-ground attack situations, airto-air combat, formation flight, and air-refuelling.
For simulators appropriate to the newest combat
aircraft, such as the Mirage 2000N. with their
advanced radar and weapon-delivery systems,
enhanced facilities include devices to represent the
operational environment more realistically These
include digital simulation of the radar landmass.
air-to-air radar electronic countermeasures digital
displays for ground-attack reconnaissance and
penetration, and the provision of special systems to
develop proficiency in air combat.
Simulator for Mirage F1-CR

Operational since early 1985 at the Strasbourg Air
Base
the Mirage
F1-CR reconnaissance
fighter
simulator includes a synthetic image generator
Layout of the Thomson-CSF Mirage 2000N
full
Part of the
using the
same
terrain data
mapping radar The image
Thomson-CSF Mirage 2000N lull mission flight simulator
base as the groundground seen by the
of the
image of the
radar screen
All missions can take place at night or at dusk
under various meteorological conditions and in a
hostile environment From his console, the instructor can bring radar or missile batteries into action
fire ground-to-air missiles and fly an interceptor to
perturb the pilot in his mission. All the air-to-air and
air-to-ground functions of the Cyrano IVMR radar
are simulated using a specific simulator taking its
information from a digital data base for a real terrain
An area of 250 000 km 2 of digitised terrain is available
for each mission
The pilot can thus be trained efficiently in normal
and emergency procedures and also in reconnaissance missions: position fixes can be obtained from
pilots is perfectly correlated with the
same ground seen on the
the
real
mission and
Parameter Insertion Module data, the
flight
simulator
corresponding fixes appearing in the external visual

system Low altitude flying is also possible, by
making use of the visual system of the altitude
references obtained from the terrain data base and
by the reproduction of a hostile environment Similarly by using the correlation between the radar
image and the visual image, air combat and ground
attack missions can be accomplished
Mission Simulator for Mirage 2000N
in 1986 Thomson-CSF announced that it was
to supply the French Air Force with a simulator for
the Mirage 2000N. This simulator is now in full
operation and. equipped with a five-channel Visa 4
computer-generated
image system, provides
trainee pilot and navigator aircrew with full mission
training including the use of medium range airto-ground missiles in hostile environments The
configuration selected allows full training in
Full
Early
View from the cockpit of the Thomson-CSF Atlantique 2 flight simulator
246
low-level penetration and strike, including prep-
andde-bnefing
The simulator familiarises the two-map crew with
the cockpit installation; piloting the aircraft under
normal and emergency VFR or IFR flight procedures;
in evolving tactical situations (eg using weapon,
navigation. ECM and ECCM systems in a hostile
aration, carrying out a mission,
anti-aircraft
environment),
low-level
penetration
and medium range air-to-ground missile attacks:

air-to-air defence and air-to-ground secondary missions (eg ground or sea attack using conventional
weapons); terrain-following using the ground avoidance radar; low level navigation and position
update, working with weapon and navigation system
state signals; reflex reactions to normal and emergency procedures; and approach and landing
procedures
The
simulator
includes
two-seat
cockpit
equipped with g-seats, an instructor station, a digital

radar land mass (DRLM) simulator, and a daytime
computer-generated visual system
The instructor station is user-friendly and easy to
use. It is made up of three full colour 19-inch (482 mm)
screens, two command posts with colour menus
using touch screens, a CRT for display of the headup reticules, and two multi-mode displays Three
graphic screens allow the simultaneous display of
three different pages so that for any exercise all the
necessary data can be displayed at one time. A debriefing module with full colour graphics and touch
sensitive control panels allows the mission to be
replayed and subsequently analysed, all while
another mission
is
taking place.
The visual system provides the crew with all

necessary references for missions. Day, dusk and
night images of a realistic landscape are digitised,
data being derived from the Digital Mapping Agency
database Complete missions can be simulated from
take-off to navigation, in-flight refuelling, use of
weapons and landing.
The Mirage 2000N simulator uses the Phebus
projector system in a five-window configuration to
provide an overall 105 vertical by 160 horizontal
field of view.
Atlantique 2 Simulator
Thomson-CSF
is producing two simulators for the

Atlantique 2 maritime patrol aircraft for installation
at Lann-Bihoue, Britanny (installed during early
1990), and Nimes (1991), These simulators reproduce the Atlantique 2 cockpit and are mounted on a
motion platform with six-degrees-of-movement. The
out-of-the-window visual system uses Visa 4. A
sophisticated on-board instructor station employs
the MAGIC (Multiple Action Global Interactive
Control) and is designed around two user-friendly
touch-activated display consoles.
Thomson-CSF Simulators for Airbus

After an international call for proposals,
CSF was
On June 15, 1988 the

was inaugurated at
first
A320
full flight
France
simulator
the Aeroformation Training
Centre in Toulouse. In May 1988 Royal Jordanian

placed a contract for a full-flight A320 simulator,
with a Rediffusion SPX-500HT visual system, which
entered service in 1990
This new generation of simulators meets the most
recent FAA standards and is equipped with MAGIC
(Multiple Action Global Interactive Control) touchusing computer
activated
assisted techniques. All the systems feature the
Gould 32-67 computer and the rapid development of
software and its updating by

by a methodology meeting the
most stringent international standards and based
on the use of a software workshop called FIRST (Fast
Industrialisation and Reliability Software Tools)
Moreover, many on-board computers will be simulated, thus enabling the simulators to be adapted
to the different versions of the A320 by a simple
software change.
Thomson-CSF supplies both fixed-base and fullflight simulators, the latter being mounted on a full
six degrees of freedom motion system A totally
digital control loading system, operating at 100
enhanced
users
Hertz,
reliability
is facilitated
is
employed
for
optimum
fidelity
Six of the eight A320 flight simulators (three are

fixed-base, the remainder full-flight) are operated
by Aeroformation, the training subsidiary of Airbus
Toulouse, and by Airbus Services Co., in

Miami, Florida. These were all delivered by the
end of 1989. The seventh flight simulator has been
operated by Air France at Vilgeis since 1988 and an
eighth by Air Inter at Orly from 1989. A maintenance
trainer will also be delivered to Aeroformation.
Since 1974 Thomson-CSF has received orders for
13 A300, 6 A310/A300-600 and 17 A320 simulators
from airlines (60 per cent of the world market) as
well as ASCO and Aeroformation; one of these
an A300-600 simulator for Korean Airlines, was
delivered in 1988. All are full-flight six-degrees-offreedom simulators with either Vital IV or SPI visual
systems. The A300 simulator, with a Gould 32-77
computer and a Vital IV visual system, has been
purchased by Garuda, Iberia, Indian Airlines, Malaysian Airlines System and Olympic Airways while
TAA purchased a system with a SPI visual system.
Aeroformation purchased an A310 and an A300-600
system each with a Gould 32-67 computer and kits to
convert to A300-600 and A310 respectively, while the
Korean Airlines system features a Gould 32-67. In
May 1988 Royal Jordanian placed a contract with
Thomson-CSF for an A310 simulator with the Redif-
based
fusion
at
SPX-500HT
visual
system
A320 simulators; one for full flight training and the

other for maintenance training. Wardair have
ordered a A310-300 Phase III simulator.
Thomson-CSF
system
A lull replica cockpit is mounted on a six-degreesof-movement motion platform An on-board instructor station allows an instructor to introduce a variety
of breakdowns or failures using touch screens, also
used to allow the instructor to check the correct
execution
vided
of
a mission
A playback
facility is pro-
In late 1985 Thomson-CSF delivered two Lynx

simulators to the French Navy s bases at Laneveoc-
Poulmic and Saint-Mandner Thomson-CSF night/

dusk visual systems are fitted A Puma helicopter
simulator, with six-degrees-of-movement motion
system and full day/night visual system was delivered to the French Army at Francazal Air Base at the
end of 1985 This simulator permits full mission
training as well as being able to reproduce search
and rescue tasks and operations from oil rigs and
urban areas
HermesSimulator
Thomson-CSF and
facturer
the Spanish simulator manua contract
CESELSA have been awarded
European space programme. Hermes The

was awarded by the French National Space
Research Council (CNES) on behalf of the European
Space Agency (ESA).
for the
contract
addition to simulators representing specific airThomson-CSF provides families of procedures trainers under the designations 350 (fixedwing transport and executive aircraft). 531 (combat
aircraft and trainers) and 150H (helicopters) for
training in IFR flight and radio navigation. Aircraft
In
craft types.
whose equipment
simulated for this purpose

Dassault Falcon 20.
Beech C90 King Air, Fokker F27. Dornier/Breguet
Br 1150, MS 760 Paris. Caravelle III, Airbus A300.
Boeing 727 Embraer Xingu and Aerospatiale
SA-341 Gazelle
Military aircraft simulators include Dassault
Mirage. Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet. Sepecat
Jaguar. Aerospatiale/MBB Transall, Dassault Etendard IV and Super Etendard and Aerospatiale SA330
Puma and Westland/Aerospatiale Lynx helicopters.
is
include Aerospatiale N262.
for delivery to the
Royal Jordanian Training Centre in early 1990 In

December 1988 All Nippon Airways ordered two
Thomson-
selected by Airbus Industrie to supply six

simulators for the A320 aircraft This was the largest
single order ever placed for Airbus simulators and
wasfollowed by orders from Air Franceand Air Inter
stated to represent a new generation of helicopter

simulators with rotor-wing model elements being
used to provide a high level of realism during all
flight phases, with lull physical and audio effects,
including take-off. hover, approach and landing
The simulator uses a very wide field-of-view visual
system produced by Phebus projectors The visual
source is the Visa 4 computer-generated image
Helicopter Simulators
During 1989 the Swiss Air Force selected ThomsonCSF to supply a simulator for the Super Puma helicopter for installation during 1992. The simulator is
STATUS
See
text
MANUFACTURER
Einstein, B.P.116, 78192TrappesCedex. France.
Telephone: (1)30 6941 00. Telex: 616780 F
Fax: (1)30 6944 44.
Germany (West)
Italy
247
GERMANY (WEST)
Dornier Air Mission Simulator
This system is designed to produce simulation of all
the standard flight, navigation and weapons operation procedures required by the Luftwaffe's Tactical Combat Training Programme 80. It consists of
an instructor's station and a student station representing the cockpit of an Alpha Jet training/light
attack aircraft
The student station features facsimiles of the

head-down display and flight controls
A visual system in which image generators are
synthesised into television pictures produces a syncontrols, the
view 140 32 A noise simulator is also used

produce a more realistic environment Twodigital
computers are used to establish mathematic models
for the weapon systems and also for data recording
and evaluation
thetic
to
STATUS
In
German
Air Force
MANUFACTURER
Dornier GmbH. Bereich Flugphysik Postfach 1420.
D-7990 Friedrichshafen 1, Federal Republic of
Germany
Telephone: 07545 81 Telex: 0734 2090
.
The Dornier air mission simulator
INDIA
Kiran Flight Simulator
During 1985 India announced that
flight
STATUS
MANUFACTURER
Under development
Aeronautical Development Establishment, Chinnya

Mission Hospital Road, Indiranagar, Bangalore,
simulators
India
HJT-16Kiran trainer and the Ajeet fighter had

been developed by the Aeronautical Development
Establishment and had been evaluated by Indian Air
Force test pilots.
for the
ITALY
maximum simulated speed is 150
knots The system can generate sea clutter, ground
clutter and electronic warfare tactical environments.
457 m, while the
The Datamat ROST
The student's station consists of a real radar

display with associated controls, a communication
link with the instructor and an altitude meter with
simulated altitude. The instructor's station features
a computer terminal with raster display and a
In
stations.
graphic display.
The operational scenario covers a simulated
radius of a minimum of 400 nm (740 km). The scenario covers a minimum of 20 static and 30 moving
targets together with a coast line. The aircraft's
operational altitudes' are 30 m, 91m, 152 m and
Radar Operator Training System

(ROST)
(Radar Operator Training
System) was designed to train radar operators in
helicopters and can train two students simultaneously under the direct control of an instructor
It consists of a computer system,
a video signal
generator, one instructor station and two students'
STATUS
production
MANUFACTURER
DATAMAT Ingegneria
Martin. 12600142
dei Sistemi SpA, via
Rome.
Simone
Italy.
Telephone: 6 50451 Telex: 61 3 436. Fax: 6 504 5305.
248
Portugal
Romania
PORTUGAL
Gyromag87
is a spatial disorientation trainer designed
and manufactured by the Portuguese Air Force's
Industrial Department and in service with the Portuguese Air Force at the Physiological Training Unit
in Lisbon. It consists of a control station and an
enclosed cockpit. This can be rotated to a speed of
19 rpm while the trainer itself may be rotated at up to
25rpm. Radial acceleration is up to 1.5 g at the
This
cockpit trunnion axis while pitch/roll

5 rad per second
at a rate of
is
a total of 40'
STATUS
In
service with the Portuguese Air Force
MANUFACTURER
OGMA
(Oficinas Gerais de Material Aeronautico),

2615Alverca, Portugal.
Telephone 1 258 1000 Telex: 14479.
The Gyromag 87 spatial disorientation trainer
ROMANIA
SIAR-99 Flight Simulator
This
is
the
Romanian simulator
first
with a six-
degree-of-movement motion system and it is

designed to give IAR-99 Soim (Hawk) trainer pilots
pre-flight training, including aerobatics The system
consists of the fully enclosed student station on the
motion platform, an instructor station, computergenerated visual and audio system and computer
system
The student
is a facsimile of the IAR-99 jet

controlled from the instructor
station which selects and monitors the exercise into
which it can inject 16 system failures and emergencies by means of a keyboard The visual and audio
system uses three colour CRT units, although there
is an optional video projection system. The whole
simulator system is run by a Coral-4021 A computer
station
trainer cockpit
It
is
STATUS
In
service with the

export
Romanian Air Force and avail able
for
MANUFACTURER
Institutul de Aviatie Bucuresti, Bucuresti 77538,
Sector 6, Bd Pacii 220, Romania.
Telephone: 45 25 52/89 69 55 Telex: 1 1 907: 1 1 460
The instructor s station of the SIAR-99 flight simulator
Spain

SPAIN
Operational Flight Trainer for Casa

C-101
This simulator was designed to familiarise student
pilots with the equipment, and handling and performance characteristics of the Casa C-101 twoIt can simulate normal and emergency
procedures, take-off, approach and landing, instrument flight and navigation, and tactical missions
Emphasis has been given to the accurate simulation
of control forces, and the feel system is provided
by a high-performance hydrostatic control-loading
system The central processing system is based on
a 32-bit VAX 11/780 computer, with 1.5 Mbytes of
main memory and 56 Mbytes of disc storage The
simulator does not incorporate a visual system, but
is said to be compatible with any of the current visual
seat trainer
equipments
STATUS
Two of these
simulators have been used since 1983
by the Spanish Air Force Academy at San Javier,

near Murcia Two more advanced simulators were
delivered to the Spanish Air Force in 1989.
MANUFACTURER
CESELSA, Simulation Systems and
Avionics, C/ La
Granja, 84 28100 Alcobendas. Madrid, Spain
Telephone: 34-1-6237000 Telex: 23962 CSEL-E
Fax:34-1-6522506
Ceselsa C-101 simulator with instructor station
be used
Operational Flight and Tactics

Trainer for C-1 01 /CC Aircraft
Flight and Tactics Trainer
(OFTT, or SOTV in Spanish) produced by Ceselsa
provides training in the development of pilot skills
and techniques to efficiently fly the C-101/CC Aviojet
light attack aircraft and to operate it tactically The
SOTV C-101 can be used for cockpit familiarisation
and procedures, operational flight and manoeuvring
The C-101 Operational
training,
and
are faithfully simulated, both

conditions The simulator can
teristics of the aircraft
ground and
flight
The simulator also provides training in

weapons delivery both air-to-air and air-to-ground
ditions
STATUS
In
service with the Royal Jordanian Air Force.
MANUFACTURER
tactical training
power plant, systems, environmental

radio navigation, performance and handling characAll flight,
for
ground operation, take-off,

normal flight, normal and abnormal
manoeuvres, radio navigation problems, visual
flying, approach and landing procedures, instrument approach procedures, and emergency confor training in
landing,
Simulation Systems and Avionics.

C/ La Granja. 84. 28100 Alcobendas. Madrid. Spain
Telephone: 34-1-6237000 Telex: 23962 CSEL-E
Fax: 34- 1-6522506
CESELSA.
Ceselsa C-1 01 ICC SOTV simulator instructor station

in use by Royal Jordanian Air Force
AV-8B OFTT Simulator

Ceselsa
built
the
AV-8B Operational
Flight
and
Tactics Trainer (OFTT) to combine basic and operational flight training together with weapons and
one simulator
The system consists of a cockpit, image generation and display systems, an instructor's station,
computers, a real-time input-output system and a
pneumatic-hydraulic motion system. The cockpit is
housed inside a6m dome upon which the computergenerated images are projected.
tactics training in
All the cockpit elements are facsimiles which

authentically reproduce the aircraft and systems
performance. The instructor's station is claimed to

be one of the most advanced in the world with control
exercised from economically designed consoles
These feature two interchangeable high-resolution
graphics displays with touch-screen controls. The
instructor can select exercises and problems during
the exercise as well as providing a variety of other
features including a simulated ground-control
station.
The system
is controlled by a Gould 32/87 comsupplemented by Ceselsa SES microprocessors and an AN/AYK-1 4 aircraft computer
puter which
is
STATUS
In
service at the Rota naval air base since 1988
MANUFACTURER
CESELSA,
Simulation Systems and Avionics,

C/ La Granja, 84. 28100 Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain.
Telephone: 34-1-6237000. Telex: 23962 CSEL-E.
Fax:34-1-6522506
Instructor s station of CESELSA
AV-8B OFTT simulator
249
250
Spain Sweden
F-1 8 Operational Flight and Tactics

Trainer
avoidance of detection, closing, attack manoeuvres

and disengagement The simulator can manage up
to 10 targets, flying either as single units or in
formation, under either instructor or automatic logic
The F-18 Operational
control
Flight and Tactics Trainer

(OFTT, SOTV in Spanish) produced by CESELSA
provides training in the development of pilot skills
and techniques to efficiently fly the F-18 Hornet/C.15
multi-mission aircraft and use it tactically.
The F-18 OFTT can be used
phases of
and proand manoeuvring, plus
for all
training including cockpit familiarisation
cedures, operational
flight
and tactical missions Training may

be carried out in two ways, either under complete
instructor control (free flight mode), or in the automatic or semi-automatic mode (mission mode).
The simulation includes the three main operation
modes of the F-18; Navigation, Air-to-Air and Air-toGround.
In the Navigation mode the pilot can use all the
various equipments installed in the F-18 and any
normal or extraordinary task can be experienced
This includes flight refuelling, formation flying and
landing under severe atmospheric conditions.
In the Air-to-Air mode the trainee is able to perform
all the air combat phases such as detection and
tactical training
the Air-to-Ground mode the trainee is able to

all the procedures related to the delivery of
the F-18 can carry The trainee can
practice target acquisition using the various active
and passive sensors available (eg radar, forward
looking infra-red (FLIR) and laser spot tracker/
In
perform
the
weapons
stnkecamera(LST/CAM))
The F-18 OFTT consists of
five
major subsystems;
the cockpit, the instructor station the computer

subsystem, the instructor's presentation subsystem, and the visual subsystem
STATUS
In service with the Spanish
have been ordered.
Air Force
Two systems
MANUFACTURER
CESELSA. Simulation Systems and
Avionics. C/ La
Grania. 84 28100 Alcobendas Madrid Spain
Telephone: 34-1-6237000 Telex 23962 CSEL-E
Fax:34-1-6522506
Instructor station for the
SOTV F-18
SWEDEN
Ericsson Pilot Training System
The Ericsson
Pilot Training System consists of an

airborne recording element and a ground replay
station. The airborne element collects, processes
and stores information from cockpit displays and
instruments and data regarding weapons, engine
and sensors This information, together with radio
and intercom audio signals is recorded on a cassette
tape recorder in the aircraft.
The ground element replays this data and, after
processing, displays it on two pictorial and one
alphanumeric displays at a de-brief facility. A headup display film can be synchronised with this
replayed flight information The displays can be
frozen' for analysis, and parts of the flight repeated
for instructional purposes at will. Apart from training
the pilots who were involved in the particular
mission, the system can be used to instruct others
on aspects of flying, or as a tool to evaluate the
performance of aircraft systems.
The Pilot Training System was developed by
Ericsson for use with the Swedish Air Force JA37
Viggen aircraft, but could be adapted for any similar
aircraft. A transportable version is available
STATUS
In
service with the Royal Swedish Air Force.
MANUFACTURER
Ground leplay facility of Ericsson
Ericsson Radar Electronics AB, Airborne Electronics Division, S-1 64 84 Stockholm, Sweden.
Telephone: (08) 757 3000.
Development Simulator for JAS 39

SAAB-Scania
developing a flight simulator of

the JAS 39 Gripen, using Ericsson computers and
is
cockpit displays.
STATUS
Under development as part
gramme.
Pilot Training
System
MANUFACTURER
of the
JAS 39
pro-
SAAB-Scania AB, SAAB

Linkoping. Sweden.
Telephone:
Aircraft Division, S-581 88
(13) 18 1365. Telex: 50040.
UK
251
UNITED KINGDOM
British
Aerospace Avionic Part-task
Trainers
Part-task and Procedures Trainers
Aerospace produces a number of part-task

in support of its own products. They are fully
representative of the real system but substantially
cheaper. Cockpit procedures trainers are produced
for the Hawk, Jaguar and Tornado, as well as the
Pilatus PC-9 trainers which British Aerospace helps
to market. BAe also produces similar trainers for
British
trainers
other manufacturers' aircraft.
Systems Training Rigs

provide
practical
Training
rigs
which
representations of aircraft systems are produced primarily for the instruction of maintenance personnel,
but are also used for aircrew familiarisation. The
trainers may be configured for practical classroom
instruction using large display panels or projected
animated schematics. For environmentally realistic
training aircraft mock-ups can be used, either
facsimiles or actual system components.
Aircraft
Interactive
As part
Computer-based Training
of British
Aerospace, British Aerospace
Simulation are offering computer-based training

programmes for both air crews and ground crews.
The products arose from customer requirements
for comprehensive instruction packages for both
aircrew and ground crew of combat and training
The British Aerospace Hawk cockpit procedures trainer
aircraft.
The systems range from
multi-station classroom
group instruction to individual selfcontained work stations which provide remedial,
reinforcement and revisionary training on an individual basis. Typical work stations combine a personal computer with a touch monitor, a keyboard
and a laser disc player. In the integrated classroom
suites
for
a video monitor, a real-time
common
link with
a host
two Tornado Air Interception Trainers

to the Royal Air Force in
October 1985 and the second in November 1986. The
trainer is used by aircrew at No 229 Operational
Conversion Unit at RAF Coningsby who are
was handed over
converting onto the Tornado F3, for the real-time
manoeuvres
The TAIT includes mathematical modelling of the
Tornado's avionics and weapons systems, its flight
practising of air interception
Aerospace Simulation Limited, Brooklands
Road, Weybridge, Surrey KT130SF.UK

Telephone 0932845522 Telex: 271 1 1
In
production, mostly supporting
Hawk and Tornado
programmes
and
operational scenarios; the

radar is said to be the first
of its kind in such a system.
The aircrew sit in full-size replicas of the Tornado's two-man cockpit and carry out tactics and
attacks as in real life, the exercises being controlled
modelling
first of
(TAIT)
MANUFACTURER
British
STATUS
characteristics,
Tornado Air Interceptor Trainer

The
computer and an instructor's station are added

Each work station offers text, graphics, animated
diagrams, photographs and video sequences
its
of the aircraft's
from an instructor's station The instructor's station

has a colour touch-screen scenario display and
other facilities for exercise control and monitoring.
The TAIT software is compiled in Fortran 77 and
runs on a DEC VAX 11/782 computer. A PDP11/23
computer is used for the radar simulation.
STATUS
Updating of both systems to full initial standard was
completed in July 1987. Modifications are introduced
as necessary to match changes in Tornado systems
standard.
MANUFACTURER
Easams
Limited, Lyon Way, Frimley Road, CamberSurrey GU185EX, UK.

Telephone: 0276 63377. Telex: 8581 18.
ley,
Tucano Flight Simulator

Ferranti entered the flight simulator market by
winning a contract for full motion flight simulators to
support training for the Short/Embraer Tucano T
Mark 1. The simulator consists of a facsimile of
Tucano cockpit with response-to-control inputs

including visual and motion cues. The cockpit, which
has facsimile equipment, is mounted on a four-axis
the
motion system with a SEOS PRODAS (Projector

Display System) three-channel wide-angle visual
system in front. The visual scene is provided by
the graphics generator and represents specific or
generic airfields, textured terrain, and target aircraft
for interception training.
The off-board instructor's console houses perequipment and control facilities. It features
an IBM-compatible personal computer with touchipheral
screen operation.
Thesimulators will be used to familiarise students
with the cockpit layout and procedures at an early
stage of their basic training. It will also be used
for simulating increasingly complex aspects
of the
aircraft's behaviour to test student competence.
STATUS
Five
were ordered
simulators
November
1987.
One was
RAF in
RAF Church
be installed at RAF
for
the
installed at
Fenton and the others will

Cranwell and RAF Linton-on-Ouse (two each).
In
The lacsimiie cockpit and visual system of the Ferranti Tucano
March 1989Kuwaitorderedasystem.
Division, Bird Hall Lane, Stockport,
MANUFACTURER
Ferranti
Computer Systems
Cheshire SK3
OXQ.UK.
Ltd,
Training Systems
Telephone: 061 428 0771 Telex: 666 803.

.
flight
simulator
252
UK
AWACS Mission Simulator

January 1990, Ferranti won a 1.7 million contract
provide a mission simulator for Royal Air Force
Boeing AEW 1 Sentry AWACS (Airborne Warning
and Control System) aircraft It will be a facsimile of
the interior of the aircraft but no further details are
In
STATUS
to
In
production
RAF Waddington
for installation at
in
MANUFACTURER
Ferranti Computer Systems Ltd Training Systems
Division. Bird Hall Lane. Stockport. Cheshire. SK3
1990.
OXQ, UK
Telephone 06 428 077 1 Telex 666 803
available
Nimrod Basic Communications

Procedures Trainer
is used to train up to eight students in
communications procedures Each sits in his own
booth which simulates the communications suite of
the Nimrod MR Mark 2 maritime reconnaissance
Each student has an
MANUFACTURER
stations',
Ferranti
instructor and up to six

simulated by other instructors, to
warfare.
maritime
anti-submarine
train
in
reconnaissance and air-sea rescue
aircraft
ground
This trainer
Ferranti Cockpit
Computer Systems
Division
Training Systems
Ltd,
Bird Hall Lane, Stockport. Cheshire.
SK3
OXQ. UK
Telephone 061 428 0771 Telex 666 803
STATUS
In service since early 1990
Yorkshire
at
RAF
Finningley.
Emergency
Procedures Trainers
emergency and
procedure trainers (CEPTs) for the Royal Air Force's
main versions of the F-4 Phantom: the F-4M and the
Ferranti has delivered two cockpit
F-4J.
The F-4M CEPT contract was awarded to Ferranti

November 1983 and uses the cockpit shell of a
real aircraft which was mounted in a standard trailer
to meet a requirement that it could be based wherever the main Phantom simulator was being updated
in
and
later transferred
when
required.
The inside of the trailer is arranged so the cockpit

is the computer - a
is at one end. and behind
Ferranti Argus 700 GX main processor and a 700 GL
it
secondary processor - with a two-station instrucThere is also a small briefing/

tor's console
de-briefing area, and the floor level of the instruction
area is arranged so that the instructors can walk on
the same level to be alongside the cockpit, making it
easy to watch the trainee in action The cockpit is an
accurate facsimile
The CEPT is used to train pilots in both emergency

and standard procedures and is used both for basic
instruction, when a pilot joins the squadron, and for
refresher training in the correct procedures to follow
should an emergency arise.
The instructor's station has two consoles, on

which the entire systems of the Phantom can be
displayed in schematic or tabular form, and on which
the pilot's actions may also monitored The flight
instruments are also relayed to the consoles, and
displayed on the television screens in pictorial form
The CEPT has no motion system but the cockpit is
vibrated during flight to give the pilot some sense of
motion. The canopies are opaque, so the flight' is
on instruments only The F-4M CEPT was delivered
in May 1985, and is in service with the Royal Air
Force
Early in 1986 a similar F-4J CEPT was delivered
using different software to meet the different performance of the aircraft. As this CEPT is the Royal
The Ferranti cockpit emergency procedures trainer (CEPT) for RAF Phantoms
for easy transport between bases
Air Force's only F-4J simulator,
it
is
used as much
is
housed
in
a mobile
trailer
MANUFACTURER
as a conversion trainer as a CEPT.
Ferranti
STATUS
Cheshire SK3
OXQ. UK.
Telephone: 061 428 0771 Telex 666803
Computer Systems
Ltd.
Training Systems
Division, Bird Hall Lane, Stockport.
In service with the Royal Air Force.

trainers ordered for Kuwait.
Tucano cockpit
UK
253
Lynx Observer Procedure Trainer

The Lynx helicopter observer procedure trainer
(LOPT) which became operational in 1984 at HMS
Osprey, Portland, comprises two independent
cubicles, each fully simulating an observer's cockpit
area
The trainer is based around Ferranti Argus 700

computers linked in a multiprocessor configuration.
Full and sophisticated simulation of the Lynx's FerSeaspray target acquisition radar is
ranti
accomplished by a comprehensive radar effects
simulator trainer system (CREST) Complex software simulates an electronic warfare environment
STATUS
Operational at
HMS Osprey.
Portland. Dorset.
MANUFACTURER
Ferranti
Computer Systems
Ltd.
Training Systems
Division, Bird Hall Lane. Stockport,
Cheshire SK3
OXQ.UK
Telephone: 061 4280771 Telex: 666 803
Lynx observer
procedure trainer
Instructor's station of Ferranti
Radar Procedures Ground Trainer

(Jetstream)
March 1988 Ferranti received a contract to extend
Radar Procedures Ground Trainer at the Fleet
Air Arm Observer School from six to ten student
positions Each is a facsimile of the student obserIn
the
ver's position in the Jetstream with instruments,

radar, air navigation system and radio These facilities
are designed to provide basic observer training

navigation and radar procedures.
in air
STATUS
In
service with the Royal Navy at
RNAS Culdrose.
MANUFACTURER
Ferranti
Computer Systems
Ltd,
Training Systems
Division, Bird Hall Lane, Stockport,
Cheshire SK3
0XQ,UK
Telephone: 061 428 0771 Telex: 666 803
.
The instructor s console and student positions in

the
Radar Procedures Ground Trainer
provides ASW scenarios and generates acoustic

data from sonobuoys or dipping sonars A typical
ASU weighs 12 to 16 kg for an 8- and 16-channel
system There are two types of ECU; a small handheld unit weighing 3 kg and a lap-top one weighing
6 kg. It is supported by the exercise support system
(ESS), a software programme with IBM compatible
personal computer and printer which is used to
produce the exercise scenarios,
GEC Avionics Airborne Crew

Trainer (ACT)
GEC
Crew Trainers (ACT) were

provide realistic ASW training for air
crew. They provide comprehensive acoustic and
tactical training by simulating sonobuoy, dipping
sonar, target and environmental data. This may be
controlled, processed and displayed in the aircraft's
acoustic and tactical systems The training can be
carried out without the need to deploy sonobuoys or
dipping sonar thus providing substantial savings in
training costs There are two versions.
ACT 1 is a software-based system developed
specifically for the GEC Avionics' AQS 901 acoustic
processing system fitted into the Royal Air Force's
Avionics' Airborne
designed
to
Aerospace Nimrod MR2s and RAAF P-3C

Orion aircraft. It comprises an Exercise Control Unit
(ECU) and the computer programme which is down
loaded into the AQS 901 from a magnetic tape unit
The crew member acting as instructor keys into the
ECU the target's position, course, speed and depth
STATUS
ACT 1 is
in service with the Royal Air Force and the

Royal Australian Air Force. Development of ACT 2
is complete and pre-production models are undergoing flight evaluation. Production is scheduled to
begin in early 1991.
The ACT Electronic Control Unit (ECU)
British
and can also control subsequent target maneouvres

and ocean conditions. Otherwise the system runs
automatically.
ACT 2 is a hardware-based system consisting of
an ECU and an ACT simulation unit (ASU) which
MANUFACTURER
GEC Avionics Limited,
Maritime Aircraft Systems

Kent ME1 2XX.
Division, Airport Works. Rochester.
UK
816579.
254
Marconi Simulation Airborne Early

Warning Helicopter Team Trainer
The Marconi Simulation airborne early warning
(AEW) helicopter team trainer provides training for
the rear crew observers of Searchwater radarequipped Sea King AEW Mark 2A helicopters by
simulating the full operating environment, both in
the physical appearance and feel of the equipment
and in the response of the equipment to tactical

scenarios.
The complete simulator
housed
a selfcontained, environmentally controlled, transportable container, and provides operators with a

comprehensive radar, electronic support mode,
navigation and communications environment in
is
which
to
arios
In
UK
enact the required training exercise scenaddition to the trainee crew facility the
container also incorporates an instructor's console
area, an office and a de-brief facility
An airborne early warning team trainer of this
type was ordered in May 1986 and was delivered to
RNAS Culdrose Similar simulators could be
produced for other similar types of aircraft or helicopter
STATUS
Available
In
service with the Royal Navy
in
MANUFACTURER
Industrial Park. nr. Dunfermline, Fife KY1 5JZ. UK.
Telephone: 0383 822131 Telex 727779.
1
Interior of Marconi Simulation airborne early
warning helicopter team trainer
Marconi Simulation Airborne Antisubmarine Warfare Mission

Simulators
Marconi Simulation produced the Nimrod MR Mark
crew trainer which is the most comprehensive
training equipment currently in service with the
Royal Air Force. This trainer is typical of the Marconi
Simulation full mission simulators that provide
highly realistic training environments for the operators of complex airborne systems These simulators are used to create interactive and dynamic
2
training scenarios that provide high fidelity rep-
working conditions and they

configured for individual, part task or procedural training as well as fulfilling their primary
role which is to train an entire anti-submarine aircraftcrew simultaneously in a fully interactive operational environment.
Within one of these simulators extremely accurate
simulations of the acoustics, radar, electronic
warfare, communications, navigation and weapon
systems are provided, all coupled to a comprehensive instructional, record/replay and debriefing facility Tactical scenarios can be developed for
any large scale geographical exercise area under
varying weather, sea state and oceanographic
conditions. A wide range of airborne, surface or
subsurface targets may be introduced which are
fully controllable to provide aircrews with realistic
tactical scenarios.
lications of operational
may be
ANim
rk
2 simulator interior
STATUS
In
service with the Royal Air Force.
MANUFACTURER
Industrial Park, nr. Dunfermline, Fife KY1 1 5JZ, UK.
Telephone: 0383 822131 Telex: 727779.
.
Marconi Simulation Avionics
Systems Trainers
The Marconi Simulation Avionics Systems Trainers
(AST) can provide relatively low-cost training in the
functional operation and interaction of advanced
aircraft integrated avionics systems
A typical AST consists of a part task cockpit
incorporating electronic head-up and head-down
displays and the associated controls for weapons
and avionics systems. A simplified visual scene is
provided to enable a student pilot to practice target
location and attack configurations using his head-
up display (HUD) and hands-on throttle and stick

controls (HOTAS). Visual targets, presented for
target designation and weapon release purposes.
both air-to-air and air-to-ground modes, are computer-generated images derived from Marconi
Simulation's graphics generation systems. The
various functional avionics systems are simulated
together with their controls while non-functional
control and other panels are represented by
two-dimensional screens.
buttons lighting up and switches moving as they are

operated by the student pilot or by the computer in
demonstration or replay modes The class consoles
allow a class of up to six students and/or the instructor to see what is going on in the cockpit
Pre-programmed mission scenarios may be intro-
atypical AST application the part task cockpit is

used in conjunction with two identical class display
consoles for use by student observers, an instructor's
station, and a computer cabinet. The class consoles
each contain three colour monitors. One monitor
reproduces the picture displayed by the cockpit
multi-pu rpose display (MPD) while a second monitor
shows the current head-up display picture. The third
monitor reproduces, by graphics generation, pictures of the essential cockpit control panels with
target attack options
in
In
and air-to-ground
Evaluation of student peravailable using record replay facilites
duced together with

formance
is
air-to-air
for exercise de-briefing
purposes The system
is
also applicable to maintainer training using the builtin test (BIT) functions associated with advanced
electronics.
One AST has been supplied to the Royal Air Force

GR5 conversion training at RAF Wittering.
for Harrier
The system, known as the Harrier Avionics Systems

Trainer (or HAST), provides training
in
the operation
UK
255
and interpretation of the Harrier GR5 cockpit controls and display systems and, with the inclusion of
the necessary mission parameters, enables trainee
pilots to fly navigation, ground attack, air-to-air
combat and electronic warfare flight profiles.
STATUS
Available,
In
MANUFACTURER
KY1 1 5JZ, UK
Telephone 0383 822131 Telex: 727779.
Industrial Park, nr. Dunfermline. Fife

.
Marconi Simulation Avionics Systems Trainer (AST)

in use showing student and instructor stations
Marconi Emergency Procedures

Trainer
The Marconi Simulation Emergency Procedures
Trainer is a computer-controlled self-contained
portable training aid designed to enable aircrews
to practice normal and emergency procedures as
listed in the pilots Flight Reference Cards in either
land-based or ship-based crew accommodation

The trainer consists of a horizontal and a vertical
panel housed within a portable container Each
panel is an approximate two-thirds scale replica of
an aircraft cockpit panel Controls and indicators
which are essential for aircraft basic system operations are functional with the remaining equipment
represented by silk sceening techniques
During use the pilot may select any one of the
normal or emergency procedures associated with
his aircraft in accordance with the aircraft Flight
Reference Cards If required the trainer may use the

system microprocessor to select a procedure at
random A record of the student's performance is
provided in the form of a readout of the time taken to
complete an exercise against the number of errors
recorded A student may also use the trainer in a
train' mode during which the trainer will light cue
lamps to indicate the next required control action.
Five Emergency Procedures Trainers of this type
have been supplied to the Royal Navy in support of
the Sea Harrier operational squadrons.
STATUS
Available
In
service with the Royal Navy
(5).
MANUFACTURER
Marconi Simulation
Napier Building. Donibristle
Industrial Park, nr Dunfermline, Fife
KY11 5JZ, UK
Telephone: 0383822131 Telex: 727779
Marconi Simulation Emergency Procedures Trainer

in use
Link-Miles Microprocessor
Simulation Technology (MST)
In
changes taking
the aircrew's work-station, where con-
parallel with the revolutionary
place in
ventional instruments are giving way to high resolution, multi-function cathode ray tube displays and
where airborne computing has made such sig-
nificant advances, major improvements in performance and fidelity of today's training simulators
have been achieved by Link-Miles through the intro-
duction of new concept computing.

The sophistication of flight-deck displays as seen
in fighter cockpits, contemporary airliners and
general aviation aircraft has another parallel in the
increasing standard of proficiency required of the
pilots
who fly them.
response to the requirements of operators,

pilots and simulator instructors, Link-Miles has
designed and developed MST (microprocessor
simulation technology) based on a functionally distributed, parallel computing system and introducing
a new concept instructor's station, TMS (training
In
management system).
In approaching the MST requirement the company

adopt an Instructional System Development (ISD)
approach and analyse the precise training requirement with emphasis upon student evaluation and
customised computing are immediate and comThose benefits are realised in terms
performance, reliability, fidelity and cost
of
effectiveness The system is tailor-made for the
objectives together with the definition of training

devices and the training programme Then the most
appropriate hardware for the specific roles is selected, a process which takes into account not only
the role but also the potential for integration and
networking to achieve the overall objective.
To achieve these objectives a highly flexible computing system is required. By replacing the general
purpose central minicomputer with a tailor-made
functionally distributed system the shortcomings of
the traditional compromise are overcome. Simultaneously the potential for integration, interaction
application.
and networking is significantly enhanced.

The superseding of the general-purpose minicomputer, conventionally adapted for simulator
application, with a parallel, modular computing
system known as Functionally Distributed Computing (FDS) has come about as a result of LinkMiles' research into technology tailor-made for the
requirement Adaptation of a general-purpose

device for the very special computing task represents an unacceptable compromise The benefits
of
pelling
Essentially the computing requirement (dealt with

by the mini-computer sequentially) is split into major
functions to each of which is dedicated a microprocessor-based CPU. Thus computing power is
shared out precisely in accordance with demand.
MST benefits are applied across the full range of
simulators and training aids from the company. The
same technology is also applied to the IMAGE range
of computer-generated imagery visual systems.
FDS employs VLSI circuitry based upon the INTEL
range of 8086, 80287, 80386 and 80387, 16- and 32-bit
microprocessors Multibus
and double-extended
Eurocards ensure standardisation and integrity
backed up by long-term future commitment from
suppliers and second-source insurance. Currently
the FDS system will handle up to 16 major functions
(eg Flight, Systems, TMS) Typically, the Boeing 737300 has six and each major function can have up to
six microprocessors. The computing power of one
II
such major function can amount to the total of a

Gould SEL 32/77. For the computing requirements
256
Boeing 747-400 the FDS is 32-bit based, using

and 80387 microprocessors
With intelligent I/O (Intel 80188 based) as much as
half of the total CPU computing power is available
and dedicated to diagnostics In-built debug facilities
enable instant identification of faults down to printed
circuit board and. in some cases, component level
Rapid rectification is ensured by a high level of
interchangeability and low component count Modularity means that a requirement for rectification in
one location has no adverse effect on the rest of the
system
The ease of maintenance aspect of MST has introduced new standards of user independence and
of the
STATUS
the Intel 80386
In
UK
production and widespread use
MANUFACTURER
Link-Miles Limited. 27 Churchill Industrial Estate.
Lancing. West Sussex BN158UF. UK
Telephone 0903 755 881 Telex 87165 LINSKI G
Fax: 0903 7631 72
also evident in the new

Here the company
emphasises user-friendliness and has achieved a
concept which
accelerates
the
transfer
of
knowledge It provides the instructor with full control
of the exercise and total flexibility of programme,
while enabling him to concentrate more on teaching
the crew up front
flexibility.
MST
That
flexibility is
instructor's facility.
TMS
A major function
unit ot functionally distributed
simulation (FDS) of a typical microprocessor

simulation technology (MST) simulator
Link-Miles Military Aviation

Simulation
Harrier GR5/7 Mission Simulators
Link-Miles are supplying two mission simulators for
the Royal Air Force's Harrier GR5/7 V/STOL strike
one of which will be based at RAFGutersloh

West Germany and the other at RAF Wittering in
the United Kingdom. These systems will replace the
two-seat training aircraft with which each Harrier
squadron has usually been equipped. The total
contract value is put at around 35 million.
The total system, which is relocatable, comprises
a training area, computer area, visual data base
work station, instructor's operating room and
remote de-brief facility. The training area consists
of the 7.315 m diameter visual system dome which
aircraft,
in
has a full six-degrees-of-freedom motion system, gseat and g-suit effects, together with high fidelity
visual and aural cues Visual and other physical
stimuli associated with g-manoeuvres are degraded
in a realistic manner. Within the dome is a cockpit
with facsimilecontrols.
Aircraft systems simulated will include the Angle
Rate Bombing Set (ARBS). and the forward looking
infra-red (FLIR). with provision for the wide-angle
head-up display (HUD).
Three
3280MPS
Concurrent
Computers
Corporation
parallel processors are being
with a processing
power
of
used each
33 Mips. The visual
system, comprising Link's MOD DIG CGI with

ESPRIT, will provide a field-of-view of 240 horizontally and 130 vertically, projected on the dome's
inner surface
Sea Harrier Operational and RadarTrainer (SHORT)

Ordered by the Royal Navy at the end of 1986 this
system, which features FDS, consists of fixed-base

student stations and an instructor's station in a
relocatable container. The instructor's station features two high resolution Vistagraphic 4500 colour
screens, user-friendly controls and an ergonomic
layout. Each student station has facsimile instruments and displays. There is an interchangeable,
single-channel,
single-window
computer-generated imaged display system which uses a VISTA
image generator to provide a collimated day. dusk,
night scene viewed through the head-up display
(HUD).
Two systems, one configured to Sea Harrier FRS1
and the other to FRS2, have been delivered to the
Royal Naval Air Station at Yeovilton where they will
relieve the full mission simulator of its part-task
is to receive cockpit procedures trainers for

both the Tornado Interdiction-Strike (IDS) and Air
Defence Variant (ADV). navigation-attack systems
trainer for the IDS and both ADV and IDS mission
simulators There will be two IDS and one ADV
mission simulators
The FRS1 system can be upgraded

FRS2 standards
Royal Saudi Air Force was announced. Recently

Finland ordered a more advanced Hawk simulator
These simulators incorporate microprocessor
simulation technology (MST - see separate entry),
training duties.
to
Simulators
for
Tornado
Link-Miles has worked with Rediffusion to produce

mission simulators for the Royal Air Force's Tornado
GR1 and F2/F3. Link-Miles is prime contractor for
the supply of a similar system to Saudi Arabia.
One of the most advanced simulators ever built
for the Royal Air Force, the Tornado units will enable
aircrews to train under realistic combat conditions,
including a wide range of malfunctions and emergencies. Every aspect of the aircraft's mission capanavigation,
radar,
bility
will
be simulated;
communications, weapons selection and delivery.
The Saudi mission simulators will have six-
degrees-of-freedom motion systems and computergenerated imagery visual systems

Four Tornado F2/F3 mission simulators, which
entered service at RAF Leuchars in January 1989.
have been delivered to the Royal Air Force which
also operates five Tornado GR1 simulators Saudi
A Sea Harrier operational and radar trainer (SHORT)
Arabia
Simulators
for
BAe Hawk
Functionally distributed simulation (FDS) was first

incorporated on a flight simulator for the British
Aerospace Hawk aircraft flown by the Finnish Air
Force This system was delivered in October 1981
The success of this application has led to full mission
simulators of the Hawk being ordered for the Kuwaiti
and United Arab Emirates Air Forces and in March
1986 a contract to supply two similar systems to the
the company's IMAGE lll-T computer-generated

visual system, with three windows, and a six-
degrees-of-freedom motion system. These systems
were delivered during the summer of 1987.

The United Arab Emirates microprocessor-based
Link-Miles simulator for the BAe Hawk has a threelll-T full colour daylight/dusk/night
visual system with texture and is mounted on a sixdegrees-of-freedom motion system It also features
a comprehensive instructor's station off-board
together with a portable extension unit for some on-
window IMAGE
board training management The Royal Saudi Air

Force has ordered two similar simulators.
Other Military Simulators
In addition to the above. Link-Miles has simulators
for the BAe Buccaneer. BAe Nimrod AEW Mk3.
Lockheed C-130 Hercules (seven alone to the Royal
The instructor's station for a Sea Harrier operational and radar trainer (SHORT)
For a quarter century,

NATO aircrews have been training on
the world's finest simulators.
CAE Electronics is one of the
world's major manufacturers of
and tactical mission
simulators for military customers.
CAE has also supplied simulators
for all the large commercial jet
flight
aircraft in service
today
to the
world's leading airlines.
The key to CAE's success has

been a commitment to remain
innovative
and
approach
to the
simulation.
systems
You can count on CAE
flexible in our
CAE
science
for the
finest in aircraft simulation
of flight
systems.
simulation
offer important benefits,
CAE ELECTRONICS LTD.
including: total fidelity of
made-to-measure
systems and CAE's powerful
Computerized Test System. CAE
simulation,
simulators are
synonymous with
and
quality, integrity, fidelity

reliability.
A subsidiary of CAE Industries
C.P. 1800 Saint-Laurent,
In
Quebec, Canada H4L 4X4
Germany:
CAE Electronics GmbH.
Tel.
(514) 341-6780
TLX 05- 824856
Steinfurt 11. D-5190, Stolberg /
RHLD
TWX 610-422-3063 FAX (514)
Tel.
(02402) 1061 TLX 832220
Ltd.
341-7699
WE'RE ON
7;
*T^TI
EVANS & SU"

now, rapid database turnaround
has been a major challenge for SOF
mission rehearsal. Not any more.
Until
Evans & Sutherland presents the

new ESIG-4000 image generator.
Designed with breakthrough architecture, it meets time-critical database
requirements in as few as 48 hours.
Selected for the Air Force's SOF
program, the ESIG-4000 is unlike
any other system. It takes separately
ATS
What's more, the flexible database

format allows a mission scenario to
be easily updated with late-breaking

intelligence.
Advanced database processing

the catalyst for the
to
ESIG-4000's
generate unrivaled visual
is
ability
fidelity.
Giving aircrews a photo-realistic

mission preview, the system provides
a higher
level of detail,
greater terrain
generates
and supports full

for NVG, LLTV and IR.
fidelity
processed terrain and feature databases, combines them in its hardware,

and generates -in real time- a complete
sensor simulation
mission scenario.
Sutherland, Simulation Division, 600
This powerful capability totally

eliminates the most time-consuming
procedures of database modeling.
Komas
Drive, Salt
841 08.
Tel:
For a complete picture of the new

ESIG-4000, contact: Evans &
Lake City, Utah

801 -582-5847, Ext. 6521
Fax:801-582-5848
UK
Sepecat Jaguar GR1 (six of which three
and McDonnell Douglas KC-10
(three) simulators A dozen J21 flight simulators
were also supplied to Yugoslavia from 1975.
The Westland Lynx helicopter simulator supplied
to the British Army Air Corps is housed in a relocWestland's development proatable building
Air Force),
remain
in
gramme
service)
EH
includes a Link-Miles'
research and development simulator with IMAGE IT
dusk/night CGI visual system with texture Sea King
flight simulators have been supplied by Link-Miles
to the Royal Navy, the Royal Australian Navy, Egypt
(Mk 47 Commando), India, and Qatar. Link-Miles has
been awarded a contract by Agusta Sistemi to supply
a combat mission simulator for the Agusta A129
Mangusta attack helicopter The company earlier
won a contract for a A129 maintenance trainer.
The helicopter flight simulators have each rotor
blade considered as an independent and interdependent airfoil in which blade element theory is
applied to consider discrete segments along the
length of the airfoil from root to tip and at frequent
intervals along their forward flight path. The aerodynamic and inertial loads are computed over as
for
the
101
Link-Miles Procedures
task Trainers
and
257
little as seven degrees arc movement. To achieve

calculation of complex blade motion an iteration rate
as high as 180 Hertz is used.
As a result the company's helicopter simulators

calculate actual blade motion while the effects of
flapping and lagging, blade hinges and dampers are
modelled Dynamic stall effects are included while
rotor response times reflect those experienced in
the real aircraft and there is a realistic response to
control inputs and high blade loadings.
STATUS
See
text
MANUFACTURER
Link-Miles Limited, 27 Churchill Industrial Estate,
Lancing, West Sussex BN158UF, UK.
Telephone: 0903 755 881. Telex: 87165 LINSKI G.
Fax: 0903 763172.
A Link-Miles C-130 Hercules simulator
installed at
RAF Lyneham
Part-
Procedures and part-task training devices are in use

aircrew training to provide practical, hands-on
instruction in procedural and cognitive tasks before
the student uses a full flight simulator They may
also be used for refresher training.
for
These trainers may feature fully operational conand instrument responses appropriate to the
systems being simulated at whichever level the
customer requires The systems have complete fidelity with the full simulator because they use
trols
common software
The Royal
service
Air Force has two such
systems
A Propulsion Systems Trainer (PST)
in
for
Jaguars features a mock-up of the aircraft with

engine instruments 2.5 times normal size on an
enlarged panel for classroom instruction The
second system, installed at RAF Cosford, is a
Tornado Weapon System Training Rig (WSTR) consisting of a modified Tornado with relevant simulated instruments and equipment which is used for
weapon loading training. Live weapon loading takes

place under the supervision and management of
an instructor using a specially adapted personal
computer with a touch-sensitive control panel.
STATUS
In
production.
see
In
service with the Royal Air Force -
text.
MANUFACTURER
Link-Miles Limited. 27 Churchill Industrial Estate.
Lancing, West Sussex BN15 8UF, UK.
A Link-Miles Microflite procedures and part-task
Telephone: 0903 755 881. Telex: 87165 LINSKI G.

Fax:0903 763172.
Pennant Tucano Cockpit

Procedures Trainer
A Ministry of Defence contract for seven Tucano
CPTs was awarded in January 1989 and the first one
was completed in March 1990. The system consists
of a working facsimile of the Tucano T Mark 1 front
cockpit and an instructor's panel which may be
installed
on either side
of the cockpit.
The
instructor can insert
may
system and subsystem
also create faults in the

self-instruction mode. A monitor is fitted to the CPTs
side to allow either the instructor or the student to
set up a sequence of faults. It may also be used to
assist maintenance engineers with data relating to
failures but the student
parts
lists.
trainer in the final stages of
assembly
STATUS
In
production for the Royal Air Force.
MANUFACTURER
Pennant Audio Visual Systems Limited, Trainers
and Simulators Division. Staverton Technology
Park, Gloucester Road, Staverton, Cheltenham,
Gloucestershire, GL51 6TL, UK.
Telephone: 0452 714914 Fax: 0452 714920.
258
UK
Rediffusion Concept 90
In
90
February 1990 Rediffusion launched their Concept

simulator, the result of a three-year pro-
flight
gramme
market research and development.

intended to meet the market challenges of the next decade and introduces new
standards of design to the flight simulation market
Designed in conjunction with MGA Developments
of Coventry, Concept 90 makes extensive use of
composite moulded panels for functional as well as
aesthetic reasons The entire design will speed up
the manufacturing process to enable simulators to
be delivered on progressively shorter timescales
of
Concept 90
is
Interior of the
instructor's
standard
production prototype
simulator
Exterior of the Concept 90
full
Emphasis was also placed on easy maintainability, with hinged doors underneath and around
the simulator to allow easy access for maintenance
engineers. Cabling has been standardised with
improved connector access. All air conditioning,
smoke detection and fire suppression systems are
cabin as standard features.
Important changes we re introduced to the instructor's console area to provide the instructor with
improved comfort and working conditions. The
integrated into the
aft
Concept 90
seat
pilot's
full
production prototype showing the instructor station with ACCESS-equipped

console
is
a fully adjustable aircraftseat to allow the instructor to
select the best and most comfortable position to

monitor the actions of the trainee aircrew Once this
position has been selected the console can be
moved towards the instructor along a floor rail. The
console is known as ACCESS (previously TASC II)

and is provided with touch-sensitive controls and
installation at the Alitalia flight training centre at
560992.
MANUFACTURER
RH102YD.UK
Telephone: 0293 561156 Telex: 87661
Fax: 0293
AermacchiMB 339
Italian Air Force ordered four MB. 339 simulators
be installed at Lecce in southern Italy: the first
entered service in August 1990 and provides full
conversion training to the MB 339 The simulators
are provided with a fixed base with Aermacchi
to
MR2
1988 the British Ministry of Defence ordered

three full flight simulators for the Nimrod MR Mark 2
maritime reconnaissance aircraft to replace earlier
Nimrod simulators: the contract was worth 15
million All three simulators use the Novoview SP-X
500 HT night/dusk/day high resolution image generator and the WIDE display system providing a 150
horizontal and 40 vertical field-of-view. Special
visual databases were developed representing a
number of Royal Air Force airfields, 20 different
NATO and Warsaw Pact ships, and Royal Air Force
VC10 and TriStar tanker aircraft. The first simulator
was installed at RAF St Mawgan and another is
scheduled for RAF Kinloss
supplying the fully
fitted cockpit.
Other Simulators
Military aircraft simulators produced by Rediffusion
have included a wide range of aircraft types including a full mission simulator for the Royal Navy's
View of the interior of the Swiss Air Force Hawk Mark

66 simulator produced by Rediffusion and installed
at
Emmen
Swiss Hawk
1987 the Swiss Defence Technology and Procurement Agency ordered a Hawk Mark 66 dome
simulator for the Swiss Air Force The simulator was
delivered in Spring 1990 and installed at Emmen air
base The simulator consists of a fixed base replica
of the Hawk Mark 66 cockpit with g-seat. g-suit
and vibration platform to provide motion cues and
production.
The
May
Sentry AEW1
Rediffusion were awarded a contract to produce a
flight simulator for the Royal Air Force's Sentry
AEW 1 airborneearlywarningaircraft Thesimulator
was delivered to RAF Waddington during 1990 and
will be used in conjunction with a Boeing-supplied
mission simulator representing the aircraft's cabin
The simulator is equipped with the WIDE visual
display system.
STATUS
In
Rediffusion Military Flight
In
Johannesburg
computer graphics.
Other Concept 90 training area facilities include
overhead lighting, built-in waste paper bins and
stowage space for crew jackets and briefcases, all
integrated into an ambient aircraft style interior.
The first customer for Concept 90 was Alitalia who
ordered a McDonnell Douglas MD-11 simulator for
Simulators
Nimrod
Fiumicino. near Rome: the order includes a Novoview SP-X 500 WIDE visual system Alitalia were
followed by South African Airways who ordered
Concept 90 simulators for the Boeing 747-400
and an Airbus A320. both to be installed near
In
aerodynamic buffet effects. Five projectors are

mounted behind the cockpit to display images onto
an 8 m dome giving a 200 horizontal and 60 vertical
field-of-view The visual system is Novoview SP-X
500 with databases created to include mountainous
terrain, lakes valleys and airfields.
Lynx, flight stations for the RAF's Tornado GR1 and

F3. and simulators for both the transport (C Mark 1)
and tanker (K Mark 1) roles of the VC10.
The company has supplied a full mission training
simulator to the Royal Navy for the Sea King HAS
Mark 5 with WIDE II display which was installed at
RNAS (Royal Naval AirStationjCuldrosefortraining
British and foreign air crews This system has three
rear crew trainer cabins and uses the Novoview
SP3T computer-generated image system. It has 17
visual data bases, including simulated weather
conditions, and training can be conducted in both
anti-submarine operations as well as search-andrescue missions Flight and procedures trainers
were produced for the Brazilian and Egyptian Air
Forces together with a Tornado F Mark 3 Cockpit
Emergency and Procedures Trainer (CEPT).
From March 1986 to August 1987 the company
provided flight simulator equipment to the Boeing
Military Aircraft Company for training air crew of the
US Air Force B-1B bomber The equipment includes
two full flight stations, two WIDE display systems
and two offensive/defensive operator's stations all
which will be incorporated in two full weapon

system trainers.
In February 1989. Rediffusion was awarded a
of
UK
259
training analysis study contract from the United

Kingdom Ministry of Defence aimed at assisting the
Royal Air Force
to
determine
its
future aircrew
European Fighter Aircraft

(EFA) programme This will be the options analysis
and will be followed by the main analysis examining
the joint training needs of the participating nations.
training
needs
for the
the past Rediflusion has supplied simulators to

air
forces of Austria (AB204), Denmark
(F-35 Draken), West Germany (C160), Netherlands
(RF-5B), Norway (four F-5A), South Africa (four
Impala, one Impala-Macchi), and Tunisia (MB 326)
In
the
The Royal Air Force has received simulators for

the Phantom F-4M (four), Phantom F-4K, VC-10, Jet
Provost T 3A and T 5A (four) as well as the Hercules.
STATUS
See text.
MANUFACTURER
RH102YD.UK.
560992.
Rediffusion simulator for the Aermacchi
MB 339
The ITS capabilities extend from a single student

work station to multiple units networked together
with full systems simulation. From the student's
for Harrier,
Systems (ITS) Group
viewpoint, training of this sort provides an ideal

environment in which to receive information and
demonstrate an understanding of it The variety of
STATUS
Systems (ITS)
Group provides advanced technology which trans-
Rediffusion Interactive Training
Rediffusion's
Interactive Training
conventional training programmes into

dynamic, self-teach lessons stored in a computer
and accessed by the student through a keyboard and
touch-sensitive screen The approach is based upon
lates
equipment and specially designed software which allows total flexibility in both application
and operation.
a range of
the presentation material and the ability to progress

at the student's own pace ensure higher levels of
concentration and retention
In September 1986 the ITS Group began developing a flight navigation and weapons system
instruction system for use with Tornado This was
delivered in December 1988 while a similar system.
delivered
in
was ordered
August 1987.
in
November 1986 and
Available
MANUFACTURER
Rediffusion (Interactive Training Systems Group),
Edward Way. Maltings Park. Victoria Industrial
Estate.
Burgess
Hill.
West Sussex RH159TN. UK
Telephone: 0444646363 Fax: 0444640600.
260
AIRCRAFT AND HELICOPTER SIMULATORS/ USA

AAI EF-1 1 1 A Operational Flight

Trainer
The AAI Corporation developed the EF-111A Operational Flight Trainer (OFT) to meet the US Air
Force's requirement for crew co-ordination training
in a realistic electro-magnetic combat environment
The OFT simulates the same navigation and terrain-following radar systems as the EF-1 1 A operational aircraft. Pilot radar navigation and terrainfollowing simulation is accomplished through high
fidelity simulation in both the AN/APQ-160 navigation radar indicator and the AN/APQ-1 10 terrainfollowing radar display The OFT radar base contains more than 500000nnr (1 29 million square
1
kilometres) of digitised radar landmass, derived

from Defense Mapping Agency data The same landmass data base is used to occult the simulated threat
signals and targets.
The EF-111A OFT includes a dynamic instructor

operator station for controlling and monitoring the
training mission. This instructor station includes
three
instructor
positions
and
incorporates
repeaters for flight instruments together with radar
and electronic warfare displays.
STATUS
In
service with the
US Air
Force.
MANUFACTURER
AAI Corporation, PO Box 126. Hunt Valley, Maryland
21030. USA.
Telephone: (301) 666 1400. Telex: 87849. TWX: 710
2321 800
The AAI Corporation s EF-1 11 A operational flight

trainer (OFT) which is assigned to the 390th
Electronic Combat Squadron. US Air Force: in the
foreground is the instructor's station
ATC-212H IFR
Flight Simulator for
Helicopters
standard low-altitude charts to provide records
for
post-exercise study.
The ATC-212H
Representing the general characteristics of light to

medium turbine-powered helicopters, the ATC-212H
is an IFR flight simulator for flying schools, corporate
offers ab initio helicopter training,

allowing 5 hours of the time a student has
spent on the ATC-212H towards a rotary-wing flight
training course.
By manipulating the simulator controls the student
actually flies a 1.22 m model, enhancing the value of
or charter fleet organisations, fixed-base operators,
training.
the
educational institutions,
establishments,
and private owners. Performance and handling
follow actual aircraft characteristics very closely,
and rotor torque behaviour can be switched to represent
clockwise or anti-clockwise
rotation
Realistic response to control inputs are provided
and correlated by hybrid computer circuitry. Dynamically balanced cyclic and collective-pitch controls
can be adjusted to provide the desired control stabilisation The computer is programmed for a speed
range of 40 to 160 knots. Winds of up to 50 knots can
be introduced from 12 directions, and five degrees
of turbulence can be set up to affect pitch, roll, and
FAA
military
Dimensions:
mm
(simulator) 864 x 1168 x 1626

(flight plotter) 483 x 152 x 356mm
STATUS
In
production.
MANUFACTURER
ATC
Flight Simulator Company, 1650 19th Street.

Santa Monica, California 90404, USA.
453-5276.
altitude
Accessories include an X-Y flight plotter, a

monitor communications system, a headset, and an
enclosure for IFR training in accordance with FAA
FAR Part 141. The flight plotter can be used with
Interior of A TC-212H simulator
USA
261
Boeing Flight/Mission Simulation

forB-1B
August 1983 Boeing's Military Airplane Company

$5.5 million, 14-month contract by
the US Air Force Aeronautical Systems Division at
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base to conduct preliminary designs and develop specifications for a
flight and mission simulator for the Rockwell B-1B
bomber. A similar contract was also given to a
competing team comprising Link. Rockwell and the
AAI Corporation.
In October 1984 Boeing was judged the winner
and awarded an $89 million contract to proceed with
development, production and support activities. If
all the contract options are exercised, Boeing will
build five weapons system trainers, two mission
trainers, one software support centre, and six
cockpit procedures trainers. Each weapons system
trainer will consist of a flight station for pilot and copilot, and a compartment for the operators of the
offensive and defensive systems. The mission
trainer will be identical to the offensive/defensive
station, and will train operators before they are
integrated with flight crews in the weapons system
trainer. The cockpit procedures trainer will provide
early experience for all four crew-members until the
weapons system trainers become available
In
was awarded a
December 1984, the United Kingdom company

was named as a major subcontractor on
Boeing's B-1B simulation programme. Under an
In
The Boeing B-1B
Rediffusion
flight
simulator system
December 1988 The B-1B simulators
early 1986 Boeing Military awarded a $2 6

IBM for the supply of eleven
avionic computer controls and three memory
storage units for the B-1B simulator
will be at
Force Base), South Dakota,
Dyess AFB, Texas Grand Forks AFB. North Dakota,
and McConnell AFB. Kansas
STATUS
MANUFACTURER
Boeing Military Airplanes. Simulation and Training
Systems. PO Box 1470, MS JM-32, Huntsville,
procedures trainers.
simulator was delivered in 1986. by which

time the total value of contracts placed by the US Air
Force was $158 million All the cockpit procedures
trainers were delivered to the US Air Force by
Boeing Simulator for E-3A
certification testing of
hardware and software for the

Boeing E-3A Sentry airborne warning and control
system The facility for interoperability testing
became operational in April 1987 and consists of
duplicates of E-3A mission avionics, mission simulations and communications interfaces
STATUS
subcontract it will supply two fully integrated

two motion systems, two Total Sound
Environment systems, instructor-station equipment
and a WIDE (wide-angle infinity display equipment)
visual display system, as well as linkage and control
loading A first option was exercised in May 1986
and if all options are exercised. Rediffusion will
supply five weapons systems trainers, two mission
trainers, a software support centre and six cockpit
initial
flight-decks,
1986 the Boeing Military Airplane

Company received a $27 million contract from the
US Air Force's Ogden Air Logistics Center. Hill Air
Force Base, for the development of a simulator for
January
In
Simulator Up-grade
Programme
forKC-135
Boeing is up-grading 19 US Air Force Boeing
KC-135 simulators in a four-year programme,
designated MB-26, which started in 1986 Boeing
will upgrade KC-135 simulators to state-of-the-art
operational flight trainers. Each of the new simulators has a Rediffusion NovoviewSPI visual system
Rediffusion is also supplying certain components
those simulators being changed from KC-135A
to KC-135R configuration. AAI Engineering Support
Inc is providing contractor logistics support.
for
STATUS
Programme
in progress
Under the terms of the
contract a total of 10 KC-135R and nine KC-135A
flight simulators will be produced and delivered to
17 locations.
MANUFACTURER
Boeing Military Airplanes, Simulation and Training
Systems, PO Box 1470, MS JM-32, Huntsville,
Alabama
35807, USA.
Telephone: (205) 461 2424.
The Boeing KC-135R land-only simulator at Castle

Air Force Base
In
million contract to
The
first
Ellsworth
Alabama
AFB
35807,
(Air
USA
Telephone: (205) 461 2424.
In
service with the
US Air Force
MANUFACTURER
Boeing Aerospace Operations Inc. PO Box 320220.
Cocoa Beach, Florida 32932-0220, USA
262
Burtek Flight Simulation

in 1939. Burtek Inc was purchased in 1979
Thomson Corporation of America, a US
company of the Thomson-CSF Group of
Founded
by the
holding
France
Burtek design and manufacture flight and cockpit
procedures and maintenance trainers as well as
developing simulation applications of advanced software. More than 50 military services, commercial
airlines and aircraft manufacturers operate Burtek
flight and maintenance simulators and operator and
evacuation trainers. The equipment provided
includes two UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter power
plant systems trainers, a Boeing 727 instrument
trainer. F-5 operational flight trainer and cockpit
procedures trainers (CPT) for the C-141. TH-57,
OH-58. F-4, F-15. and S-3A aircraft.
A significant activity has been the manufacture
of operational flight trainers for the Northrop F-5
Digital software controls all aircraft responses and
provides such special dynamic effects as pre-stall
buffet and the vibration resulting from weapons
firing. The equipment fully duplicates the fire control
system and lead-computing optical sight, seatshaker and g-suit, and a visual simulation system
permits tactical training throughout the F-5's operational envelope.
Burtek have refurbished the US Air Force's eight
Lockheed C-141
Burtek cockpit procedures trainer for US Air Force/Lockheed C-141 StarLifter transport
StarLifter flight simulators. This
programme included
replacing the existing digital

computers and software with state-of-the-art digital
technology, replacing crew-members' and instructors' stations with colour graphic cathode ray tubes,
incorporating automatic fault-insertion, and updating the motion system with new digital control
loading.
Burtek are producing the C-141 B Automatic Test

Guide (ATG) which removes pilot subjectivity from
simulation certification and allows for easy introduction of
new test conditions. The ATG
formatted
to FAA Phase
standards and includes flight controls and all aspects of flight, using dynamic time
is
II
history inputs.
The company are up-grading the US Air Force's

fleet of A-10A flight simulators, providing system
integration, software development, interface equipment, logistic support and modification kits, and
new control loading systems. Burtek developed new
methodologies for the Ada software language in the
Ada Simulation
Validation
Program
Force then redeveloped C-141 B
ware
in
Ada
to validate the
flight
for the US Air

simulator soft-
concept. The
company
has now applied it in the US Air Force's Undergraduate Navigator Training System (UNTS) which
includes 52 navigator training stations and a mission
control centre
Simulated
aircraft
maintenance
trainers
will
provide dynamic hands-on' training for diagnostic,

repair and function test of the integrated avionics
and flight control system in the McDonnell Douglas
F/A-18 and CF-18 Hornet aircraft as well as the
Boeing B-1. Some of these trainers include a separate cockpit with simulated CRTs and Head-Up
Displays (HUD).
A HOTASA (Hands On
Throttle
And
Stick Aid) to
familiarise pilots with the fighter's sophisticated

avionics, instrumentation and controls has Deen
produced
for the
Burtek also manufactures the Cabin Evacuation

and Service Trainer for commercial aircraft, the US
Navy Universal Helicopter Ditching Trainer and the
Parachute Disentanglement Trainer. The latest
Emergency Evacuation Trainers (EET)

fighting training for in-flight
crews and
feature
full
fire
aircraft
cabins on tilt bases to simulate collapsed landing

gear and abnormal in-flight attitudes
STATUS
See
text
MANUFACTURER
Burtek Inc. PO Box 1677. 7041 East 15th Street. Tulsa.
Oklahoma 74101. USA.

834 3768.
.
RAAF
Cubic Training System for B-1 B

Cubic are an established manufacturer of computerdriven training systems, its largest current contract
being for the US Air Force Rockwell B-1B cockpit
procedures trainer which replicates the four crew
stations
in
the aircraft.
were built for delivery to Dyess Air Force

Base. Texas, under a $15.8 million contract from
Boeing Deliveries started in 1986
Six units
STATUS
Delivered
MANUFACTURER
Cubic Corporation. 9333 Balboa Avenue, San Diego,
California92123. USA.
Telephone: (619) 277 6780 TWX: 910 335 2010.
RADSIM (Radar Simulator)

This digital radar video simulator creates synthesised targets and all the necessary synchro,
trigger and control signals for Plan Position Indicator
(PPI) format radars. The system can generate up to
eight targets with independent range and azimuth
Cubic cockpit procedures trainer for B-1 B
positioning, antenna beamwidth, target length and

target-return strength.
The system can select trigger lengths, polarities
and antenna revolution rates, as well as simulating
IFF signals, radar
computer.
mode
control lines and the host
STATUS
Available
MANUFACTURER
Diagnostic/Retrieval Systems Inc. 8 Wright Way.
Oakland. New Jersey 07436. USA.
Telephone: (201) 337 3800. Telex: 7109884191.
Fax:(201)337 4775.
USA
263
ECC Pilatus PC-7 Instrument Flight

Trainer
The ECC International Corporation specialise in

aviation maintenance trainers of which 200 have
been produced, many for the US armed forces, and
has since produced basic aviation trainers of the
Pilatus PC-7, the T-44, the Bell 205 (UH-1) and Bell
206. Maintenance simulators have been produced
for the A-4, A-6,
AV-8, C-5B, C-130, EC-130, F-5E/F.

and T-44 fixed-wing aircraft,
together with the AH-1S/T, Sea King, Puma. Gazelle,
CH-47. Bell 205, Bell 206, and Bell 214 helicopters
The ECC also produces various training aids for
Sea
Harrier, T-34C
ground-based equipments
The Pilatus PC-7 instrument flight trainer uses a
facsimile PC-7 trainer cockpit with fully operational
instrumentation. An EC-3X computer is used to
create the aerodynamic properties of the aircraft
and to run exercises which are monitored from
an instructor's station with two cathode ray tube
monitors.
One Middle East customer complements the

system with the EC-10computer-based instructional
system which presents lessons to individual student
video display terminals for interactive training. The
programmes relate to basic pilot skills, the PC-7 and
the British
An ECC Pilatus PC-7 instrument flight trainer which has been sold to a Middle East customer
MANUFACTURER
STATUS
In
ECC
service
International
Corporation,
175
Strafford
Avenue, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087-3377, USA

Telephone: (215) 687 2600 Fax: (215) 254 9268.
Aerospace Hawk
ECC T-34C Cockpit Procedures

Trainer
This is a low-cost open cockpit' system designed
the US Naval Undergraduate Training Program.
The cockpit controls are displayed on a flat panel
surface with oversized instruments and stick to
enable large classes to observe pre-flight and postflight checks and other basic instruction Audio cues
and interactive video discs present precise cockpit
for
*BBE22
responses.
Two more
dynamic
interactive back-lit panels illustrate
performance of the engine and the

environmental and electrical systems. These may
be operated independently or interdependently with
aircraft
the cockpit controls
STATUS
service with the US Navy One system
plied to the Republic of China Air Force
near Kao-hsiung, Taiwan.
In
was sup-
Academy
The T-34C cockpit procedures trainer
MANUFACTURER
ECC
International
Corporation,
175
Strafford
Avenue, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087-3377, USA.

Telephone: (215) 687 2600. Fax: (215) 254 9268
ECC Part-task Trainers
a C-5B aerial refuelling receptacle training system

and LANTIRN part-task trainers for both the F-16C
ECC have produced
andtheF-15E.
a high fidelity simulation of the aircraft cockpit. In

the F-15E configuration, at Luke Air Force Base,
Arizona, there are fore and aft cockpits with the
The LANTIRN (Low Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infra-Red at Night) part-task trainer features
officers
a wide variety of part-task trainers including an F-16 engine operations simulator

for the Air Training Corps' technical training centres,
The LANTIRN PTTin service with the
US Air Force for training F-16C pilots
latter
used by student weapons system operations

In the F-16C configuration there is only a
An F-16 engine operations simulator
264
single cockpit with comprehensive avionics familiarisation training.
The company have also produced a range of 15

Basic Aviation Trainers (BAT) each dealing with a
facet of aviation control. Each is a self-contained,
bench-top unit designed for training an individual or
a small group Each trainer presents the system as
AN/APQ-167 Radar Training

System
The AN/APQ-167 radar training system is based
upon Emerson's experience in lightweight, forwardlooking X-band pulsed radars such as the AN/APQ159. It is designed for installation in a Cessna T-47
Citation to train Undergraduate Naval Flight Officers
for tactical
The
aircrew assignments.
is configured with displays and
aircraft
USA
a graphic display with a schematic diagram and

the instruments and equipment needed to test and
analyse each system are included A similar
approach is adopted with the airborne radar maintenance simulator and the flight control surfaces
trainer for the US Navy
STATUS
controls for two student's stations with one instructor's station The students can practice air-to-air
mission or air-to-ground mission training within
30 minutes by means of an easy antenna change
For the air-to-air mission the system has a simulated detection range of 74 km and a lock-on range
of 55 km Short and medium range missile engagements can be simulated together with gun engagements In the air-to-ground role the system has a
simulated 200-foot (61 m) resolution. The system,
which weighs 95.25kg, has a 45 search/map
mode and a 20 sector scan/sector map mode.
STATUS
In
service.
MANUFACTURER
ECC
International
Corporation.
175
Strafford
Avenue. Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087-3377. USA

Telephone (215)687 2600 Fax (215)254 9268
service
1983
In
at the
Naval Air Station Pensacola since
MANUFACTURER
Electronics & Space Corporation. Emerson Electric
Co. 8100 West Florissant Avenue. St Louis. Missouri
63136. USA
Telephone: (314) 553-2264
EMS TH-57B Cockpit Procedures

Trainer
The EMS Development Corporation produce a lowcost Cockpit Procedures Trainer (CPT) for the TH57B helicopter of the US Navy The system is
designed to make the student familiar with the helicopter cockpit and engine instrumentation response
characteristics. It is intended for pilots with few. if
any. helicopter flight hours.
The system consists of a Bell 206 Jet Ranger
cockpit structure, an instructor's station, and an
equipment cabinet. The cockpit has been modified
to accommodate various trainer operational and
non-operational controls. The instructor's station
consists of a desk, a terminal with a keyboard and
an intercom panel. The instructor can insert any one
of 48 malfunctions which will give corresponding
instrument responses The system can arrange
three instructor-selected malfunctions in succession in the engine, electrical system, transmission, fuel system and hydraulic system.
STATUS
Three systems, designated Device 2C67, are
service with the
in
US Navy.
MANUFACTURER
EMS Development
Corporation, 100 Sea Lane, Farmingdale. New York 11735. USA.

Telephone: (516) 293 7900. TWX: 510 244 6480.
Center for Advanced Airmanship
The EMS TH-57B helicopter cockpit procedures trainer (CPT)
The academic element

introduced to
is
the
first
step
in
the
CAA
here that all new material is

the student prior to its use in the
training system.
(CAA)
It
is
A GE-developed computer-based trainsystem is the primary medium for the

academic instruction. Seminar/classroom instruction conducted by CAA instructors is used to supsimulator.
The Center for Advanced Airmanship (CAA) focuses

on providing a sound fundamental baseline for pilots
of Northrop F-5 user nations. Because the CAA
training system is designed to complement user
nations' existing aircraftflighttraining programmes,
the baseline that the CAA provides allows pilots to
achieve higher levels of proficiency at reduced cost
and/or training time. The facility, which was opened
in February 1986 and cost $12 million, is situated at
Tempe, near Phoenix. Arizona

The training ob|ectives of the
CAA programme
are threefold:
(1) to accelerate and enhance the process of safe
transition to the F-5 aircraft
(2) to confront the pilot with emergency and other
task-saturated situations
(3) to embed the fundamentals of flight discipline and
both air and surface attack in a hostile environment.
To accomplish these objectives General Electric
(GE) has developed a completely integrated training
system. An F-5E simulator (cockpit and advanced
computer-generated image visual system) is incorporated with an instructional subsystem comprised

of computer-based academic training and simuexercises
These
two
basic
lation-based
components, academic and simulation, are presented by an international cadre of highly experi-
ing (CBT)
plementtheCBT
The CBT brings strength
to the academic element,

both in the flexibility provided by the modular design
of the courseware and the control provided by the
computer managed
instruction (CMI). All bits of
information about a particular aircraft system, procedure, or other area of interest are contained in one
location (module) Within each information module
are sub-modules that accommodate the multiple
aircraft avionic and flight control configurations. All
of this information is then sequenced in a logical
format determined by the level of difficulty. The
CAA then uses the CMI system to sort the modular
hierarchy of configuration and level of difficulty so
that automatically a course of study tailored to the
needs of the individual student can be designed
and built. This courseware structure gives the CAA
extreme
flexibility in
designing courses that match
the student's F-5E experience level and his country's

aircraft configuration. The modular structure of the
courseware precludes duplication of information
allowing updates and changes to be incorporated
enced, professional, ex-military fighter instructor
through a user level authoring system as soon as

they occur. This enables CAA instructor pilots (IPs)
to keep the courseware current and accurate at all
pilots
times.
Student flow through the CAA training cycle is

controlled by the student's individualised training
syllabus tailored to sequence the rate and flow
based on individual
pilot skills.
The
students receive their computer-based

instruction in a student work station that has been
specifically designed for the CAA The objective is
to provide the student, who may never have used
a computer, with a comfortable, functional, nonthreatening,

user-friendly
environment.
Each
student CBT stat ion is housed in an attractive enclosure for privacy. The only hardware that the student
sees are the two screens that are used to present
the course material Noticeably absent from the
station is a computer keyboard. Interaction is
accompl ished with either the touch-sensitive screen
or a simple six-button keypad. The student does not
have
to
remember
cryptic
computer commands
to
progress through the course. His only decision about

using the system is whether to sit up in attentive
position to use the handheld keypad The work
station also has desktop space, bookshelves, individual lighting, and sufficient room for an IP to join
the student for one-to-one tutoring, if required.
Simulation, the second element of the
CAA
train-
provided by combining an F-5E

cockpit GE'sCompu-Scenelll image generator (IG).
and a newly-developed instructor operation station
(IOS) As in the academic training, the simulator
training will be made up of those tasks required of
a qualified, fully trained F-5E pilot. The simulator
training standards will reflect the overall course
ing
system,
is
objectives and will parallel the training objectives

currently set by the US Air Force for F-5E aircraft
flight training Providing the means for practical
task intensive training, the simulator is used to
reinforce those tasks previously introduced in the
academic element by allowing the student to practise them At the same time, the simulator training
allows the student to begin developing the judge-
ment and psychomotor
skills
necessary to fly a
near combat
fighter aircraft in a task-saturated,
environment.
Overseeing this development is the third and

most important, element of the CAA training system:
USA
the instructor pilots
All
265
are former fighter instruc-
most having combat experience; these pilots

are able to draw on their recent training and operational experiences to guide the student from his
first engine start, through offensive aerial combat
manoeuvring, to his final Lo-Lo-Lo surface attack
tors,
profile
Instructional briefings/de-briefing by the IPs

before and after each simulated sortie provide the
continuity that closes the loop between the academic
element and the simulator. Here the instructor
reinforces the theory of the academic presentations
and explains their practical applications in the simulator
and
aircraft.
For the instructor to be effective
in this role,
the
system with which he is working must be

efficient The system must free him from the role of
hardware technician. The CAA has reduced and
automated the administrative and technical functions by developing an integrated training system'
that reduces the IPs non-instructional workload and
training
makes the instructor's teaching time more effective

This integrated training system ensures that the
CAA is providing a standardised, objective, quality,
cost-effective training programme
Integration of the training cycle
is
accomplished
by connecting three primary hardware components:

the graphics and parametric recording computers
at the IOS, the CBTs at the student work stations,
and the computers in the briefing/de-briefing rooms

one local area network (LAN) The networking of
these components brings several major benefits
to the CAA that are not enjoyed in other training
systems. The main areas that benefit from inteto
gration are listed as follows.
Instructor operation station

Networking the simulator instructor operation
station produces several significant improvements
that increase the IPs capabilities and further reduce
his workload. The integrated work station provides
the IP with a user-friendly interface through a touchsensitive screen The IP can quickly programme the
simulator configuration, mission position and initial
conditions. Emergencies and other inputs can also
be made in real-time with a quick touch of the screen
Selection of a head-up display (HUD) video camera
or an over-the-shoulder camera that will record and
present flight instruments and avionics displays
The entire
is also made with the touch screen
simulator control process can be automated, if
desired, so that the IP can devote his complete
attention to monitoring the progress of the student.
The touch screen is also used by the IP to control
the graphics computer that is displaying and recording the positions and parametric data of the simulator and any opposition fighters. This system also
displays and captures all weapons scores (bombs,
missiles, strafe, etc) and passes them to a central
record-keeping file via the LAN. These scores are
then available to the IP during the de-briefing and
completion of the student gradesheet.
Using a GE-developed authoring system, modification to the IOS is just as easy as its operation
This authoring system allows changes to be made
quickly and without the aid of a computer programmer, thus ensuring that the CAA system is always
1
F-5E mission simulator at General Electrics Center for Advanced Airmanship (CAA). Tempe, Arizona.
Shown is a wide-angle dome housing an F-5E cockpit and instructor station The visual system is the threechannel Compu-Scene III visual simulation system by General Electric
current.
2.
Automated scheduling and syllabus implemen-
tation
IBM computers to the LAN allows

perform automated scheduling of
students, IPs, and facilities. The scheduling programme incorporates the academic and simulator
The addition
CAA
of
personnel
to
lor Advanced Airmanship

Base
F-5E mission simulator at General Electrics Center
syllabus flows into a curriculum, automatically

monitoring and scheduling the academic and simu-
overflies Williams Air Force
Automated record-keeping of planned

versus actual schedules are maintained by the
lator training.
system
3.
for auditing
and analysis.
Enhanced briefings and de-briefings
After sortie completion,
all
graphic and parametric
is passed over the network to the brief/de-brief

room Here, aided by the student's HUD camera
video and the graphic data, the IP is able to recreate
data
any situation from the just completed sortie.

Gradesheets are prepared using CBT software
accessible from the de-briefing computer system.
To help in student trend analysis, the IP can review
all previous gradesheets from the brief/de-brief
system. If he desires to recommend remedial training for the student, he can then make an immediate
inputto the automated scheduler.
Performance monitoring
Possibly the most powerful aspect of the integrated
system is its performance monitoring capabilities.
As noted, all of the student's weapons scores are
recorded and archived. All gradesheet inputs are
also archived into the central network storage files.
In addition, the CBT system automatically records
and saves performance information as the student
progresses through each academic subject. This
data is compiled and reviewed by the CAA Chief Pilot
and the instructors. This ensures that the student's
4.
progress is well monitored and that any problems

are rectified while the student is still in the CAA. This
data will be used by the CAA to analyse its own
effectiveness and find those areas of the course that
possibly need more, or a different type of emphasis

As the CAA data base grows, through an analysis of
student experience levels versus historical per-
formance data collected from students with similar

experience, the CAA will be able to provide a syllabus which is more tailored to specific student
needs.
The CAA instructional system enhances the

aviation
training.
fundamental
approach
to
Implementation of training through the use of stateof-the-art equipment and techniques provides
current, high quality, standardised training. Integration of the training system to reduce the IP's noninstructional workload and thus enable him to focus
his attention on the student's training needs is a
266
major improvement in fighter training The CAA has

first truly automated, integrated training system
capable of producing a high quality, personalised
training package With its Center for Advanced Airmanship. GE has evolved from a manufacturer of
state-of-the-art training components, into a state-ofthe
the-art provider of fighter training services.
the
lates
F-5
instruments,
navigation,
com-
munications, and fire control systems, and provides

aural cues, realistic stick-force feel, and outsideworld scenes The system can be supplied in either
single- or dual-cockpit configurations The basic
single-cockpit system comprises representative
pi lot enclosure, instructor station, and three- window
continuous-scene visual display, all controlled by a
Digital
training of radar operators in conjunction with
pilots
is
now recognised as a critical
factor in ensur-
combat-readiness of aircrews. Advanced

mission simulators in conjunction with a
digital radar landmass simulation (DRLMS) system
can now represent every aspect of a mission, particularly the navigation procedures and workload in
the approach to the target, weapon-delivery phase,
and subsequent escape.
General Electrics DRLMS programme began in
1971 with an experimental radar prediction device,
and the company now produces several families of
radar-image simulation equipment for all three US
armed services and overseas customers.
The DRLMS generates a real-time simulated
radar image of the ground area around the aircraft
from a digital data base, with data retrieval under
computer control. The data covers the viewing area
within range of the radar system and is correlated
ing the
flight or
FlightSafety International
Simulators
FlightSafety International,
than 100
who have produced more
simulators (including more than 30

certified to the FAA's Phase II standards), are developing a number of new simulators for both the
military and the civilian market.
In December 1988 they were awarded a contract
by McDonnell Douglas Training Systems Inc to
provide all C-17 flight crew training simulation
equipment. This will involve 12 Phase II flight simulators and a cockpit systems simulator The flight
simulators will be on six-axes motion platforms and
their visual systems will present daylight, dusk and
night-time scenes over a 225 horizontal field-ofview Six of the simulators will includea loadmaster
station portraying action in the aircraft's cargo
compartment during airdrop operations The first
simulator will become operational in 1991.
The company, which provides all pilot training for
the US Air Force C-5 Galaxy programme together
with pilot and technician training for every other
branch of the US armed forces, operates 36 instructional centres in North America and Europe. The
company has designed six C-5 aircrew training
systems
flight
at
Altus
February 1986 and the first

class started training there later that year They
were judged to have learnt to fly the F-5 better than
in
way Among that

from the US and Saudi
students trained the conventional
course were pilots

Arabian Air Forces.
first
digital
computer The advantage

it
permits
simultaneous use of a single display by two pilots,

in order to practise formation flying, one-versusone combat, or even two-versus-one if a computercontrolled model
The
instructor
programmed
is
is
into the scene.

seated directly behind the
full communication and also

allowing them to share the same display. The visual
system depicts ground scenes and sky equivalent to
an area of 340 x 340 nm (630 x 630 km) and extending up to 60000 feet (18288m). The data base is
three-dimensional and can include hills as well as
fields, man-made objects and bodies of water. The
density and distribution of data base detail is great
enough to support speed, altitude, and distance
estimation.
Operating costs of the mission simulator system,
according to GE. are conservatively estimated at
student, permitting
AFB. Oklahoma:
Dover AFB,

Systems Department. PO Box 2500 Daytona Beach.
Florida32015.
between
March 1989
the company received one-year

contracts from the Royal Saudi Air
Force and the Venezuelan Air Force. The Saudi
pilots will be trained on theGulfstream III. the JetStar
and the Learjet35A while the Venezuelans will have
recurrent training for the Gulfstream III and Learjet
24D. ncl ud ing the use of simulators at the com panys
learning centres at Wichita. Kansas. Tucson.
Arizona and Savannah, Georgia. In November 1988
the company were awarded a US Navy contract to
train aircrew for the C-9B. the naval version of the
DC-9. This three-year contract includes the use of
the two DC-9-30 simulators at the company centre in
StLouis, Missouri, and itwasfollowed byanotherfor
training Sabreliner and Gulfstream pilots together
with Sabreliner ground crews.
In January 1990 the US Air Force awarded the
company acontracttotrainC-12J (Beech 1900) pilots
at La Guardia and in the same month the company
received a contract from the US Army to train helicopter pilots to fly the U-21 (King Air 90) fixed-wing
aircraft. This work will be carried out at the Daleville
and Dothan Learning Centres in Alabama. In 1989
i
of the cost
involved
in
The experience gained with the F-5 helped a team

GE to win a contract for the first phase of a
Special Operations Forces Aircrew Training System
(SOFATS) This will feature automated databases
which are automatically and continually updated
with new information from all sources, even as the
crew are flying' their mission
STATUS
In
production
MANUFACTURER
Systems Department. PO Box 2500. Daytona Beach.
Florida32015.
USA

239 2176.
the
In
and 15 per cent
led by
Delaware; Kelly AFB, Texas; Stewart International

Airport, New York; Travis AFB, California; and Westover AFB. Massachusetts. The facilities at Kelly.
Stewart and Westover were opened in February
pilot training
10
(904)
operating an F-5
for
1989
USA
Telephone (904)239 2906 Telex 566556 Fax

239 2176
The computation by
special-purpose hardware of the radar image point,
sweep by sweep and scan by scan, is based on the
geometry of the radar imaging situation. As with the
actual aircraft system, the radar picture is created
in real time
The inclusion of a special console in most GE
DRLMS systems facilitates editing and updating
digital data bases The device also allows operators
to monitor the radar image while the simulator is
running a mission, and to control the DRLMS for
maintenance and test purposes. The data displays
are 360 plan-position indicator-style representations of the information held in the system's
memory about the region being displayed.
GE DRLMS equipment has been delivered to the
US Navy for use with Grumman/A-6E Prowler simulators and to the US Air Force for Boeing B-52
simulators, and nine systems have been supplied to
MBB in West Germany for use with Pana via Tornado
simulators. Other systems have been built to train
operators on naval ships, as radar prediction
systems representing multiple aircraft radars, and
with the visual system scenes.
Radar Landmass
Simulation (DRLMS)
The
MAIN CONTRACTOR
CAA was opened
of the dual-cockpit configuration is that
General Electrics mission simulator for the Northrop F-5 closely reproduces the capability and
environment of the tactical fighter to provide training
in visual and instrument meteorological conditions.
The system is based on real-time digital simulation
and includes a full-colour GE computer-generated
image visual system
The mission simulator system accurately simu-
USA
STATUS
The
general-purpose
Mission Simulator System for F-5
research into advanced radar simulation and

data base development GE is also the contractor
for the 16 DRLMS systems used in conjunction with
the simulator for the General Dynamics F-16 fighter
It is the f rst system to represent advanced on-board
digital signal processing The F-16 DRLMS and
associated
weapons-system trainer provides
realistic simulation in all the radar modes available
with this aircraft, including Doppler beam sharpening The General Dynamics F-16 DRLMS can also
represent terrain-following and terrain-avoidance
as well as special effects such as chaff dispensing
and jamming, weather, beacons, and radar faults.
i
STATUS
In
service.
MANUFACTURER
Systems Department. PO Box 2500. Daytona Beach
Florida 32015. USA.
Telephone: (904) 239 2906 Telex: 566556 Fax (904)

239 2176
US Navy awarded
FlightSafety a contract for the
training pilots for the
Cessna Caravan (U-27A) and
Cessna 441 The training will be conducted at the

Wichita and Vero Beach facilities
In November 1988 the ATR-US Training Academy
was opened
at FlightSafety's Houston Airport learning centre. This meets the training needs of all
ATR 42 operators
In
February 1989 the second
company's Gulfstream
of the
simulators at the Savannah

Gulfstream learning centre won FAA Phase
certification The centre has one Gulfstream
two
Gulfstream II, two Gulfstream III simulators together
with a Gulfstream IV simulator which won Phase
certification in March 1989 In March 1990 the US
Coast Guard awarded the company a five-year contract for pilot, maintenance technician and interII
II
I,
II
national
procedures
training
involving
(Gulfstream I) personnel The training

ducted atSavannah and Houston
will
VC-4A
be con-
STATUS
See
text
MANUFACTURER
FlightSafety International, Marine Air Terminal. La
Guardia Airport. Flushing. New York 11371-1061.
USA.
Telephone: (718) 5654100.
USA
267
T-45 Operational Flight Trainer

To provide familiarisation in the units which will
operate the British Aerospace/McDonnell Douglas
T-45 Goshawk trainers, Hughes Simulation Systems
(formerly Honeywell Training and Control Systems
Division) will supply up to 22 operational flight trainers (Device 2F138) and 10 instrument flight trainers
(Device 2F137). Instructor stations for both are being
designed to maximise effective dialogue and transfer of skills between instructor and student Computers will be used, as far as possible, to control the
trainers, permitting instructors to concentrate on
teaching. Both types of trainer will be linked to the
central computerised training integration system

that will evaluate the training scheme, recommend
special routines, and compare the performance of

average'
individuals to that of a hypothetical
student, for simulator post-flight assessment
In the operational flight trainers the instructor's
station will be positioned immediately behind the
trainee pilot to give over-the-shoulder' instruction.
Cockpit instrument information is repeated for the
who can also control such facilities as

inter-com and g-seat. The trainee's performance
can be recorded at the instructor's station for future
instructor,
analysis.
The OFT uses a Gould/SEL 32/8750 computer with

memory and a Rediffusion SP-X visual
256 Kbytes of
system which gives a 160 horizontal by 60 vertical

view. There are full facilities for carrier
landings and formation flying, and all manner of
weather conditions can be replicated. The motion
system uses a g-seat with pneumatically-controlled
cushions and servo-driven lap belt and harness for
realism in manoeuvres. The performance of the
T-45's Rolls Royce engine is also faithfully modelled
field of
in all flight
conditions.
STATUS
production. The US Navy plans to acquire 10
instrument flight trainers and 22 operational flight
trainers. The first system was installed and operational by the end of 1988.
In
A view
of the cockpit
and
vision
system
of the operational flight trainer for
British
MANUFACTURER
US Navy/McDonnell Douglas
Aerospace T-45A Goshawk
Inc. 13775 McLearen

Road, Herndon, Virginia22071, USA.
Telephone: (703)481 4500. Fax: (703)689 0018.
curvature, far-shore brightening, range attenuation,
Weapons Systems Trainer for
moving targets, and emitter occulting. Electronic

countermeasures simulation covers tactical and
defensive jamming, communications jamming, and
EA-6B
The Hughes Simulation Systems Inc(HSSI) (formerly
Honeywell) trainer for the Grumman EA-6B Prowler
is the US Navy's largest and most technically
advanced flight simulation device. It accurately
reproduces the EA-6B's performance and operational characteristics, the environment within
which it operates, and the inter-relationship of performance and environment. High fidelity is achieved
by extensive simulation of radars, visual scenes, and
radio communications. The system incorporates the
most recent features of digital flight simulation technology, permitting
it
to
cover the entire
ope and every variation

stalls and spins.
flight
envel-
of flying qualities, including
For realism in its displays, the system includes a

radar landmass simulation of search-radar
returns, with a storage capacity of 1.6 million square
miles. Terrain and other features that can be stored
for display include shadows, refraction and earth
digital
the effects of chaff dispensations.

The four-seat cockpit, fully representative of the
EA-6B, is mounted on a six-degrees-of-freedom
motion platform, and a computer-generated visual
image system displays outside-world scenes for
both shore- and carrier-based operations. As many
as three instructors can co-ordinate and control a
training mission, integrating the operation of the
aircraft with the military environment The instructor
station has five CRT graphics displays with interactive terminals, and repeat displays there permit
the instructors to monitor the out-of-window scenes,
radar and other displays.
HSSI weapons system trainer for

US Navy/Grumman EA-6B
STATUS
MANUFACTURER
service with the US Navy as Device 2F156. They

are installed, or scheduled for installation, at NAS
(Naval Air Station) Oceana (two), Whidbey and the
Marine Corps Air Station El Toro.
In
Inc. 13775 McLearen

Road, Herndon, Virginia 22071. USA.
Telephone: (703) 481 4500. Fax: (703) 689 0018.
268
USA
Operational Flight Trainer for

F/A-18
The Hughes Simulation Systems Inc (formerly
Honeywell) simulator of the McDonnell Douglas
was designed
to provide in-depth training

Not only does it provide flying training
but also various aspects of carrier operations
including approach, arrested landing, wave-off,
bolter, touch-and-go, barricade arrestment, deck
taxi, andcatapulttensioning and launch.
The simulator comprises a representative
F/ A- 18 cockpit, a three- window, three-channel visual
system, and a facility for transmitting seat and buffet
loads and shocks. A g-seat and g-suit system combined with seat-buffet generator provide acceleration cues. The performance of the aircraft's
F/A-18
for pilots
engines
is faithfully
replicated
in all flight
conditions.
The instructor station can be operated individually

or jointly by an instructor and a device operator, and
can also accommodate an observer Faults can be
inserted or programmed from the display keyboard,
and the design can be modified and expanded in
accordance with aircraft development and new
training
requirements
The instructor's suite
includes two triple-colour CRTs; one relays information being presented on the pilots instrument
panel and the other shows what the pilot is seeing
through his canopy
A computer-aided performance measurement
system compares the trainee's performance with
preset
criteria; errors in training lessons are

recorded and a hard copy print-out provided at the
of the lesson. The computer employed in the
simulator is a Gould/SEL 32/8750 processor with
256 Kbytes of memory, and this is supplemented by
end
two AN/AYK-14 computers identical to the aircraft's

on-board mission computers
In January 1983 the Australian Government contracted with Honeywell to produce two F/A-18 operational flight simulators at a cost of $22.5 million,
along with supporting equipment and services, to
support the fleet of 75 aircraft ordered by the RAAF.
The first simulator was delivered in 1985 and the
second followed in 1987. A key factor in the choice
was the company's proposal for a significant worksharing
programme
with the Australian aerospace
Major partners are C-3 Limited, a Canberra-based software development and maintenance company, and THORN EMI. a leading
Australian defence electronics supplier.
The systems for the RAAF are similar to those for
industry.
The HSSI F I A-1 8 operational flight trainer

which the first was delivered in July
1983 and the second in February 1985. Six more
the
US Navy,
of
followed.
MANUFACTURER
Inc. 13775 McLearen
Road. Herndon. Virginia 2207 1.USA
Telephone: (703) 481 4500 Fa x: (703) 689 0018.
STATUS
In
service with the
US Navy, as Device
2F132. and
RAAF.

CH-53 Helicopter
Honeywell's (now HSSI) experience
in helicopter
simulation includes the design, development
and construction of training equipment for the Sikorsky CH-53, HH-3F, HH-53C and HH-52A, Bell UH-1E
and TH-1L, and Boeing Vertol CH-47 helicopters
This work has resulted in the development of new
mathematical modelling techniques for helicopter
aerodynamics and engine operation. These mathematical models now permitcompleteand accurate
reproduction of performance and flight characteristics throughout entire flight envelopes; they
include buffet and rotor stall effects, autorotation,
flight
power settling, ground effect, ground resonance,

and variableturbulence.
The simulators for the US Marine Corps CH-53D
and
CH-53E
assault
helicopters
(Devices
2F120/2F121) comprise the complete cockpit
mounted on a six-degrees-of-freedom motion platform, instructor station with two cathode ray tubes
and a digital computation system The cockpit
module has a six-window, six-channel computergenerated image visual system with 190' horizontal
and 60 vertical field of view. Two Gould/SEL 32/77
computers are used.
STATUS
Three CH-53 simulators are operated at MCAS
(Marine Corps Air Station) New River and Tustin.
MANUFACTURER
Inc, 13775 McLearen

Road, Herndon, Virginia22071, USA.
Telephone: (703)481 4500. Fax: (703) 6890013
Full flight simulator for
US Marine Corps/Sikorsky CH-53 helicopter
USA
and refresher training
initial
operating the
for
aircrew
US Navy's MH-53E Sea Dragon mine-
helicopters,
Honeywell
(now
Simulator for HU-25A/HH-65A

Honeywell (now HSSI) supplied the US Coast Guard
with a flight simulator for the Dassault HU-25A The
simulator is installed atthe USCoastGuard Aviation
Training Center at Mobile, Alabama, and incor-
porates a high
fidelity
flight-deck
in
which the
either at a console, or between the

two pilots, controlling the exercise via a hand held
instructor
can
sit
keyboard The system employs six-degrees-offreedom motion base, and a computer-generated

image visual system Close attention was given to
refining the control loading system to enhance the
capability and realism of the primary and secondary
flight controls,
protect the integrity of the schedule,
ease software development, and improve reliability

The company also built (for the same customer),
a simulator for the Aerospatiale HH-65A Dauphin 2
helicopter. The two simulators are housed together
in the same Training Center at Mobile, Alabama
and are supported by Gould 32/77 computers and
Rediffusion Novoview SP-1 visual systems
STATUS
See
is
two high resolution colour graphic

CRTs and a hand held key-pad for maximum trainer
control flexibility Positioned directly behind the
outfitted with
HSSI)
received a contract for two mission-orientated operational flight trainers designated Device 2F 141. They
will be capable of visual and instrument flight training in both day and night environments as well as
mission-orientated pilot training in airborne mine
countermeasures with various towed minesweeping devices Additional mission capabilities
include air-to-air refuelling, hover in-flight refuelling, search-and-rescue. and external cargo transport operations in land and seaborne environments
sweeping
The simplified on-board

MH-53E Helicopter
To provide
text
MANUFACTURER
Inc. 13775 McLearen
Road, Herndon, Virginia 22071 USA
Telephone: (703)481 4500 Fax: (703)689 0018
US Coast Guard/HSSI simulators for Dassault

HU-25A (foreground) and Aerospatiale HH-65A
simulated cockpit, the instructor station provides

the instructor with an over-the-shoulder training
environment while maintaining complete control
over the training exercise.
The trainee station, providing training for pilots
and co-pilots, is mounted on a six-degrees-offreedom motion system that is enhanced by a seat

vibration system and a state-of-the-art McDonnell
Douglas Astronautics Company VITAL VII eight
channel colour visual system with four channels
supporting a 180" horizontal by 40" vertical field-ofview. Four channels support the lower windows
269
and the rear-facing airborne mine countermeasures

(AMCM) mirrors unique to minesweeping helicopters The trainer's realism is further complemented by a digitally generated sound effects
system which is interfaced to the trainer's Gould/
SEL 32/9780 multi-tasking high speed computer
system
STATUS
Development being completed The
scheduled
to
be installed
at
NAS
first
system
is
Norfolk.
MANUFACTURER
Inc. 13775 McLearen

Road, Herndon. Virginia 22071, USA
Telephone: (703) 481 4500 Fax (703) 689 0018
270
MV-22A Operational
MV-22A
tilt-rotor,
USA
Flight Trainer
HSSI are providing an operational

the
twin-engine
flight trainer for
VSTOL
transport
The trainer will be within a dome on a six-degreesof-movement motion platform and there will be a
vibration simulation system.
The instructor station will feature two flat-panel
graphic displays with bezel-mounted function switches The system will have seven Multibus 11/80386based computers and a UNIX operating system It
will contain 70 Mbytes of memory and there will be
two 1 553B databus interfaces.

The visual system will be a seven-channel CRTprojected dome visual scene It will provide day and
night high-resolution visual reference for high or
low altitude flight.
STATUS
Development
MANUFACTURER
Inc. 13775 McLearen

Road. Herndon. Virginia 22071 USA.
Telephone: (703) 481 4500 Fax: (703) 689 0018
.
Artist s
impression of the HSSI MV-22A

operational
flight trainer
Hughes F-14A Mission Trainer

(15C9A)
The Hughes F-14A Tomcat mission
trainer, designated Device 15C9A, is designed to train US Navy

air crews to carry out air-to-air interceptions. It
uses actual aircraft mission tapes and an on-board
computer to create a realistic scenario.
The system accurately simulates the complex
AN/AWG-9 weapon control system including the
radar and the long range air-to-air Phoenix missile.
In addition the trainer provides full crew training
for the radar intercept officer in communications,
navigation and electronic counter-measures.
STATUS
production and in service with the US Navy at NAS
Miramar and NAS Oceana
In
MANUFACTURER
Hughes Aircraft Company, Support Systems, POBox
Long Beach California90810-0399.
9399,
Telephone: (213)513 3300.
The Hughes F-14A mission trainer
I.C.Sim Mission Simulator
System
The Mission Simulator System (MSS) is a real-time,

reconfigurable man-in-the-loop system designed to
provide aircrew training and/or system development under realistic, adverse, high workload conditions It can be configured or reconfigured as a
mission trainer for air-toair, for air-to-ground and for air support scenarios.
The system is configured as a specific aircraft and
part task trainer or a
full
the student uses it to fly a mission through a tactical

environment acquiring, attacking, killing, jamming
or evading threats which try to engage him The MSS
generates both the visual scene beyond the canopy
and the head-down displays within the cockpit. The
external view is derived from Defense Mapping
Agency geographical and cultural data bases.

The cockpit displays can be a mixture of
conventional, tactical or image displays formatted
as
multi-function displays
instruments. Multiple MSS
or
as
independent
may be networked
while individual or multiple systems can be networked into existing simulator facilities.
STATUS
Development complete and being marketed
MANUFACTURER
I.C.Sim. 18
Mason,
Irvine, California 92718.
USA
Telephone: (714) 859 8861 Telex:181787. Fax: (714)

859 3194
USA
Intersim Flight Simulators
which changed its name from GMI in early
was established in April 1978 by George
Intersim,
1986,
Moody, a former Rediffusion Simulation engineer,

and from a nucleus of flight simulation engineers and
designers now has 200 employees in manufacturing
and engineering facilities in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and
in Sussex in the United Kingdom.
Intersim's simulation activities
all
now encompass
aspects of aircraft crew training, from
full flight
simulators, cockpit procedures trainers and cockpit

systems simulators down to trainers for cabin procedures and evacuation, emergency evacuation,
ground maintenance, classroom instruction and

self-teaching, and simulator modification and engineering.
The company uses Computer Automation, DEC

PDP 11/34, PDP 11/55 and VAX 11-780, and SEL32
(with structured Fortran) computers in its flight
Link Total Training
271
simulators. Intersim's preferred system is the SEL 32

with structured Fortran Intersim's first programme
was to complete the majority of the software and systems engineering for a Boeing 737 full flight simulator
for the American Airlines Training Corporation at
Fort Worth, Texas (nowoperated by McDonnell Douglas). This involved the major conversion of a SingerLink system with a new flight-deck and visual system
but using a Singer three-axes motion system and
GP-4 computer Intersim currently has in production
simulators for the US Air Force (Boeing RC-135),
Finnair (Aerospatiale/Aeritalia ATR42, to FAA
Phase II standard). Flight International (Boeing 727-
simulators incorporate the IntersimSmart (simulation management and

reporting terminal) system, which permits instructor
control of the equipment using a discrete control
panel and cathode ray tube. Intersim's digital sound
system, digital interface module, and fully hydrostatic control loading and motion systems.
Late in 1985 Intersim received an order to coproduce five Embraer Tucano simulators in conjunction with ABC Sistemas of Brazil The simulators
use Gould series 32 computers and deliveries were
100/200), Airborne Express (Douglas DC-9-30),
STATUS
Embraer (Embraer EM B-1 20 Brasilia)
It
and
has already
simulators for Continental (DC-9-30 Phase II),

USAir (Boeing 737-200) and SAS (SAAB 340. claimed
to be the first simulator for this aircraft). The
company has installed and integrated in its simulators most of the currently available computer-
These
designed
completed
In
in
1987.
production.
built
MANUFACTURER
Intersim Inc. 2700 North Hemlock Circle, Broken
Arrow, Oklahoma 74012. USA
Telephone: (918) 2588585 Telex; 497457
generated image visual systems
Systems
The trend towards Total Training Systems is gathering momentum within US military markets and is
transforming the hardware procurement process
and conduct of training pilots and aircrews throughout the market Instead of the customer acquiring
and managing the individual components of a hightechnology training programme, this total training
system (TTS) approach calls for one contractor
source to assume responsibility for the entire training process from design of the training programme
to the production of the required courseware, hardware and software and the provision of facilities,
management, instruction and maintenance.
Link C-130 Aircrew Training System
In April 1987 the US Air Force selected Link to
provide the C-130 Aircrew Training System (ATS).
system
combat mission
On March 31,
1988 the Military Airlift Command (MAC) transferred
the
first
to include tactical
training for transport aircraft crews.
Link responsibility for C-130 refresher training,

support and simulator operations. When
fully implemented, it will be the largest contractormanaged military aircrew training system in the
to
logistics
world
The system uses contractor personnel to conduct

ground-based training and to maintain the associated training aircraft. The
MAC
facets of
ATS encompasses
tactical airlift training,
from
all
initial
'formal school' through special mission qualification
and operational mission proficiency readiness.
MAC
continue to provide instruction for
will
flight training
all in-
and evaluation.
Aircrews (pilot, co-pilot, navigator, flight enginloadmaster and maintenance engine-run personnel) will be trained by Link at nine US Air Force
bases; Little Rock Air Force Base (AFB), Arkansas:
Pope AFB, North Carolina; Kirtland AFB, New
Mexico; McChord AFB, Washington; Dyess AFB,
Texas; Elmendorf AFB, Alaska; Clark Air Base (AB),
Philippines; Rhein-Main AB. West Germany; and
Yokota AB, Japan. There are currently ten flight
simulators, all originally built by Link, at six bases.
eer,
Rock (four), Pope (two), Kirtland, McChord,

Dyess and Clark, all of which are being modified by
Link to upgrade them to current C-130 standards
under a $19.9 million contract. The present C-130
training programme will be enhanced to include
interactive, self-paced computer-based training and
an automated logistics management capability to
analyse cost, reliability and maintainability
Little
Link are also developing a Training Management

System (TMS) unique to the C-130 ATS. It will be a
multi-module, comprehensive relational data base
about students, instructors, media, equipment and
designed to make more effective use

New courseware, based on a detailed
Systems Development (ISD) analysis
and using modern instructional strategies and technologies, will be implemented incrementally and
facilities.
of
It
is
resources
Instructional
should be issued to
Types
member
initial
instructor
all
sites by late 1989.
be conducted include crew

qualification, upgrade, refresher,
of training to
and special
qualifications. The proproficiency-based and provides the US

Air Force with a quality guarantee'. Training will
also incorporate Mission-Orientated Simulator
Training (MOST). MOST scenarios encompass
mission preparation, detailed pre-flight briefings
gramme
is
Link instructor briefs
US
Air Force
crew
in a simulator cockpit at
Aircrew Training System
and an extensive simulator mission involving all

aircrew functions and incorporating real-world
operational problems, crew co-ordination requirements and critical mission decision points. The training scenario concludes with an extensive mission
de-brief conducted by Link instructors.
The Link C-130 ATS contract will last for 13 years,
a three-year initial agreement with 10 one-year
options and maintenance options.
Singer's SimuFlite Division and
Lockheed
Georgia provides complete training for all C-130
aircrew at the Hercules Training Center which
opened in 1986 and includes a six-degrees-offreedom motion system simulator. This system,
which uses an IMAGE visual system, can be conII
figured to the C-130H, the C-130-30 or the L-100-30.
US Army
Initial
Entry Rotary-Wing Integrated
Training System
The Initial Entry Rotary-Wing Integrated Training
System (IERW ITS) is to be conducted at the US Army
Aviation Center. Fort Ruckner, Alabama, and will be
the US Army's first major contractor-operated total
training system. A single contractor will have complete responsibility for total system performance
over the primary and the instrument phases of initial
entry rotary-wing training.
Little
Rock AFB as part
Major components
of the
ot the
programme
C-130
include
(academic and flight), stateof-the art training devices (computer-bases training,

instructional services
part-task trainers, simulators), device support, a
new
training aircraft, aircraft support, plus training
system management. Other Link participants
IERW
ation
ITS
programme are
in
the
Allen, Link Flight Simul-
and Link Training Services.

Training Systems conducted
a comprehensive evaluation of off-the-shelf helicopters to

match the US Army's training requirements and
identified the Enstrom's Helicopter Corporation's
Model 280 FX as the reliable, safe, flexible and
economical aircraft best suited to the IERW ITS
programme. The aircraft, with modified turbine powerplant installation, an enlarged cabin to accommodate two students simultaneously and an
avionics suite optimised for primary and instrument
training, will be designated TH-28 A decision is
Link
anticipated
in
1990.
TTTS/RAFTS
The US Air Force's plan
graduate
tracks for
for Specialised Under(SUPT) includes seperate

Tanker/Transport Training System (TTTS)
Pilot Training
and Reconnaissance Attack Fighter Training System

(RAFTS) pilots. After primary flight training, the
272
heavy multi-engine
TTTS path and
aircraft
the lighter'
crews
will
jet pilots will
enter the
follow the
RAFTS track
is teamed with General Dynamics/Cessna
TTTS, their Silverwings' proposal featuring the
Cessna T-47 modified to meet the US Air Force's
The integrated training protraining mission
gramme will combine an integrated curriculum
developed by Allen, simulators by Link Flight, and
training system management by Link Training
Link
for
Services.
For the
RAFTS programme. Link and General

Dynamics recently completed a development pro-
gramme
for replacing the
T-38 undergraduate pilot
The plan includes academic

instruction, ground-based training equipment and
a new trainer aircraft Various approaches were
presented to the US Air Force, among them a system
based upon a new trainer aircraft, and another based
upon a derivative of the F- 16 Fighting Falcon
training capability.
LHX
Pilot/Aircrew Training
System
Simulation are participating in the

Boeing-Sikorsky First Team' proposal to meet the
US Army's LHX (Light Helicopter. Experimental)
requirement Link will design and produce the operator training device system; flight simulators, parttask trainers and other equipment. Link is participating in the front-end analysis and development
of the total training system and is assisting BoeingSikorsky's risk reduction efforts focused upon
Link
Flight
embedded training aboard the LHX aircraft, visonics

and life-cycle support. The training system is based
upon a MANPRINT planning approach encompassing training hardware, software, courseware,
instructional staff, maintenance and other mission
support measures
Special Operations Forces AircrewTraining System
Link Flight Simulation and IBM Systems Integration
Division have teamed to compete for the US Air
Force's Special Operations Forces Aircrew Training
System (SOFATS). Link will be the prime contractor
with IBM as major subcontractor for training device
integration. Because full operational capability is
required for success of the critical SOF mission, the
aircrew training system contractor team must have
proven success in front-end analysis, curriculum
development, training device design, systems integration, academic and simulator instruction, training management and SOF operations.
USA
Force Level Simulation

At Link Flight Simulation a research project, known
as Force Level Simulation (FLS), is now able to
generate simulations ranging from a multi-sided,
multi-force regional conflict to the force coalition
environment of global war

This type of training requires learning how to
integrate the weapon system (aircraft, ground
vehicle, warship) into the frameworks of joint and
combined arms doctrines
that describe
how arms
intend to operate on the modern battlefield Intelligent force-on-force scenarios will join an aircrew
with friendly forces which seek to complete their
mission against simulated opposing forces which
behave in the manner consistent with their doctrine,
tactics
and objectives.
Undergraduate Naval
Flight Officer
(UNFO)
Programme
The US Navy's initial TTS venture is the UNFO
programme at Pensacola Naval Air Station, Florida,
which teaches radar intercept and ground mapping
to Navy flight officers. The US Navy owns no flight
training equipment, but simply purchases the services of a team of training contractors.
The prime contractor. Cessna Aircraft, furnishes
the training aircraft, designated T-47A, a derivative
of the Citation S/ll Modifications include simulated
combat features such as shorter wingspan, a flat
plate antenna in the larger nose, and two Emersonsupplied on-board student radar scopes Northrop
Worldwide Aircraft Services is responsible for providing pilots and plane maintenance.
Link produced the eight part-task trainers (PTTs).
which account for nearly 75 per cent of the instruction
time. Four of the PTTs are devoted to air-to-air
intercept radar training (AIRT), the other four to
ground-mapping radartraining (GMRT)
The AIRT simulation equipment generates radar
imagery with as many as six independent airborne
targets during simulated air-to-air engagement In
addition, cloud and storm activity can be added by
the instructor; the resulting backscatter effect of
such weather conditions on the radar is realistically
portrayed.
The GMRT uses a digital radar landmass simulator (DRLMS) to provide real-world displays on the
radar indicator. The DRLMS developed by Link's
Advanced Products Operation

fornia for
in
Sunnyvale. Cali-
UNFO has significant features not available
A Link part-task trainer lor the US Navy Undergraduate Navy Flight Officer programme
is
half the
size.
The 60.1m resolution includes
shadows, range attenuation, earth curvature, aspect

angle,
far-shore
brightening,
low-level
effects,
antenna patterns, and pulse width effects

After completing the 160 hour programme at Pensacola. the student pi lot officers advance to Replacement Air Groups, where they will learn to be
navigation or intercept officers on aircraft such as
the Grumman F-14 and A-6, and the McDonnellDouglas F/A-18.
STATUS
In
progress
MAIN AGENCY
Link Training Systems Division of CAE-Link Corporation, PO Box 619490, DFW Airport. Texas 752619490. USA.
Telephone: (214)4568004
on previous radar simulation programmes, and yet
Link Military Aircraft Simulators Fixed Wing

Weapons System Trainer for B-52
Modifications for the US Air Force B-52 weapon
systems trainers include an upgraded offensive
avionics suite, enhanced radar system, the simulation of a new aircraft monitoring and control
system, and a new centre of gravity/fuel level advisory system These simulator modifications parallel
changes in the technology of the actual aircrafts'
systems. AAI Engineering Support Inc are providing
contractor logistics support.
The B-52 weapon system trainer, designed and
built by Link, is the most sophisticated fully integrated strategic mission simulator in use in the
world today. It allows the six-man crew to carry out
anticipated combat missions under realistic conditions, including hostile environments.
B-2 AircrewTraining Devices

Air Force has announced that Link Flight
Simulation is producing aircrew training devices for
the B-2 Advanced Technology Bomber (ATB). No
further information is available.
The US
Simulator Modifications for F-4 Phantom

Link will modify several of the US Air Force F-4
simulators to reflect changes in the aircrafts' avionics package F-4G modifications include the replacement of navigation and weapons release computer
systems simulation with simulation of actual aircraft
components, display system replacement, replacement of the existing radar landmass analogue
antenna system with a digital antenna system (DAS),
incorporating simulation of the LRU-1 operational
flight programme (OFP) and digital
automatic
acquisition, and update the existing OFP for the
AN/APR-38 simulation
The cockpit station
of Link's F-16 Trainer Flight Simulator
On the RF-4C, F-4C. F-4D, F-4E and F-4G. the

simulation of the existing centreline fuel tank will be
replaced with a simulation of the high performance
centreline tank. On the F-4C and F-4G a computer-
based diagnostic test of the AN/APR-46 radar

warning system will be incorporated.
The F-4 Flight Simulator Update Program (FSUP)
will replace existing computation systems and
USA
peripherals with new state-of-the-art equipment and
software; incorporate the new aircraft modification
airborne video tape recorder in the F-4E and F-4G.
add existing F-4G modifications to the F-4E; improve
performance and operational capabilities;

provide new interfaces for unmodified systems;
update technical and software documentation; and
existing
provide a software support centre to maintain configuration control
Link has produced 71 trainers for the F-4 series of

aircraft.
RF-4C
Flight Simulators
US
weapon systems traisimulators. The new simu-
Link received a $15.4 million contract from the

Air Force to convert six F-4E
ners into RF-4C
flight
needs such as
instrument procedures,
normal and emergency flight procedures. The need
for modern simulators was caused by the improvement of the RF-4C fleet by means of improved radio,
forward-looking radar, inertial navigation and radar
warning receiver systems.
The RF-4C simulators will receive the same new
computers and peripherals as the upgraded F-4
flight simulators together with software modilators will satisfy aircrew training
cockpit
familiarisation,
updated cockpit and instructor stations

The simulated aerodynamics, engine and electrical
systems will also be extensively modified
The programme was carried out between 1989
and 1990. Link will also supply Training System
Support Centres (TSSC) at Bergstrom AFB. Texas,
and George AFB, California.
fications,
Trainer Fighter Simulator for F-16

The US Air Force and the US Air National Guard have
ordered, or taken out options on, 44 F-16 Trainer
Fighter Simulators (TFS) and in April 1990 the
company won contracts to upgrade three of them by
March 1993 In 1987 both the Greek and Turkish Air
Forces ordered F-16C/D simulators from Link. The
company has developed the first F-16C simulator to
the US Air Force Most of the countries which operate
the F-16 have Link F-16 simulators, and they are coproduced by companies in Norway and Denmark.
The F-16 TFS provides highly realistic tactical
training environments, including moving targets and
various atmospheric conditions: offensive and
defensive tactics can be practised. At the start of
each mission specific scenarios can be selected by
the instructor and individual data bases can be
combined as required. The flexible system can
switch from basic navigation to attack to evasive
action, providing a highly interactive airborne
environment. Airborne targets automatically interact according to the geometry between the threat
and the F-16. Such targets can also be flown' by the
instructors. The F-16's radar is fully simulated, as
are weapon selection, launch and guidance for a
wide range of munitions. Air refuelling rendezvous
with airborne tankers can also be simulated.
Link Military Aircraft Simulators -
Rotary Wing
Synthetic Flight Training System (SFTS) for US Army
The Synthetic Flight Training System (SFTS) is the
result of research and development at Link into
training methods, computer technology and simulation techniques specifically developed for the US
Army's flight training programme The long range
plan is for the SFTS to include a simulation system
for each of the helicopters expected to be in the US
Army's inventory through to the end of the century.
Simulators in service or on order from Link include
the UH-1H(22systems,88cockpits),CH-47D Chinook
which four were converted from CH-47C),

AH-1S Cobra (nine), UH-60A Black Hawk (18), and
AH-64A Apache combat mission simulator (seven)
while MH-47E and MH-60K simulators have been
provided for Special Operations. Up to March 1989
some 4460 months of service had been accumulated
(six, of
on SFTS devices with overall simulator availability

98.65 per cent According to US Army estimates,
when fully fielded the SFTS simulators will save
$608.6 million a year.
Special Operations Aviation
lators
is
A new microprocessor-based
instructor/operator
has been developed and will eventube fielded on all new F-16 simulators and retro-
station (l/OS)
ally
to existing simulators. It features colour

graphics and touch screens and uses pilot language' rather than engineer language' for example
Bogey dope' instead of Target, bearing and range'
The first station is at Ramstein Air Base, West
fitted
Germany.
An Air Defence Fighter F-16 simulator was
produced by Link for the Air National Guard. This is
a modified F-16A simulator which includes radar
improvements and the addition of an AIM-7 Sparrow
medium-range air-to-air missile capability. The
simulator was installed at Kingsley Field, Oregon,
during the Spring of 1989
Link have also supplied four F-16 LANTIRN (Low
Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infra-Red at Night)
Air Intercept Trainer
While analysing the part-task trainer needs for

fighter pilot training Link and the US Air Force
Human Resources Laboratory (AFHRL) identified air
intercept decision-making as a key area.
This requires a high degree of psychomotor and
cognitive skills - skills which require frequent,
focused practice to acquire and maintain proficiency - in order to ensure geometrically accurate
and tactically sound intercepts Training using real
and instrumented ranges is expensive and

time-consuming while using full flight simulators for
air intercept part-task training is also expensive
For these reasons AFHRL and Link have
developed a low-cost, microprocessor-based Air
Intercept Trainer (AIT) which trains pilots in the
effective use of their radar, head-up displays (HUDs)
and aircraft controls to achieve air intercept proaircraft
ficiency
The AIT
with up to 29 scenarios and 70 preis available in F-16A. F-16C
programmed air targets,

or other configurations
Simulator Modifications for F-1 1 1/FB-1 1

Major simulator improvements including
DRLMS
Radar LandMass Simulation), new computational

systems,
re-hosting
the computer
assembly language, built-in diagnostics, and
273
which was delivered to Plattsburg AFB in January

1987; and three mission simulators for the F-1 1D,
F-1 1 1 A and F-111F; there will also be a follow-on
system for the FB-1 11 A. There is an option for five
further mission simulators, for the F-111A, E, D and
1
F versions, plus the FB-1 11 A.
Operational Flight Trainers for P-3C Orion
A flight trainer improvement programme to six operational flight trainers (OFTs), originally built for the
US Navy
by Link more than a decade ago and

based on limited flight data about the then new antisubmarine warfare aircraft, incorporates design
modifications reflecting recent test data Improvements include revision of the basic software model,
a new digital control loading system, an automatic
test guide, and revision of the simulated nosewheel
hardware/software. The result is a more realistic
simulated airframe performance.
The P-3C OFTs are linked to tactics trainers,
produced by Link Tactical Simulation Division, plus
existing visual systems enabling independent or
integrated training in flight or tactics mode or integrated training involving all crew stations in the
hunting and attacking of submarines. The systems
are in service at Jacksonville Naval Air Station
(NAS). Florida. Moffett Field. California; Brunswick,
Maine; and Barbers Point, Hawaii
KC-130R Operational Flight Trainer Upgrade

Link has completed a computer re-host and software
conversion programme for the US Marine Corps KC130R operational flight trainer (Device 2F107) at
MCAS El Toro, California This now incorporates a
four-channel digital control loading system and an
Avionics System Improvement Program (ASIP). The
ASIP will update the simulator with a new FCS-105
flight director/autopilot system, a Mark II Ground
Proximity Warning System (GPWS), an Altitude Alerter/Preselect System (AAPS) and a Combined Altitude Radar Altimeter (CARA) Link is also updating
a cockpit procedures trainer, Device 2C48. to KC130R ASIP configuration and will move the CPT from
MCAS El Toro to MCAS Cherry Point, North Carolina.
(Digital
modern
instructor/operator stations are included

the up-grade programme of the US Air Force's F-1
simulators being undertaken by Link. Also being

embodied is the introduction of simulation of the
Pave Tack laser designator/ranger. The programme
also includes the provision of two software support
centres to manage the simulators' software and
documentation, including modifications to radar
data bases and configuration control to achieve
and maintain concurrency with modifications to the
aircraft.
The
STATUS
See text
in
MANUFACTURERS
Link Flight Simulation Division of CAE-Link Corporation, Corporate Drive, Binghamton, New York
13902,
USA
Telephone: (607) 721-5465 Telex: 666817 Fax: (607)

7729090.
Link Tactical Simulation Division of CAE-Link Corporation, 11 800 Tech Road, Silver Spring, Maryland.
20904,
USA
Telephone: (301)622 4400.
US
Force contract with

Link calls for the the manufacture of four prototype
simulators: an FB-1 1 1 A bomb/navigation simulator,
first
part of the
Hawk
derivative.
to the
US Army
Air
They are scheduled for delivery

Aviation Center at Fort Rucker,
Alabama, in 1991.
These simulators
will
provide training of aircrews
covert, deep-penetration missions which will be

carried out in all types of weather, day or night, over
in
every kind of terrain. The simulators will provide

transition training for aircrew of these new aircraft,
and full task loading in a simulated high-threat
environment. Ultimately the Special Operations
forces will be able to use the simulators for the
rehearsal of actual missions.
Each combat mission simulator will consist of a
single cockpit with two trainee stations (pilot and copilot) together with an on-board instructor/operator
station. The cockpits will be mounted on sixmotion
synergistic
degrees-of-movement
platforms. The trainee stations will be replicas of
the new glass cockpit' being developed for the
Boeing MH-47E and the Sikorsky MH-60K, based
upon the IBM Model 360 avionics management
system. The simulators will use an enhanced
ATACDIG visual system, including air-to-air refuelling and shipboard landings, and the exercise area
will cover 80 x 100km.
Combat Mission Simu-
(SOACMS)
under a $60 mil ion contract to provide the US

Army Special Forces with two Special Operations
Aviation Combat Mission Simulators (SOACMS); an
MH-47E Chinook derivative and a MH-60K Black
Link
Simulator for AH-1S Cobra

Nine AH-1S Cobra simulators are in service with
the US Army at Fort Hood, Texas; Fort Campbell,
Kentucky; Fort Lewis, Washington; Hanau, West
Germany; lllesheim, West Germany; Fort Rucker,
Alabama
(two);
lishments
in
and at two National Guard estabPennsylvania and Arizona.

Six systems feature a full colour laser image
generation (LIG) visual system. The LIG visual
system provides total nap-of-the-earth flight and
tactical training capabilities across a terrain model
board representing a 140 km 2 gaming area.
The laser system, which grew out of a US Army
research and development award to Link, uses a
three-rotational degree of freedom optical probe
mounted on a gantry which provides horizontal and
vertical cues relative to the model board and simulated altitude The full colour light produced in the
laser beam is reflected from the model board to
banks of photo-multipliers. The result is a very high
scene
Each Cobra simulator has a pair of cockpits, one
for the pilot and one for the gunner. Each cockpit
also has its own instructor station. Pilots and
gunners may train individually, or as a team.
The pilot can simulate firing all weapons except
the TOW missile The gunner, who also serves as
navigator, can fire all weapons, including the wirefidelity visual
guided TOW (aiming only), 20 or 30 mm cannons,

and 2.75 inch (70 mm) free-flight rockets- all through
a telescopic sight unit (TSU). An improved TSU
is incorporated on the AH-1S simulators already
delivered which uses the Link CRISP laser disc
visual system.
The Cobra gunship simulators are mounted on
six-degrees-of-freedom motion systems and use
274
DEC PDP 11/55 computers The Cobra flight

and weapons simulator also utilises Link advanced
technology to simulate systems such as Doppler
navigation, fire control computer, laser rangefinder.
and head-up display (HUD).
Three devices feature Link's ATACDIG computergene rated image visual system with realistic moving
targets, three-window scenes for both pilot and
gunner, and improved TSU (see ATACDIG entry
in Computer-Generated Image and Visual Display
five
section)
Weapons System Trainers for AH-1 W SuperCobra

The US Marine Corps Air Stations at Camp Pendleton, California,
and New River, North Carolina, are
the sites for the first SuperCobra AH-1W weapons

system trainers (WST) which are former AH-1T
systems.
The TOW/Sidewinder missile-carrying attack

helicopter simulators will feature dual cockpits for
either independent or integrated mission training
Both the pilot station and gunner station, with onboard instructor stations, are mounted on 1.524-mstroke six-degrees-of-freedom motion platforms.
Flight modes simulated include hover, transition,
cruise, and autorotation. Atmospheric effects are
also present: pressure variation, non-standard temperatures, wind velocity and direction, and icing
conditions.
A unique feature is simulation of the tactical
systems, such as the helmet-mounted sight system,
the radar warning receiver display system, the telescopic sight unit controls and eyepiece, and the US
Navy armament control and delivery systems panel
The use of actual aircraft control heads and displays
An
artist's
concept of the two-cockpit AH-1S Cobra Flight and Weapons Simulator developed by Link
modular simulator software facilitates

updating the simulator to match future aircraft
connected
changes.
AH-1 W
for the
US Army
to
systems simulation encompasses

stores that the SuperCobra can
use, including the TOW air-to-ground and AIM-9L
Sidewinder air-to-air missiles
all
tactical
weapons and
Instructor features include autofly. store/reset,
freeze, hard copy for record keeping
and syllabus
development, and record/playback - enabling a

trainee to observe a just-completed sequence,
evaluate it with his instructor, and then repeat the
mission correctly The WST is designated Device
2F136bytheUSNavy.
Combat Mission Simulator for AH-64 Apache

AH-64 Apache Combat Mission Simulators (CMS)
have been delivered to the US Army and are installed
Bragg. North Carolina; Fort Campbell. Kenand Fort Rucker. Alabama
(two) as well as at lllesheim. West Germany It is
planned to deploy others at Hanau and Wiesbaden
in West Germany, Fort Stewart, Georgia. In October
1989 Link announced it had won a $15.79 million
contract for the eighth CMS (destined for Fort Hood)
with an option on a ninth CMS whose location has
still to be decided
The CMS are among the most sophisticated helicopter simulators ever designed. It requires nine
Concurrent 3250 32-bit digital computers and 29
auxiliary processors integrated into a parallel architecture to simulate realistically the complex flight
at Fort
tucky; Fort Hood. Texas,
and weapons systems

advanced gunship
The
CMS
of
the
US Army's most
a tactical, interactive trainer with

Its purpose is to teach
Apache crews the necessary skills required in a
high-technology battlefield. The data base includes
a wide variety of threats programmed to engage and
destroy the Apache crew
The simulator integrates tactics, terrain, weather
effects, aircraft sensors, crew communications,
enemy threats, and weapons delivery into an absolutely safe, cost-effective, positive training scenario
The two cockpits - one for the pilot, one for the
co-pilot/gunner - are mounted on six-degrees-ofis
realistic fight back' threats.
freedom motion systems and use Link's ATACDIG

computer-generated image visual system with
texture. Each cockpit is capable of independent or
integrated operation.
on-board sensors are also simulated including
day tele vision, direct view optics, laser tracker, laser
rangefinder and designator, image autotracker and
forward looking infra-red (FLIR). These systems are
linked to the pilot's cockpit for navigation and the
gunner's cockpit for target acquisition and weapon
firing, as appropriate.
fully
All
Apache Update
Under a S16.12
The pilot and instructor stations of the AH-1 T Sea Cobra flight and weapons simulator which Link is upgrading
to AH-1W Super Cobra status
simulators. The proincludes an extensive software effort
encompassing 30 engineering changes related to
modifications of the AH-64A aircraft since the simulators were procured. Key concurrency modiinclude upgrading the fire control
fications
navigational-comto
computer.
revisions
munications systems, and updates of the AN/APR39A radar warning device. A further 24 software
enhancements will be made to the ATACDIG threat
library. The hostile threats in the Apache data base
CH-47C systems which have been upgraded at

Fort Hood. Texas. Fort Campbell, Texas. Mannheim.
West Germany, and Camp Humphreys. Korea
These systems feature Link's ATACDIG computergenerated visual image system.
The simulators are single cockpit systems
designed to provide transition and refresher training
are quasi-intelligent and are interactive for realistic
navigation, approach and landing

advanced operations such as those in confined
areas or with slung loads, advanced flight training,
formation flight manoeuvres, instrument, flight and
emergency procedures
Special training features are the fore and aft
Apache combat mission
gramme
battlefield
engagements. The work
will
be com-
pleted by 1992.
Simulator for CH-47D
CH-47D Chinook helicopter simulators have been

performing
(BUC-1) on seven
million contract Link
Block Update Configuration
is
delivered to the US Army at Fort Lewis. Washington,

and Fort Rucker, Alabama, in addition to four
in
instrument and contact environments for
operations,
tactics
flight
emergency procedures and combat
Basic training
ground operations,
tasks
supported
include
take-off. hovering, basic flight
autorotation.
rotors, landing gear, battlefield positioning of artil-
lery
and other equipment, nap-of-the-earth (NOE)
USA
and night vision navigation including Automatic Flight Control System (AFCS) and Doppler.
Each simulator has three DEC PDP 11/55 digital
flight
computers.
Operational Flight Trainers for SH-60B
Mark
III
LAMPS
Sea Hawk
US Navy's
Multi-Purpose
System) helicopter The first two, originally configured as Operational Flight Trainers and subsequently integrated as Weapon Systems Trainers
(Device 2F146). are at North Island NAS. California,
and Mayport NAS, Florida. These two units are
reported to be achieving over 99 5 per cent availability on a five days a week. 16 h a day schedule.
Simulators numbers 3 and 4 are configured as
Weapon Systems Trainers (WSTs) and were delivered to North Island and Mayport during 1986 and
1987. All four simulators are mounted on sixdegrees-of-freedom motion systems and featuresixwindow dusk/night visual systems. All normal and
emergency flight procedures and anti-submarine
missions can be simulated, including take-offs and
landings using a small deck pitching as much as 20
about all axes.
Link delivered four simulators for the
LAMPS Mark
III
(Light
Airborne
installed at Fort
Campbell, Kentucky, Fort Belvoir,
Virginia; Fort Bragg, North Carolina; Fort Rucker,
Alabama
(eight); Fort Sill,
Oklahoma; Fort Knox.
Kentucky; Fort Riley, Kansas; Fort Hood, Texas; Fort

Lewis, Washington and Fort Ord, California; Fort
Shatter, Hawaii as well as at Indiantown Gap.
Pennsylvania; Hunter AAF, Georgia; Hanau. West
Germany; and Seoul, South Korea Each unit
includes four cockpit trainee stations, mounted on
motion
systems,
an
five-degrees-of-freedom
instructor's station together with two Honeywell 790
and an ADD 900 digital computers.
The Huey simulators simulate not only flight
characteristics, but also the helicopter's engine and
its systems as well as radio communications and
navigation A total of 93 radio communications and
navigation facilities are provided within the simu2
lator's 663 km gaming area All manner of atmospheric effects can also be reproduced.
An automatic training concept is embodied which
relieves the instructors of
many
repetitive tasks.
Adaptive training also allows the training in complex

tasks to be paced according to the skill of the student
Simulators for UH-60A Black Hawk
Link has orders for 18 simulators of the US Army's
UH-60A Black Hawk helicopter, deliveries of which
Link
Space Simulators
Shuttle Mission Simulator (SMS)

The Shuttle Mission Simulator (SMS) is actually two
simulators; the motion base simulator which sits on
hydraulic lifts and rotates on three axes giving the
crew a sensation of space flight, and the fixed base
simulator which is used for exercises from launch to
landing. Both contain visual and sound effects that
accurately depict all phases of the entire flight from
launch to landing.
The SMS is the most complex simulator ever built
The Shuttle cockpit contains 2000 separate displays
and controls, the SMS has the exact same configuration; the Shuttle's four main computers hold
16 million bytes of programme and data, the SMS
uses more than 413 million bytes of programme
and data. Counting the four computers and back-up
Strategic Defense Initiative

National Test Bed (NTB)
are nearly complete. Simulators have been installed

Campbell, Kentucky (two); Fort Bragg, North
Carolina; Fort Rucker, Alabama (two); Fort Hood.
Texas and Fort Lewis, Washington as well as at
Seoul, South Korea, and Hanau and lllesheim in
West Germany Others are scheduled to be installed
at Fort Stewart, Georgia; Fort Riley, Kansas; Fort
Carson. Colorado; Fort Ord, California; Fort Richardson, Alaska and Fort Shatter. Hawaii, as well as
at the Aeromedical Research Center in Fort Rucker
Each unit has a single cockpit mounted on a sixdegrees-of-freedom motion system and a four-
ATACDIG computer-generated image

system The simulators use a Concurrent 3252
32-bit super minicomputer.
Pilots and co-pilots will be able to train independently or as a team in all types of flying, including
window
visual
Defense
evaluate
Initiative
alternative
(SDI)
battle
Strategic
management/
3
control and communications (BMC

system architectures and key defensive technologies in support of the SDI Technology Verification
)
Strategy.
accordance
with
prevailing
emergency
pro-
Black
As
Hawk Update
enhancements
UH-60A Black Hawk flight
part of a $7 million block update,
be
made
to the 18
Included are out-the-window display

improvements, night vision goggle-compatible
lighting
and the addition of several new
malfunctions. The visual system upgrade for the
ATACDIG incorporates the blowing sand/water/dust
created by rotor wash, capabilities for landing
aboard assault carriers and frigates, the addition of
several friendly and threat vehicles to the data
base, and the ability for air targets to fire upon the
simulated Black Hawk.
simulators
Desert Hawk
In 1989 Link won a $204 32 million contract to supply
a UH-60 Desert Hawk flight simulator (Device 2B38A)
to Saudi Arabia This will be used to provide basic,
transition, refresher
for air
visual
crew and
system
it
and advanced
will
flying training
incorporate an
ATACDIG
treaties
and
275
including ship aerodynamic wake and ship deck

for practising landings in all sea states. The
simulator is equipped with a five window-five channel IMAGE ll-T dusk/night textured visual system.
All three crew stations are mounted on a six-
motion
degrees-of-freedom motion system.

Sensor operator simulation includes radar,
acoustic, and magnetic anomaly detection equipment together with sonobuoys Exercises are conwith
ducted
simulated
ships,
aircraft
and
submarines. Theon-board instructorstation permits
individual training while an off-board station permits
integrated crew mission training
Link developed the mission simulator, with CSA
responsible for the weapon systems element and
Computer Systems (in Australia and the

United Kingdom) acting as subcontractor for the
acoustics and radar simulation Final assembly,
integration, test equipment and support was carried
out by Qantas with supporting documentation by
Publication Perspectives Pty Limited.
Ferranti
Simulator Networking-Multisim
Link has successfully demonstrated the networking
of UH-60 Black Hawk and AH-1S Cobra simulators
with an AH-64 Apache Combat Mission Simulator to
allow US Army helicopter crews to train together
as a team The networking also demonstrated the
Apache CMS's capability of adapting to air-to-air
combat training The research follows increasing
US Army interest in both the networking of training
devices and in developing air-to-air training combat
capabilities for helicopters.
The Black Hawk simulator was flown by an instrucand provide a realistic,

unpredictable foe for the crew of the Apache whose
crew saw the threat portrayed as a Hind helicopter,
tor to portray the threat
modelled by the ATACDIG computer-generated

image visual system Quasi-intelligent, reactive
threats for ground and air are already part of the
Apache CMS but none involving threat helicopters

were specified for the original modelling.
The research has demonstrated that the Multisim
networking of flight and weapons simulators is less
complex than anticipated and is feasible for simulators located either at a single site or at different
S-70B-2 Seahawk Mission Simulator

tralian
for
Royal Aus-
sites
Navy
This system for an anti-submarine warfare mission

simulator was ordered by the Australian Department
of Defence under a A$48 million contract. It was
produced by Link Flight Simulation. Qantas Airways
Limited and Computer Sciences of Australian Pty
Limited (CSA). It was delivered to the Nowra NAS in
1990
The simulator provides individual and integrated

crew flight and mission training Simulation is
provided for normal and emergency procedures
STATUS
See
individual entries
MANUFACTURER
13902, USA
Telephone; (607) 721 5465. Telex; 666817. Fax: (607)
772 9090
computer, the Shuttle is capable of approximately 2

million operations/second, the SMS can perform
approximately 4 million operations/second
The SMS. originally built to integrate with Mission
Control Center (MCC). is also being used to connect
training sessions and test data links between the
Johnson Space Center mission control. Marshall
contract for the Training Systems Contract (TSC)

This will include upgrading the SMS. developing
training facilities for the space station 'Freedom'
and developing a training system infrastructure for
the next century's requirements.
West Germany's Spacelab

Mission Control Center at Oberpfaffenhoften, and
In
Sunnyvale. California.
The SMS has been regularly upgraded to remain
concurrent with the Shuttle programme's expanding
technology. Major enhancements are expected in
the near future, both because the present computers
are crammed to capacity and to accommodate the
requirements of the planned Space Station pro-
MANUFACTURER
Space
Flight Center.
STATUS
service and to be enhanced
13902.
USA.

772 9090.
gramme.
In
August 1989
NASA awarded
Link a $500 million
national policy, the Strategy seeks to obtain data
command,
In
techniques;
nap-of-the-earth
cedures can also be simulated One of the systems

is specially configured for aero medical research
and includes an environmentally controlled cockpit,
bio-medical sensors, signal conditioning equipment
and specialised software
sufficient to
The National Test Bed (NTB) mission is being

developed under a $509 million contract to provide
a comprehensive capability to demonstrate and
independently
at Fort
will
Simulators for UH-1H Huey

The UH-1H Huey simulators were the first to be
delivered to the US Army's SFTS programme, beginning in 1971. Link has supplied 22 systems, which are
make an informed
full-scale develop-
ment decision intheearly 1990s

It is unlikely, in the absence of an actual ballistic
missile attack, that the planned Phase 1 Strategic
Defense System (SDS) will ever be wholly tested;
therefore the Test Bed's end-to-end simulations are
essential to systems analysis.
The National Test Facility (NTF) will be located in
two buildings at Falcon Air Force Station in Colorado
Springs, Colorado. The NTF will serve as the nerve
centre', the control hub and central simulation
facility for the geographically distributed National
Test Bed resources The NTF will also support

advanced research in computer hardware and
software technologies.
The NTB will comprise an interconnected, geographically distributed array of assets (government,
industry and academic) by which simulations,
experiments and demonstrations of various ballistic
missile layered defence architectures and system
element designs can be compared, evaluated and
tested.
Secure voice and data links, including satellite

communications, will connect the NTF with other
sites As the NTB evolves it will emulate as closely
276
USA
of the Strategic Defence

System to a number of potential targets, anticipated
to approach one million objects.
One key aspect of the NTB will be the analysis
of SDS survivability - the ability of the system to
as possible the response
perform despite degradation - taking

realistic wargaming threat scenarios
into
account
State-of-the-art facilities will include Cray

advanced super computers. IBM computers as well
as Sun and Digital work stations.
The prime contractor is Martin Marietta's Information and Communications Systems Division in
Denver. Colorado Martin Marietta's team members
include the Carnegie-Mellon Institute, Computer
Associates. Ferranti of the United Kingdom. Geodynamics. Hughes Aircraft Company. IBM, Link
Flight Simulation. Logicon. Nicholas Research and
Parsons Engineering.
Link's role on the NTB team is two-fold:
(a) Prototyping, demonstration and subsequent
formal development of simulation software providing capabilities in the areas of man/machine
interface, initialisation and control, interactive
gaming and assessment plus data recording, playback, monitoring and reduction.
(b) Support planning and implementation of
simulations and experiments to be hosted in the
NTB. with the emphasis upon satisfying the unique
man/machine interface, control and data collection
II
requirements.
The simulation system is designed in a modular
fashion so that simulator models coded in any of
several computer languages and with varying
degrees of fidelity can be easily interchanged. The
models will simulate a variety of battle management
architectures, ground- and space-based sensor
The National Test Bed (NTB) simulation centre which Link
will
be supporting
systems and weapons. The nominal wargame will

use 405 Space-Based Interceptor (SBI) platforms in
dispersed orbits, although only 20 per cent will ever
be in the battle zone at any one time
Link will provide the required systems engineering and development engineering as well as
programme management services at the NTF. The
emphasis will be placed on two key evolutionary
aspects of simulation:
Real-time control of high fidelity distributed
simulations
Measures
of effectiveness for
elements
in
the
system/simulation loop.
(MPFF)
The Multi-Purpose Fighter
Facility
(MPFF) was
give tactical fighter pilots the opportunity to practice using electronic and weapon
systems. It can be used as a part-task trainer of
multiple display option avionics and multiple option
weapons, for teaching aircrew co-ordination in
single or multi-aircraft formations or it can be used
designed
spread geographic regions.

Link expertise in visual display technology and
human factors engineering will address the challenge of transferring information from a data-intensive simulation to simulation participants This will
ensure timely and effective human control of strategic
Logicon Multi-Purpose Fighter

Facility
Link experience in hybridising clock-driven and

event-driven simulations to attain high fidelity at
real-time rates will contribute to successful control
of realistic SDS simulations distributed across wide-
to
defence candidate systems which may be
mission training of beyond-visual-range, air

superiority and deep strike operations.
The system consists of a large cabinet with computer, two large multi-colour displays representing
the head-up display (HUD) view and instruments, a
joystick and a throttle control. Several MPFFs may
for
be networked for operations against a computerdriven adversary or to engage each other. The
software-driven system may also be used as a
research and evaluation tool
deemed feasible and practical for full-scale development
in
the 1990s.
STATUS
Development. The
take place
in
first
wargame was scheduled
CONTRACTOR
Link Flight Simulation Division of CAE-Link Corporation. Space Programs Operations, 2224 Bay
Area Boulevard, Houston. Texas 77058. USA.
Telephone: (713) 2804001.
STATUS
Available.
MANUFACTURER
Logicon. Tactical and Training Systems Division.
PO Box 85158. San Diego. California 92138-5158
USA.
Telephone: (619)455 1330. Telex: 910-337-1780.
Loral Simulator for F-1

Goodyear, now part of the Loral Systems Group
and renamed Loral Defense Systems-Akron, was
responsible for the
US
flight
simulators representing
Force/McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle

fighter, and has been building them since 1973, the
year the F-15 was ordered into production. Since
then 14 simulators have been built for installation at
the
Air
Air Command bases. The F-15 was

optimised as an air-superiority fighter, and the simulators reflect this single-mode intention The first
seven simulators were built with six-degrees-offreedom motion system, and g-cueing (combination
of g-seat and g-suit) was built into the seventh and
subsequent simulators The first ten simulators were
driven by Harris 6024 computers, but Gould 32/8780
processors are employed from simulator number
Tactical
retrofitted. Early systems were

Assembly language, but Fortran is
being used from the eleventh onwards and has also
been retrofitted.
Simulators 13 and 14. delivered from 1988. have
Multi-Stage Improvement Program (MSIP) capabilities and use actual F-15 central processors The
first 12 simulators will be retrofitted with MSIP and
have modifications to their central computers added
11
onwards, and
programmed
in
later
The system provides a complete range of training

from take-off and landing procedures to complex
Artist's
to
early 1990
impression of the layout of the F-15
flight
simulator trainer
USA
tactical
environments which may involve up to 79

which 15 in any exercise
different emitter targets of
may be active.
in
Delivery of the systems to the US Air Force began

December 1976 and they are installed at EglinAFB
Force Base), Florida; Elmendorf AFB, Alaska.

Holloman AFB. New Mexico; Langley AFB. Virginia
(two); Luke AFB, Arizona (two); McChord AFB,
Washington; Minot AFB, North Dakota and Tyndall
AFB, Florida; Bitburg Air Base (AB), West Germany,
and Kadena AB, Okinawa.
(Air
277
Three systems were bought by the Royal Saudi

and became operational by July 1983 at
Dhahran (two) and Khamis Mushayt, while four have
been delivered to the Japanese Defense Agency
by Loral Systems Group and Mitsubishi Precision
Company.
7964242
Air Force
MANUFACTURER
Defense Systems Division-Akron, Loral Systems
Group, 1210 Massillon Road, Akron, Ohio 443150001,
USA.
STATUS
In production. In service with the US Air Force, Royal
Saudi Air Force and the Japanese Defense Agency
Weapon System Trainer

Development for F-1 5E
Loral has produced both hardware and software for
the high resolution Weapon System Trainer for the
F-15E under a $145 million contract from the US Air
Force. The company has exploited their experience
in producing systems for the US Navy including
the F-4 weapons officer trainer (Device 15C4E), the
Grumman A-6A weapons system trainer (Device

2F156A) and the Grumman E-2A/B command,
control
and communications centre trainer (Device
2F110).
The system consists of a simulated two-man

cockpit with complete simulation of flight, sensor
Artist s
impression ot layout ol F- 1 5E weapon systems trainer
and weapons systems These include the simulation

aperture radar and infra-red and
electro-optic sensors of the F-15E (which includes
the LANTIRN system). The system incorporates a
Evans & Sutherland CT6 image generation system
and a database partly derived from Defense
Mapping Agency data which can be correlated with
radar and landmass data bases. A Gould 32/8780
computer and Fortran language software are used
in the system, with C language used for the graphical
of the synthetic
The cockpit area of the F-15E weapon systems

trainer
McAir Training Systems

McAir Training Systems was formed in July 1987
develop flight simulators for McDonnell Aircraft
Company and other manufacturers It was formerly
the American Airlines Training Corporation until
purchased by McDonnell Douglas in August 1986. It
combines existing flight simulator business with
to
new programmes.
began operations
May
1987 with an initial contract worth $103 million to build four aircrew training
simulators for the Grumman A-6E and F-14D
In October 1987 the company won a $9 2 million
contract to upgrade the dual dome air combat manoeuvring simulator (Device 2E6) used to train F-14A
Tomcat pilots at the Naval Air Station Oceana,
Virginia. Device 2E6 was the first aircrew training
simulation system built by McDonnell Aircraft in
1979. Earlier in 1987 the company upgraded the
visual scenes using the General Electric CompuScene III visual system and the contract is to improve
radar simulation and modify instructor's stations.
The contract will be completed by the Autumn of
1990. In the Summer of 1988 the company received a
$6.08 million contract for F-15E aircrew training and
It
training
in
courseware.
display system.
ships and permits the practice of

mall weathers.
V/STOL operations
The weapons tactics trainer (Device 2F134)

permits exercises to be practised using the aircraft's
electronic warfare equipment, and a severe electronic warfare environment can be created to act
against the pilot This latter simulator was accepted
in
July 1985.
The company have produced a Night Attack

Weapons Systems Trainer (NAWST) at MCAS Yuma.
Arizona. This simulator (Device 2F150) is designed
provide transitional training for pilots familiar
with the AV-8B It includes a facsimile cockpit and a
visual scene projection system compatible with
night vision goggles. The out-of-window imagery
is projected through a head-tracked servo optical
projection system.
STATUS
Two of four simulators on order have been delivered
Luke AFB, Arizona, and Seymour Johnson AFB,
North Carolina The US Air Force has an option with
Loral for three more WST simulators.
to
MANUFACTURER
Loral DefenseSystems-Akron, 1210Massillon Road,
Akron. Ohio 4431 5-0001 USA.
7964242.
,
are installed at
NAS Oceana
(two),
NAS Whidbey
and MCASEIToro.
The F-14 system (Device 2F153) mission flight
trainer has similar features and a wide field-of-view
vision system suitable for carrier landing training
both during the day and during the night as well
as low-level training
for the
TARPS
mission. The
system can be used alone or linked with others in

the Target Environmental System The US Navy
plans to have six systems, three each at NAS
Miramar and Oceana.
to
Simulators for F-14D and A-6E

In May 1987 McDonnell Douglas announced it was
teaming with AAI Corporation in the development
and production of training simulators for the
Grumman F-14D and A-6E aircraft. Four simulators,
valued at $103 million are to be produced under the
initial contract which could eventually be worth over
$300 million.
TheA-6 system (Device 2F156)isaweaponsystem
Simulators
for US Marine Corps AV-8B

McDonnell Douglas has supplied the flight dynamics
software, and Evans and Sutherland two CT-5 visual
systems, for the US Marine Corps' AV-8B Harrier 2
training facility at Cherry Point Air Base.
trainer
The operational flight simulator (Device 2F133)

uses computer-generated imagery depicting actual
air-to-ground attack, air-to-air missile firing, radar

navigation, and electronic warfare. Four simulators
and will consist of a full-size replica of the

two-man cockpit, a radar simulation system, a
Forward Looking Infra-Red simulated visual system,
and a visual system g-cueing system Aircrew will
be trained in take-off and landings, combat skills,
McAir Reconfigurable Cockpit

This
is
a transportable, cost-effective simulator
system of software-generated cockpits with touchscreen control. The lightweight system is used for
providing cockpit familiarisation and fits on a standard pallet using a standard 110 A, 20 A power
supply. The visual system beyond the canopy can
be a television monitor, a three-window display or a
full-field-of-view domed visual system. The system
uses commercially available hardware and a variety
of software languages ranging from Ada to C.
TTTS
In February 1990 a team led by McAir Training
Systems received a $8 89 million contract from the
US Air Force for the initial phase of the Tanker
TransportTraining System (TTTS) programme.
The TTTS is one track of the US Air Force's
Specialised Undergraduate Pilot Training (SUPT)
plan with Reconnaissance Attack Fighter Training
System (RAFTS) forming the other track. After
primary flight training crews scheduled for heavy'
multi-engined aircraft will follow the TTTS path while
278
those scheduled for the lighter' high performance

aircraft will enter the RAFTS The programme was
scheduled for introduction in 1991 but may be

affected by budgetary considerations.
In the TTTS programme MCAir will act as programme managers and the Beech Aircraft Corporation will deliver up to 211 Beechjet 400T, a
derivative of the Beechjet400A with modified cockpit
and accommodation together with a flight-refuelling
point The first will be delivered in October 1991 and
the last is scheduled for delivery in 1997
The Quintron Corporation of Chantilly, Virginia,
will supply 14 operational flight trainers which will
standard The TTTS will be
be of FAA Phase
II
installed at the following Air Training
Command
bases: Randolph AFB. Texas; Reese AFB. Texas;

Vance AFB. Oklahoma; Columbus AFB, Missouri;
Laughlin AFB, Texas and Williams AFB, Arizona.
McDonnell Douglas were awarded a $420.99 million

in October 1988 to design, to build and to
operate an aircrew training system for the C-17
contract
transport.
The system
will
includeclassroom instruction and
self-paced computer-based training on 86 interactive computer terminals In addition interactive

video discs will enhance realism and training
McDonnell Douglas Helicopter
Company Trainers
Formerly Hughes Helicopters, this company has
produced a number of simulators for training helicopter aircrews and ground crews. These include
aircraft simulators for the company's products such
as the MG Defender and the AH-64A Apache, emergency procedures, cockpit procedures and mission
equipment trainers with facsimile cockpits, maintenance and systems training devices, aircraft
equipment trainers, and individual systems trainers.
These are designed to train aircrew in all phases

and aspects of helicopter operation. The trainers
have high fidelity visual systems and sophisticated
motion-cueing systems. They can be networked to
provide formation and team training. The latest
systems use a modular architecture based upon
Motorola 68020 microprocessors with Ada language
software for crew stations.
KC-1
Extender Training System
effectiveness
Inc (MTSI)
provides turnkey training in support of the US Air

Force's McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom, the Fairchild A-10 Thunderbolt II and the North American
OV-10 Bronco. The company is also supporting the
C-17 for Military Airlift Command and the T-45 training system for the US Navy. In March 1988 it won a
$3 96 million contract to provide ground training
instruction
for
Tactical
Air
Dynamics F-111 and EF-111
Command's General
at
Cannon AFB, New
Merit AN/ APQ-1 74 Radar
of
USA
the instruction will be
use
These
'eature daylight, dusk and night-time

The weapon systems trainers
will be controlled by Harris Corporation Night Hawk
computers with McDonnell Douglas Multi view visual
display systems and General Electric PT 2000 image
generators. The cockpit systems simulator will be
similar to the weapon systems simulator but will
have neither the visual nor the motion systems
The six loadmaster stations will be three-dimensional representations of the C-17 originals and
will be the first loadmaster training devices to be
equipped with a visual system portraying action in
the cargo compartment during air drop operations
The loadmaster station can be used for independent
loadmaster training or to provide the three-man
crew with the capability of carrying out a full mission
in the weapon systems trainer.
The full-scale cargo compartment trainer will
allow training of loadmasters on the various C-17
within the cargo
Development Simulator for LHX

McDonnell Douglas Helicopters is developing a
simulator facility at Mesa, Arizona, to help in the
development of the LHX (Light Helicopter, Experimental) and other advanced helicopters. Much of
the development work on the LHX which involves
the flight crew or other cockpit aspects will be first
developed on the simulators at Mesa.
The first full-mission simulator of the LHX, housed
in a 6 096 m diameter dome, became operational in
Space Station Visual Display Simulation

In February 1989 McDonnell Douglas Helicopters
were awarded a 10-month contract to assist NASA to
II
will
visual presentations
features a General Electric COMPUsystem, the scene replicating the

area around the Fulda Gap. West Germany.
There will eventually be eight simulator domes at
the advanced development centre at Mesa. Following the commissioning of the LHX dome, a
second simulator for the Advanced Apache helicopter was installed at the end of 1986.
mid-1986.
SCENE
It
IV visual
Part-task Trainers
These consist of full-scale cockpit facsimiles with

video and symbology available in the actual cockpit.
The instructor station is used to insert various mal-
the aircraft
It
will
compartment
The simulators will be installed at five US Air Force
bases, two Air Force Reserve locations and two Air
National Guard bases Altus AFB Oklahoma, will
serve as the central training base with five weapon
system trainers, the cockpit systems simulator
the cargo compartment trainer and the cargo load
model whileCharleston AFB. South Carolina, will be
the first base to have operational C-17s The first
simulators will be installed at Charleston in 1991 and
at Altus in 1993 Deliveries will be complete in 2003
STATUS
See
individual entries
MANUFACTURER
McAir Training Systems. PO Box 516.
Missouri 63166. USA.
Telephone: (314) 232 0232 Telex: 44857.
St Louis.
develop requirements for visual display simulation

systems to assist the training of future space station
crews The system is intended to help train the crews
how to perform rendezvous, docking operations and
mission control activities before construction of the
space station has been completed.
McDonnell Douglas will assist NASA to define a
cost-effective visual database and simulator display
approaches to be used in future systems for space
station astronauts.
STATUS
In
production.
In
widespread service.
MANUFACTURER
McDonnell Douglas Helicopter Company, 500 East
McDowell Road. Mesa. Arizona 85205. USA.
Telephone: (602) 891-7784 Telex:165 870. TWX: 918
9501 969. Fax: (602)981 1353.
functions.
Mexico,
and Mountain
Home AFB.
Idaho.
The
company is also involved in KC-1 Extender training.

1986 MTSI purchased from American Airlines
programme to provide
Training Corporation the
upgrade and instructor training in

McDonnell Douglas KC-10A Extender
tanker/transport. Instruction is self-paced and progresses from basic texts to flight instrument, fuel
system, hydraulics, communications, cargo loading,
inertial navigation, mission planning and air refuelinitial,
refresher,
support
March AFB. California, each of which has a Link sixdegrees-of-freedom motion simulator with IMAGE
lll-T vision system The Seymour-Johnson system
also includes the AWARDS (Advanced Wide-Angle
Reflective Display System).
of the
ling.
carried out at Barksdale AFB. Louisiana, Seymour-Johnson AFB, North Carolina, and
Training
is
The AN/APQ-174 simulator
will
use the same
Merit Technology are to produce the radar simulator

MH-47E combat mission simulator. The
US Army has an option on a second simulator for the
MH-60E special operations combat mission simulator.
68882 chips.
for the Link
to
also allow practice loading of

cargoor vehicles and practice in the reconfiguration
of the cargo compartment The cargo load model
will allow cost-effective training in load planning for
weight and. balance It is similar to the device used
for training KC-10loadmasters-boom operators and
enables students to visualise critical clearances
data base as the helicopter's visual

system and it will operate in terrain following and
avoidance as well as ground-mapping modes. The
system will feature separate radar displays for the
pilot and the co-pilot. It will use the Merit Technology's MT1 parallel computer which is a Unixbased. VME bus system using Motorola 68030 and
Simulator
cargo compartment features without having
given on 12 weapon system trainers, of which six will

include a loadmaster training capability, on a cockpit
systems simulator, on a full-scale cargo compartment trainer and on a 1/10th scale cargo load model
The weapon system trainers will be Federal Aviation Authority Phase standard simulators with six
axes motion and a 225 horizontal field-of-view
In
McDonnell Douglas Training Systems
The bulk
digital terrain
STATUS
In
service with the
US
Air Force.
MANUFACTURER
McDonnell Douglas Training Systems
516. St Louis, Missouri 63166. USA.
Telephone (314) 232 0232. Telex: 44857
Inc.
PO Box
STATUS
The system was delivered
early
in
to Fort
Rucker. Alabama
1990.
MANUFACTURER
Merit Technology Inc. 5068 West Piano Parkway.
Piano. Texas 75075-5009, USA.
Telephone: (214) 248 2502. Fax: (214) 7334788
USA
Perceptronics Avionics Situational
Awareness Trainer (ASAT)

The Avionics Situational Awareness Trainer (ASAT)
is a modular family of trainers designed to make
pilots familiar with the avionics systems in their
cockpits All the systems are real time and interactive with easily generated scenarios through the
use of simple-to-use scripting tools Pilots can
choose between canned scenarios or those generated by a script. Because the targets are smart'
the system
can operate
is
in
completely interactive The systems

a stand-alone or networked modes.
the basic tabletop model and is

designed to provide repeated practice weapons
experience using head-up display (HUD) and instruments interpretation, radar sorting, targeting,
The Model BTT
is
displayed F-16 instruments. There is a high

side stick controller and throttle.
The Model ETT, or enhanced tabletop trainer, has
monitor upgraded to a high resolution
the
(1024 x 1024 lines) to improve the fidelity of both the
HUD and the beyond-the-canopy view There is also
a graphics co-processor card to enable a screen
refresh rate of approximately 30 frames/second
The Model BVR is the beyond visual range system
which features a replica cockpit whose high fidelity
HUD, visual system and instruments are driven by
three micro-computers High fidelity speakers, subwoofers and vibrators within the inclined seat
provide realistic cueing for the onset of g. weapons
launch, ambient flight noise and weapons hit effects
There is an after action review facility With a fourth
microcomputer and a stores control panel added the
system becomes the Model AG for air-to-ground
which
is
fidelity
training.
279
instruments and a simulated navigation-inertial

navigation system, and the Model EPT emergency
procedures trainer which includes switches,
handles and panels
Domed versions of the ASAT systems are Model
BVR/D, AG/D IPT/D, EPT/D). These versions use a
42-inch (1 06 m) dome with afield of view of between
180 and 240 For integration into a network there is
the Model IOS instructor's station which provides
full control of the simulation. This provides multiple
viewpoints including those from the cockpit, tower,
ground and even from missile seekers.
STATUS
In
production
MANUFACTURER
Perceptronics Inc. Training & Simulation Division.
21135 Erwin Street. Woodland Hills. California
91367-3713. USA
Telephone (818) 884 3485 Telex: 371 8933. Fax:
(818)348 0540.
countermeasures and
mutual support It is powered by a micro-computer
which drives a 14-inch (355.6 mm) monitor upon
There are two cockpit procedures trainers based

upon the Model AG; the Model IPT for instrument procedures training with the addition of flight
Reflectone Commercial Aviation

Simulators
in parallel and providing

and more realism The simulator
employs four SEL 32/77 computers three of which
drive the main simulator enclosure (using 1 3M
words of 32-bit memory) and the fourth to control
the Hitachi Denshi day/night computer-generated
image visual system.
ground It uses four SEL 32/77 computers with

5 25 Mbytes of Mos memory and another of the
same type to drive the Reflectone-developed digital
control loading system An accompanying day/night
visual system by Hitachi-Denshi uses one of the SEL
32/77 computers, using 1 25 Mbytes of its memory.
Operational Flight Simulator for A310

This Reflectone system has a six-degrees-off reedom hydrostatic motion base with 2 5 m of movement, and was designed to represent Swissair's
Airbus A310 airliner with a two-man flight crew The
system was commissioned in 1984
The simulator is capable of FAA Phase III
operation, so all pilot training can be done on the
See
weapons
delivery, defensive
Operational Flight Simulator for Boeing 747-300

Developed for Swissair, this simulator uses a sixdegrees-of-freedom hydrostatic motion system with
extended 2.5 m stroke to represent the Boeing 747300 The Reflectone simulator (claimed to be the first
of its kind) was shipped to Zurich in November
1983 It is capable of crew-training to FAA Phase III
standards, which permit air carriers to conduct all
pilot training on suitable simulators
A particular feature of the simulator is the
inclusion of two Color Graphic 7 cathode ray tubes,
permitting
the
pilot
instructor
and
engineer
Reflectone Military Aviation

Simulation - Fixed Wing
Operational Flight Trainer for A-10
Built for the US Air Force to represent the Fairchild
A-10, this system permits proficiency development
in all phases of instrument flight from pre-flight and
start-up through navigation and combat, visual and
GCA approach, to landing and post-flight de-briefing The weapon system can also simulate the electronic warfare environment. Mounted on a fixed
base, a g-seat with pneumatic cushions to provide
cues representing the onset of acceleration and
deceleration
A microprocessor-driven digital
control loading system simulates the control forces.
Night/dusk capability is enhanced by a McDonnell
Douglas Vital V visual display mounted on the windscreen. The trainer uses three SEL 32/35 computers
each with 128 k words of core memory and three
40 Mbyte discs. One computer is largely dedicated to
electronic warfare simulation and has an associated
instructor's station to provide separate EW training
Extensive weapons simulation includes trajectories
and guidance of smart' bombs. Scoring algorithms
for the 30
rotary cannon on this aircraft, and its
bombs and rockets, are also included.
The production run of 14 systems was completed
in 1981 and the systems are deployed worldwide-
instructor
to
operate
better utilisation
STATUS
Flight Trainer for
E-6A
interactive
system; two
and
maintenance
gration
computer-aided
instructional
system intecomplete system
in-flight training aircraft;
operation;
and
Operational Flight Trainer for EA-6B

Reflectone is providing the US Navy with two full
mission simulators (Device 2F147) of the Grumman
EA-6B Prowler aircraft These will each incorporate
a Rediffusion Novoview SP3T visual system and
WIDE display, providing a 180 horizontal by 40
vertical field of view The visual data base will cover
both the east and west coasts of the USA and the
simulator will be able to replicate carrier landings
and take-offs, mid-air refuel ling, spins and formation
flying.
mm
Operational Flight and Navigation Trainer for EA-6B

full-mission training systems (Device 2F143)
Two
MANUFACTURER
Reflectone
15000.
Inc.
Tampa
5125 Tampa West Boulevard.

Florida 33634.
8851177
EA-6B crews will permit simulation of all flight

procedures, including emergencies, carrier operations, in-flight refuelling, formation flying and spin
recovery
The systems use a six-degrees-of-freedom
motion platform and SPX-500 WIDE visual system to
provide a 180 x 40 field-of-view The first was
delivered to NAS Whidbey Island. Washington, in
January 1990 and the second was scheduled for
delivery to MCAS Cherry Point. North Carolina, in
summer 1990
The company are also upgrading the EA-6B flight
trainer (Device 2F119) at NAS Whidbey Island to
incorporate increased aircraft capabilities The
flying and motion qualities are being improved while
texture is being added to the SP-1 visual system
The work will be completed in late 1990.
Aerial Refuelling Part Task Trainer for
EA-6B operational flight trainer
C-5A and
C-141
for the US Air Force, this simulator provides part-task training in in-flight refuelling techniques for the crews of C-5A and C-141 transports,
with KC-10 and KC-135 tankers being modelled.
Particular emphasis has been placed by Reflectone
on the accurate replication of the aerodynamic
effects of the tanker on the receiving aircraft The
Developed
Instructor s station tor
PO Box
USA
for
Reflectone is providing the US Navy with a total

aircrew training system for the E-6A communications aircraft under a programme designated
the Contractor Flight Crew Training System
(CFCTS) The project includes: the analysis and
design of the training course; design, development
and production of the hardware and software and of
the
individual entries
Reflectone C-l 30T operational
flight trainer
280
resulting high fidelity simulation features digital

control loading, quantified tanker downwash and
receiver upwash, tanker tail aerodynamics and
receiver bow wave, engine efflux and tanker-boom

dynamics. In a unique Direct-View With-Depth visual
system, large and small scale models of tanker
aircraft are viewed through the optics, giving
realistic depth perception. The system entered
service at Altus AFB, Oklahoma in March 1989 and
is now also used at Travis AFB, California; McChord
AFB. Washington; Dover AFB. Delaware; McGuire
AFB, New Jersey; Norton AFB, California and
Charleston AFB, South Carolina.
and emergency
USA
Operational FlightTrainer for C-130H

This system was produced for the Nigerian Air Force
but is installed in the Reflectone Training Center in
Tampa. It features a six-degrees-of-freedom motion
platform, digital audio cueing and digital control
loading It can simulate more than 500 malfunctions
and uses the VITAL IV image-generation system
STATUS
See
individual entries.
MANUFACTURER
Reflectone
15000.
Operational FlightTrainer forC-130T

This provides full flight training for the three-man
crew of the US Marines' C-130T tanker. All normal
Inc. 51
Tampa,
25 Tampa West Boulevard.
Florida 33634,
PO Box
USA
Telephone: (813) 885 7481 Telex: 52671

Fax:(813)8851177.
procedures can be replicated,

of in-flight refuelling Landing
on soft ground and ditching can also be practised.
The simulator has a six-degrees-of-freedom motion
system and a full computer-generated image visual
system which also permits simulated bad weather
and night flying. As Device 2F107 it was installed at
MCAS Cherry Point. North Carolina, in 1988
as well as
all
flight
aspects
Visual display used with Reflectone aerial

refuelling part task trainer for
C-5A and C-141
Reflectone Helicopter Simulators

Operational Flight Trainer for CH-46
for the US Navy and Marine Corps as
Device 2F1 1 7A/B. these systems (one for the Boeing
Vertol CH-46D and two for the CH-46E) represent the
tandem-rotor helicopter and are intended to build
up and maintain pilot proficiency in all aspects of
operation. The system is mounted on a six-degreesof-freedom motion base and is controlled by a Harris
Developed
Slash-4 computer with 96 k words of 24-bit memory

and more than 40 Mbytes of disc storage. The full
daylight computer-generated image system on the
US Marine Corps simulators is provided by Rediffusion Simulation in collaboration with Evans and
The visual
Sutherland Computer Corporation
display, added in late 1980. permits a number of new
training missions to be flown: landing and takeoffs in confined areas, operations aboard LST-class
ships, IFR and VFR in poor weather, in daylight,
dusk, or darkness, flight with a slung load, and
formation flying.
The system employs a remote trainer control
panel at the centre console of the flight-deck, permitting the instructor to fly as a pilot or co-pilot and
so exercise limited control of the training session.
In addition it allows the student to conduct selftraining, without instructor assistance, and enables
playback of the most recent five minutes of flight.
A CH-46D trainer was installed at NAS North
Island, California, while two CH-46E trainers were
installed at MCAS Cherry Point, North Carolina and
El Toro. California.
Weapons System Trainer for SH-3H

Developed for the US Navy, the Device 2F64C
rep-
resents the most widely used twin-engined helicopter with emergency amphibious capability, and
is intended to develop and maintain pilot proficiency
in all aspects of flight, including the detection, classification, tracking and attacking of hostile submarines.
The system is mounted on a six-degrees-offreedom motion base and controlled by two Harris
H1000 computers, each with 64 k words of memory
and 40 Mbytes of disc storage. A McDonnell Douglas
Vital night/dusk computer-generated image visual
system, with seven windows and five channels,
augments realism for IFR and VFR missions from
aircraft carriers, frigates, land bases and confined
areas in all weatherconditions.

A separate station is provided for the sensor
operator and his sonar and MAD equipment. It can
be operated in conjunction with, or independently of.
the trainer An acoustic generator was incorporated
during 1984 to provide realistic target acoustic signatures and active target echoes for the sonar data
computer.
Two trainers were built (the last in January 1983)
for the US Navy in NAS North Island. California, and
NAS Jacksonville.
Reflectone SH-60F
NAS Norfolk. NAS Jacksonville, and NAS San Diego

were modified with improved computers,
enhancements to radar, acoustic. ESM and tactical
navigation simulation, upgraded avionics and
(two)
synchronisation of the visual system.

Flight Instrument Trainer for TH-57C
This simulator (Device 2B42) provides full flight
training for the US Navy's TH-57C (Jet Ranger) pilots
The system features a four-window, three-channel
computer-generated image visual display, which

can present airfield, urban and countryside scenes,
by day or night and with varying visibility: operations
from a ship at sea can also be practised. The simulator is mounted on asix-degrees-of-f reedom motion
system.
The US Navy purchased nine TH-57C
trainers, six
(valued at $21.6 million), the others parttask cockpit procedures trainers and all were due to
be delivered by early 1988. Two of the full-flight
full-flight
trainers havefull-colourcomputer-generated image

visual system. All the systems are at NAS Whiting.
Florida.
Weapons System/Acoustic Trainers for SH-60F

Weapons Systems Trainer
Modifications for
SH-2F/SH-3H
During 1990 helicopter weapons system trainers
at
Reflectone. with Norden and Sikorsky, provided two

SH-60F training systems for the US Navy. Reflectone
designed and developed all aspects of the flight
weapon systems trainer
simulation part of this contract, including the tactical

and navigation sets: Norden provided the sensor
suite simulation. Together the equipment forms two
adjacent training suites each containing two
weapons system trainers (Device 2F146). two acoustics part-task trainers each of two sonar student
stations (Device 14D3). and a maintenance trainer
The weapons system trainer consists of Reflectone's operational flight trainer and Norden s sensor
operator trainer each of which can operate autonomously or in concert. The operational flight trainer
is on a motion platform with six-degrees-of-freedom.
with pilot, co-pilot stations and features a sixchannel digital control loading system and a digital
audio cue system. The sensor operator trainer features two stations and both are supported by the
Reflectone instructor station The system has a Vital
V eight-window, six-channel dusk-night visual
system.
The Norden acoustics part-task trainers are
similar to the sensor operator trainers However,
they have a non-functional AN/AQS-13F dunking
sonar reeling machine and a limited interface with
the weapon system trainers.
trainers may be networked
form two mission system trainers using an Ethernet software protocol developed by Reflectone
The weapons systems
to
USA
The SH-60F
North
Island,
training establishments are at NAS

California, and NAS Jacksonville,
Florida,
Instrument FlightSimulator for S-76

This six-degrees-of-freedom motion simulator was
designed for the American Airlines Training
Corporation to duplicate the characteristics of the

Sikorsky S-76 helicopter It develops crew proficiency in the operation of controls, interpretation of
management of navigation and
instruments,
SimuFlite Training
SimuFlite, a division of the Singer Company since
March 1984, is developing several specialised trainprovides flight-deck manIt
ing programmes
agement courses lasting three days and focusing
upon cockpit crew co-ordination, communication

and other human factors. There is also an international procedures programme, also lasting three
days, which provides comprehensive instruction in
preparing worldwide flight plans and itineraries,
obtaining overflight and landing permits, customs
procedures, and navigation techniques
communication systems, and in coping with emergency situations through instructor-induced faults.
The simulator comprises a fully representative
cockpit, motion and hydraulic system, and instructor's station mounted on the motion base behind the
cockpit, and a Harris Corporation Slash-6 computer
with 48 k words of memory. The system characteristics are based on flight test data obtained by
American Airlines specifically for this application,
and include duplication of the vibration spectrum
generated by the main rotor and transmission A
F-16training
In March 1988 the company were awarded a $3.14
mill ion contract by the Defense Department for training F-16 pilots of Tactical Air Command The work,
which includes academic and simulator training,
was performed at Luke AFB, Arizona; MacDill AFB,
Florida; Hill AFB, Utah; Homestead AFB, Florida,
and Shaw AFB, South Carolina
281
Rediffusion SP1 visual system has also been incorporated to permit VFR training.
STATUS
See
individual entries.
MANUFACTURER
Reflectone
Inc. 51
25 Tampa West Boulevard,
PO Box
Florida 33634, USA

Telephone: (813) 885 7481 Telex: 52671
15000,
Tampa,
Fax:(813)8851177.
providing new MAC pilots with both experience and

flight time Training will be conducted using a FAA
Phase Learjet35A simulator with a cockpit

configured to C-21A standard The simulator feacertified
tures full-colour, daylight, computer-generated

visuals It is based at Dallas/Fort Worth Airport,
Texas.
STATUS
See Text.
C-21A training
In the Summer of 1988 SimuFlite won a $2 6 million
contract to perform C-21A simulator and academic
work for the US Air Force's Military Air lift Command
The C-21 A is used for operational support as well as
MANUFACTURER
SimuFlite Training, DFW Airport, PO Box 619119.
Dallas, Texas, USA.
Telephone: (214) 4568000. Telex: 735037.
SSI Training Systems

Gould's Systems and Simulation Division, with
ties located in
York,
1987
Tampa,
Florida,
and
Melville,
facili-
New
was subject to a management buy-out in April

and renamed Systems and Simulations Inc.
The organisation has a wide array of proven experience in the design, production, integration and
support of aviation, electronic, marine and landbased simulation and training systems for military
and commercial customers worldwide
The Division has expanded its capabilities with
the development of an innovative modular design
approach to visual integration. Employing advanced
Fresnel Technology, Gould/KFO's visual image
display system is a unique integration of video
technology and optical design The rear projected
image provides a high performance, low-cost
display three times the brightness of conventional
mirror/beam
splitter
systems
Aviation training experience encompasses full

flight simulators, operational flight trainers, cockpit
procedures trainers and part-task trainers for tactical, combat and transport aircraft including the
McDonnell Douglas F-4 and F/A-18, Fairchild
A-10, Grumman E-2C, Lockheed C-130 and C-5, and
Beechcraft T-34 and T-44. Current programmes
include the following:
Part-task Trainers for F/A-18

In August 1985 Gould (now SSI) was awarded a
contract by the US Navy Training Systems Command
to upgrade two part-task trainers (Devices 15C13)
currently in operation at NAS Lemore, California,
and NAS Cecil Field, Jacksonville, Florida The
systems delivered by Gould were designed to train
radar intercept geometry and provide an introduction to the basic capabilities of the combined
use of the HOT AS, up-front control, master monitor
display, multi-functional display and master armament panel.
Training System for Nigerian Air Force C-130H

Awarded in August 1985. SSI's Nigerian C-130H
Aircrew Training System (ATS) programme effort
includes all aspects of the training system, courseware, training devices, training system management, training support, programme evaluation
and operational equipment. The existing Nigerian
C-130H simulator with six-degrees-of-freedom
motion system, delivered by Gould, will be upgraded
with the integration of a McDonnell Douglas Vital IV
three-channel four-window dusk/night computergenerated image visual system. Contract value from
initiation in December 1980 to delivery of the total
training system in August 1986 was estimated at
over $14 million.
Cockpit Procedures Trainers for T-34

Initiated in June 1978, Gould (now SSI) was under
contract to provide the US Navy with a total of four
T-34 cockpit procedures trainers (CPTs), and 25 T-34
The cockpit of the SSI (formerly Gould) simulator lor McDonnell Douglas F/A-18
instrument flight trainers (IFTs). The CPTs (Device
2C42), located at NAS Milton, Florida, provide effective basic training and testings of pilots in normal
and emergency aircraft procedures The T-34C IFTs
(Device 2B37) employ digital simulation techniques
to provide equivalent aircraft flight training for
ground, take-off, climb, cruise, descent, landing,

navigation and communications, as well as procedures training. The IFTs are located at NAS Pensicola, Whiting and Corpus Christi.
AircrewTraining System
for C-5B
C-5B aircrew training system
for the US Air Force was awarded in October 1984
Teamed with United Airlines and CAE, Gould/SSI is
responsible for the development of one new C-5B
cockpit procedures trainer and refurbishment of two
existing systems previously delivered to the US Air
Force by Gould
The contract
for the
STATUS
See text.
MANUFACTURER
Systems and Simulations Inc. 5902 Breckenridge
Parkway, Tampa, Florida 33610-4233, USA
Telephone: (813) 628 61 00. TWX: 81 876 0809.
The SSI (formerly Gould) C-130 simulator
282
USA Yugoslavia
Veda Inc Genesis 2000 Flight

Simulation System
The Genesis 2000 system
is a real-time engineering
simulator to allow rapid prototyping and modification of high fidelity aerodynamic models through
an interactive menu system It has a library of standard external visual scenes, a programmable target
aircraft for conducting air-to-air tracking tasks, and
a data recording system emulating typical flight test
instrumentation for analysis of open and closed loop
handling qualities
The system consists of a generic cockpit with two
displays; a 19-inch (483 mm) real world view and a
flight
14-inch (355 mm) synthetic head-down flight instrument display Standard flight controls include a
force-operated sidearm control stick, twin conventional throttles and force-operated rudder
pedals. A full range of ancillary controls is provided
including landing gear, flaps, speedbrakes and
three-channel axis augmentation The system fea-
tures distributed parallel bus microprocessor archi-
using
Motorola
68020/68881
32-bit
processors. Many options are available including
centre stick or wheel with or without force programmable head-up display, high speed 32-bit
SPARC architecture processors, up-front controller
with programmable touch-sensitive panels, and a
fly-by-wire control system modelling package.
tecture,
STATUS
Available.
MANUFACTURER
Veda Incorporated, 6 Pecan
Court, Suite A, Califor-
Maryland 20619. USA

Telephone: (301) 737 1555.
nia,
Veda
Inc
Genesis 2000 flight simulation system
YUGOSLAVIA
SL-G4 Flight Simulator
ment The system has
partial
simulation of the
hydraulic, fuel supply, electrical, cockpit
a full flight simulator for the Yugoslav

Air Force. It consists of a cockpit based on the SOKO
G-4 Super Galeb mounted on a three-stage motion
The SL-G4
is
system, an instructor's station, computer and video

terminal.
The SL-G4 provides
simulation of instrument
take-offs and landings, controlling the engines,
operating communications and navigation equipfull
and
instru-
ment lighting systems.

The instructor's station has duplicate instruments
and can introduce simulated malfunctions. There
is a visual system with an image generator and
processor
system.
together
with
The three-axis motion platform of the SL-G4 flight trainer
collimation
optical
STATUS
In
production for the Yugoslav Air Force
MANUFACTURER
(SDPR). 9 NemanjinaStreet, 1 1001 Belgrade. Yugoslavia.
Telephone: 621-522. Telex:
1360.

283
Air
Combat Simulators and Trainers

FRANCE
Sogitec Full Mission Simulator

In
late 1983
be the
first
Sogitec delivered what it claimed to

European-built air-to-ground mission
permits combat pilots to fly' a complete
simulator It
mission including the use of air-to-air and air-to-
ground weapons, ammunition firing practice, tacnavigation both visual and electronic, the use of
electronic countermeasures and in-flight refuelling.
The system, which featured a 32-bit Mega-mini
main computer supplemented by an SI 80 cockpit
computer, an instructor's station with its own processor together with monitoring and recording facilities The student's station was a facsimile of a pilot's
cockpit with artificial feel units and a Sogitec 4X
digital audiosystem for realisticsound.
The visual system uses an 8 m spherical screen. A
horizon projector and two air-to-air target projectors
are used for aircombattraining sessions while high
definition, computer-generated images calculated
in real time by the Sogitec Gl 10000 system are
displayed for the air-to-ground mission training The
simulated tactical area is 2000 x 1400 km.
tical
STATUS
The system, configured for the Alpha Jet, Mirage F1
and Mirage 2000, has been exported to several
countries, including Peru
MANUFACTURER
Sogitec Industries SA, 27 rue de Vanves
BP
203,
92108 Boulogne-BillancourtCedex, France

Telephone: (1 46 09 91 01 Telex: 260 922F.
View inside the Sogitec Mirage 2000
Thomson-CSF Air-Combat
the fighter for ranges from 60 to 6000 m The cockpits

do not contain all the aircraft operational systems
but only those needed during the combat phase
(flight
controls,
air-to-air
weapons system
functions) Acceleration cues are reproduced by a
g-seat and an anti-g system.
The flight director's station was specifically
designed to facilitate training and the analysis of
exercise results Three colour graphic screens and
four monochrome screens provide repetitions of
each pilot's radar screen and head-up display and
give continuous nformation and views of the combat
sequences (perspective, cockpit and combined
views, utilisation and initialisation pages)
It
is possible to replace an aircraft by a target
manually flown from the flight director's console
with a joy-stick and a throttle. Particular attention
has been paid to replay and exercise de-briefing
procedures which makes the simulator a powerful
tool for tactical situation analysis. The exercise in
progress is systematically recorded to enable the
flight director to safeguard any part of it. Recorded
Simulators
The air-combat simulator developed and
built
by
Thomson-CSF entered service at the French Air

Force base at Mont de Marsan in 1985.
was a
first worldwide' for any air force and was specially
It
designed for the training of pilots.

This multi-dome system consists of a hall containing three 8 m diameter domes with the appropriate instructor installation alongside.
A third dome
has been equipped with the Mars multi-target

system. The simulator provides combat training for
two-against-two Mirage F1 or Mirage 2000 aircrew
Images of the sky, ground, enemy aircraft and missiles fired are projected onto the inner surface of the
domes
The horizon
ground
roll and
image
image
projector, which gives a view of the

varying with altitude, provides the pilots with
pitch angle references.
The target projector
generated by a Visa computer-generated

visual system which takes into account the
dimensions and altitude of the target with respect to
is
lull
mission simulator showing the visual system during an

ground mission
r
'
ifi
Pv
^ 1
Pilot's
air-to-
titk
^H
view of the interior of a Thomson-CSF

combat simulator
air
exercise sequences can be replayed immediately

after the exercise or at any later time and can be
IIIIIIIIIF
....tfillffli!./!
,f|
'Ifji
Instructor s station of the
Thomson-CSF air combat trainer
The Thomson-CSF air-combat trainer installed at the French Air Force station at
Mont de Marsan
284
AIR
COMBAT SIMULATORS AND TRAINERS
completely analysed to provide statistical data or to

define combat tactics. A second system will be
supplied to support the Mirage 2000C simulator at
France Israe
STATUS
In
MANUFACTURER
service with the French Air Force - see text

Einstein, B P 1 16, 78192 Trappes Cedex, France
Telephone (1)30 694100 Telex 616780F
Fax: (1)306944 44
Orange.
Thomson-CSF Simulator for

Mirage 2000C
The
air defence flight and mission simulator of the

Mirage 2000C was commissioned at the Dijon air
base in 1985; a third was ordered in 1990 This is
the first simulator to bring together flight simulator

functions and those of air combat missions. The
simulator is conventional with the exception that its
visual system reflects the mission of the aircraft.
The complete cockpit, in which all controls and
indicators are operational, is equipped with a sound
system and an anti-g device and is representative of

the first Mirage 2000 air defence aircraft fitted with
the RDM radar delivered to the French Air Force.
Training in all normal and emergency procedures
involving all systems is possible on this simulator.
In the centre of the sphere is the cockpit and the
horizon projector displays an image of the sky and

the ground The images are obtained from slides
which are changed to suit the differences in lighting
and scale of the ground when the aircraft changes
altitude The horizon line seen from the cockpit
changes with the aircraft pitch and roll angles and
with altitude.
Above the horizon projector, and a little behind it
to reduce masking effects for the pilot, are the two
target projectors. The images of the two aircraft,
generated by a special purpose computer, appear
exactly as they would be seen in real flight, taking
into account the target's dimensions and their distance from the aircraft The targets fly pre-programmed paths but can also be steered by the
instructor The target generators and projectors can
also be used to display landmarks or runways The
missile projector provides a realistic display of the
trajectory of missiles fired by the pilot or of missiles
him by the enemy aircraft

placed in an environment including
four hostile aircraft Having located them on his
radar screen and analysed the situation, he can
carry out an interception, make visual contact with
two targets, switch on his weapons and countermeasures systems and fire his missiles In this
way he becomes accustomed to handling complex
fired against
The
pilot is
hostile situations
STATUS
In
service with the French Air Force - see text
MANUFACTURER
Thomson-CSF, Simulator Division. 3 avenue Albert
Einstein. BP 116. 78192Trappes Cedex. France
Telephone: (1)30 69 41 00 Telex 616780 F
Fax: (1)30 69 44 44
Janus-Mars Air Combat Simulator

air combat system is composed of
two projection systems: Janus for mapped dynamic
sky-earth images which are displayed on the inside
of a dome, and Mars which is for target insertion. In
1987 the French Ministry of Defence selected the
Mars system to equip the third of the Mirage 2000 air
combat simulators to be installed at Cambrai: other
Janus-Mars equipped Mirage 2000 simulators are
at Dijon and Orange.
Janus is a system employing two fish eyes to
project images onto the interior of a dome. The fish
The Janus-Mars
!*
eyes, one in front of the cockpit and one behind,

project frontal and rear scenes incorporating the
sky, ground and horizon using the Visa 4 computer-
generated image visual system Each fish eye proimages onto one half of the dome, thereby
jects
providing horizon continuity.

Janus provides a 360 restituted and matched
frontal and rear image with eradication of the
problem of image discontinuity normally introduced
by slides. There is no need for the usual projectorsupporting pylon behind the cockpit which allows
the use of a rear-view mirror The two fish eyes are
located along the roll axis of the aircraft and thus
improve the visual comfort.
The Mars target projection system uses a lowenergy, visible double laser source to feed several
miniaturised projector heads located out of the
pilot's field-of-view by being mounted on either side
of the cockpit. The projector heads are digitally
servoed to achieve the static and dynamic performance required and the laser scanning provides
exceptional contrast to improve target definition.
The laser projection allows the optical system to be
The Janus-Mars projection system
simplified and miniaturised,

or calligraphic scanning.
and permits television
Mars images can be air targets, missiles in flight,

and the sun for escape manoeuvres Gunnery
effects, such as tracers, and countermeasures
decoys can also be displayed.
view of the multiple target images possible

using the Mars target projection system
Pilot's
MANUFACTURER
STATUS

Einstein. B. P. 116. 78192 Trappes Cedex. France
A Janus-Mars system was supplied to the Mirage

full mission simulator at the Orange air base.
Telephone: (1)3069 41
Fax: (1)3069 44 44.
2000
00. Telex:
616 780
F.
ISRAEL
HOTSHOT Air-to-Air Combat
Tactics Trainer
The HOTSHOT combat air-to-air combat tactics

trainer (CTT) is a compact lightweight and 'user
friendly' training system intended for use at squadIt can be used by a trainee pilot without
needing specialised instructional and technical
assistance. HOTSHOT is not designed to replace
flying training but will enable flying hours to be used
ron level.
more
efficiently.
HOTSHOT a trainee is seated on an elecadjustable seat in a realistic cockpit mock-up

configured to a particular aircraft type and provided
with several live displays. The pilot can fly various
engagement scenarios against a maximum of 20
enemy aircraft. Target aircraft will fly relating to the
trainee pilot's actions, and try to intercept him and
shoot him down. The trainee pilot is provided with
authentic stick and throttle assemblies.
A typical HOTSHOT trainer for the F-16A has three
With
trically
cathode ray tube displays; a radar screen, a threat

warning display and an outside world display with
a head-up display superimposed. All aircraft and
weapon parameters can be easily changed at user
level as can the type of scenario and the level of
intelligence in the opposing aircraft's reactions.
A F-16A HOTSHOT trainer system incorporates
five CPU processor units, all from the Motorola
68000 family. The main CPU performs simulation
calculations, another functions in support of the user
interface and each display is also supported by its
own CPU. De-briefing facilities include recording for
replay, storing for comparison and changing to the
view from the other aircraft's cockpit HOTSHOT can
be networked, enabling fellow pilots to team up
against multiple targets or to fly practice missions
against each other HOTSHOT may be tailored for
air-to-ground missions as well as air-to-air combat.
It can be adapted to any existing or future combat
aircraft.
It has been claimed that HOTSHOT can provide
60 per cent of training normally carried out in a fullsize simulator yet its price is below five per cent of
Cockpit of a
HOTSHOT
F-16C
tactics trainer
air-to-air
combat
Israel
UK
AIR
285
around $400 000 per

has been quoted.
The first F-15 system entered service with the
Israel Air Force in August 1987. All Israeli F-16A,
F-16C and F-15 squadrons have these trainers
HOTSHOT has been demonstrated to several NATO
full-scale simulators; a figure of

unit
airforces.
trainers are marketed in the USA by

Defence Systems Division, of Akron, Ohio.
HOTSHOT
Loral,
STATUS
In
production.
In
service with the Israel Air Force.
MANUFACTURER
B.V.R. Technologies Limited, 1 Korazin
Gyvataim 53583. Israel.
Telephone 03 571 5671 Fax: 03 571 5668
Street.
HOTSHOT air-to-air combat tactics trainer lor

F-16C
in
use
UNITED KINGDOM
Aerospace Air Combat
British
Simulator
Combat Simulator (ACS) was com1975 as a single cockpit research and
development facility This was used to develop a
The
first
Air
missioned
in
manoeuvring
logic
programme
for the
computer
control of target tactics.
The development of the twin-dome ACS in 1981

followed a requirement to evaluate novel aircraft
control techniques which meant identifying the best
tactics before they were incorporated in the target
manoeuvring logic In this system major flight and
engine instruments, together with the displays, are
electronically produced on three screens on the
cockpit front panel This permits the cockpit to be
reconfigured to simulate different aircraft types
Dynamic forces are simulated through the g-suit and
audio-visual dimming effects.
Either a shadowgraph sky/ground projector or a
standard computer-generated image visual system
may be used to present the outside world scene on
the dome's inner surface. Other projectors superimpose aircraft images, missile trajectories and the
sun on the background while software programmes
ensure the correct image position and orientation
are presented.
The instructor station controls and monitors the

exercises. The instructor has his own flight controls
together with selectable graphics displays to
present an out-of-cockpit view and Head-Up Display
as he flies' the target aircraft. This station also
manages the system and has a large computer
database
easily
of aircraft
and weapons data which
is
amended.
A
STATUS
A twin-dome ACS entered service at RAF Coningsby
in 1987 and is used to train Panavia Tornado F2/F3
and McDonnell Phantom FGR2 crews. It uses a
Gould SEL 32/97 computer and inflatable domes
9.1 m in diameter
MANUFACTURER
Aerospace Simulation Limited, Brooklands
Road, Weybridge, Surrey KT13 0SF, UK.
Telephone: 0932 845 522. Telex: 271 1 1
British
British
Aerospace
air
combat simulator (ACS) under construction with a cockpit

and a dome in the background
station in the foreground
286
AIR
USA

AN/USQ-T2(V) Air Combat Training
System
Cubic produce an extremely sophisticated electronic air combat training system known as TACTS
(Tactical Aircrew Combat Training System) or ACMI
(Air Combat Manoeuvring Instrumentation). The
system consists of four subsystems; the Aircraft
Instrumentation Subsystem (AIS) pod, the Tracking
Instrumentation Subsystem (TIS), the Control and
Computation Subsystem (CCS) and the Display and
De-briefing Subsystem.
The AIS is attached to the aircraft and records
flight and weapons data then transmits it to the
ground. This data is received by the TIS which relays
it to the CCS where a master computer compiles,
computes and records it. The data is then presented
on multi-colour video displays by the Display and
Debriefing Subsystem while the monitored flight is
in progress and later will be replayed during de-
briefing.
TACTS/ACMI can track up to 36 aircraft simultaneously recording their location throughout the
exercise.
Consequently mock dogfights and
bombing missions can be flown without using live
ammunition.
STATUS
The Cubic AIS
Subsystem) pod system titled onanF-15. Since 1987 Kollsman have

been producing similar pods as the P-4A
(Aircraft Instrumentation
Cubic have produced 13 systems and another five

are on order with the first becoming operational in
December 1973. TACTS is in service with the US

Navy and US Marine Corps at the Oceana and Yuma
ranges as well as NAS Fallon The ACMI serves with
the US Air Force and Air National Guard at Eglin,
Holloman, Luke, Nellis and Tyndall Air Force Bases,
US Air Forces Europe at Decimomannu Air
Base, Sardinia, and with Pacific Air Forces
Command at Kusan Air Base, Korea (shared with
the South Korean Air Force) and Okinawa. In August
1987 Cubic were awarded a $74 million contract to
supply four more ranges which will be installed at
the US Marine Corps Air Stations at Cherry Point,
North Carolinaand Beaufort, South Carolina, Homestead AFB, Florida, and the Air National Guard Field
with
Training Site at Gulf port, Mississippi. These systems

will use Concurrent Computer Corporation Models
3250 and 3260MPS computers. The system has been
exported to Canada in 1981 (CFB Cold Lake) and
the Royal Thai Air Force. In October 1988 British
Aerospace placed a $50 million contract with Cubic
for TACTS, using Model 3200 computers, for their
air combat range which will be used by the Royal
Air Force and the Royal Netherlands Air Force.
MANUFACTURER
Cubic Corporation, 9333 Balboa Avenue. San Diego,
California 92123,
USA
Telephone: (619) 277 6780. TWX: 910 335 2010.
An
instructor reviews
performance patterns and
data using data from Cubic's Air
Combat
Training
System
Combat Simulator for F/A-18

Under contract to the US Navy, Hughes is producing
combat simulators to train US Navy and Marine
Corps pilots for the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18
Hornet. Each weapon tactics trainer designated
Device 2E7. comprises two 40-foot (12.2 m) diameter
spheres on the inside surfaces of which are pro-
five
jected high-resolution targets set against a background of earth and sky. A computer system
provides the visual, aural and other perceptions
necessary to provide realism in this type of training;

a notable refinement is the provision of 'greyout'
and 'blackout' cues at high g forces.
The simulator can be operated in an independent
or an integrated mode In the first, one or two pilots,
each in cockpits in his own dome, can fly against
targets' that are instructor-flown (I FT) or flown by an
intelligent adversary computer programme called
Adaptive Manoeuvring Logic (AML). The AML can
fly the targets in optimal offensive or defensive
manoeuvres. In the integrated mode, the two pilots
can engage in combat against one another or against
IFT or AML targets.
The earth-sky background is projected on the
inner surface of the sphere by fixed light valve
projectors, while the target imagery is projected by
four high-resolution rotatable projectors mounted
around the outside of the cockpit
A large gaming area, over 1110 x 1110 km is provided to create the scene from the cockpit and air-toground sensor imagery. The gaming area includes a
specifically modelled area depicting Western
Arizona and Southern California as well as the

Fallon, Nevada, bombing range The specific area
includes detailed modelsofseveral military airfields
and target areas. In addition detailed target images

can be inserted onto the gaming area by the instructor. These target images can be used for air-toground weapon delivery training and scoring.
The computer image generation system produces
the high fidelity surface scenes required for the full
range of air-to-surface weapons tasks.
Air-to-air targets have high resolution and are
produced with details such as afterburner visual
cues and control surface positions. During an airto-air attack, missile smoke trails, explosions and
gunfire are realistically portrayed
The simulator is also used for night carrier landing
training, when the aircraft can be landed onboard,
slewed to the catapult and launched. The pilot can
then complete a visual pattern before landing back
on the carrier
For normal instrumentflying when operating from
land bases, an instrument approach can be flown
down to cloudbreak and then continued to visual
touchdown on the airfield runway.
The central control room has an instructor's
station with displays which mirror the cockpit indications. Additionally, he can introduce a range of
malfunctions of increasing severity which are
realistically reproduced in the cockpit, with caution
lights, audio alerts and voice alert. There is a freeze
and playback
facility
so that the trainee can see the
effects of his actions.
The
to
instructor's position has a stick
enable him
to
manoeuvre the
and
throttle
target aircraft
projected onto the dome. His display at the console

to give an ACMR presentation
Multiple targets can be presented on his screen
and can be viewed from any angle with the chosen
viewpoint selected by rotating a rolling ball inset
into the console The target can be an instructorflown adversary target or the instructor can select
one of five levels of difficulty with the computer flying
the target.
The computer programme driving the target aircraft has total knowledge of the combat situation
and selects the optimum manoeuvre relative to the
can be selected
trainee's actions Level 1 is a non-manoeuvring

target, where the levels increase in difficulty until
Level 5, the most difficult, which is virtually unbeatable.

Targets programmed into the simulator are the
Northrop F-5E. General Dynamics F-16, McDonnnell

Douglas F-15 and F/A-18, and two foreign aircraft,
reportedly the MiG-21 and MiG-23. Each has the
appropriate flight dynamics for that particular adversary aircraft
The two domes can operate in an independent

mode, where each of the two pi iots can be separately
trained in air combat missions against a targetflown
by the instructor or by the AML Another option is to
two pilot-trainees simultaneously so they can
engage in air combat against each other, or both
train
can engage the IFT or AML target

Each cockpit is an exact replica of a McDonnell
Douglas F/A-18 cockpit. Canopy, windscreen and
leading edge extensions are reproduced to give the
same exterior field-of-view as that of the actual

18. A head-up display (HUD) is fitted, together
F/Awith
USA
the
full
AIR
287
complement of aircraft controls, displays and
instruments
addition to giving pilots experience in combat
and aircraft management, the system also
familiarises them with the variety of modes available
with the Hughes Aircraft AN/APG-65 radar on the
F/A-18. and the display of its functions and comIn
tactics
mands on the head-up display.

Especially important
is
the fidelity of the radar
and weapons control system simulation
order
in
support appropriate HUD weapons solutions for

simulated guns, missiles, bombs and rockets, as
well as to ensure exact correlation with target
to
imagery
The comprehensive flight dynamics simulation
models the engines, flight controls, weight and
balance together with aerodynamic data Force feel
cues, buffet and wing rock are provided
Numerous motion cues are incorporated An aural
system generates the sounds of engines, gunfire and
missile launches, as well as the headset-produced
aural warning tones.
The pilot normally flies the simulator wearing his
torso harness and g-suit Inflatable bladders in the
seat
simulate
g-forces
with
realism
further
enhanced by variations in shoulder harness tension

in response to g-forces. Simultaneously a pneumatic
system varies the pressure in the pilot's g-suit with
greyout cues simulating high-g conditions. A buffet
system simulates aircraft stalls, gunfire and speedbrake extension.
STATUS
In
production Simulators have been delivered to the

Air Stations at Lemoore and Cecil Field
US Naval
to the US Marine Corps at El Toro The fourth

simulator is destined for NAS Lemoore, and the fifth
and
for Cecil Field
MANUFACTURER
Hughes Aircraft Company, Support Systems, 1501
Hughes Way, PO Box 9399, Building A1/4A301 Long
.
Beach, California 90810-0399, USA

Telephone: (213) 5133000. TWX: 910346 6332
Hughes
HSSITACPRO
The Tactical Procedures Performance Analysis
(TACPRO) was designed to assist tactics instructors
in
training students.
integrates tactical behaviour representation and

script processing
The former uses scripts developed as state transition diagrams which include
tactical doctrine, options and standard operating
It
LTV Model 8819 Aircraft

Equipment Trainer
Survivability
To provide tactics training and improve both combat

effectiveness and aircrew survivability, LTV have
developed a series of air survivability equipment
trainers. These simulate various enemy air defence
batteries with simulators which provide electronic,
visual and thermal signatures of equipment.
Aircraft
combat simulator tor US Navy/McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 with manoeuvring
target
procedures
The latter analyses student activity

and complete scripts in realtime
The system helps the instructor to monitor student
activity both individually and collectively
features
STATUS
to select
Under development
top-down
diagrams,
design
Hughes Simulation Systems Inc. 1200 East San

Bernardino Road, West Covina, California 91791-
It
design
with
processing and
structured
parallel
transition
integrated
MANUFACTURER
1098.
USA.
Telephone: (818) 331 001
The systems provide simulation of radar warning

receivers and can also provide jamming' for
realistic applications of software-activated breaklock' conditions. The simulators can be statically
mounted or installed in four-wheel vehicles the
majority of which operate as firing units Monitoring
vehicles are also provided to produce videos of the
tactical situation and to act as gun camera displays.
Fax: (818)
9159250
STATUS
Underdevelopment
MANUFACTURER
LTV
Missiles and Electronics Group. Sierra

Research Division, 247 Cayuga Road. Buffalo, New
York 12225. USA
Telephone: (716)631 6363. TWX:716685 4308
Fax:(716)6316318.
AIR
288
COMBAT SIMULATORS AND TRAINERS USA

/
Combat Simulator for F-1

McDonnell Douglas expanded
its air-combat facility

Louis with the addition of a 12.19 m diameter
projection dome housing a representative cockpit
for the McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle. The
manned air combat simulator being used to test
these capabilities was the fifth of 11 domed simulators to be installed at the plant since the facility
was established in 1969. It went operational' with
US Air Force pilots in March 1983. The principal aim
at St
of
the trials
is
to
assess crew workload
in
the
new
using an improved Hughes APG-63 radar, terrain-following system, forward-looking infra-red

(FLIR) sensors, and navigation equipment.
role,
Air and ground combat scenes can be projected

onto the inner surface of the dome while one or two
pilots fly' a choice of missions using the cockpit's
fully integrated flight controls and displays. The
detailed ground scenes are provided by a computer-
generated image visual system and multiple target

projectors.
The heart of the simulator is a Gould 9780 computer which simulates the F-15's performance and
handling characteristics and drives the cockpit
instruments and displays.
The simulation facility, with three 12.19 m and two
6 096
McDonnell Douglas
air
combat simulator for two-seat F-1
at
NAS
m domes, was originally set up to assist in the
early stages of the F-15's design and development.

It
has grown to include simulations of the US
Navy/McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 fighter and AV-8B

V/STOL close support aircraft, and for more general
development and investigation of advanced fighter
designated Device 2E6, which is located

Oceana, Virginia. The Device 2E6 is used
visual air-to-air
combat training
of F-4
and
for the
F-1 4
crew
members.
MANUFACTURER
McDonnell
Aircraft
Company. PO Box
516. St Louis.
Missouri 63166, USA.
Telephone: (314) 232 0232. Telex: 44857.
tactics.
A similar concept was developed

as the Air
for the US Navy

Combat Manoeuvring Simulator (ACMS).
SSI Twin Dome

Simulator
STATUS
In
service.
Combat Mission
developing a full dome aeronautical research

simulator for an unidentified foreign customer.
The system is Phase 1 of a contract whose second
phase involves the integration of a second dome to
permit air-to-air and air-to-ground combat mission
SSI
is
flight
training.
The system will be used to support simulation of

an advanced jet aircraft to perform flying qualities
refinement and provide the capability for avionics
and weapon system development testing and tactical analysis. In addition the simulator will provide
test pilot familiarisation in all
phases
of flight
and
check-out of operational systems, take-off and landing, malfunctions

as well as aircraft control and tracking for handling
support,
including
pre-flight
qualities evaluation.
The integrated twin dome combat mission simuprovide pilots with full combat mission
lator will
capability to perform tactical mission training over
a simulated area of 1156 x 1156 km. Training scenarios will include independent one-on-one against
the instructor operator station or Adaptive Manoeuvring Logic (AML) driven computer controlled
targets: independent one-on-two and integrated
one-on-one, one-on-two
The system consists of an instructor's station with
three Gould 32/9780 computers of which one drives
the visual system. This has three 1024-line high-
An artist's impression of the SSI twin dome combat mission simulator
STATUS
MANUFACTURER
Development.
Systems and Simulation Incorporated. 5902 Breckenridge Parkway. Tampa. Florida 33610-4233. USA.
resolution optical projection systems which can

produce up to two targets per dome.
Tracor Tactical Combat Simulation

Tracor has developed a range of tactical combat
simulation packages designed to analyse, develop,
test and operate weapon systems. The work involves
engineering studies and analyses, producing
software and hardware, then integrating them with
simulators, avionics laboratories and
RF emitters.
Telephone: (813)6286100.
EA-6B and B-1B.
Tracor Flight Systems Tactical Simulation (TACSIM)

software exploits experience gained with the F-15B.
simulates
realistic,
multiple-
combat environments and

and rotary-wing aircraft and
be used with part-task mission simulators which

include sufficient displays and controls for
included both fixedland-based systems.
interaction.
TES
STATUS
TES
In
TheTacticalEnvironmentSimulation(TES) software
developed by Tracor is designed to simulate manyon-many mission scenarios in real time. Interfacing
manned
simulators. TES allows the simulator

acquire, attack, kill, jam or evade air and
ground threats which are attempting to acquire,
engage and destroy the simulated aircraft. TES can
with
TACSIM
It
platform, air-land-sea
pilot to
service.
MANUFACTURER
Tracor FlightSystems Inc. Simulation Systems. 1241
East Dyer Road. Santa Ana. California 92705. USA.
Telephone: (714) 662 0333. TWX: 510 601 1 467.
Fax:(714)6621030.
289
Weapon and
Aircraft
Attack Simulators
NEW ZEALAND
Bullseye Television
Bomb Scoring
System
The Bullseye television bomb scoring system was
designed for instant target acquisition and consists
of a number of fixed cameras stationed on the
weapons range and a base station with scoring
monitor displays with split-screen quadrant views
and scoring text blocks. Views are recorded for
verification and rescoring purposes while freezeframeand image processing facilitiesare available
The selection of camera views for scoring is made
automatically from the selected flight profile all of
which are defined by the customer The programme
contains procedures for printing and graphical
display of summaries with a variety of coverages and
formats. The former can include individual pilots,
squadrons or total sorties while the latter can be in
pilot or flight profile order Scoring files are stored
by date for analysis and by prior assignment of callpilot numbers, tail numbers and profiles
Rapid automatic sequencing is possible
signs,
STATUS
In
production and
in
service with the
RNZAF
MANUFACTURER
Systems
Marine-Air
Wellington,
Limited,
PO Box
12-197,
Components olthe Bullseye
television
bomb scoring system
New Zealand
Telephone: (4) 720

Fax: (4) 733 501.
113. Telex: 31412.
UNITED KINGDOM
Akebia TOW Part-task Trainer
is a low-cost system for training operators
and maintainers in the use of the TOW anti-armour
missile system from the Lynx helicopter The system
Simplified landscapes and targets are presented

on the display in the same way they would appear
when viewed through the missile sighting system
and the processor reads the analogue and digital
inputs from the controls to simulate missile control
A random element is incorporated into each simu-
consists of a microprocessor, a high resolution

(512 x 512 pixel) non-interlaced display and a
custom-built graphics system all of which interface
with the missile system controls.
lated engagement to prevent operators anticipating

events A scoring system shows the operator how
successful each engagement has been and allows
the instructor to monitor student progress.
This
STATUS
In
Army
MANUFACTURER
Akebia Limited. Lever House, 3 St James's Road,
Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey KT1 2BA. UK
Telephone 081 546 4908 Telex: 928893 Fax: 081 549
8035
Sea King Mark 5/6 Rear Crew

Trainer
The Sea King Mark 5 rear crew trainer delivered to
RNAS Culdrose in 1986 is used to train aircrew
in
anti-submarine warfare operations
It
is
being
upgraded to Mark 6 standard.

The training system comprises three rear crew
trainer cabins (RCTCs). Each RCTC is initially
housed in two containers: one houses a fully
equipped replica of a Sea King rear cabin, and the
other contains the computer, instructor's console
and simulation equipment.
The trainee teams sit at operational positions,
seeing and hearing realistic responses on their

sonar, sonobuoy receiver, radar, navigation, elec-
support measures, and communications

equipment as they carry out the procedures for
detecting, tracking and attacking the target subtronic
marine.
Environmental factors such as sea state, tidal and
bathythermal conditions and bottom topography are
all carefully modelled. Similarly, flight profiles,
weapon trajectories and ship and submarine behaviour characteristics are all accurately generated
according to type
Training sessionsarecontrolledbythe instructors
either from VDU-based consoles or from a portable
local control panel Each exercise is set-up from the
instructor's console which has facilities for monitoring the
complete tactical situation and injecting

system The local control panel may
faults into the
be used within the rear cabin for more direct control

and closer monitoring of trainee performance.
Each RCTC is capable of linking up to a dynamic
cockpit simulator to form an integrated training
system This will enable three teams to operate
The Ferranti Sea King rear crew trainer upgraded to Mark 6 standards
AIRCRAFT WEAPON AND ATTACK SIMULATORS /UK USA
290
independently, allowing individual levels of training,

full mission training
In January 1988 Ferranti received a contract to
update RCTs and procedural trainers to Mark 6
standard. The work will be completed by 1991
or jointly to permit
Although the system has been designed specifi-
cally to train
MANUFACTURER
be used
Ferranti
Sea King crews, similar designs may

crews of the system P-3C Orion, the
Lynx, the CH-124. the SH-76 and the Sea Hawk
to train
STATUS
In
service with the Royal Navy at
Computer
Systems
Limited.
Training
Systems. Bird Hall Lane, Stockport. Cheshire SK3

OXQ. UK
Telephone 061 442 077 1 Telex 666803
RNAS Culdrose.

Delex
Weapon Systems Part Task
Trainer
Delex have produced a weapons systems part task
crews of US Navy F/A-18s and A-6E
aircraft both ashore and at sea. The A-6E Systems
Weapons Integration Program (SWIP) trainer provides proficiency training in the use of the Harpoon
Block IC anti-ship missile and the High Speed AntiRadiation Missile (HARM).
Also known as Trainer
Device Number T0402 it simulates the cockpit of
either the A-6 or the A/F-18(T0401) using changeable
facsimile flight sticks and software. Cockpit displays
are represented by two 19 inch (482 mm) colour
touch screen monitors. The systems, based upon
Motorola 80286 microprocessors, are compact and
easily transported
trainer for the
STATUS
In
service with the
US Navy.
MANUFACTURER
Vienna. Virginia. 22182-3991. USA.
734 9303.
The Delex weapons system part task trainer
Paveway
In
May
II
1988
Skipper Training Round

Fairchild-Weston
Systems
were
$4.5 million contract by the US Naval

Center for the development of a low-cost,
awarded a
Weapons
mass-production training round with a performance

which will match that of the Paveway laser-guided
bomb The system will subsequently be upgraded to
match that of the AGM-1 23 Skipper weapon.
The initial. Paveway, version will be significantly
different physically from the 500 lb (226 kg) Mark 82,
the 1000 lb (453 kg) Mark 84 and the 2000 lb (907 kg)
Mark 118 bombs normally converted to Paveway II.
II
GBU-15/AGM-1 30 Part Task
While retaining the basic features

system, the seeker head, guidance
and wings,
it
is
slimmer and
of the
Paveway
canard fins
weighing only
unit,
lighter
features a pneumatic control actuator, a

smoke-pyrotechnic marker and an ejector mechanism. The round will be guided to targets marked
by air or ground-based lasers. The Skipper version
38.5 kg.
will
It
have a rocket motor added and a new guidance
The guidance unit will give the round the flight

characteristics of the real missiles. Commercial
components are used wherever possible to reduce
expenditure while alkaline batteries are used to give
STATUS
In
service with the
US Air Force.
MANUFACTURER
is
designed
airborne weapon
operating the GBU-15
to give
systems officers practice in

and AGM-1 30 standoff weapon systems from target
acquisition to impact. The student station, which is
monitored by an instructor's station, is a replica of
the rear seat of an F-4E and contains all the relevant
controls and instruments. Simulated video from the
weapon is presented on a small CRT and a simulated
integrated hand controller is used to guide the
weapon' Visual presentations are generated by
a PhotoVision 3 computer-generated synthesised
imagery real-time and photo-based system. The
data base and processor in this system are both
expandable
STATUS
Under development
for the
US Navy and US Marine
Corps. The Paveway version is scheduled to enter

service in FY90 and the Skipper version in 1992.
system.
Trainer
This system
a long, two-year, shelf-life The anticipated unit cost

of the Paveway simulator is $1300 in 1986 dollars
while that of the Skipper version will be $2300.

Bernardino Road, West Covina, California 917911098, USA.
Telephone: (818) 331 001
1.
Fax: (818) 9159250.
The HSSIGBU-15IAGM-130 part task trainer
MANUFACTURER
Fairchild-Weston Systems Inc. 300 Robbins Lane.
Syosset. New York 1 1 791 USA.
Telephone: (516) 349 2200. TWX: (510) 221 836/859
.
USA
AIRCRAFT WEAPON AND ATTACK SIMULATORS
Link Airborne Anti-Submarine

Warfare Trainers
291
ments include increased acoustic and electronic

measures (ESM) capabilities, and the
addition of a Harpoon anti-ship missile system capasupport
bility.
Link has provided most of the airborne anti-submarine warfare training systems used by the US
Navy and also for use by the Canadian Armed
P-3C Anti-Submarine Warfare Tactics Trainer

This system, designated Device 2F37(T) by the
Forces. The systems include acoustic and nonacoustic sensor operator trainers for individual
training together with team trainers. These programmes include the following.
US
designed to provide crew members of the

Lockheed P-3C Orion with complete tactical training
in the anti-submarine warfare (ASW) mission. The
system features high-fidelity simulation of the
search radar, acoustics, ESM, magnetic anomaly
detection, navigation and communications systems
Navy,
P-3C Tactical Operational Readiness Trainers

(TORT)
These systems, designated Device 2F140(T) by the
US Navy, are designed to provide integrated team
training for the tactical crews of the Lockheed P-3C
Orion. The simulator provides training in a highdensity acoustic/RF environment and has true oper-
is
CP-140Operational Mission Simulator

This system is similar to the tactical trainers used to
train US Navy P-3 and S-3 aircrew but has been
adapted to incorporate specific Canadian systems
asusedintheCP-140.
ational simulation capabilities
The trainer is a facsimile of the anti-submarine

warfare compartment which uses actual hardware
There is also an instructor's station divided into non-
STATUS
and psuedoThe simulated operational area is

1326 km and up to 22 860 m deep Up to 35 targets,
including eight acoustic, are available at any one
Jacksonville, Florida; and Moffet Field, California.

Device 14B49 is operational at NAS North Island,
California and Cecil Field, Florida, with two Device
14B49B systems also deployed in Florida.
Device 2F140(T) is operational at NAS (Naval Air

Barbers Point, Hawaii; Brunswick, Maine;
Station)
acoustic, acoustic, tactical/navigation

pilot
areas.
2
A sensor station
time while up to 31 possible radar contacts are

available together with up to 12 radar jammers
in
a Device 2F140(T)
TORT
MANUFACTURER
S-3 Position Trainer
status The stations simulated are those of the copilot, the tactical co-ordinator and the sensor oper-
CAE-Link Corporation, Link Tactical Simulation Division, 11800 Tech Road, Silver Spring, Maryland
Designated Device 14B49,
ator
each of which is triplicated for multiple training

The system is designed to provide each crew
member with individual skill levels The enhance-
Telephone: (301 622 4400 TWX: 71

Fax (301)622 8383
this is a three-station,
nine-position trainer currently being upgraded from
Lockheed S-3A Viking to S-3B (Device 14B49B)
20904,
USA
)
825 9768
292

CANADA
Innotech Electronic Support Training
Innotech teamed with Canadian Marconi and Litton
Systems Canada to respond to the Canadian
Government's request for an airborne Electronic
Support and Training (EST) interim fit programme
This is based on Canadair CC-144 Challenger aircraft and entered service with the Canadian Armed
Forces during 1988.

In the project, three CC-144s are equipped to
simulate an electronic warfare environment to train
operators of ground, air and ship-borne military
systems. The aircraft are equipped with a variety of
Elint, Comint and ECM systems together with chaff
dispensers.
STATUS
In
Armed
Forces.
MANUFACTURER
Innotech Aviation, 595 Stuart Graham Boulevard.
Dorval, Quebec, Canada H4Y 1E3.
Telephone: (514) 636 8484. Fax: (514) 6368887.
One
of the
seven CC-144 Challengers modified
for the
Canadian Armed Forces Electronic Support and
Training programme
ISRAEL
ElisraCrEWtrainer
The CrEWtrainer
is an aircrew training system

capable of simulating an electronic warfare environment during a mission. The crew member sits in
front of displays and controls identical to those in
the real aircraft and is presented with displays
which are either recordings of actual missions or
simulated. He can then evade the threats, for
example, using the control column to simulate
manoeuvres, or act against them in other ways.
STATUS
In
production.
MANUFACTURER
Street. Il-Bene
Systems Limited. 48 Mivtza Kadesh

Beraq 51203, Israel.
Telephone:
7545 111. Telex: 33553 Fax:
Elisra Electronic
(3)
(3)
7545
468.
Units of the Elisra CrEWtrainer
Sweden UK
AIRBORNE ELECTRONIC WARFARE TRAINING SYSTEMS
293
SWEDEN
Erijammer A100
The Erijammer A100 is a manually or automatically
jammer pod used for training fighter interceptor crews and ground-based air defence forces.
The system consists of two units, a control panel
together with a pod featuring built-in antennas and
control led
noise and 45 deception modes which vary in range,

angle and velocity.
The ECM operator controls the system by selecting one of three 120 antenna lobes The analysis,
and subsequent jamming, of incoming signals is
initiated either manually or automatically A frontal
antenna with a higher gain and a narrower beam
can be chosen for specific missions such as escort
jamming and radar simulation.
electronics.
The pod
Antenna coverage:
(horizontal) 360
(vertical)
Cooling: ram-air
Length: 3 2m
Diameter: 420
SPECIFICATIONS
derived from a frequency-memory loop, a

set-on receiver and selectable bandwidths It also
features a built-in radar warning receiver, smart
Frequency coverage: H. and part of J-bands

Output power: 250 W
Noise bandwidth: 10-500 MHz
Erijammer B1 00
spot noise together with false targets There will be

front and rear transmissions, manual and automatic
operations together with monitor and set-on
receivers
mm
STATUS
In
self-contained, requiring only power

from the aircraft, with single or multi-threat capa-
20
Polarisation: circular (or front linear)
service.
is
bilities
The Erijammer B100 is a training jammer system

being developed by Ericsson and Rodale for airborne radar fire-control systems in the F-G bands.
The system will be housed either in the AN/ALQ167 pod shell or internally and will feature smart and
MANUFACTURER
I
STATUS
Ericsson
Radar Electronics AB, Airborne Elec-
tronics Division. S-16484Stockholm,
Telephone:
(31)
757 2833 Fax:
(31
Sweden
752 8967
MANUFACTURERS
Ericsson
Radar Electronics AB, Airborne Elec-
tronics Division, S-164 84 Stockholm,
Sweden
Telephone (31 757 2833 Fax: (31 752 8967.

Rodale Electronics Corporation, 603 Chesnut Street,
Garden City. New York 1 1530. USA
)
Underdevelopment.
UNITED KINGDOM
Marconi Simulation 8502
Electronic Warfare Scenario
Generator
The Marconi Simulation 8502 Electronic Warfare
Scenario Generator is a versatile combination of
RF hardware, computer processing and simulation
software, all brought together to provide a comprehensive and cost-effective electronic warfare
(EW) validation facility Developed from Marconi
Simulation's own broad-based EW experience and
close liaison with other Marconi companies operating in related fields, the 8502 scenario generation
system
is
now regarded as
the leading system of
its
type.
For system testing
RF and microwave
signals
from the 8502 provide dynamic testing for systems

across the whole EW spectrum Desired combinations of scan/pulse modulated or continuous
wave signals can be down loaded from a library of
threats into the system under test, and the responses
analysed to deter mine the serviceability or accuracy
of EW systems.
The 8502 EW scenario generator also provides
the means to validate new mission software programmes by subjecting a fully representative EW
system to an electro-magnetic environment based
on the postulated scenario Dynamic simulation is
performed using fly-through, three-dimensional
scenarios in real time The response analysis capability of the simulator enables the operator to deter-
Marconi Simulation 8502 electronic warfare scenario generator
mine the level of functionality available with the

system involved.
stimulate the operational equipment, thereby

exercising the electronic counter-countermeasures
For operator training the 8502 EW scenario generator provides the user with the facility for operator
and tactical analysis training. The EW prime equipment being stimulated can be subject to scenarios
representing the dense and constantly changing
environment normally experienced during times of
tension, providing the user with the opportunity to
create a battle plan in real time which may be reenacted over periods of hours or days, as required.
In addition the scenario generator may be used to
(ECCM)
and providing the operator with the

opportunity to become experienced in the techniques of signal detecting, analysis, jamming and
deception, using the prime equipment controls.
Marconi Simulation have supplied RF generators
for the design proving and development trials of
the Tornado Radar Homing and Warning Receiver
(RHWR), and the Harrier GR5 Zeus electronic countermeasures (ECM) system.
Marconi Simulation delivered the first integrated
operational EW software validation

United Kingdom
facility in
the
circuitry
STATUS
In
production.
armed
In
service with the United
Kingdom
forces.
MANUFACTURER
Industrial Park, nr. Dunfermline. Fife KY1 1 5JZ, UK.
Telephone: 0383 822131 Telex: 727779.
.
294
Marconi Simulation Electronics

Analysis Systems Trainer
SYSTEMS TRAINER
15 INCH
MONITOR
TACTICAL. DISPLAY
INCH MONITOR
(TABULAR DISPLAY)
TWIN 5.25 INCH FLOPPY
an elecan instructor
during the exercise preparation phase Controls and
displays are provided to enable a student operator
to analyse the electronic warfare scenario displayed
with reference to data stored in the system library.
The training system develops the operator's
ability to identify platform emitters used in airborne,
shipborne and land-based systems and correlates
this information with known emitter platform and
unit, is
capable
of simulating
DISC DRIVE
tronic warfare scenario as defined by
platform threat data.

The Marconi Simulation Electronics Analysis
Trainer may be described as an economic solution
to electronic warfare signal analysis training, and
provides electronic support measure operators with
a comprehensive training scenario prior

introduction to a prime equipment.
UK
BASIC ELECTRONICS ANALYSIS
Trainer
Analysis
Systems
Electronics
The
developed by Marconi Simulation for the Royal Air
Force provides operators with instruction and training in the skills needed to operate sophisticated
support mode systems such as the Loral 1017A
Yellowgate system. The trainer, which is a portable
self-contained
ILLUMINATED ON/OFF
SWITCH
KEYBOARD SELECT
SWITCH
DIMMER CONTROL
KEYBOARD SOCKET
1
.
-^
AUDIO VOLUME
CONTROL
TABULAR
SYSTEM.
KEYBOARO
CONTROL
GROUP
EDIATE
ACTION GROUP
STATE CONTROL
GROUP
to their
HEADPHONSOCKET -
RPRO (OR PLASMA

DISPLAY)
STATUS
Available.
In
service with the Royal Air Force
The basic Marconi Simulation Electronic Analysis Systems Trainer
MANUFACTURER
Industrial Park, nr. Dunfermline. Fife KY1 1 5JZ, UK.
Telephone: 0383 822131 Telex: 727779.
Walmore P200 Portable
Emitter
Simulator
The Walmore P200 Portable Emitter Simulator is a
manportable, battery-operated, wideband emitter
simulator designed for first-line non-interference
testing of aircraft electronic warfare systems.
Four frequencies may be selected while the pulse
width, pulse repetition frequency,
mode and
level
may be programmed
by the operator. The compact,

rugged, unit includes an integral recharger and full
built-in test
equipment
(BITE).
The
test
antenna and
the control-processor unit may be separated by

distances of up to 20 m, allowing operation of both
the P200 and the electronic warfare system by a
technician working in the cockpit.
STATUS
In
MANUFACTURER
Walmore Defence Systems Limited, Laser House,
132-140 Goswell Road, London EC1V7LE, UK
Telephone: (071) 251 51
Fax:(071)2504143.
15.
Telex: 28752.
The Walmore P200 emitter simulator
USA
295

On-Board Electronic Warfare
Simulator
(OBEWS)
AAI is a major producer of electronic warfare

systems and has produced the EF-111A operational
flight trainer,
the B-52 defensive station simulator,

for the A-10, F-16
and electronic warfare trainers
andEA-6B
Electronic Warfare simulator
electronic warfare training to F-16 fighter pilots It simulates the cockpit
radar warning receiver with up to 30 accurate threat
signatures The pilot can respond using electronic
The
On-Board
(OBEWS) provides
in-flight
countermeasures
chaff-flare launchers
and
terrain
features causing the threats realistically to change

mode, break radar lock-on or cease operation. The
system records the pilot's reaction for graphic
review
at de-briefing.
The system consists of a ground support subsystem and an on-board subsystem which fits into
the shell of the AIM-120A AMRAAM (Advanced
Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile) and is usually
used on F-16s. The ground support subsystem is
it
area boundaries within a

which the electronic order
to 30 threats is located, with any eight
active at one time. The data is then down loaded into
an EEPROM module which is inserted in the onboard subsystem. The latter not only generates the
threats and records the pilot's reaction but also
used
to define the training
409 6 x 409 6
of battle of up
km area
in
monitors the aircraft position
Loading the on-board subsystem
STATUS
MANUFACTURER
production for the US Air Force Armament Division

at Eglin AFB, Florida, and under test for wider
AAI Corporation.
21030-0126.
USA
applications
Telephone
(301
In
Litton
PO Box
126.
of the
AAI OBEWS (On-Board Electronic Warfare Simulator) onto an F-16
Hunt Valley. Maryland
666-1400 Telex 87849
Standard Emitter Simulator
(STEMS) 1
This system is designed to simulate dense electronic
warfare signal environments to test and evaluate
modern electronic warfare equipment, both hardware and software. It incorporates both simultaneous
pulse/continuous wave and timemultiplexed emitter generation architectures
STEMS, also known as the Model 8320, is a turnkey
system providing the customer with his own control
station where he can quickly prepare and edit sophisticated signals and scenarios including the dynamics of motion for ground and airborne platforms
It consists of six
subsystems with optional extra
hardware, operator control interface, scan/pulse
generation, environment management, RF environment generation and direction finding subsystems.
It can produce up to 96 output signals including 16
primary, 32 repeated primary and 48 secondary
The operator control interface includes a VAX1 1/730 central processor, a PRO-350 personal computer, the VR-201 display and VR-241 video display
may be added
hard copies The scan/

pulse signal generation subsystem is capable of up
to 16 independently programmable, asynchronous
scan or pulse patterns while the RF generation
subsystem has six independently programmable
modules with frequency overlap at band edges to
provide partial dual-beam capability. For secondary
printer
The
Litton
STEMS (Standard Emitter Simulator)
for
signal generation
channel.
it
can produce eight emitters per
MANUFACTURER
Applied Technology, 4747 Hellyer Avenue,
7012, San Jose, California95150-7012, USA.
Telephone: (408) 3654747. Telex: 910-339-9271
Litton
PO Box
STATUS
Available.
296
USA
Advanced Threat Emitter

Simulator
In June 1987 Litton won a contract from IBM's Federal
Systems Division for an advanced electronic
warfare simulator to test radar warning receivers.

This system, Advanced Threat Emitter Simulator
(ATEMS) or Model 8330. was delivered in June 1988
It embodiesaflexible building-block architecture
to meet multiple requirements of test and evaluation,
training
and mission analysis together with
planning It may be expanded by the addition of multispectral frequency modules including millimetric
wave, infra-red and laser
The ATEMS combines high speed digital processwide-band microwave frequency coverage and
comprehensive computer control Amplitude and
phase modulated DF capabilities have been
implemented to enable direct interface with the
ing,
latest state-of-the-art
procession receivers.
It
can
dense replica of existing and

projected threat radar signal environments and can
be used with aircraft, surfaceships. submarines and
generate a
realistically
land vehicles
Other available options include digital or video
injection stimulus, digital terrain and expert system
diagnostics, medium and a high power radiation for
chamber applications anachoics.
STATUS
In
production.
MANUFACTURER
Applied Technology. 4747 Hellyer Avenue.
California 95150-7012. USA.
Telephone (408) 365 4747. Telex: 910-339-9271
Litton
The
PO Box 7012, San Jose.
Merit
AN/APQ-1 74 Radar
Litton
Model 8330 A TEMS
The AN/APQ-174 simulator uses the same digital

database as the helicopter's visual system
and will operate in terrain following and avoidance
as well as ground-mapping modes. The system
features separate radar displays for the pilot and
the co-pilot. It uses the Merit Technology's MT1
parallel computer which is a Unix-based, VME bus
system using Motorola 68030 and 68882 chips.
terrain
Simulator
it
Merit Technology produce the radar simulator for

the Link MH-47E combat mission simulator The US
Army has an option on a second simulator for the MH60E special operations combat mission simulator
respond to real threats, ie by masking, electronic

countermeasures etc.
The system has four units: the Airborne Instru-
TBE Airborne Electronic Warfare

Receiver Training System
mentation Unit (AIU). the Threat Transmitter, the
(ALERTS)
ALERTS was designed for integrated training for the
entire suite of US Army Aviation electronic warfare
may also be
equipment on helicopters although
it
used on fixed- wing aircraft with mi nor modifications.

The system provides exact threat visual and audio
simulation including search, acquisition, tracking
and/or launching and the aircrew must respond to
these simulated threats in the same way they would
Multiple Signal Simulation
receiver using data from the Threat Transmitter

which is a low power, 2W, omnidirectional
2 2065 GHz coded transmitter placed at selected
locations and used to determine intervisibility from
the threat location to the aircraft. Up to 15 Threat
is
an
airborne emitter designed to provide simulation of

airborne search radars, targeting radars, terrainfollowing radars and missile seekers.
The pod-mounted system has factory preset, user
selected, emitter frequency, pulse repetition frequency and pulsewidth parameters When operated
with the SG-1189(V) PRF/SCAN generator cockpit
In production The system was delivered to Fort

Rucker. Alabama, early in 1990.
MANUFACTURER
Merit Technology Inc. 5068 West Piano Parkway.
Piano. Texas 75075-5009. USA.
Telephone: (214) 248 2502. Fax: (214) 7334788.
the system and post-flight de-brief is carried out on

the Ground Training Subsystem which consists of
two displays, one presents the course of the aircraft
while the other provides data in tabular form.
STATUS
Evaluated by the US Army.
MANUFACTURER
Teledyne Brown Engineering, Cummings Research
Park. Huntsville, Alabama 35807. USA.
Telephone: (205) 726 1136. TWX 810 720 2103. Fax:
Transmitters may be deployed at any one time to

simulate a high-intensity conflict. Programming of
(205)7001607.
PRF is available
together with PRF mode selection. As an optional
extra the emitter frequency can be tuned inflight.
The transmitter is a SCR-magnetic modulator
specifically designed for the mission environment
and consists of a power supply and a modulator The
15.2GHz). MSS-06 (J-band 15.5-17GHz) and MSS07(K-band).
control box, in-flight adjustment of
Pod
The Multiple Signal Simulation (MSS) pod
Ground Support Unit and the Ground Training Subsystem The AIU is installed in the helicopter and
controls inputs into the AN/APR-39 radar warning
STATUS
standard antennas have beamwidths which cover

9.5 off pod boresight but special antennas can be
provided. The models are MSS-01 (H-band). MSS02 (l-band 8 5-9.6 GHz). MSS-03 (l-band. 9.7-10 GHz).
MSS-04 (J-band 12-13 GHz). MSS-05 (J-band 14-
STATUS
In
production.
MANUFACTURER
1785 Voyager
Whittaker Electronic Systems.
Avenue. Simi Valley. California 93063-8000. USA.
Telephone: (805) 584 8200 Telex: 65 1329
Tracor Real-Time Threat

Environment Simulator
situation display
Tracor has developed a simulated real-time RF

threat enabling the user to fly' through a simulated
terrain area in which there are radars, surface-toair missile systems and anti-aircraft guns which
generate the RF and audio signals which the pilot
would experience
Two players can fly a simulated strike against a
defended ground target complex They are provided
with an out-the- window display for visual navigation
of the terrain and to help them locate the target. A
fuzed sensor display shows the radar, infra-red and
radar warning receiver contacts while a tactical
The aircraft will fly with the characteristics of the

selected platform or may be easily programmed by
the user As the aircraft approaches the target the
simulation assigns one or more of the threats to
engage the aircraft. As the assigned threat switches
subsystems under development will generate digital

signals which may be fed to the avionics system bus
The player stations may both be configured as blue
aircraft or one may engage the other
from search to acquisition, to track, to fire the

symbols on the tactical situation and sensor displays
STATUS
shows
their position in the
area as well as the location
of
gaming
both air and ground
threats
change colour to indicate the mode. The mode is

passed to the threat generator control box where
the appropriate waveform is created and an audio
tone is generated.
Outputs may be fed to amplifiers generating RF
signals to illuminate the antennas or other sensors

of the system to be simulated or they may be fed
directly to the detector-antenna terminals Optional
Under development
MANUFACTURER
Tracor Flight Systems Inc. 1241 East Dyer Road.
Santa Ana. California92705. USA.
Telephone: (714) 662 0333 TWX: 510601 1 467.
297
and Avionic System

Maintenance Trainers
Aircraft
BRAZIL
ABC Mobile Training Units
The Brazilian company ABC manufacture mobile
maintenance training units which show how
elements of the Embraer EMB-312 Tucano trainer
operate
These Mobile Training Units (MTU) cover the turbprop
assembly,
lubrication
motor
system,
commands, hydraulic system, main and
auxiliary
landing gears, brakes, air conditioning, oxygen and

systems together with the electrical generating
unit and the control unit. They simulate the normal
operation of the system and how to repair malfunctions which are introduced by the instructor
fuel
STATUS
In
service with several air forces.
MANUFACTURER
ABC Sistemas Eletronicos
S.A., Divisao Simuladorese Avionica, Avenue Heitor Villa Lobos, 2176

CEP 12243, Sao Jose dos Campos SP, Brazil
Telephone:(123) 217 522. Telex: 123 3325. Fax: (123)
211789.
The
ABC mobile training unit tor the Tucano power

plant
CANADA
Atlantis
These systems feature
full free-play simulation with

interactive video disc. High fidelity instructor and
student stations are provided with the former
capable
of setting up exercises, inserting faults and

monitoring student performance.
The trainers are designed to teach students the
theory of system operation and/or organisational
level system maintenance and troubleshooting. The
systems make the maximum use of commercial
ATLANTIS
hardware, although simulated equipment can be

used, and can be configured around most host computers due to the use of Fortran language software
Real or simulated test equipment may be used and
optional features include audio simulation and voice
synthesis. Systems have been produced for the
-/tATUAMTIX
The CH-46 flight control hydraulic system trainer produced by Atlantis

The Atlantis avionics system maintainer suite produced tor the
RAAF F/A-18
US Navy
for the
AIRCRAFT AND AVIONIC SYSTEM MAINTENANCE TRAINERS /Canada France
298
Canadair CC-144 Challenger, for the US Navy's

Boeing-Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight helicopter (conceptual maintenance trainer), the McDonnell
Douglas F/A-18 Hornet for the Canadian Armed
Forces (CF-18) and Australian Air Forces (maintenance and part-task trainers), as well as an animated systems maintenance trainer for the US Air
Forces's KC-135. Simulators are underdevelopment
for
MANUFACTURER
have been ordered
Aerospace Corporation. 1 Kenview Boulevard. Brampton, Ontario L6T 5E6. Canada

Telephone (416) 792 1981 Telex 06 986 766 Fax
(416)792 7251
the US Air Force to support the Boeing E-6A

(conceptual maintenance trainer) and the McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle (avionics and aircraft systems maintenance) Eight F-15E systems
Atlantis
STATUS
See
text.
FRANCE
Maintenance Trainer for Mirage
2000
The CG A Alcatel maintenance and armament trainer
can simulate over 200 different systems failures
selected by the instructor for the trainees to rectify

The instructors have a series of interactive displays,
each controlling an aircraft system

The first model of this trainer was delivered to the
French Army at Mont de Marsan in July 1984 and
subsequently orders have been received from India,
Abu Dhabi and Egypt.
STATUS
In
production
In
MANUFACTURER
CGA Alcatel Thomson.
Cedex
Army
33 rue Emeriau. 75725 Pans
France
Telephone: (1)4571 1155
15.
Sogitec Maintenance
Trainers
Two
types of maintenance trainer are produced by

Sogitec; for aircraft or for weapons systems They
use either a 32-bit Gould 32/67 computer or a Sogitec
SI80 16-bit processor and Fortran software language The systems have three modes; illustration for
theoretical training, correct operation for the study of
scheduled maintenance procedures, and degraded

operation for failure diagnosis and correction
training
The SEMSA (Simulateur d'Entrainement a la

Maintenance Systeme d'Arme) aircraft maintenance trainers simulate electrical, fuel and
hydraulics systems together with flight controls and
other aspects depending upon customer requirements They have a modular configuration and secondary systems may be plugged into the main one.
The main system, which incorporates the prime
processor, features a diagram of a cockpit incorporating active controls of the simulated systems
The secondary systems consist of teaching aids with
animated panels and a set of plug-in units on which
are illustrated the front panels of test sets and other
maintenance equipment Alternatively the animated
may
incorporate a MIAMI graphics system.

(Simulateur d'Entrainement a la Maintenance Avion) weapons system simulators features
an instructor's console, cockpit and aircraft racks.
The cockpit rack is a two-dimensional representation of the cockpit on a panel and features all
items of equipment and functional controls associated with the weapons system including the HeadUp Display (HUD), radar and electronic warfare suite
controls The aircraft rack is a similar representation
of the controls which permit repair' and maintenance' of the system with the rack being divided
into stores and weapons, external test equipment
together with electrical distribution areas
panels
The
SEMA
The Sogitec maintenance training simulator for the Mirage 2000EGM environmental and fuel systems
STATUS
MANUFACTURER
Sogitec have delivered 25 aircraft and weapons

system maintenance trainers to export customers
for aircraft which include the Alphajet, the Mirage
50. the Mirage F1, the Super Etendard. Mirage 2000
Sogitec Industries SA. 27 rue de Vanves

92108 Boulogne-Billancourt Cedex. France
Telephone: (1 ) 46.09.91 .01 Telex: 260 922F.
Aermacchi MB339A. Customers include Greece (Mirage 2000) and Italy (Aermacchi MB 339 at Lecce).
(three customers) and
BP 203
Italy
UK
AIRCRAFT AND AVIONIC SYSTEM MAINTENANCE TRAINERS
299
ITALY
Gajon System 2000 Maintenance
Trainer and Simulator
-fl
For rapid training of ground crews in maintenance

in a user-friendly manner the Gajon Institute of
Technology has developed a system based upon
interactive laser video computer. This includes an
integrated network of student stations, instructor
stations, processors, laser video discs, two-directional audio, video and computer lines using fibre
optics and local area networks.
The systems are used in classrooms and in the
field and are based upon an instructor's station with
a number of student stations. They are used for basic
and advanced training in all technical subjects and
also provide real maintenance stations for radars,
fire control equipment, communications, electronic
warfare, propulsion and power-generation plants.
STATUS
These systems are used not only by the
Italian Air
Force but also by the other Italian services as well as

export customers who have received Italian weapon
systems.
MANUFACTURER
Gajon Institute of Technology, via Piaggio 9, 16136
Genoa, Italy.
Telephone: (10) 224 641. Telex: 281 229. Fax: (10) 212
671.
typical
Gajon System 2000 installation at the Italian Air Force technical training centre.
UNITED KINGDOM
Hawk Aircraft Systems
Maintenance Trainer
To support maintenance training of the Hawk trainer
British Aerospace have produced the Aircraft
Systems MaintenanceTrainer (ASMT). Thisconsists
of a cockpit module, an aircraft system's module and
the instructor console.
The cockpit module
is a simplified, full-scale facsimile of the cockpit fitted only with those controls
and instruments relevant to the operation and maintenance of the systems covered by the ASMT. The
ASMT
consists of a mobile base unit on which

interchangeable aircraft systems panels can be
mounted. System line replaceable units contained
within each panel are authentic and located in such a
way that all connectors, test sockets amd adjustment
devices are accessible.
Supporting graphics clearly indicate to the student
their precise location in the aircraft. A comprehensive suite of test equipment allows the
student to practice servicing procedures. The
module
is integral with the cockpit module

configure system operation and to
select faults from a menu of simulated conditions.
instructor
and
is
used
to
STATUS
In
service with several air forces.
MANUFACTURER
British
Aerospace
(Military
Limited,
Aircraft)
Brough, North Humberside, HU15 1EQ, UK.
The Hawk ASMT
Pennant Fuel Management

Training System
The
fuel
to train
management
ground crews
training
in
system
mainline transfer to the airfield and finally aircraft
MANUFACTURER
refuelling.
Pennant Audio Visual Systems Limited, Trainers

and Simulators Division, Staverton Technology
Park, Gloucester Road, Staverton, Cheltenham,
Gloucester GL51 6TL, UK.
Telephone: 0452 714914. Fax: 0452 714920.
carried out on workstations supported

by an instructor's workstation, a 940mm display
monitor and a full-scale working simulation of a bulk
fuel installation panel
Training
is
designed
is
the theory, skills and pro-
cedures of fuel management. It covers all aspects

from the receipt of fuel in the storage area to its
STATUS
In
300
AIRCRAFT AND AVIONIC SYSTEM MAINTENANCE TRAINERS/ USA

AAI Advanced First Term Avionics

(AFTA) Maintenance Trainer
First Term Avionics (AFTA) maintenance trainer, consisting of one instructor's station
and 15 student stations, simulates a variety of test
equipment from a simple multimeter to complex
automatic test equipment Students use 14 items of
test equipment to locate simulated faults in composite integrated weapon systems An interactive
instructional display presents the simulated avionics equipment down to the component level. The test
terminals are activated' by touch screens
The type and number of the stations may be
changed to meet customer requirements as can the
test equipment. The scenarios are generated by
video disc which may be altered to meet the needs
of fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft as well as
ships and armoured vehicles.
The Advanced
STATUS
In
service with the
US Navy.
MANUFACTURER
AAI Corporation, PO Box 126. Hunt Valley. Maryland
21030-0126. USA.
Telephone: (301) 666-1400. Telex: 87849.
An AAI AFTA
the F/A-18 Hornet for avionics, flight controls, fuel,

hydraulics and armament systems
ECC Trainers
These systems are designed
ECC produce
a range of maintenance and avionics
systems trainer for a number
of projects.
C-17A MaintenanceTraining Devices

The US Air Force has given ECC International a
contract to produce 13 maintenance training devices
in support of the C-17A transport. These will be fullscale airframe and engine maintenance trainers of
the flight controls, landing gear, cargo rail and doors.
aerial refuelling system, auxiliary power units, fuel
systems, engine and engine cowling. There will be
several at each C-17A base.
Flight Surface Control Trainer
These provide students with the system knowledge

and the skills to perform organisational-level maintenance on flight surface controls. The student
learns how they operate normally and, when they
malfunction, learning to maintain subsystems and
to isolate faults. The system is in service with the US
Navy.
F/A-18 Avionics Maintenance Simulators

ECC has produced five maintenance simulators for
for 'free play' inter-
action and use video discs, graphics displays, a

high fidelity cockpit, simulated test equipment and
synthesised audio responses. They are especially

valuable for the 'memory inspect' maintenance
procedure associated with the Hornet. This requires
the technician to understand all the avionics
subsystems and to be able to interpret computergenerated alphanumeric codes obtained from the
cockpit displays to isolate faults in specific subsystems These systems are in service with the US
Navy. The company also produce F-16 maintenance
simulators for the US Air Force,
Sea King Maintenance Training Simulator

These systems provide maintenance training for
electrical, hydraulic, weapons control, flight control,
engine and tactical missions systems Westland
have bought 10 for their Product Support Centre in
Sherborne, Dorset, and the Indian Navy have also
purchased a number.
shop test bench It includes

simulated radar assemblies antenna, plan position
indicator, synchroniser, transmitter and receiver
The computer-controlled system is fully interactive and operates on a free play mode permitting
the student to make decisions and to follow procedure as they would in a real avionics workshop. A
wide variety of simulated test equipment is available
together with built-in test equipment.
The system can act as an air-to-air. an air-toground, a ground mapping, general search or IFF
radar system, the instructor can select one of 350
malfunctions and insert them by means of a keypad
The system is used by the US Navy Avionics Technician School in Memphis. Tennessee
typical avionics repair
STATUS
See text.
MANUFACTURER
ECC
International
Corporation.
687 9268.
Generic Airborne Radar (GAR) Trainer

This system provides safe affordable and effective
maintenance training by providing a facsimile of a
The ECC Westland Sea King maintenance trainer
175
Strafford
Avenue. Wayne. Pennsylvania 19087-3377. USA.

The ECC Generic Airborne Radar trainer
USA
AIRCRAFT AND AVIONIC SYSTEM MAINTENANCE TRAINERS
HSSI Maintenance Trainers

301
student then uses to localise and manipulate aircraft
systems and components.
Inc (HSSI - formerly
Honeywell) produces a wide variety of maintenance

simulators for air forces These include the following:
F-15 Aircraft Maintenance Trainers

These consist of facsimile cockpits, simulation
panels and master simulation control consoles
(MSCC). There are sets for the integrated avionics
suite, electrical power and lighting systems and the
twin Pratt & Whitney engines.
Each integrated avionics student station consists
of five panels consoles and a facsimile cockpit The
electrical power and lighting trainer consists of three
panels and a facsimile cockpit while the engine
diagnostics trainer has only panels The MSCC
houses the system computer, visual imagery
system, and touchscreen monitoring system. The
MSCC can be used by the instructors to create
malfunctions and to monitor the students and by the
students for lesson presentation and tutorial videos.
E-3A Radar Maintenance Training Set

To assist maintenance of the AN/ APY-1 radar used in
the Boeing E-3A Sentry AWACS (Airborne Warning
and Control System) the US Air Force has a radar
maintenance training set This consists of 10 student
stations, an instructor station and a variety of facsimileequipments.
Each student station contains a radar maintenance technician's console, simulated standard
and unique test equipment, together with simulated
radar cable connectors and jacks The student uses
this equipment and a computer-aided instruction
terminal to exercise with the simulated radar Training follows a procedural programme and the facsimiles permit accurate responses The instructor
monitors the student from his station. All lessons
are implemented by using computer-controlled
simulation of the radar and test equipment functional
characteristics
STATUS
See
F-16 Avionics/Armament Simulated Aircraft
Each set consists of a facsimile cockpit, a flat panel
with two- and three-dimensional physical simulations and an interactive video station. Some also
have replica flight-line test sets
The lesson is set up on the video station which the
McDonnell Douglas Maintenance

and Aircrew Classroom Systems
Trainers
text
MANUFACTURER
Bernardino Road, West Covina, California 917911098,
USA
controllers
A screen
is
used
to display
enlarged
pictures of specific systems

Aircraft
These are used to teach system operation and maintenance in a classroom and consist of a suite of 13
devices which demonstrate the operation of various
aircraft systems including hydraulics, electrics and
weapons. There are simulated cockpit controls,
management panels and animated system
schematic display panel together with hand held
cockpit station of the HSSI F-1 5 aircraft
maintenance trainer
Telephone: (818)331 0011 Fax: (818)9159250
used to train maintenance personnel and has

remove-and-replace features Some 120 faults may
be inserted
is
Equipment Trainers
variety of training systems, usually full-size replicas using aircraft components wherever possible,
have been produced. These include integrated
STATUS
avionics, flight controls/pneudraulics,
and weapons
have been produced together with a Composite Trainer which is a full size replica of an
aircraft such as the AH-64A Apache This latter
MANUFACTURER
trainers
McDonnell Douglas Helicopter Company, 500 East

McDowell Road, Mesa. Arizona 85205, USA.
Telephone: (602) 891-7784 Telex: 165870
In
production and
in
widespread service.
Reflectone Maintenance Trainers
forAV-8B
US Marine Corps with eight
maintenance trainers covering various
aspects of the AV-8B's systems The equipment
provides hands-on computerised training in such
areas as engine, avionics, electrical, crew escape,
environmental and fuel systems. A wide range of
simulated faults can be injected into each system
and new maintenance methods can be examined
and taught before new equipment and procedures
enter the squadrons. In March 1990 Reflectone won a
$4 million contract to upgrade the electrical systems
Reflectone provided the
different
trainer
for
the
new
night-attack
version of the
AV-8B.
STATUS
In
service with the
US Marine Corps at MCAS Cherry
Point, North Carolina.
MANUFACTURER
Inc, 51 25 Tampa West Boulevard, PO Box
Tampa, Florida 33634. USA.
Reflectone
15000,

8851177.
Reflectone AV-8B electrical systems maintenance

trainer
302
Air Traffic
and Fighter Control Simulators

UNITED KINGDOM
Rediff usion FIRST Air Traffic Control

Trainer
The Rediffusion FIRST
(Flexible Independent
Radar
a relatively low-cost and compact

simulator for teaching air traffic control skills. It
uses a microcomputer to simulate an airport, its
environment, aircraft and all necessary air traffic
control equipment. It is modular in design and can
be expanded into a complete air traffic control tower
simulator with a visual system. FIRST is sufficiently
Skills Trainer) is
compact to be
installed
where needed.
Two
radar displays are simulated, one for a

trainee air traffic control officer and one for a pseudopilot. A third display simulates flight progress strips,
provides on-line help, and gives second pseudopilot controls for running large exercises.
The trainee and pi lot(s) communicate over a simulated radio link. Facilities are provided for instructors to participate according to their training
requirements. In a typical exercise, the manoeuvres
of all aircraft are controlled by the simulator's computer according to their flight plans and performance. When the controller wishes to call an aircraft
and direct its progress, he calls the role-playing pilot
and communicates with him for the duration of the
transaction The computer then takes over again.
The instructor can manage an exercise using
commands such as record, replay, speed-up and
freeze. He can change weather effects and introduce
Automatic
special problems during exercises
reports are provided on student performance to
assist teaching reviews. The simulation can be
adapted easily to different airports, aircraft and

equipment.
FIRST can provide different levels of training, from
basic to advanced, and also incorporates some air
traffic control facilities, such as position prediction
and ground speed display, which are expected to be
introduced during the next few years.
Rediffusion FIRST (Flexible Independent Radar Skills Trainer) in operation
STATUS
MANUFACTURER
Available.
Rediffusion Simulation Limited. Sussex Manor Business Park. Gatwick Road. Crawley, West Sussex
RH102YD, UK.
560992.
Invertron VISRAD Air Traffic

Control Radar and Tower Visual
Training Simulator
The Invertron VISRAD
air traffic control simulator

to be a flexible training simulator for
aspects of air traffic control, including visual and
radar control, and control of ground movements. It
is claimed to be the first simulator of its type to
combine full tower visual training with conventional,
established radar training, hence VIS - visual and
RAD - radar. VISRAD also has applications in the
air defence and fighter control environments Whilst
making
no
compromise
in
either
comprehensiveness or quality VISRAD is an economical
was designed
all
and cost effective training solution

Seated in a simulated control tower, trainee air
traffic controllers have a panoramic view of a
run way (s) and the surrounding area, allowing observation and control of aircraft during landing and
take-off, together with ground movements of both
aircraft and airfield-based vehicles. Aircraft and
other vehicle control is computer-driven under pilot
or supervisor control, utilising touch screen or other
input devices Movements within the visual range
are presented on a panoramic screen made up of
panels each measuring 1 8 x 2.4 m and providing a
visual coverage of from 60 to 360
VISRAD is a flexible system based on the use
of an Ethernet networking system from which the
various work station and visual display projectors
are driven using their
own dedicated computers.
The architecture is based on distributed Digital

Equipment Corporation VAX work stations: other
computers may be used. VISRAD makes use of
the specially designed GENIF Instructors Facilities
Software package which enables users to modify
over 40 000 software variables in the modelled environment' without requiring prior programming
skills. The creation of different airport views is
Overall layout of atypical
VISRAD air traffic control simulator
accomplished by the user using the GENIF DRAW

Package Each visual display panel can show up to
16 aircraft and/or ground vehicles and the user has
a choice of 256 colours at his disposal Further work
positions may be added without the need to re-write
software or replace existing hardware.
The radar display can

proprietary radar system
accommodate any major

As an alternative a radar
emulation package can produce high quality graphic

representations of real' radar devices The system
can accommodate radar approach, departure and
en-route displays plus procedural control.
UK
All
communication
facilities (R/T.
AIR TRAFFIC
intercom and
landline) are provided using low-cost high integrity
equipment developed by Invertron. Auxiliary control

information, such as weather, messages, direction
finding and time can be presented on high definition
colour displays or conventional instrumentation
Multiple exercise scenarios are possible and all
exercises may be recorded and replayed for briefing
and de-briefing and for assessment of student performance Exercises can include single or individual
independent exercises, each with a full complement
of aircraft types, performance groups, flight plans,
airways, beacons, procedures and holding patterns,
and digital recording.
Features of VISR AD include the following:
Primary radar: raw, digitised, plot processed area,
approach, terminal, precision approach, airfield
surface movement indicator (ASMI/ASDE); DFTI in
monochrome or colour.
Secondary radar: code callsign conversion mode.
AND FIGHTER CONTROL SIMULATORS
code, label control, squawk/height filters; coast/

suspend, jamming, sectorised radar, arrival
departure
Aircraft: automatic and manual performance; full
manoeuvre modelling for en-route, circuit and altitude performance
Environment:
full
atmospheric
modelling
of
pressure, indicated air speed/true air speed
(IAS/TAS)/mach number, wind conditions, outside
air temperature (OAT) and running visual range
Invertron or the user for all display and out of the

window' presentations including maps, permanent
echoes (PEs), weather, aircraft and vehicle images,
visual backgrounds, colour selection, occulting, etc.
Displays: radar under dynamic user control; programmable progressive and dynamic digital/
analogue wind, pressure settings (RQNH, AQNH,
QFE, OAT), time; airfield weather; multi-mode analogue/digital D/F and message area; ASMI/ASDE.
(RVR)
Navaids: radar, beacons, D/F, instrument landing
system (ILS), microwave landing system (MLS), distance measuring equipment (DME)
Communications: R/T, intercom, landlines. audio
recording
Exercise area: vertical - 5000 feet (1524 m) to Flight
Level 999; horizontal -unlimited
Graphics: powerful menu-driven graphics packages
and software tools for quick and easy production by
STATUS
In
production.
air traffic control
Ferranti Air Traffic Control
simulator
and Air
Defence Simulators
These systems were designed to provide an extensive range of facilities to train and maintain the skills
of air traffic control and air defence operators. The
systems use 16, 22 or 23 inch (406, 559 or 584 mm)
monochrome
cursive displays or raster displays
in
use
Traffic Training
The simulators may also incorporate Voice ActiManagement Systems (VAMS) in place of the
pilot control unit. The VAMS may form an integral
part of a new simulator or be added on in low-cost
units.
The Air Traffic Control (ATC) simulators can be

used to give instruction in approach and area radar
and procedural control, precision approach radar
control and airfield and ground control Standard
manoeuvres such as Standard Instrument Departures (SID), Standard Arrival Procedures (STARS),
automatic instrument landing system approaches
and holding patterns may be taught. In addition
military customers can practice run in and break,
spiral descent, touch and go manoeuvres Computer
generated displays of the airfield and circuit can be
used for airfield and ground control training. For
added realism pre-programmed background tracks
can be created and travel through the exercise area
automatically while extra aircraft may be added
and radar simulation includes both primary and

secondary systems with programmable characteristics. The displays may show a combination of
raw or processed primary radar targets, secondary
surveillance radar labels and digital video maps
Each display has full facilities for controlling radar
presentation including range scale selection, offset
and filtering by code or height.
Aircraft may be controlled by pilot control units
using either keyboards or touch sensitive screens in
response to instructions from the student controller
Up to 10 aircraft may be controlled by each pilot
control unit. Exercises are controlled from the
instructor station which has run/freeze and record/
replay facilities and also controls exercise environ-
during theexercise.
The Air Defence Simulator can be used for evaluation, advanced training and large battle scenarios.
It features simulated long range surveillance radars,
mental conditions.
battle
management
tote displays, realistic fighter
service with Egyptian
CAA and one
School
at
RAF Shawbury.
MANUFACTURER
Systems Limited, Albert Drive,
Burgess Hill, West Sussex RH 15 9TN, UK.
Telephone 0444 247535. Telex: 877766 Intron G. Fax:
0444 244895.
Invertron Simulated
showing the ASDE radar display and an

weather colour display
station
airfield
vated
In
military simulator being installed at the Central Air
A VISRAD ASMI/ASDE work

A VISR AD
303
and an electronic warfare environment together with simulated environmental conditions

A combination of controllable and
background tracks may be used in individual
console exercises or the consoles may be combined
into one large air defence exercise
Aircraft
performance profiles are pre-programmed for each aircraft type and are realistically
affected by altitude, weapon and fuel loading. Messages are passed by the computer to show the status
attack profiles
when the target is acquired, when

weapons are fired and the result of the attack. Visual
of the attack,
identification is simulated together with a variety of

operational manoeuvres which may include missile
stern, frontal, frontal with stern re-attack, or stern
gun attacks.
STATUS
In
production.
MANUFACTURER
Ferranti Computer Systems Limited. Cheadle Heath
Division, Bird Hall Lane, Stockport, Cheshire
SK30XQ.UK.
Telephone: (061) 428 0771 Telex: 666803.
AIR TRAFFIC
304
UK USA
Ferranti Aircraft Control Trainers

These are the latest in the Ferranti range of simulators and are designed to provide comprehensive
aircraft control training at all levels
to
advanced
from trainees
controllers. Using standard operating
procedures the system covers all aspects of land and

sea-based aircraft control including fighter control
and target interception, controlling aircraft at air
bases, directing aircraft to assigned sectors or
bases, co-ordinating aircraft movements, the use of
radar allocated radio channels and Identification
Friend or Foe (IFF) and marshalling aircraft joining
ships at sea The system uses a radar video generator based upon the proven D1061 Series system,
A standard trainer consists of an instructor's
station, one or two supervisor stations and from two
to 12 student aircraft controllers each with their own
pilot station The standard student's station consists
of an MD132 16-inch (406 mm) Plan Position Indicator
(PPI) display which shows two choices of simulated
primary radar, simulated IFF, six range scales from
32 to 320 miles (51.5 to 515 km), a video map and up
to 40 fully manoeuvrable tracks The system library
has 64 different aircraft types and realistic simulated
radar effects are produced Each student and his
pilot communicate on an eight-channel radio-tele-
phone
The
S
I"
-I"
o o o
A diagram showing the layout of the Ferranti
Aircraft Control Trainer
link.
instructor's station has a 20-inch (508 mm)

labelled plan, high resolution monochrome raster
display and a 15-inch (381 mm) diagonal tote display

together with a Winchester disc drive Exercises can
be played up to 16 times the real-time speed. Pilot
stations are similar to the instructor's station but

with a modified keyboard
MANUFACTURER
Ferranti
Computer Systems
STATUS
In
Cheadle Heath
Cheshire
Limited.
Division. Bird Hall Lane. Stockport.
SK3 0XQ.UK
production.
Telephone: (061)4280771 Telex: 666803
THORN EMI Air Traffic Control

Simulator
The system consists
omous radar simulators
THORN EMI
provided, under a 1 million contract,

Radar Training Simulator (IRTS) for
the Initial
the Royal Air Force which
Shawbury, Shropshire, and

October 1987. The system
traffic
It
may
was
installed at
officially
is
used
RAF
opened
to
train
in
air
controllers in terminal control techniques

also be used to teach civil air traffic control,
fighter control
and
air
defence control.
three identical autonwith precision approach
of
radar displays and simulated communications. The

student is taught a full range of terminal control skills
including in-flight emergency procedures and talkdown techniques supervised by the instructor's
includesasoftwaredevelopment
computer which can be used to generate new training exercises, different outline video maps and radar
station Thefacility
STATUS
In
MANUFACTURER
THORN EMI Electronics Limited. Computer Systems
Division. Penleigh Works, Wookey Hole Road. Wells.
Somerset. BA5 1AA. UK.
Telephone: (0749) 72081 Telex: 44254.
.
types.

HSSI Air Traffic Control Tower
Simulation
The MicroPOLY
image generator upgrade con-
sistsof an integrated set of 12target generation units

that operate in parallel under control of a visual
Simulation Systems Inc (HSSI) have

designed a combination of computer image generation and display technology to upgrade the US
Air Force's AN/GSN-T3 Control Tower Simulator
which is used to train air traffic control personnel
In operation at
in VFR control tower operations
Keesler AFB, the Control Tower Simulator provides
student operators with the same visual, aural and
tactical stimuli they will experience in actual control
tower operations.
The visual system involved is based on the Hughes
computer. Target model data, stored on the visual

computer's hard disc, is transferred to individual
MicroPOLY 1 target generators during system
initialisation. During subsequent processing each
target generator produces an individual real-time
colour image that responds to proper target motion.
Up to 12 simultaneous moving objects are provided
from a library of 25 air and ground vehicles for
presentation to student operators The targets, consisting of 20 model led aircraft and 5 ground vehicles,
operate totally independent of each other.
When an aircraft or ground vehicle target
MicroPOLY 1 computer-generated image system

and replaces the simulator's original large format
slide and film-based visual system. MicroPOLY 1
generates non-repetitive and interactive scenarios,
provides a dynamically changing environment, and
presents dynamic aircraft and airfield vehicles. In
addition, it provides proper occulting of vehicles and
objects within the visual scene, which facilitates
database updating and ensures standardisation of
initial qualification and refresher training.
becomes active in the scene, the MicroPOLY 1 realtime image generation hardware transforms its data
structure to screen space and produces the proper
screen co-ordinate image. The target is then scaled
to correct size, depending on its simulated range
from the tower, projector-to-screen distance, and
raster magnification. The target generators also
manoeuvre the target projectors to position the
targets in their correct spatial relationship relative
to students in the simulator. Each of the 12 target
Advanced Shipboard Air Traffic
advanced US Navy
Hughes
Control Training System/ShoreBased Air Traffic Control Training
System (ASATS/SATS)
Logicon
is
producing six radar
air traffic control
Advanced Shipboard
Air Traffic Control Training Systems (ASATS) Device
15G30. and the Shore-Based Air Traffic Control
Training System (SATS) Device 15G31. Basic and
training laboratories for the
air traffic control students will

receive training from both systems
ASATS Device 15G30 includes Carrier Air Traffic
Control Center (CATCC) and Helicopter Direction
Center (HDC) training laboratories Each laboratory
will simulate the shipboard operational environment
for its type of operation and will provide full training,
including both normal and casualty modes. The
CATCC lab will teach close control flight operations
for radar-controlled aircraft operating within a carrier's control area. The HDS lab will teach control of
helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft which support
amphibious operations.
projection systems can project a motion target over

a 210 horizontal by 46 vertical field-of-view. The
system resolution allows students to detect and
identify large aircraft at 10 miles (16 km). smaller
aircraft at 5 miles (8km), landing gear down at 1.75
miles (2.8km). and ground vehicles at 1.25 miles
(2
km).
Airfield and sky image generation are produced

using four MicroPOLY 1 image generators and 12
projectors The airfield image generators' polygon
capacity is used to model static images of runways,
taxiways. hangars, buildings, parking ramps, navigation facilities, trees and clouds Environmental
modifications are performed by the airfield image
generation systems.
STATUS
Final
development.
MANUFACTURER
Hughes Simulation Systems Inc. 2200 Arlington
Downs Road. Arlington. Texas 76011. USA.
Telephone: (817) 640 5000 Fax:
(81 7)
695 2690
SATS Device 15G31 includes four training laboratories for shore-based training Three of the labs
support training of basic air traffic control skills
These include aircraft identification, radar vectoring
using ATC phraseology, use of radar display equipment, use of airsurveillance radar, air traffic control
procedures and co-ordination, precision approach
radar landing control, radar arrival control, and
inter-facility co-ordination. The fourth lab for shorebased training teaches Radar Air Traffic Control
Facility tasks
Features of the two systems include: automated
voice recognition of student communications to
USA
enable direct student interaction with simulated

pilots; 79 high fidelity replications of several differ-
AIR TRAFFIC

MANUFACTURER
STATUS
In
305
production for the
US Navy.
ent types of surveillance and precision approach

radar consoles; and distributed architecture of
microcomputers inter-connected via local network
Logicon, Tactical and Training Systems Division,

PO Box 85158. San Diego. California 92138-5158,
USA
Telephone: (619) 455 1330. Telex: 910-337-1780
hardware.
Tower Operator Training Systems
210 wrap-around visual display produces an outof-the-window' simulation of an airfield, complete
Logicon has developed and manufactured the Tower

Operator Training System (TOTS) to train US Navy
air traffic controllers in procedures to follow during
tower duties. TOTS, also known as Device 15G32,
applies voice technology and visual simulation to
provide efficient and realistic training.
TOTS will be delivered to the US Navy's Air Traffic
Control School in Millington, Tennessee Options to
the contract provide for delivering additional
systems to the US Army and the Federal Aviation
on the ground and in the air.

day and night operations,
enhanced with weather conditions Students work
at consoles that replicate standard tower hardware
Displays respond to commands given by computers
in response to student input The inputs are transmitted to the computers via a voice recognition
system
The voice recognition and voice generation
systems of TOTS enable students to communicate
directly with simulated aircraft, eliminating the need
for pseudo-pilots The system permits instructors to
provide students with immediate feedback through
Administration.
TOTS
traffic
provides procedural training to student air

in a real Naval Air Station tower A
controllers
with
moving
Simulation
aircraft
includes
a voice system or through student console displays.

System software is written in Ada
A second system, with some modifications, is
being developed for the Federal Aviation Administration for installation at the
Oklahoma
City.
FAA Academy
in
Oklahoma.
STATUS
In
production.
In
service with the
US Navy.
MANUFACTURER
Logicon, Tactical and Training Systems Division,
PO Box 85158, San Diego, California 92138-5158,
USA.
Telephone: (619)455 1330 Telex: 910-337-1780.
306
Computer-generated Image
and Visual Display Systems
CANADA
CAE Fiber-Optic Helmet-Mounted
Display (FOHMD)
The CAE
Fiber-Optic
Helmet-Mounted
Display
(FOHMD) was developed to meet the requirements

of a number of training environments where the
drawbacks of traditional display systems render
them unsuitable The FOHMD eliminates the space
and other constraints of traditional display systems
by using a single helmet-mounted display. With the
FOHMD the image is displayed only in the direction
in which the user is looking and appears in two
windows directly in front of his eyes.
The FOHMD system is symmetrically designed,
providing left and right eye imagery. Each eye sees
a large low resolution background with a smaller,
high resolution inset. Computer-generated visual
relayed to the helmet optics through two fibre
The full colour imagery can be
made stereoscopic.
The FOHMD consists of a lightweight helmet on
which are mounted two Farrand Optical Inc Pancake
Window displays. Imagery is transferred to the
helmet from four high-brightness light valve projectors. An optical helmet tracking system provides
head position information while an angular rate
sensor package (mounted on the rear of the helmet)
provides data for accurate lead predictions to compensate for computer image generation transport
data
is
optic cable bundles.
delays.
The function of the helmet is to provide a stable
platform on which to mount the optical displays
and ensure a strict relationship between head and
display. The FOHMD is based on a custom helmet
made in two sizes with moulded internal liners to
suit each individual. Comfort is claimed to be the
same as a standard aircrew helmet. Head movements are monitored with an infra-red head tracker
which permits an almost unlimited range of viewing
angles It
systems.
is
possible to incorporate eye tracking
The CAE Fiber-Optic Helmet-Mounted Display (FOHMD)
The display
optics consist of three basic items;

relay-combining optics, fibre optic cables, and the
helmet display.
The relay-combining optics serve to transmit the
images produced by the light valve to the input of
the fibre optic cables They provide correction for
size and scale of the image, mapping to match the
helmet display optics, and combining the high and
low resolution images for each eye.
The fibre optic cables are a large number of fibres
formed into a large diameter coherent optical cable.
Standard cables are 1.83m in length and are
sheathed with a light, flexible protective covering.
The helmet display system consists of two 76.2 mm
diameter Farrand Pancake Window displays
mounted in front of the eyes. These are compact,
in-line,
wide-field
reflective
infinity
displays
which provide over-lapping, full colour images

each eye. The display is semi-transparent and
permits cockpit controls, head-up displays and indicators to be viewed normally (with the video blanked
by a cockpit mask) The exit pupil is large and the
eye relief is sufficient to allow the use of aviator's
spectacles. The over-lapping display provides an
instantaneous field-of-view of 64 vertically by 125
horizontally, including a high resolution inset field
High to low resolution boundaries are masked with
a soft edge using video blending techniques.
The video input to the system is provided by four
General Electric light valve large screen television
projectors, two for each eye. The projectors provide
to
high-resolution,
image
high-brightness,
full-colour
The FOHMD requires three image generator chanHigh pixel counts are needed only on the inset
channel. The display provides a minimum of 30
nels.
foot-lamberts at a contrast ratio greater than 50:1

Geometric distortion is claimed to be less than 1.5
percent.
STATUS
In
production.
Air Force
In
service with the
and Rockwell
US Army,
the
US
International.
MANUFACTURER
CAE Electronics Limited, CP
1800 Saint-Laurent.
Quebec. Canada H4L 4X4.

Telephone: (514) 341 6780 Telex: 05-824856.
France
COMPUTER-GENERATED IMAGE AND VISUAL SYSTEMS
307
FRANCE
Sogitec Gl 10 000 Computergenerated Image Visual System
first model of Sogitec's Gl 10 000 daylight computer-generated image simulator visual system was
delivered in spring 1986 to the Centre Electronique
de I'Armement (CELAR). The Gl 10 000 was designed
mainly for aircraft/helicopter and tank simulation
applications and can create a 10 000 polygon scene,
with moving objects driven without restriction from
the digital data base.
The
The Gl 10000 uses modular architecture and can

provide day and night images The update rate is
adjustable from 25 to 60 Hertz while the computing
and display capacity is adaptable to requirements;
from 1000 to 10 000 polygons at 25 Hertz (extendable
to 20000 polygons). There is a multi-window capability and the display resolution is from 512 x 512
to 1024 x 1024. There is a facility for generating
multiple viewpoints and also for simultaneously
generating and displaying duplicate landscape
images on separate channels in visible day/night,
Gl 10 000, allow customers to easily create
and low-level light modes

Sogitec has developed two powerful user tools
(SINDBAD and CACTUS) which, when used with
Sogitec SA, 27 rue de Vanves, BP 203, 92108 Boulogne-BillancourtCedex, France.

Telephone: ( 1 ) 46 09 91 01 Telex: 260 922 F.
infra-red
Computer-generated image display produced by Sogitec Gl 10000 system
modify their
own data
and
bases.
STATUS
In production. By early 1990 17 systems had been
ordered and 10 delivered. In 1988 three systems
were delivered to McDonnell Douglas Helicopter
Company for use at their Advanced Development
Center in Mesa, Arizona
MANUFACTURER
Computer-generated image display produced by Sogitec Gl 10 000 system
Thomson-CSF Visa Computergenerated Image Visuals for

Simulators
Thomson-CSF was
the first company to have comdeveloped and manufactured a

full-daylight computer-generated image system
using three-dimensional data bases and operating
in real time. The Visa family goes back to 1978 when
pletely designed,
first design was undertaken, with a full prototype

operating in real time emerging during 1981. The
system, in continuous production since 1982. makes
use of the very latest state-of-the art technologies
and has found wide application in flight simulators
the
and helicopters, air combat simuarmoured vehicle driving and gunnery simulators and ship simulators. Over 70 systems have
been sold worldwide of which 39 have been exported
and 48 have been top-of-the-range Visa 4 systems.
for military aircraft

lators,
Visa covers a range of products Visa 1 generates

images for air combat simulation Visa 2 is a
full daylight and night system for generating landtarget
scape and target images for training in aircraft

approach and landing, ground attack, navigation
and interception Visa 3 combines all the features of
Visa 2 with real-terrain
etration
and
relief for
low-level pen-
strike training
Visa 4, the top-of-the-range system, uses generalised texturing to give a realistic representation
of the visual environment. It is suited to nap-of-theearth and ground training operations in hilly and
wooded country and can be used in low-level strike,
helicopter flight and tank driving and gunnery simulators. Visa 4 can generate images from different
optronic devices such as low light-level Video and
and can accept digital terrain data

has user-friendly software enabling fine
be created and modified.
infra-red sensors
files.
It
detail to
In 1985 the West German Government selected

Visa 4 to equip the 24 tank driving simulators ordered
from Thomson-CSF. By 1990 12 of these systems
were
in service.
the field of military aviation Thomson-CSF
installed a Mirage 2000 dome simulator equipped
with the Mars-Janus system. A third Mirage 2000
simulator will be installed in early 1991. Janus uses
In
two fish eyes, one behind and one in front of the

Mirage 2000 cockpit to project Visa 4 images of the
Typical Visa 4 computer-generated
image
with generalised texturing for tank driver training
sky and ground. Mars uses laser beams to project

up to four targets on the inside of the dome to produce
a hostile multiple target environment. A simulator
for the Mirage 2000N low level strike fighter is in
operation with the French Air Force. This simulator
is equipped with five Phebus projector systems in a
five-window formation, each projector using a Visa
4 source. Phebus allows the images to be perfectly
matched to give an overall 105 vertical by 160fieldof-view.
Visa 4 was chosen by the French Air Force Test

Centre at Istres, where it will be used for
simulation research into future tactical and naval
Flight
fighters, the so-called
ACT and ACM
Visa 4 was selected by the Swiss Air Force to
equip their Super Puma helicopter simulator. In the

aero-naval field, the first of two Visa 4-equipped
Atlantique 2 flight simulators was being installed
during 1990 with a second scheduled for 1991.
During the summer of 1990, a Visa 4-equipped
ship handling simulator was being installed for the
French Merchant Navy.
Thomson-CSF Visa systems are also operating at
the following French Air Force facilities: the threedome air combat simulator at Mont de Marsan for
Mirage F1 and Mirage 2000 fighters; the Mirage
2000C flight and mission simulator at Dijon; and
the Mirage F1CR flight and mission simulator at
Strasbourg.
In addition to the Visa family, several other
308
associated Thomson-CSF visual system generators

are available These include the Inu 2 and 3 which
are night and dusk image generators 'or aircraft
taxiing, take-off, approach and landing, and Vision
2 and 3. both day and night visual systems for
ground or air target attack, navigation, take-off,

approach, landing and taxiing.
To fully exploit their computer-generated image
Typical Visa 4 computer-generated
image
France
systems, Thomson-CSF has developed a range of

image display systems to suit specific simulation
requirements Included are dome projectors (eg
Janus and Mars) for 360 field-of-view air combat
STATUS
simulators, and raster scan and calligraphic display

systems such as the SMBC shadow mask monitors
and Phebus, a Thomson-CSF developed full colour
high brilliance projector.

Einstein, BvP 116, 78192 TrappesCedex. France
Telephone (1)30694100 Telex 616780F
Fax (1)30 694150
with generalised texturing
The Thomson-CSF Phebus projector
Available
In
widespread service (see
text)
MANUFACTURER
Typical tank driving simulator
Typical display produced by a single
image produced by Visa 4
Thomson-CSF Phebus projector
Germany (West)
CO M PUTE R-GEN E RATE D MAG E AN D VISUAL SYSTEMS

I
GERMANY
DISI3 Computer-generated
Image
System
is a third generation computer-generated
image system producing real time anti-aliased
images together with effects such as day/night,
fog and haze with a considerable degree of three-
DISI3
dimensional realism.
Features of DISI3 include the following: thermal
imaging, FLIR and LLTV images, continuous visibility
and
three-dimensional
texture; pixel-by-pixel Z-interpolation; sun shading;
level of detail and overload management; a built-in
test and diagnostic system; a large screen projection
capability; and a laser rangefinding capability
transparency;
DISI3
in
full
Dynamic co-ordinate systems: 256
'
Accuracy of data base: less than 50
Designed
for
operation
in
Landmass
conjunction with
flight
simulators to be used by the West German Air

Force and Navy for training crews on their Panavia
Tornados, MBB's first production-standard computer-generated image visual system was commissioned in mid-1983. Matching the capability of
the aircraft itself, it will permit simulation of ground
attack and terrain-following missions, exercises for
which previous visual systems were said to be
inadequate.
MBB had earlier produced a prototype to a
The
be inadequate and was
military specification written in 1975.
proved to
1978 to form the basis
specification
in
of the
MBB visual
mm
Number of channels: to 8
Number of colours: up to 16 million
1
user
DISI3 has applications in the fields of flight and
full mission combat simulation, armoured combat
and gunnery simulators, ship-handling and other
naval simulators, and driving simulators It is used
on the Krupp Atlas ELSALEO tank gunnery training
System delay time: 80 ms
system
MANUFACTURER
STATUS
In
production.
service for a
In
number
of appli-
cations.
Atlas Elektronik GmbH, Sebaldsbriicker

Heerstrasse 235, D-2800 Bremen 44. PO Box 44 85
45, Federal Republic of Germany.
Telephone (421) 4 57-0. Telex: 24 57 46 62 ka d. Fax:
Krupp
Edges: 1000
to
8000
Image refresh rate: 5 to 25 Hz

Video repetition rate: 50 Hz non-interlaced
Resolution: 2500 000 to 750 000 pixels
Light points: 500 to 4000
(421)57-34 52.
Typical
mission attack helicopter simulator
MBB Computer-generated Image

Visual and Digital Radar
Simulation Systems
rewritten
DISI3 makes use of a proprietary HR 2 textures

algorithm. SELECTIVE SOLUTION architecture, and
can make use of the Krupp Atlas Elektronik Data
Base Generation System (DBGS). operable by the
use with a submarine periscope trainer
Typical DISI3 scene produced for a
German
(WEST)
lighting conditions; variable fields-of-view;
anti-aliasing;
309
example OIDISI3 in use with a driving trainer
DISI3
system The key to the improved realism is a specialpurpose computei together with software changes,
taking account of factors such as field-of-view foreshortening, allowing correlation between the pilot's
view of the outside world and the radar map display.
The data base generation system for this device
allows automatic data processing from the US military's Digital Landmass Data
By combining the proven day-dusk-night capabilities of an advanced computer image generation
system with the realism of full colour, high-resolution display modules, an advanced design,
modular family of computer-generated visual
systems suited to a variety of vehicle simulators can
be offered including:
Flight simulators for both fixed-wing aircraft and
,
helicopters;
Ground vehicles, particularlyconduct of fire trainers

armoured vehicles;
Ships and amphibious vehicles.
for
in
use on a ship-handling simulator
MBB's system design
meet flight simuand advanced flight

training, air combat manoeuvres, air-to-ground
weapon delivery and ground-to-air evasion and low
lator
requirements
features
for basic
altitude navigation missions
The system's
all-electronic
approach
to visual
simulation offers significant advantages in training

flexibility, system reliability, cost of operations and
maintenance. In addition, the full colour day-dusknight and
variable visibility capability, supplemented with a broad choice of image display
module configuration, permits an unlimited range of
simulated conditions and manoeuvres to be fully
supported by realistic visuals for current and future
training needs.
Eight visual systems and the same number of
digital radar landmass simulators for the West
German
Air Force and Navy for training crews on

Panavia Tornados have all been delivered. Visual
systems have been ordered for research simulators
COMPUTER-GENERATED IMAGE AND SYSTEMS /Germany
310
(West)
UK
in Germany and Italy and two digital radar landmass

simulators were delivered to the Italian Air Force
MBB's computer-generated image visual system

and the digital radar landmass simulation systems
were developed in co-operation with General Electric Inc of the USA.
In addition. MBB offers simulation systems for
special sensor elements and part-task-trainers.
STATUS
In
service with the West German Air Force and Navy

Italian Air Force.
and the
MANUFACTURER
MBB. Messerschmirt-Bblkow-Blohm GmbH, Defence Systems Group, Postfach 801149, D-8000
Munich 80, Federal Republic of Germany.
Telephone: (89) 6000 381 1 Telex: 52870
MBB visual system, with control-configured version

fighter, and cloud
obscuration of the ground
McDonnell Douglas F-15
of
UNITED KINGDOM
Akebia Advanced Graphics Engine
(AGE)
The Akebia Advanced Graphics Engine (AGE) is a
family of products that has been specifically
developed to satisfy the many requirements that
have been found in computer-generated visual
display system applications The family consists of
a number of building blocks which may be integrated
together to form visual display systems tailored to
meet particular application requirements Members
ofthefamilycan providecomputer-generated image
target objects, digitised photographic background
scenes, or fully computer-generated background
scenes. Systems can be created that provide a
balanced mix of scene realism, system performance
and price.
Application areas where the AGE family is particularly well suited include the following:
task
Visuals for sight-injected weapon aiming part

training systems using a combination of
backgrounds and computergenerated targets:

Instrument displays, either head-up or headdigitised photographic
typical
digitised
down, using small format high line standard displays

and optional optics;
Simulated radar displays using high line standard displays and anti-aliased line drawing to simulate calligraphic display performance;
Control tower visuals using projected digitised
background images and computer-generated target
The AGE-DMA display extension card can be used

hold panoramic background images, digitised or
pre-drawn. It can also be used to buffer video disc

images Dedicated hardware included to allow the
compression and expansion of image files means

that very large backgrounds can be displayed on
high resolution display devices.
The AGE-MIX
objects;
Submarine periscope visuals using either

digitised photographic target images and backgrounds of computer-generated images.
All the above application areas can be covered by
using various combinations of the basic AGE family
building blocks These are described in the following
paragraphs.
The Advanced Graphics Engine (AGE) is a dual
processor architecture graphics card which yields
high performance using conventional components.
The AGE has direct support for the smooth movement of large digitised background images as well
as a polygon drawing processor for the generation
computer-generated image objects. The AGE can

be easily interfaced to standard host simulation
systems.
of
visual with a computer-generated target aircraft and a

background scene produced by using the Akebia Advanced Graphics
Engine (AGE)
to
is
used
to
display elements together.
combine the
It
individual
allows the mixing of
computer-generated image
head-up displays, sight or other graticules,
and other graphics display elements, to be linked to
give a seamless image
digitised backgrounds,
objects,
STATUS
AGE systems
are
in
use by major international
companies in the United Kingdom and elsewhere,

and also by the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence.
MANUFACTURER
Akebia Limited, Lever House, 3 St James's Road.
Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey KT1 2BA, UK.
Telephone: 081 5464908 Telex 928893 Fax: 081 549
8035
weapon aiming
An instrument
display produced using the Akebia
(AGE)
Advanced Graphics Engine
UK
Ferranti Visual Simulation
Computer-generated Imagery
has been involved in the simulation of
narrow angle/high resolution visual sensor systems
since the late 1960s and has produced systems for
submarine periscopes, weapon sights and missile
guidance applications Early systems were based
on closed-circuit television although these have now
been replaced by microprocessor-based techniques involving computer-generated imagery
The latest system was developed to meet a
requirement for periscope view simulation for submarine command team trainers The resultant
system offers a multi-target scenario with colour,
sea state and visibility effect simulation in a unique
target channel orientated architecture. The generated image is displayed on a high resolution precision monitor incorporated into a replica periscope
built to the requirements of a customer's submarine
fit. Range, bearing and elevation estimation systems
are implemented to allow a submarine commander
full use of his normal facilities. The periscope structure is floor-mounted on a column and does not
Ferranti
require a load bearing ceiling.

The system has a resolution of 1024 lines in full
colour and features target occulation Operating
digital data base the system has a built-in
data base generator with full modification facilities
from a
Low-light-level television and thermal imagery

simulation can be incorporated There is a multitarget capability with the targets being detailed
images with smooth shading The targets can feature
bow waves and heel under wheel', and can be
selected from an extensive library The target can
be located in a variable environment that includes
textured sea and sky, variable sea states and visibility, plus time of day effects. Other effects include
periscope lens washover Response time is 20 msec.
The Ferranti computer-generated image system

in other narrow angle applications
where high resolution and rapid response are
important, for example with certain weapon training
programmes.
can be used
STATUS
service with the Royal Australian Navy,
the Royal Navy and the US Navy.
Available.
In
Eight target images produced by Ferranti computer-generated imagery
MANUFACTURER
Ferranti Computer Systems Limited. Cheadle Heath
Division, Bird Hall Lane, Cheadle Heath, Stockport.
Cheshire SK30XQ, UK.
Telephone: 061 4280771 Telex: 666803,
,
Marconi MILSIM
MILSIM is a low-cost, high performance image generator that can be provided as a complete training
package or supplied for integration into other training
equipments,
MILSIM provides computer-generated targets

and terrain scenes that are injected into a weapon
system operator's sight to provide training using the
operational weapon system. There is no need to fire
live ammunition, or use real targets and live ranges.
As the weapon operator looks into his sight, images
are injected into the sight from a ruggedised television monitor. An instructor has complete control
over the training exercise in progress and can vary
features such as the illumination level, cloud cover
and visibility. Exercises can be repeated, replayed
or selected at random by the equipment to allow for
unattended practice by trainee operators Objective
performance assessment is provided for each training exercise, allowing a precise evaluation of each
trainee's progress during each period of training.
Exercises can be conducted in a classroom or in the
open.
The MILSIM system can be used with many types

weapon system, from armoured vehicles to air
defence weapons. MILSIM was selected for use
with the Bofors RBS 90surface-to-air missile system
simulator and is in series production for delivery
of
during 1991.
Targets displayed:
1,
2 or 4 with up to 128 model
points
Target types:
(supplied) 16
(permissible) unlimited by interchangeable store
module
Target tracks:
(supplied) 90
(permissible) unlimited by interchangeable store
module
A composite selection of Marconi MILSIM images as presented to a weapon operator

Tracers: 16 simultaneously visible
Missile model: supplied in lieu of tracer
Background: application dependent high fidelity
real world terrain'
Target speed: 0-600 m/s
Target range: 1 00 m to 30
km
Aiming point mark: supplied

Reticle: supplied
Orientation update rate of targets: 50 Hz
Position update rate of targets: 50 Hz
Position update of sights: 50 Hz
Video output: composite video CCIR 624B
311
312
Visual spectra: daylight and thermal

Field of view: variable with 360 slew
Weight in a typical configuration: 45 kg
Dimensions in a typical configuration:
600 x 400 x 400
STATUS
Marconi Simulation Visual
ambient and directional lighting effects, fully conditioned by the time of day and vehicle geographical
position Full texturing can be added to surfaces
which, along with the use of three-dimensional modelling, provides added realism and accurate motion
and height cues In addition, transparency and
blending effects are utilised to provide reduced
In
production
In
service with the Royal Navy,
Sweden (RBS 90) and other
MANUFACTURER
Marconi Command &
PO Box
133,
Telephone
695498
Systems
The Marconi Simulation full colour day-dusk-night
visual system was designed specifically to meet the
requirements of the low-cost visual market and is
supplied with a range of display options to meet
The range of
specific customer requirements
display systems available encompass single monifull
screen
projected display systems.
The Image Generator (IG) for the visual system

supply can support multi-channel applications and
provide video in NTSC, PAL and high resolution
(1290 x 1024 pixel) formats.
The visual system incorporates a number of
advanced features such as continuously variable
visibility for the
and
for
generation
of
Control Systems Limited.

Frimley. Camberley.
Chobham Road.
SurreyGU16SPE.UK
nations.
mm
tors with associated collimating optics to
UK
haze, fog, scud, cloud
localised weather effects such as rain
0276 63311
Telex
858289
Fax
0276
This is achieved by the use of modern man/machine

interface techniques and a highly structured set of
models and data base building tools DGBF options
include stand-alone facilities or software only'
packages to run on the IG if the operational role of
the application permits
The Marconi Simulation visual system has been

used in conjunction with the Marconi Simulation
periscope trainer
squalls
The extensive Data Base Generation Facilities

(DBGF) which are available as an optional extra to
the visual system are stated to represent a major
breakthrough in the cost-effective development of
customised data bases The DBGF was designed
specifically to enable users to generate their
own
data bases and models in a significantly reduced

development time and without specialist training.
STATUS
Available
MANUFACTURER
Industrial Park, nr Dunfermline, Fife. UK
Telephone: 0383 822131 Telex: 727779.
Naval scenes produced by the Marconi Simulation visual system and viewed through a submarine periscope trainer
Novoview Visual
Systems and Image Generation
Rediffusion
The range
is
based on four major product seg-
ments:
Novoview LCV This is configured around the ESIG

100 image generator. Fordetailsrefertothedescription in this entry
1989 it was announced that Rediffusion Simulation

Limited would redesignate its range of visual simulation products to correlate with the ESIG family
of image generators from Evans and Sutherland.
Under the terms of a joint collaboration agreement
only Rediffusion has the marketing rights for Evans
and Sutherland ESIG image generators in the worldwide civil flight simulator market and the United
Kingdom military simulator market. Novoview is the
brand name under which Rediffusion Simulation
supplies its visual simulation systems to both the
civil and military flight simulator markets. This normally includes the image generator, its associated
display medium, training data bases and integration
support with the host simulator device.
In
A Novoview SP-X computer-generated image
Novoview SP-X 200 This is configured around the

ESIG 200 image generator and meets the worldwide
equivalent of FAA Phase training requirements for
civil operators. It creates scenes in night, dusk and
II
low
visibility daylight.

ESIG 500 image generator and meets FAA Phase
equivalent requirements for night, dusk and full
III
daylighttraining.

ESIG 1000 image generator and was designed to
meet very high performance military mission
requirements. ESIG 1000 is an advanced variant of
the former CT6 image generator (for details see text
in this entry).
of a military
scene
Information is provided be low for the earlier Rediffusion Simulation visual simulation systems such as
the SP and the former SP-X.
Novoview LCV
Novoview LCV (Low-Cost Visual) was designed as a
total systems solution to the basic training requirements associated with smaller civil and military
aircraft. The Rediffusion Simulation/Evans and
Sutherland ESIG-100 image generator is the source
of visual imagery and is capable of driving up to four
different display windows. Capabilities include the
presentation of airports and airfields where buildings, runways and taxiways are all represented, as
are approach lighting and landing aids. Conflicting
or routed traffic can also be introduced. Realism
is
enhanced by the system's ability to present a variety

of vertical objects anywhere in the scene to provide
height cues for the trainee pilot. System features
include scene management and hardware-based
Novoview LCV daylight image of a KC-135 tanker aircraft
UK
Carrier scene photographed directly from Rediffusion's Novoview SP-X 500

image generator system used with the US Navy's T-45 Goshawk training
Novoview LCV daylight view involving a Swiss
Air Force
313
Hawk Mark 66
programme
anti-aliasing to
ensure a high standard
of picture
quality.
Texture is routinely used on all surfaces to

improve height and speed cueing and to increase
the realism of both two- and three-dimensional
objects. To meet the demands of military trainers
in particular, the Novoview LCV has the ability to
enter the full tactical mission area with a new degree

of
realism
Novoview SP-X 1000 was jointly
developed by Rediffusion and Evans & Sutherland
Novoview SP-X 1000 (CT6) extends the capability
of the earlier CT5A which was selected by the US
Marine Corps
were designed specifically to complement image

generation performance and to permit flexibility
of application. They range from single or multiple
monitor arrangements with collimating optics to
Boeing Vertol CH-46 and Sikorcrew training, McDonnell

Douglas AV-8B tactical mission simulators and for a
US Air Force F-1 5 simulator evaluation programme
The SP-X 1 000 (CT6) reaches new levels of realism
with features such as two-dimensional modulation
and contour texture, including photo-based texture
images. With the ability to apply texture to any
surface, an inherently high surface capacity and
advanced hardware data base management, the
SP-X 1000 (CT6) has the highest scene density capability of any comparablecomputer-generated image-
multiple projectors with a spherical screen for cre-
visual display system.
viewed image. Single and multi-crew

cockpits can be accommodated.
Novoview LCV is a totally packaged solution
including the image generator, data base, display
and integration support. The support includes the
mechanical fitting of the display, the formatting of
the host communications block, the provision of an
instructor's visual control system, and technical
Rediffusion announced that the

system would form part of the US Air Force's
F-15E Weapons System Trainer being developed
by Goodyear; a second contract from Goodyear
(now the Loral Systems Group) was placed in April
advice
SP-X Visual System

Rediffusion announced the SP-X visual system in
November 1985. claiming it to be a major technical
breakthrough. SP-X was jointly developed by Rediffusion and Evans & Sutherland of Salt Lake City,
Utah (qv), who referred to the system as the SPX It
was first demonstrated in 1986.
The family of SP-X visual systems covers the full
range from night/dusk to full daylight - all models
have the option of full texture. Specifically SP-X
offers high scene quality and stability, transparency,
luminous polygons, pixel fog, fade level of detail
management and polygon format for ease of mod-
present textured rolling terrain.
Novoview LCV scenes can be displayed

night or dusk with a
number
in
day.
of instructor-selected
conditions including visibility, ground fog. cloud

level, scud and horizon glow
Display systems associated with Novoview LCV
ating a directly
Novoview SP Visual Systems

More than 420 Novoview computer-generated
image visual systems were supplied by Rediffusion
for its own and other manufacturers' simulators. The
series covers the full range of training needs, from
night/dusk to daylight with added texture. All
weather, cloud and visibility conditions can be selected by the instructor. Novoview SP1/T provides night
and dusk scenes and has 6000 light points, with five
light colours, 200 to 400 surfaces, 64 grey shades,
256 edges, a refresh rate of 30 Hertz and two-
dimensional texture.
Novoview SP3T produces
dusk and bright

improve surface
space 146 and also
for the Royal Navy's Westland

King helicopter.
mid-1985 the US Air Force ordered the first four
HAS Mark 5 Sea

SP3T
visual systems for the Undergraduate Pilot

Training (UPT) programme being managed by the
AirTraining Command. A further eight SP3Ts, and a
system support station were ordered in early

1986, and another eight SP3Ts followed in early 1987
when the US Air Force exercised its annual option,
bringing the total number of Novoview systems
ordered for this project to 23. The US Air Force
planned to purchase a further 12 SP3Ts.
SP3T visual systems were also supplied for US
Navy CH-46B helicopter and EA-6B Prowler Opervisual
ational Flight Trainer
In
July
for
its
at
Luke Air
programmes.
There is also a wide range of configurations and

feature options which allow operators design-tocost flexibility. For example, because the number of
pixels produced by an image generator impacts on
both picture quality and system price, varying pixel
count levels will be offered.
Operationally, SP-X is said to be unique in that a
combination of calligraphic light points and raster
lights provides crisp night/dusk scenes and new
Hardware texture, too, is available

enhance scene quality providing detailed height
and speed cues and peripheral information
levels of realism.
to
expected in the real world.

Texture technology has been expanded in SP-X
so that it can be applied to any polygon regardless
its orientation in the data base. SP-X texture also
modulates from colour to colour which is far more
realistic and efficient than previous techniques.
Other major advantages include special motion
effects and a powerful anti-aliasing clamping
of
feature.
Novoview SP-X 1000 (CT6) Visual System

Rediffusion's most sophisticated computer-generated image visual system -the SP-X 1000, formerly
the CT6 series - allows military flight training to
Among
the standard features of the SP-X are the

strobe or ownship' lights and up to 13 moving objects in the scene.
All manner of weather can be replicated, including
ability to display steady, flashing,
in
and above cloud There can be up
to
the visual system, with a maximum

of 500 polygons and light strings and 5000 light points
in
per channel The picture resolution can be as high

as 720 000 pixels per channel and the field (refresh)
rate is 50 Hertz by night and 30 Hertz by day
The
first
application for the SP-X
was
the
US
Navy's McDonnell Douglas T-45 Goshawk training

system programme Rediffusion supplied an SP-X
500HT system with an option on 1 1 further systems.
Rediffusion also supplied the digital control loading
for the simulators.
At the end of 1987 a five channel SP-X system was

ordered by the Swiss Air Force as part of a mission
simulator for the British Aerospace

This system was delivered in 1990
Wide-angle
1986
1987. Both systems became operational

Force Base in 1988.
below,
eight channels
helicopter
elling.
night,
daylight conditions, with texture to

detail Under daylight conditions the refresh rate is
increased to 50 Hertz. Among applications for SP3T
were the first two simulators for the British Aero-
In
sky CH-53
flying
Hawk Series 66.
Display Equipment (WIDE)

the first of Rediffusion's simulators to be equipped with the WIDE visual display
system was put into service by British Airways
Helicopters at Aberdeen. This displays the computer-generated image outside world' scenes to
the flight-deck, in this case of a Boeing Vertol 234
transport helicopter simulator. It is used both for
training in hazardous North Sea oil related operations and by the Royal Air Force. In November 1983
the first WIDE system in the USA went into service
on a Rediffusion Boeing 737 simulator bought by
Delta Air Lines.
WIDE is claimed to represent a major breakthrough in flight simulation. By replacing conventional monitor-based displays with a tripleprojector system, WIDE allows cross-cockpit views
without optical limitations. The exceptional degree
of realism is conferred by the use of a technique
whereby the outside world is displayed on a 20-foot
(6.096 m) curved screen surrounding the simulator
flight-deck, replacing the conventional monitor displays at each window, with their attendant disIn
Infinity
November 1982
continuities.
The screen
is
vacuum-formed and the
back-projected image is collimated (that is, seen at

infinity, as the outside world would be viewed) and
spans 150 horizontally and 40 vertically The

system is certificated by the United Kingdom's Civil
Aviation Authority (CAA) for all mandatory sixmonth proficiency tests Flight crews are scheduled
to fly only about 4 hours in the real aircraft during
conversion to type, thereafter relying solely on the
simulator. WIDE customers include Singapore Airlines,
British
Aerospace, Alitalia, Helikopter
Service, Orion Airways, Britannia Airways and
Braathens SAFE (which jointly operate a system)
and Boeing's B-1B bomber training complex.
During May 1984 the company announced a new
system, WIDE II, with a 200 field-of-view and having
applications for rotary-wing aircraft and specialist
fixed-wing training. WIDE II retains the earlier configuration by using projectors mounted above the
simulator cab and throwing images onto a backprojection screen. The system has five projectors
instead of three, and a specially extended backproduction screen and mirror.
In January 1986 Rediffusion extended the range
with
SupraWIDE which uses new cathode
ray tube
314
technology with better picture quality and brightness. The first SupraWIDE system was incorporated
inaBAe 146simulatorfor PacificSouthwest Airlines
This was operational in 1986 at PSA's base at San
Diego, becoming the first continuous field-of-view
system to be approved to FAA Phase III standards in
Autumn
UK
By 1990. more than 100 WIDE systems had been

ordered, were under construction or had been built
for military and commercial operators.
MANUFACTURER
STATUS
Available, see text
560992
Reditfusion Simulation Limited, Sussex Manor Business Park, Gatwick Road, Crawley. West Sussex
RH102YD UK
Fax
0293
1986.
SEOS Displays PRODAS Display

System
The SEOS Displays PRODAS Display System is a
flexible and cost-effective front projection display
system designed to deliver a high quality image over
a wide field-of-view. The displayed scene, which is
non-collimated, can be presented to one or more
observers and provides a continuous, uninterrupted
scene with smooth edge blending between channels
The PRODAS range of displays is based on a

modular design enabling the user to select a system
according to the intended application Differing
fields-of-view can be accommodated by varying the
number of projection channels, and a compound
curve screen suitable for use on a motion base is a
frequently preferred alternative to a flat or segmented screen Fields-of-view vary from that of a
single channel system offering a 45 x 45 field-ofview to that of the 200 x 100 six channel PRODAS
Supra Hi-View
A typical three channel PRODAS system comprises three high performance CRT projectors that
are specially modified and tested by SEOS Displays
for this application The projectors are located offaxis' vertically and are arranged to illuminate the
compound curved three channel front projection
screen by cross firing' horizontally above the
cockpit A Display Interface Unit provides soft-edge
blending and overall colour balancing facilities.
PRODAS equipment also incorporates a soph-
geometric alignment reference system

conjunction with remote control panels,
enables simple and accurate calibration from the
pilot's eye point.
The PRODAS system can be interfaced to image
generators that provide raster video information
with line scan rates from 15 kHz up to 72 kHz, and
field rates from 50 to 100 Hertz
The Tucano simulator produced by Ferranti International employs a three channel PRODAS projection display system.
isticated
which,
in
typical
PRODAS array
STATUS
MANUFACTURER
production. In widespread service throughout the

United Kingdom. USA, Europe, Asia and Austra-
SEOS
lasia.
Telephone: 0444 870888 Fax: 0444 870777.
In
SEOS Displays MIDAS Monitor

The MIDAS display system
is a versatile product
range of high quality monitor-based collimator
systems which offer a cost-effective solution to the
provision of an out-of-the-window' display for civil
and military flight simulation. These units allow a
scene to be presented with realistic depth to single
or multi-crew cockpits.
The MIDAS collimated display system consists of

a high quality monitor, beam splitter, collimating
mirror and enclosure within which the various components are firmly mounted. All MIDAS units (except
the Low-Cost Collimator range) are designed and
constructed for operation on simulation motion
bases and conform to CAA and FAA standards
The MIDAS range offers two general versions:
MIDAS 20 based on 20-inch (508 mm) monitors and
MIDAS 26 based on 26-inch (660 mm) monitors. The
additional viewing distance of MIDAS 26 is generally
advantageous
for
large vehicle simulation, and
vehicles.
Link-Miles Visual Systems
STATUS
In
Derived from the pioneering application of microprocessor technology to the specialised computing requirements of simulation, the IMAGE range
of computer-generated imagery visual systems
share both the technology and the benefits.
production.
In
service
in
the United Kingdom.
Europe and the USA.
The MIDAS Monitor Collimator Display System
MANUFACTURER
SEOS
Juxtaposed systems with edge matchedcapability

are available with both versions as are non-jux-
IMAGE
provides dusk/night visual scenes in

and calligraphic light point displays to
conform with FAA Phase standards. IMAGE III is a
day/dusk/night visual system to comply with FAA
Phase III requirements
II
raster
II
IMAGE Visual Systems
Displays Limited, Marchants Way. Burgess

West Sussex RH15 8QY.UK.
taposed systems allowing greater head movement

without image loss. Zero gap systems are available
on some MIDAS 26 systems.
The range includes the Low-Cost Collimator
which was specifically designed for lower cost
simulation products. While offering the same basic
qualities as the standard range, the MIDAS 20 LC
and MIDAS 26 LC are best suited to fixed base trainer
applications and the display of daylight rather than
night scenes The LC collimators are available in
juxtaposed (but not zero gap) format and can also
be used in multi-channel formats.
The MIDAS system can be interfaced with image
generators that provide raster video information
with line scan rates from 15 kHz up to 75 kHz.
Collimator Display System
otherwise the performance of each version is the

same MIDAS 20 is ideal for simulation in smaller
Hill,
Micro simulation technology's (MST's) attribute

of upgradability is particularly relevant to the
MAGE
microprocessor computing system where upgrade

from
dusk/night
IMAGE
to
day/dusk/night
II
Hill.
Displays Limited. Marchants Way. Burgess

West Sussex RH158QY. UK.
Telephone: 0444 870888 Fax: 0444 870777.
IMAGE III, from a computing point of view, involves

nothing more than the addition of the required circuit
boards. Similarly texture can be added to either or
III by adding the necessary printed circuit boards
Parallel processing allows the addition of further
displays without the need to purchase the next more
powerful mini-computer or consider initial purchase
of superfluous computing power.
Link-Miles have sold 98 IMAGE systems including
II
UK
20
IMAGE
IVs of which 16 feature the
315
company's
AWARD projected display system.

IMAGE Visual System
When introduced, IMAGE
III
III was the industry's first

daylight microprocessor-based visual system with
The hardware and associated software can

produce a wide range of different texture patterns
texture.
including concrete, grass, forests, clouds, water,
and desert. Additional patterns may be introduced

to
accommodate specific training requirements.
A major feature is its ability to reproduce a full

range of outside environments. This means the
response of the aircraft to turbulence, windshear.
microburst and other weather-related phenomena
can be simulated with accuracy while the simulator's
computer-generated image visual system must be
capable of recreating every variation in visibility for
maximum
IMAGE
training value.
IV
This is the latest in the IMAGE product line which

includes further enhancements to visual scene
realism These include: full planar texture; twice the
scene content of earlier systems; three-dimensional
weather effects; translucency; multiple targets; insun and down-sun visibility effects; sensor simulation, and multiple viewpoints. Sensor simulation
such as forward-looking infra-red (FLIR) and low
light television can also be included
The system features high resolution with 756 000
pixels per channel and high scene content including
multi-sided surfaces, surface overlay techniques
and texture New features include realistic shadows
and variation of light source, lightning, thunderstorms and rain, together with the effects of
drifting snow, moving clouds, fog and sea surface.
IMAGE IV may be specified as a raster and
calligraphic system or raster alone. It comes
in -250, -500 and -600 versions corresponding to the
maximum number of surfaces provided
KC-10A Extender
flight
simulator at the Seymour Johnson Air Force Base with

display for flight refuelling applications
IMAGE
HIT
and
Seescope Periscope Visual System

The Seescope display uses a full 360 background
scene and contact positioning. There are day, dusk,
night mist and thermal imaging modes and the
system allows for a textured sea surface, dynamic
bow waves and stern wakes, own mast, and washover and green water effects. The user has complete
freedom in the type of contact to be displayed,
including surface and airborne. Vessels are presented in the correct orientation, size and speed
selected scenario relative to own vessel
of range-finding using
either optical or laser techniques, plus weapon
effects, can be provided.
The ocular box can be supplied by the user or a
simulated ocular box, which provides all the functions necessary for simulation, is available.
for the
manoeuvring. Simulation
Database Editor and Linker (IDEAL)

a tool for the preparation of computergenerated imagery data bases by the operator, as
might be needed if airline or military operations
were being extended. Manual, off-line coding
methods are replaced with on-line interaction in real
time using a comprehensive workstation; data base
modellers can modify any part of an existing data
base or produce new scenarios. Once prepared
data bases can be transferred to and from IMAGE
systems and from VISTA (see overleaf).
Interactive
IDEAL
is
IMAGE HIT data base scene
with helicopter
model
typical
Seescope target display
IMAGE IV data base showing KC-10 flight refuelling scene
AWARDS
316
UK
IMAGE IV computer-generated scene showing

IMAGE IV data base scene showing texture ettect
Visual Imagery Simulation Training Aid (VISTA)
is a cost-effective computer-generated image
VISTA
visual system aimed at general aviation training

schools, for example: applications include basic
flying training,
aircraft recognition and basic
weapon aiming and gunnery procedures A full day-
dusk or night full-colour image can be viewed

either as a proiected image or on a screen VISTA
has been selected by the Royal Navy as part of the
SHORT training package.
light,
ol
lent clarity
and resolution across the scene A design
vertical field-of-view is 40: a correct
free
scene
AWARDS
Reflective Display
System
(AWARDS)
AWARDS
uses precision ground-glass mirrors and

matched projectors to provide a distortion-free
visual system with very high brightness and excel-
200. with a 200' field-of-view.
in
distortion-
STATUS
obtained from any position within

Applications can include transports.
V/STOL
AWARDS
Spring 1987 as part of a Boeing 747400 simulator for Qantas which also has the IMAGE
visual system By December 1989 16 AWARDS had
been sold, including three AWARDS 200
is
the cockpit
helicopters and
Standard
and
first
was ordered
has
been achieved, and the system has been developed
to meet the FAA Phase III requirements The horizontal fie Id-of-view wraps around the cockpit and the
light-point brightness level of 8 foot-lamberts
150 x 40 image while
Advanced Wide-Angle
The
texture capability on the blocks
apartments'
All
the previous systems are available - see text
aircraft.
uses three projectors
for
MANUFACTURER
AWARD 200 extends the hori-
Link-Miles Limited. Churchill Industrial Estate

Lancing. West Sussex BN158UE. UK.
Telephone 0903 755881 Telex: 87165 LINKSI G. Fax:
0903 763172.
zontal field-of-view to 200 using five projectors The

projectors use commercially available tubes with
projection lenses permitting exposure of a large
area of the cathode ray tube (nominally 127
mm
diagonal) phosphor to provide unique levels of

brightness.
1 Computergenerated Image System
TectorVistar
Tector Limited have been involved in the provision of

flight simulator display systems and their associated
displays since 1974. Si nee then Tector have supplied
their OPDIS visual systems to customers throughout
the world (for details of OPDIS refer to Jane s Military
Training Systems 1988-89 pages 258 and 259) OPDIS
has been superseded by Vistar 1
Vistar 1 is a low-cost visual system designed
to meet the requirments of military, civilian and
research simulators to provide high realism and
flexibility The system provides a full six-degree-
freedom-of-movement and is fully compatible with

FAA Phase requirements.
The Vistar 1 computer-generated image is an alldigital visual system that generates a full colour,
day-through-night image. The system utilises the
latest advanced technology in an extensively pipeI
'"?*" '
..
^M
v
can achieve one billion operations per

second with an image resolution down to 3.125cm
Due to its modular design and construction. Vistar 1
has embedded reliability and redundancy which is
combined with a high expansion capability The
system is available in single or multi-channel modes
and the image may be displayed via Tectors collimated or projected display systems
The main features of Vistar 1 are as follows:
"/
'
"
v.<r
*"> iv
/I\%:- "K^*|fc^
Cs'sl
lined parallel architecture to achieve high through-
'^,
E E
put. This
fully
day-through-night: infinitely textured
terrain area: flexible texture - high,
full
//i/mmuvyH
/
Tector Vistar
computer-generated image of runway approach
colour
medium and
low: single or multi-channel operation: four airfields

modelled from real world data with two on-line at
any one time: lights: cloud (variable cloud base and

top), scud and fog; runway visual range; angle of
approach indicators: unlimited two-dimensional
surfaces; 50 Hertz image update rate.
Vistar 1 has an 875 line x 1024 pixel scan rate
with afield rate of 50 Hertz The scan system provides
a 2:1 interlaced raster image. The interface between
the image generator and display system is by means
of standard RS170/RS343 video cables. If required
the scan rates may be specified at 525 or 625 lines
and at either 50 or 60 Hertz field rate
The system provides unlimited two-dimensional
surfaces which are enhanced by six full colour multilayered texture maps These maps provide field
control and pattern, medium and fine texture
runway control and markings. Within the scene up
to four airfield models are provided. These are
modelled from real world data and contain the
normal runways, taxiways. aprons, lights, glide path

indicators and building areas Field patterns are all
irregular in construction and are coloured using 256
colours from 16 Vmillioncombinations. Urban areas
are depicted using special colourings and light clusters whilst forest areas and lakes are shown via
colour and texture.
Real world data is modelled down to an accuracy
of 3.125cm All lights and markings are anti-aliased
to one-sixteenth of a pixel and texture maps utilise a
separate anti-aliasing algorithm.
Vistar 1 can instantly display 2000 lights These
are drawn from a larger data base and use 256
colours. Groups of lights utilise up to 16 intensity
levels.
Vistar
provides
full
meteorological effects as
package The cloud top and base

are variable on line in increments of one metre,
allowing the trainee pilot to below, through and
above cloud The instructor may select a random
part of the standard
variation
in
cloud base and top to present a trainee
with scud
Visibility
and runway visual range (RVR)
is
adjust-
able on line in both slant range and RVR. Visibility is

adjustable from zero to maximum in small
increments The effect due to RVR is displayed below
a height of approximately 30 m. The visual effect due
to slant range is displayed above this height.
All the facilities of the visual system are controlled
from the simulator's host computer. Interfacing is
via a 16-bit parallel link operating at 50 Hertz The
interface contains a simple handshake facility to
synchronise the host computer to the visual system
or generate any requests or interrupts. The
maximum transport delay is 80 msec
Vistar 1 consists of a series of Euro-board submodules mounted on a 19-inch (482.6 mm) rack
system and contained in a floor-mounted cabinet
fitted with castors Dimensions are width 722 mm.
depth 482 6
and height 723
The overall
mm
mm
UK
weightofthecabinetforasinglechannel isanominal
STATUS
50 kg
Vistar
MANUFACTURER
available Vistar 2 under development
Tector Limited, Operational Displays Division,

Woodhill Road, Collingham. Newark, Nottingham
is a three-dimensional system designed

be FAA Phase compatible This system is under
development.
Vistar 2
to
317
NG23 7NR.UK.
II
Telephone: 0636 892 246. Telex: 3771
19.
Tector Tecstar Computer-
generated Image System

Formerly known as ATIGS (Aerial Target ImageGeneration System), the Tector Limited Tecstar
three-dimensional.
fully
system
computes
manoeuvrable images representing targets or
objects of interest on ground, sea or in the air These
images can be keyed in to the OPDIS or Vistar
1 computer-generated ground/sky background, or
used in isolation as targets projected onto the domes
combat simulators A Tecstar 2 version, with

256 surfaces, was announced in 1986
Tecstar has been supplied to British Aerospace
at Warton and the Royal Aircraft Establishment at
of air
Farnborough
for air
combat domes The BAe system
was
integrated into a twin-dome simulator in late

1985. Tecstar has been supplied to the Austrian
Army as part of the Invertron Skyfire System A antiaircraft
gunnery trainer.
STATUS
Available.
In
service
in
Austria, the United
Kingdom
and elsewhere.
MANUFACTURER
Woodhill Road. Collingham, Newark. Nottingham
NG23 7NR.UK.
Telephone: 0636 892 246 Telex: 3771
A view through the sight of an
19.
Tector Limited Display Monitors

of display monitors are designed
provide a cost-effective solution to the problem of
displaying images created by modern visual and
graphics systems. The range of monitors includes
both resonant and linear scan models, of which the
latter may be provided with an optional calligraphic
The Tector range

to
Focus: electrostatic with dynamic focus

Scan frequency: 15 to 64 KHz, interlaced or noninterlaced
75 mm in
mm elsewhere
Colour registration:
The rugged construction of the monitors makes

them suitable for use on motion-based simulators
and, coupled with Tector collimating optics, produce
a high quality display system in both single and
multiple window configurations. The linear scan
models are suitable for juxtaposed collimated
display arrangements Digital remote control of
alignment is standard on all models providing accurate alignment from the viewing position even with
the monitor sited in the most inaccessible position
picture height.
monitors are fitted with a pattern generator to

alignment, with linear scan monitors
having a scan frequency selection.
All
defence part task trainer showing a Tecstar-generated
General specifications for all models

Display: 660 mm diagonal shadow mask CRT: 0.51
or
37 mm dot pitch dependent on resolution
requirements
Deflection: magnetic
capability.
facilitate
air
a circle equal to
Video bandwidth:
(medium
MHz
MHz
resolution) 75
(high resolution) 150
STATUS
In
MANUFACTURER
Woodhill Road. Collingham. Newark. Nottingham
NG23 7NR.UK.
Telephone: 0636 892 246 Telex: 3771
A Tector Limited standard 26-inch
19.
(660
mm)
col-
limated display system on a free-standing mounting
Fitter target
'
318
USA

ATC StereoFlite Computergenerated Image Visual Display
The ATC
Stereoflite visual display system produces

a three-dimensional effect by using an image generator that produces left and right stereo pairs at 60
Hertz with a resolution of 1024 x 1024 A 120 Hertz
monitor or projector (operating at what is basically
a 4 1 interlace), with an LCD polarising shutter over
the lens or cathode ray tube, is used to polarise
circularly each alternate vertical scan of the picture
Polarised spectacles then give the viewer a very
realistic three dimension' effect Since the polarisation is circular, rather than orthogonal, tilting the
viewer's head (or the monitor) does not degrade
either the image or the stereo effect While wearing
circularly polarised spectacles, pilots are able to
read charts or check-lists and flight instruments
without difficulty or distortion.
The system uses two Weitek 16-bit integer array
Three typical scenes, seen here
in
processors and one Weitek 32-bit floating point processor, all operating in parallel The system (less
the host computer, a PC/AT or similar) consists of a
three-board set One board houses the front end
processors and cache, another is the main memory.
while the th.rd is the dual colour buffer
The video output produces a single 1024 * 1024
24-bit image yielding 16 777 216 possible colours If
the output is required for a four channel display the
output can be |umpered for four 512 x 512 images
More than 4000 flat-shaded polygons can be displayed on screen with the image generator running
at 30 Hertz At lower loads the display will switch
automatically to a 60 Hertz update rate Loan's
greater than approximately 5500 polygons on screen
will lower the update rate proportionately
Single pixel light sources, such as those used for
runway lights, load the system at approximately 3.5
lights per polygon If 5500 polygons aredisplayable,
this is translated to 16 500 possible lights on screen
at any one time, enough to model a large airport and
its
The actual polygon throughput depends on the

type and position of the polygons in the data base A
figure of 4000 is a worst case' approximation where
all the polygons are four-sided and there is an
average of four forward-facing surfaces per pixel
The size of the data base is limited by the size of the
main memory (1 Mword. 1024 k * 32 bits), and the
clipping load for polygons outside the pyramid of
view
The image generator uses a BSP tree architecture

and can find two surface's relation to each other (in
front or behind) in 5 nanosecs
STATUS
Available
MANUFACTURER
ATC Flight Simulator Company. 1650 19th Street.
Santa Monica. California 90404 USA
Telephone: (213)4533557 Telex 284687 ATC
adjacent environment
only two dimensions, produced by the ATC StereoFlite computer-generated visual system which produces an impression of
three-dimensional images
BBN GT1 00 Visual System

The BBN GT100 visual system was developed from
experience gained during the development of the
visual system involved with SIMNET (see entry
under Command and Staff Level Tactical Trainers
for details of the SIMNET system). The GT1 00 system
is a realistic and relatively low-cost visual system
for real-time applications including ground vehicle
and low-flying aircraft, and for the generation of
various
images,
including
out-of-the-window
scenes, and sensors image displays such as those
produced by thermal imagers and video The fieldof-view is adjustable and allows the simulation of
magnified optical sites
GT100 is an off-the-shelf system which is

described as very easy to use. It contains several
standard features which are claimed to reduce the
risk and time needed for training system development These features includethefollcvv.ng
Selectable update rate (15or30Hz)

High polygonal throughput (up to 6000 per frame
at 15 Hz)
Multiple moving models (up to 64 at 15 Hz)
Standard interfaces (DR1 1W and Ethernet)
Terrain feedback
Collision detection
Generic real-time software
Selectable haze and fade
Downloadable texture maps

Cartridge tape
of aircraft flying over water created using the GT100 visual system: the
helicopters have approximately 150 polygons each while the sky and water have
less than 8 polygons total and are textured using partially transparent maps in
successive layers
Image
A tactical command centre interior with an external view created using the
GT100 visual system. The scene consists of one 1200 polygon model of the
interior; all monitor screens are texture mapped, as is the window looking out
USA
Textured images of tanks created using the
The system
is
capable
of
movement nthegaming area for vehiclesand targets

and. overall permits easy data base construction
GT100 has an optional embedded sound system
which can be supplied with the visual system. There
is also an option for a ballistics processing option
machine guns
which allows guns such as 12.7
and Chain Guns to take part in the training environment Other features include terrain feedback frameby-frame; the latter allows the host computer to
place a vehicle correctly on the terrain Collision and
ballistic detection are also offered, these provide
information on what the vehicle collided with, what
a round struck, and what type of effects should be
displayed
Two other GT100 features include the visual and
sensor data bases which are correlated as they are
built from the same intermediate data base These
data bases are compiled to specific applications
before they are loaded into the system The dynamic
data base management deals just with the terrain
patch of interest and only the potentially visible area
of the data base is handled at any one time. In
addition there is a real-time paging system that
pages in and out of the data base as the user moves
i
mm
simultaneously dis-
playing a large number of moving models, while

the system incorporates a level of detail control
to reduce the number of polygons required at far
distances There is a minimum of 2000 front-facing
polygons per channel at 30 Hertz and a pixel image
of up to 640 x 480 with hardware anti-aliasing that
gives the appearance of a much higher pixel count
The hybrid depth buffer architecture used in the
GT100 visual system contains an embedded parallel
graphics pipeline using data path cueing to minimise
bottlenecks within the pipelines This allows one
function to complete its processing independent of
another function, with the cues taking up the slack
between the functions at the input and output stages
The hybrid depth buffer also offers unlimited
company has worked
Evans & Sutherland Computergenerated Image Systems
sold throughout the world for applications including

aviation
training.
pilot
For
development and
civil
years
the
several
with Rediffusion Simulation
and currently remains teamed with Rediffusion in

the civil aviation market
Evans & Sutherland produces a whole range of
image generators, dome and projection systems,
visual data bases, modelling systems and sensor
simulation equipment Previous image generators
included the CT6 and SPX which are in service
worldwide The current family covers a broad spectrum of performance ranging from the low-cost ESIG
100. through the ESIG 200. ESIG 500 and ESIG 600 to
the high performance ESIG 1000.
Evans & Sutherland produces visual systems which

are used in all segments of the simulation industry
Since 1969 the company has been regarded as a
leader in computer graphics technology Over 500
Evans & Sutherland image generators have been
military training, engineering
GTWO-produced image of an aircraft landing
G T1 00 visual system
Optional features include a ballistics processor, a

simulation host processor and sensor views.
The GT100 system includes perspective, photobased texture mapping and both 15 and 30 Hertz
selectable real-time frame updates. A feature
unique to GT100 is BBN's dynamic data base management scheme where the data base is contained
within the visual system.
across the terrain

There are five models of the GT100 visual system.
They range from a single high resolution channel
model to a model containing 16 lower resolution
channels capable of images that are 320 x 128 calculated pixels. Pixels are replicated to provide
640 x 256 pixels on a display screen This is typical
of a SIMNET application. SIMNET has four bits each
of red, green and blue, and so does GT100 This
allows for the selection of 4096 individual colours
from the colour pallette
A two-dimensional graphics processor is provided with the high resolution versions of GT100 and
will allow the user to generate head-up displays.
STATUS
Available
MANUFACTURER
BBN
Simulation and Training Systems Division. 33

Moulton Street. Cambridge, Massachusetts 02238,
USA.
Telephone: (617)873 4290 Fax:(617)873 4315.
For details of the ESIG 3000 and ESIG 4000 refer to

the following entry.
STATUS
In
production and widespread use.
MANUFACTURER
Evans & Sutherland Computer Corporation, 600
Komas Drive. Salt Lake City, Utah 582 5847, USA.
Telephone: (801) 582 5847 Fax: (801) 582 5848.
Evans & Sutherland Image Generators
Model
ESIG 100
ESIG 200
ESIG 500
ESIG 1000
Modes
day/dusk/night
dusk/night
day/dusk/night
day/dusk/night
multiple
8
50/60 Hz
30 Hz
multiple
8
50/60 Hz
30 Hz
1000
Viewpoints
Max channels/viewpoint
Update rate -day

-dusk/night
Polygons -per channel
-per viewpoint
Coloured
25 Hz
25 Hz
500
2000
30 Hz
225
1800
500
4000
8000
lights
per channel-day
-dusk/night
per viewpoint-day
-dusk/night
Display format
Resolution (pixels/channel)
standard
high resolution
Scan standard
Active colour palette
Moving models
On-line texture
maps
319
1000
1000
4000
4000
38 400
1000
5000
8000
40 000
1000
5000
8000
40 000
raster
raster/calligraphic
raster/call graphic
raster/calligraphic
307 200
360000
360 000
720 000
4800
640 x 480
256
programmable
programm able
360000
720000
programmable
256
256
256
3 to 13
3to13
3 to 13
3 to 13
32
32
32
128
320
USA
Computer-generated images of F-1 6 fighters produced by an Evans & Sutherland

ESIG 1000
From 1991 until 1996 Evans & Sutherland will deliver 1 1 ESIG-500 computer
image generators for the US Air Force's Tanker/Transport Training System
(TTTS)
Evans & Sutherland ESIG 3000 and

ESIG 4000
In June 1990 Evans & Sutherland announced two new
simulation image generation systems with unique
image generation architectures, the ESIG 3000 and
the ESIG 4000,
The ESIG 3000 image generator may be regarded

as the logical development of the ESIG 500, 600 and
1000 generators and has been combined with a
powerful range buffer, an integrated non-linear
mapping capability and full colour photo texturing.
The system produces high image quality, has an
area-based rendering architecture, a powerful data
base management system, robust texture, and universal real-time software. Up to 3000 potentially
viewable, textured and smooth-shaded polygons
can be processed in each of up to eight channel

processors at a 60 Hertz update rate, with all polygons contributing effectively to the scene. Additional
hardware can be added in a modular fashion in each
channel processor to produce up to 1.5 million pixel
resolution at a 60 Hertz update rate.
The ESIG 4000 was designed primarily to reduce
data base generation time and costs ESIG 4000 is
seen to have particular applications in the mission
rehearsal field. By taking separately processed
terrain and feature data bases and then combining
them in its hardware, the ESIG 4000 eliminates
one of the most time-consuming aspects of image
generation Known as parallel data base development', this permits the independent creation of
terrain and cultural feature data bases without the
need for hand modelling by data base engineers
During the terrain and feature merging stages a
Image of the NASA orbiter Endeavour shown docked with the space station
Freedom, created by the Evans & Sutherland ESIG 3000 computer image
generator, with the Earth modelled using
full
colour texture from
NASA
process known as conforming' enables features to

accurately conform with slopes and other variations
in the terrain This features also permits late-arriving intelligence updates to be added to a data base
ESIG 4000 also incorporates other features such as
full colour photo-textured terrain, range-buffered
visual priority, and betweening' for a smooth and
continuous evolution of terrain and features.
STATUS
Available
in
the near future.
MANUFACTURER
Evans & Sutherland Computer Corporation. 600
Komas Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah 582 5847. USA
Telephone: (801 582 5847. Fax: (801 582 5848
)
Image from an Evans & Sutherland ESIG 4000 image generator showing an
MH-53J helicopter overflying a remote staging area
source
photography
General Electric COMPU-SCENE

Visual Simulation Systems
General Electrics COMPU-SCENE visual
systems
have achieved a position of acknowledged world
leadership in simulation systems for critical military
training requirements with a succession of computer-generated technology improvements that
have steadily evolved since 1958. Throughout its
development COMPU-SCENE has advanced stateof-the-art visual technology to provide the broad-
General Electric (GE) pioneered the world's first

computer-generated image system in 1958 and supplied it to the US Army and Navy for a joint pro-
gramme
called
JANIP
(Joint
Army
Navy
Instrumentation Program). In 1962 GE delivered to

NASA the first computer image-generation system
to train astronauts in space rendezvous and docking
manoeuvres. This was followed in 1972 and 1974
when the first such systems were delivered to the
US Navy and US Air Force. In 1975 GE provided
the first full day/night computer-image generation
commercial
ened capabilities and enhanced imagery needed to

meet the high performance visual needs of training
system
for critical terrain-oriented missions.
day/dusk/night
for
COMPU-SCENE
is
flight training
an all-electronic,
variable
visibility
full colour
display that
combines a family
of
computer-image generators
to
depict both the outside world' and correlated sensor
imagery.
Among
COMPU-SCENE
system's capabilities
photographic cell texture in which online cell maps' are used to store photographic
detail: accurately correlated radar forward-looking
the
are the use
of
infra-red (FLIR), low-light television, night vision
goggle and out-of-the-window imagery: circular

feature generation and curved surface shading
Texture patterns may be produced in selectable
colour to provide enhanced motion and distance
cues on bounded terrain areas and model face
surfaces
Texture algorithms are modified to
USA
GE COMPU-SCENE V scene showing a MH-53J helicopter
Typical scene produced by the
COMPU-SCENE IV was selected lor the A-129 Combat Mission Simulator AH-1W
Ml Abrams main
battle tank
Armor
helicopter
produce modulated patterns to represent sea,

clouds, crops or various types of terrain.
Circular feature generation software creates
circles,
ellipses,
spheres and ellipsoids
of
sel-
ectable colours to represent clusters of circular

objects such as trees, clouds, storage tanks, silos
and similar cultural objects. These features can
be generated with curves instead of straight lines,
economy
computer storage space.

High resolution is achieved by a suitable choice
of raster density between 625, 763, 875 and 1023
resulting in
in
lines.
GE's COMPU-SCENE III, introduced in 1982. was

replaced by the COMPU-SCENE PT2000 image generator introduced in mid-1988. Designed to address
a medium performance, moderate price segment of
the visual simulation and training systems market,
the COMPU-SCENE PT2000 employs very large
scale integration (VLSI) technology combined with
advanced image-generation algorithms and phototexturing. Although
it is configured for a lower permarket, the COMPU-SCENE PT2000

retains many desirable features of the high performance COMPU-SCENE IV system. The COMPUSCENE PT2000system has been selected by McDonnell Douglas Training Systems Inc for the US Air
Force's C-17 weapons system trainer. Under the
terms of a $32.3 million contract, GE will deliver 12
PT2000 systems to McDonnell Douglas from mid1990 until 1997. These trainers will be used at five
US Air Force bases to train all C-17 pilots and
loadmasters for the US Air Force's Military Airlift
formance
Command.
COMPU-SCENE IV, introduced in 1984, is a realtime computer image generator designed to provide
effective visual simulation of the environment as
seen by pilots flying terrain-following or nap-ofthe-earth missions At altitude the ground is seen
through cloud cover with sun-illuminated effects

Weapon delivery effects such as impact and fragmentation are also included.
COMPU-SCENE IV systems are capable of representing the fast-moving environment as it is seen
at low level, providing close-up ground detail as
viewed from below tree-top level. The system is
also appropriate for other situations calling for high
degrees of operator skill such as the management
of air-cushion vehicles
The
and
battle tanks.
largest single customer for
COMPU-SCENE
has been McDonnell Douglas which has

taken delivery of five systems for its flight simulation
facilities at St Louis and four additional systems for
its helicopter simulation facility at Mesa, Arizona.
An advanced COMPU-SCENE IV was ordered in
1988 by Kawasaki Heavy ndustnes Limited for delivery in two phases A five-channel image generator
was installed during 1989, followed in 1990 by
delivery of a display system consisting of a 7.315 m
dome and three GE TALARIA high-resolution light
valve projectors. An existing cathode ray tube
display configuration will be used during the interim
IV to date
period between deliveries.
Aermacchi SpA selected a COMPUsystem to assist in designing and

developing advanced versions of its MB-339 jet
trainer, AMX ground attack fighter, and other airIn
Italy.
SCENE
IV visual
craft.
Other
COMPU-SCENE customers
include the
US
Army, Navy and Marine Corps, Aeritalia.

the Boeing Military Airplane Company, CAE Electronics. Hughes Aircraft, Lockheed, MesserschmidtBolkow-Blohm (MBB), and Sikorsky Aircraft.
Air Force,
In November 1987 CAE Electronics of Montreal

awarded GE a contract for a COMPU-SCENE IV to
assist in the design of future rotor aircraft. COMPUSCENE IV is part of the US Army Crew Station
simulated
321
COMPU-SCENE V image system
in
real time by
Tactical Trainer lor the
COMPU-SCENE IV for an
US Army
Research and Development Facility at the NASA

Ames Research Center at Moffet Field, California.
Announced in April 1989 COMPU-SCENE V is a
very high performance derivative of the COMPUSCENE IV image generation system (for details see
previous entry) COMPU-SCENE V retains all the
features of COMPU-SCENE IV but adds a capability
processing real-world photography in real time.
With the COMPU-SCENE V system on-line texture
maps' are used to store photographic detail which
is applied to three-dimensional terrain, moving
models and objects such as airfields and buildings.
It is claimed that the
system boosts texture map
capacity to the point at which entire visual data bases
can be built using terrain elevation and photographic
source data
Source data will typically range from satellite
photography with a resolution of 10 m, to aerial
photographs with resolutions measured in millimetres. The COMPU-SCENE V image generator
accepts both without any loss of image fidelity. Data
base generation tools provide rapid photo image
and geometry processing so that visual data bases
can be created and updated in the shortest possible
for
The system can utilise computerised Defense

Mapping Agency data.
COMPU-SCENE V offers a significant increase in
texture map storage capacity, boosted even further
by adynamic paging feature that constantly updates
texture maps during passage through the visual
time.
environment, thereby providing an unlimited potenfor photographic realism.

For use at low altitudes the system is provided with
a standard microtexture feature that automatically
blends into the visual scene at close-in distances to
add surface detail. Microtexture patterns can be
photographic or synthetic in nature.
In
order to replicate real-world conditions
tial
COMPUTER-GENERATED IMAGE AND VISUALSYSTEMS
322
COMPU-SCENE V simulates the full range ot

sensors and avionics including forward-looking
infra-red (FLIR). radar, and vision-aiding systems
such as night-vision goggles All are correlated
exactly with the out-of-the-window scene.
In addition to the above the COMPU-SCENE V
system offers a significant increase in polygon and
point light processing capability that results in
realistic
three-dimensional scene detail
This
increased scene detail combined with the system's
real-world photographic imagery provides an accurate representation of the mission environment which
will
be particularly useful
tor
supporting mission
rehearsal applications
In July 1989 it was announced that the US Air Force
Military Airlift Command and Special Operations
Forces had selected COMPU-SCENE V as part ot a
programme to upgrade a CH-3E helicopter simulator
an MH-53J Helicopter Weapon Systems Trainer.

Existing COMPU-SCENE IV systems can be
upgraded to COMPU-SCENE V standard in the field
and existing data bases can continue to be used
into
USA
STATUS
COMPU-SCENE V in production for US Air Force
Production of COMPU-SCENE IV under way since
1986 COMPU-SCENE
in production and service
Other versions of earlier COMPU-SCENE visuals
III
are
in
use
in military
and commercial
aircraft
simu-
lators
MANUFACTURER
Systems Department. PO Box 2500, Daytona Beach.
Florida 32015,
USA
Telephone: (904) 239 2906 Telex 566556
for recognition
IVEX Visual Systems

IVEX uses computer-generated imagery stored on
and retrieved in real time The system
requires only a simple interface with a host computer
and eliminates the polygon-building limitations of
traditional real-time computer-generated image
systems, thereby greatly enhancing the visual
image A typical IVEX-generated scene may contain
optical discs
many as one million polygons. The result is a

highly detailed rendering of objects and accurate
texturing of terrain and other features Runway
markingsand landscape texturing, builtinto the data
as
base, create depth perception and closure clues

For military and other training applications multiple
optical discs can be connected in a modular fashion
so that independently control led moving objects can
be inserted into a scene
The standard IVEX system features a standard full
daylightcontinuous-flightdatabaseof50 x 50miles
(80.5 x 80.5 km); a terrain model depicting rivers,
lakes, beaches, farm land and several types of
vegetation; complete unrestricted and interactive
six-degrees-of-movement motion; a user selectable
visibility range; and a user selectable field of view
with a nominal 48 x 36 Optional features include a
detailed and natural-looking cloud base permitting
pilots to fly through and above clouds with blue
sky overhead; realistic time-of-day lighting from
dawn/dusk to night, with runway and taxi-way lights
and landing aids; and interactive and detailed threedimensional targets with six-degrees-of-movement
and combat
training
Up
to
three
output channels are standard.

The IVEX product line consists of three image
generators All use IVEX textured, real-world data
bases which provide high levels of picture realism
and geographic accuracy Day/dusk/night illuminations and variable cloud cover are standard features with all systems The 1000S is the low-cost,
entry-level, single channel system designed to meet
a range of basic training needs A generic textured
terrain data base is included The 1000ST is FAA
visual simulator' approved and is intended to meet
the training objectives of all types of flight and
procedures trainers and simulators up to FAA Phase
standards, A light point modelling capability is
included Single or multiple channel configurations
are available A 1000ST is in use on a Pan American
Boeing 707 simulator; the visual was installed as an
upgrade The 1000STS includes a three-dimensional
objects data base in addition to the light points
and multi-channel configuration capabilities of the
1000ST The light points and polygon data bases can
be tailored to the needs of the customer The 1000ST
can be upgraded to the 1000STS These IVEX
systems are in use with fixed and rotary-wing aircraft
simulators
Features of the systems include fully textured
terrain; selectable weather such as cloud and visibility conditions; night/dusk/daylight capability; 24bit colour resolution; easily adjustable and movable
light points; and polygons with 450 edges. Head-up
displays for assorted aircraft are available.
I
To ease the task of producing high-speed, lowimage processing systems. IVEX has designed
two image processing integrated circuits (ICs). the
RXC-01 and the PWA-01 Both provide image and
cost
video processing building blocks for performing

image transformations and filtering with a minimum
external components The ICs. when used
together in an integral system, provide the ability to
geometrically transform and filter a video image and
of
produce high-quality imagery
Link
ESPRIT Visual Display System
The ESPRIT (Eye-Slaved Projected Raster InseT)

the first successful application of an eyeslaved, area-of-interest (AOI) display where the
high-resolution AOI is always centred around the
system
is
trainee's eye line-of-sight.
moving as the eye moves.
is filled in with reduced-resolution

images, requiring fewer channels and thereby
reducing cost and complexity. The combination provides an effective, high-resolution picture over a
very large field-of-view at an affordable cost.
High-quality visual simulation required in tactical
combat training will be provided by the 7.3 m dome
The background
display, offering a 3-arc
minute/OLP
(optical line
pair) resolution over a 270 horizontal x 130 vertical field-of-view (baseline parameters; the ESPRIT
system is capable of a full 360 display) The highresolution picture is projected onto a high-gain,
spherical
motion-compatible,
high-brightness,
screen
Other features include: smooth electronic blending of AOI/background images, true-perspective
(parallax) simulation, and special effects such as
collapsing field-of-view when pulling high g-forces
(g-dimming). Distortion correction will also be provided.
visibility effects that
Available and
in
widespread service.
MANUFACTURER
IVEX Corporation, 4357 J Park Drive, Norcross,
Georgia 30093, USA.
Telephone: (404) 564 1148. Telex: 6503144415
MCIUW.
can be generated using an IVEX visual system
When combined with a state-of-the-art digital

image generation system, the ESPRIT eye-slaved
display provides the type of sophisticated, realistic
simulation necessary for tactical fighters and attack
helicopters. Initial transition training, refinement of
and development of more effective airand air-to-ground tactics, including operations

at the extremes of the flight envelope, will all be
possible and cost-effective with this technology.
The British Ministry of Defence selected the
ESPRIT display system for the two Harrier GR5
tactical skills,
to-air
mission simulators
for the
Royal Air Force
STATUS
In
production for Royal Air Force
(2).
MANUFACTURER
Link Flight Simulation Division of CAE-Link Corporation. Corporate Drive, Binghamton. New York
13902 USA.
Telephone: (607) 771 5465 Telex: 666817.
A model of the ESPRIT area-of-interest dome visual

display system produced for the Royal Air Force for
training Harrier
GR5 pilots
real time.
STATUS
Wr
Three examples of the variable
in
IVEX's current simulator product line, the VDS1000, is capable of delivering full photographicquality images in real time with more than one
million polygons per frame.
IVEX introduced its first products in November
1986 and since then has sold and delivered numerous systems. Military customers include the Royal
Air Force who have ordered five three-channel VDS1000STS systems with wide-angled seamless
screens for training devices used with the Short
Embraer Tucano simulator The US Air Force has a
single-channel VDS-1000 system with a head-up
display upgrade for use in test flight programmes
for new generation V/STOL aircraft.
USA
Link MOD DIG
Generator
Digital
323
Image
MOD DIG (Modular Digital Image Generator) is a

day/dusk/night full colour digital image generator
which simulates out-the-window, visionics, and
sensor imagery and will operate in concert with a
full mission simulator.
MOD DIG is designed to support effectively flight
training for all interactive vehicle simulations, terand bomber
V/STOL and all
rain-following flight training for fighter

aircraft, nap-of-the-earth flying for
types of rotary-wing aircraft and helicopters, air-toair and air-to-ground combat mission training, and
spaceflighttraining.
A wide variety of enemy threats is possible,
several of which can be active at a time, a capability
which the company believes to be unique in the
industry. These include small arms ground fire and
missiles, fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft and
ships and ground vehicles Special visual effects are
tracers, missile launching, trajectory and weapon
impact effects, flares with ground illumination, and
slewable landing/taxi and search-lights
Sensors recreated include forward-looking infrared (FLIR), night vision goggles, low light level
television (LLTV), telescopic sight unit and direct
view optics
Link
has
incorporated a host of design

innovations, yielding the most realistic, high fidelity
simulation picture ever: anti-aliasing employing
2 x 2pixel and 16sub-pixel filtering, 128 increments
of translucency, (to ensure that objects are gracefully introduced and exited from a scene), multiple
types of texture such as helicopter rotor wash and
ocean sea states, special techniques for replicating
frequently used three-dimensional library (parametric) objects, smooth colour shading (plus translucency shading and terrain shading), pixel skipover to preserve screen write capacity, advanced
landing lights, perspective light points, 8192 occulting priorities per channel, atmospheric effects, and
extensive
scene management
to
provide
load
control.
The dynamic range
of the
MOD DIG system nearly
doubles that of previous systems Image generators

to date provide a contrast range on the display of up
to 256:1; the MOD DIG system provides a greater
than 500:1 ratio which moreaccurately describes the
world and is particularly important for the generation
of night scenes when a pilot uses night vision
goggles
Link
A formation
ol MiG-29
Fulcrums generated by a Link

'
The MOD DIG system provides simultaneous processing and display of both visual and sensor
imagery from a single data base This enables one
MOD DIG system to support simulator training of
multiple sensor cockpits where the aircraft has the
capability to utilise forward looking infra-red (FLIR)
low level light television (LLTV). other sensors and
out-of-the-window scenes to accomplish a mission
the market
It is claimed that no other system on
provides this simultaneous processing capability
Extensive diagnostic software, including built-in
fault isolation to the single-card level and a maintenance test stand for chip-level detection, together
with a small number of card types, means MOD DIG
is a highly reliable and easily repairable
MOD DIG. as the name implies will be able to
grow over its lifetime via modular additions if the
requirements of a particular application grow New
features can be added as they are developed by Link
(without
of
hardware change) permitting expansion
processing capacity by the parallel addition
identical
of
modules
MOD DIG is compatible with various image display

systems, including Link's ESPRIT foveal/peripheral
MOD DIG
visual
system
field-of-view dome projection system (see previous entry)

The first operational application of the Link MOD
DIG system was with the F-16 LANTIRN simulator
ordered by the US Air Force in July 1986. This
simulator became operational when fitted to an
existing F-16 Operational Flight Trainer housed at
Luke Air Force Base. Arizona, in early 1989. In May
1988 Link announced an $18 6 million contract for
four production unit LANTIRN simulators for installation on existing US Air Force F-16 simulators. This
option was exercised eight months early and the US
Air Force holds options for three additional production units
full
STATUS
In
production
MANUFACTURER
Link Flight Simulation Division of CAE-Link Corporation, Advanced Products Operations, 1077 East
Arques Avenue, PO Box 3484. Sunnyvale, California
94088-3484, USA
Telephone
(408)
7205500 Telex 9103399204
ATACDIG Image Generator
The ATACDIG (Army Tactical Digital Image Generator) visual system developed by Link for the US
Army, will provide the capability to train aircrews
of the Apache. Black Hawk, Chinook and Cobra
helicopters in numerous operational tasks that
depend heavily on the interpretation of visual infor-
mation from outside the cockpit, including nap-ofthe-earth flying and battlefield tactics.
First developed for the AH-64 Apache combat
mission simulator, ATACDIG's display system
employs wide angle collimated windows to provide
correct perspective views for both pilot and co-pilot
or gunner eyepoints.
Realistic full-colour day/dusk/night simulated
images include textured terrain, environmental
effects, horizon effects, airport lighting effects and
confined landing sites such as a wood or hill-top
The tactical gaming area includes friendly and
hosti le sites as wel as stationary and moving ground
vehicles and aircraft.
The Link ATACDIG system includes hardware
texture to enable the pilot to make necessary judgements about altitude, distance, rate of approach
acceleration, deceleration and ground slope Hardware texture provides each surface with a perspective^ correct, naturally appearing texture. The
addition of texture to the scene - rather than using
edges as with previous generation visual systems permits the ATACDIG to devote all of its edge processing capability to the generation of objects and
terrain in the visual scene, resulting in greatly
enhanced realism.
I
A Mi-24 Hind helicopter modelled using
STATUS
In
service and production
systems have been ordered
the Link
A TACDIG visual system
MANUFACTURER
More than 40 ATACDIG
13902, USA.
Telephone: (607) 771 5465. Telex: 666817.
324
USA
Link CRISP Laser Disc Visual

System
To provide the type
for target detection
of high scene detail important

and recognition and to provide
occultation which properly represents the realworld difficulty in detecting partially obscured,
camouflaged threats. Link has developed the Computer Reconstructed Images from Scene Photo-
graphs (CRISP) technique. This uses laser disc

technology to store, digitise, access and transfer an
array of still frame images, including terrain, targets,
fog/smoke/dust, and weapons effects, as well as
associated range data, which can be assembled in
an image processing pattern to represent a full 360"
panorama.
Scene images are digitised from photographic
colour transparencies of actual terrain and target
images are also stored on the disc. Special effects
are handled as target images or as inserted texture
images; the simulation of forward looking infra-red
(FLIR) images is handled by a separate data base
containing thermal radiation signatures and conduction and convection images. Occultation is
resolved as a function of 256 range levels for each
pixel
The CRISP system uses modular, off-the-shelf

image processing components and includes a personal computer as the operator station. The system
has many applications and was selected by the US
Army
Refuelling training in B-52
weapon systems trainer built tor the US Air Force by Link
to provide training in the
use of the telescopic

sight units (TSU) for the gunners on AH-1S Cobra
helicopters. Link has up-graded the TSUs on six
engagement The student gunner receives a score
MANUFACTURER
based on
his actions
and control
of the
simulated
AH-1S simulators Low and high magnification of the

TSU is simulated with separate image data bases,
enabling the gunner to complete the tactical training
TOW anti-tank missile.
Link Flight Simulation Division of CAE-Link Corporation. Corporate Drive. Binghamton New York
STATUS
Telephone: (607) 771 5465 Telex: 666817
requirements
In
of target recognition, acquisition
and
LTV Photography/Computergenerated Image Visual System
13902.
service.
tiguous screens that surround the simulator cockpit.

The key to realism is a data base of aerial photographic images generated at precise positions
throughout a geographic region of interest. Each
image, in video disc storage, provides 360 viewing
for the observer. A typical data base gaming area
missions comprises some 6000 such

images When processed by computer, this data
for tactical
McDonnell Douglas Vital Visual

Simulation Systems
The
first visual simulation system to be produced

by McDonnell Douglas was Vital
a laboratory
prototype which appeared in 1969 and which was
a forerunner in low-cost, calligraphic, computergenerated image visual simulation.
I,
II and III Visual Simulation Systems

1972 the Vital II computer-generated image nightonly visual system became the first such display to
be approved by the FAA. Vital II/74 had an extended
capability of up to 2400 lights Vital III. introduced
in 1975. offered significant improvements in the
'epresentations of runway surfaces, together with
Vital
In
up
to
600 light-points.
Simulation System
introduced in 1977. has up to 8000 lightpoints. 300 multi-coloured surfaces, a wider range
of low-light conditions, realistic landing-light lobes
and moving air and ground hazards It was granted
FAA approval to Phase standards in 1982. It built on
the successful base of computer-generated image
technology to provide finer and sharper images with
improved detail, with the option of panoramic views
across all flight-deck windows, and presents images
to the flight crew in realistic perspective and virtually
without distortion
The Vital IV system comprises three standard
equipment modules packaged as required to match
any simulator flight-deck:
sions.
movement throughout the gaming area.

The system in use with the US Navy uses
the environment as
16 onvideo discs to store the data for a typical mission.

Images are retrieved from the disc storage as the
observer's location changes within the gaming area.
When retrieved, each image is digitised, stored in a
buffer memory and then, under computer control,
transformed or manipulated to provide the appropriate perspective at a refresh rate of 60 Hertz As
the observer moves from the region covered by one
image
system retrieves that

mage and processes 't in the same way. The process
of successive image retrieval, processing and pres-
being extended to represent

appears at 200 feet (61 m)
altitude and 600 knots (1111 km/h). Using Defense
Mapping Agency digital terrain elevation data and
digital feature analysis, incorporation of threedimensional features in concert with high-speed
capabilities has been anticipated in an operational
system.
is
it
STATUS
Operational systems are being delivered
into that of another, the
continuous throughout the gaming area

Developments with the system are directed
towards the simulation of low-level, high-speed misentation
is
Image generator: single cabinet containing a general-purpose 64 k computer that shares the job of
equation-solving with special processing circuitry
to generate the real-time scenes. Programmes and
extra scenes are stored on-line in a high-speed disc
unit.
Display unit: a combination of electronic cathode

ray tube and reflective virtual-image optics mounted
on the simulator flight-deck.
instructor's control panel: a small facility that may be
incorporated into the simulator's instructor system
giving him control over such characteristics of the
visual scene as runway light visibility and weather.
Types of scene: airports, surrounding districts, aircraft carriers, general terrain
Scene conditions: IFR, VFR, twilight, night, dull day.

above, in. or below cloud
Data base coverage: normally 170 x 170 nm or, with
combined data base techniques, unlimited
< 3 minutes
Vital IV Visual
Optical resolution:
Vital IV.
400000 plus carried on-line, with

6700 displayed at any one time Used for airport
lighting, roads, moving traffic, beacons and other
II
The system
base provides unlimited, six-degrees-of-freedom
line
In an attempt to provide a new level of realism. LTV

Aerospace developed, under a US Navy contract, a
system that combines new photographic techniques
High fidelity
with computer image generation
moving scenes are then projected onto six con-
USA.
Light-points: over
illuminated representations
Surfaces: over 15 000 carried on-line, with 250 displayed at any one time Used to represent terrain,
buildings,
MANUFACTURER
LTV Aerospace and Defense Company, Vought
Missiles and Advanced Programs Division, PO Box
225907. Dallas. Texas 75265. USA.
Telephone: (214) 2669014.
Colours: 10 plus separate colours, ranging from red

through to green
Dynamics: smooth, flicker-free bright image with
motion in direct response to simulated aircraft
manoeuvres, without smearing, comet-tailing, or
break-up 30 new pictures presented each second
All practicable manoeuvres and speeds
Occultation: complex buildings, mountains,
and
vehicles programmed to have a solid appearance

occulting lights and solid objects behind them from
the pilot's point of view
V Visual Simulation System

Introduced during 1982, Vital V extends the range
of colours to include cyan to red, using a highresolution beam penetration display It uses parallel
distributive processing and incorporates individual
surface texturing for a realistic representation of
blowing sand and snow, cloud-tops and water The
image generation equipment is a high-speed general-purpose computer with memory options between
64 and 256 k. It is pre-wired to accommodate plugin processing elements during later expansion of
Vital
hardware.
moving vehicles, runways, and other hard
surfaces
Scene access: on-line access to 50 separately stored
scenes, each loaded and brought into view in a
few seconds Alternatively, large contiguous areas
represented by automatically accessed sub-scenes
Weather: variable visibility, cloud, fog haze, and
thunderstorms
Simulation System
system, designed to
comply with FAA Phase III requirements and launched in 1982 It features a shadow-mask cathode ray
tube display, at the same time incorporating all the
Vital VI Visual
Vital VI is a full-colour daylight
characteristics of Vital IV
and V.
USA
Simulation System
in 1986 and uses full colour
raster-based technology. It is a modular design that
otters a wide variety of configurations and has been
approved to FAA Phase III standards.
The Vital VII texture provides stronger height and
speed cues by modulating the intensities of surfaces
in the visual scene. A texture processor supports
growth to include colour modulation, texture tiling,
transparency and three-dimensional texturing
Smooth surface shading is provided by intensity
interpolation techniques Surface transparency provides visual cues for window canopy, smoke and
shadow simulation. Transparency can be used with
data base management to reduce intensity disVital VII Visual
Vital VII
was introduced
continuities
when
the
level
of
scene
detail
is
Data base management is a standard

feature which permits environment transitioning,
partitioning and various levels of scene modelling
changed
detail.
imagery can be displayed on a variety of

colour monitors using conventional mirror beamsplitter collimating optics or on projector-based
wide angle optics systems such as Multiview (see
Vital VII
below).
Multiview visual system was

delivered to the US Navy in February 1989 for use
with a MH-53 mine-sweeping helicopter operational
The
first Vital
VII
Colours: 256
Israeli Air Force; F-16, Vital IV

Israeli Military Industries; Kfir (IV), Kfir (V), Lavi
Anti-aliasing: standard
Transparency: standard
Dynamic load control: standard
Data base management: standard
Occulting: unlimited
Data base size: 2761 nautical miles (51 13
(IV)
Italian Army; AB-205, Vital IV

Japanese Self-Defence Force; T-2B,
,
km
Multiview
Multiview was introduced in 1985 and allows the
same continuous full or cross cockpit view out of a
cockpit for all crew members, regardless of their
position in the cockpit. A wrap-around pneumatically
formed mirror surface presents the picture and four
colour projectors produce the computer-generated
imagery on the screen over a 40 vertical field-ofview with either 135, 150, 180, 200 or 225 horizontally Multiview is in production and several systems
have been procured by the US Navy The first Vital
VII Multiview system was delivered to the US Navy in
February 1989 for use with a MH-53 mine-sweeping
helicopter operational flight trainer The system
uses eight channels and is in service at Norfolk
Naval Air Station
Multiview weighs 2041 kg, is 7 62 m wide, 4.12 m
high and 5 64 m long.
IV
Venezuelan Air Force;

US Marine Corps:
A-4M,
(light-points)
up
to
8000
Total polygon/light point system capacity

dent upon the specific configuration
is
depen-
Active display lines:

(standard resolution) up to 622
(high resolution) up to 1022
Pixels per frame:
(standard resolution) 500 000
(high resolution)
A-7D, Vital IV
F-4E, Vital IV
F-4G, Vital IV
T-37. Vital IV
T-38, Vital IV
T-37/T-38, Vital IV
C-17, Multiview
US Navy
F-14A, Vital IV
F-18A. Vital IV
S-3A, Vital III-6000
military users or military applications

include the following:
Algerian Air Force, C-130. Vital IV
Argentinian Air Force; Kfir, Vital IV
Royal Australian Air Force; F-18 and Boeing 707,
Vital IV
SH-3H, Vital IV
SH-60B. Vital IV
P-3C, Vital IV
P-3C, Vital VI (with Multiview)
SH-2F, Vital III-6000
MH-53, Vital VI (Multiview)
SH-60F, Vital V
and V
Belgian Air Force; F-16, Vital IV

British Aerospace; Harrier GR5, Vital IV
Canadian Armed Forces, CP-140 and CF-18,
Vital
MANUFACTURER
IV
McDonnell Douglas Electronic Systems Company,

Box 426, 2600 North Third Street, St Charles,
Missouri 63301, USA.
Telephone: (314) 925 4467 Telex: 447369
Royal Danish Air Force; F-16. Vital IV

Egyptian Air Force; F-16, Vital IV
million
Finnish Air Force; Hawk Vital VII

Indian Air Force, Jaguar. Vital IV
Indian Government; various, Vital IV
Display update rate: 50 Hz

Latency: 80 ms
Moving models: up to 8
F-18A fighter simulated by
III
Air Force:
A-10, Vital IV
Known
(polygons) up to 1000
Vital IV
F-4J, Vital
US
systems are in production and are in widespread service with both military and commercial
users (over 250 systems in more than 35 countries).
Channel capacity:
F-16, Vital IV
A-6E, Vital IV
Vital
Technology: raster scan

Modes: day/night/dusk
Channels: up to 8
Terrain
Vital VII
and sea simulated by
Vital VII
ru*
W^^î
BH
A
typical built-up
Vital IV
Royal Jordanian Air Force; C-101 Vital V

Royal Moroccan Air Force; C-130, Vital III
Royal Netherlands Air Force; F-16, Vital IV
Royal Netherlands Navy; P-3C, Vital V-A
Royal Norwegian Air Force; F-16, Vital IV
Saudi Arabian Air Force; C-130, AB-212 Vital IV
Singapore Air Force; F-5E and A-4S, Vital IV
Spanish Air Force; EF-18, Vital V
Royal Swedish Air Force; JA-37 and C-130H, Vital
STATUS
flighttrainer.
325
area scene simulated by
Vital VII
Low altitude scene simulated by
Vital VII
326
Hughes MicroPOLY Computergenerated Image System

II
In
February 1990 Hughes Simulation Systems
Inc.
Typical
The Hughes Aircraft Company has developed a

unique approach to visual and image simulation
known as Realscene. This next-generation system
offers high fidelity, real world visual solutions to
exacting training and mission rehearsal

requirements for current and future applications
In Realscene a common algorithm is used to
transform actual aerial photographs with multispectral data and elevation data into a single threedimensional stored digital data base The advanced
design computer architecture employed processes
the single data base to produce fully correlated,
true perspective, all-aspect scenes for out-of-thewindow visual displays and displays for radar and
fulfil
infra-red sensors,
all in
real time.
is also enhanced by an anti-aliasing capability which

provides stable scene images free from distracting
scintillation
and stair-stepping
When
designing MicroPOLY
Hughes placed a
major emphasis on incorporating a reduced visibility feature which allows the system to provide a
wider range and higher quality of training Adverse
weather conditions, such as in-cloud effects and
haze, are based on variations of the system's fog
implementation feature
II
MicroPOLY
providessmoothshadingthatallows
more polygons to be blended
to create good representations of complex objects
such as surface vehicles, ships and aircraft The
II
the intensity of two or
features
computer hardware design
latest
eyepoint above the modelled terrain) and collision

detection
STATUS
First
systems to enter service during 1990
MANUFACTURER
Hughes Simulation Systems.
Inc.
2200 Arlington
Texas 76011. USA

Telephone (817)6952000 Fax (817)695 2222
Downs Road.
Arlington.
An example of the fog implementation feature provided with MicroPOL Y II
very
large-scale
integration
speed processing, maintainability and growth potential. The modular system

is scaleable to accommodate customer requirements for visible and sensor imagery.
Realscenes hardware design and data base
perm the simultaneous simulation of visible scenes
and specific radar and forward looking infra-red
(FLIR) equipments. The custom computer system
was developed with the processing power of modern
super-computers which has enabled Realscene to
achieve high image fidelity, single-frame latency
and real time performance in a footprint suitable for
both field and ship-board deployment.
It
is forecast that Realscene will enhance the
effectiveness of advanced flight simulators and
aircrew training systems for future tactical, strategic
and commercial aircraft, and rotor craft. In addition
Realscene is stated to be suited for use in an
advanced tactical warfare planning system capable
of supplying actual terrain, features and threats that
it
will enable detailed mission rehearsal to support

deployed operating forces in the air. on land and at
STATUS
parallel
the
allows the system to simulate smoke or dust In

addition to providing a transparent effect for car or
truck windshields and aircraft canopies. MicroPOLY
lis transparency capability enables new features to
(VLSI) technology for high
restricted
that data.
ol intensity
fade into the visual scene

MicroPOLY II supports 32 dynamic co-ordinate
systems These movable data base elements
realistically depict models such as terrain following
vehicles, tank turrets, tilting engines, rotors or
landing gear Other key features include height
above terrain (which calculates the distance of the
II
sea.
to,
256 levels
capability to continually bring new

polygons into the image area as the eyepoint progresses through the data base Visual scene quality
management
Realscene is fully compatible with US Defense

Mapping Agency data formats such as Digital
Terrain Elevation Data (DTED) and Digital Feature
Analysis Data (DFAD) but is not constrained by, or
The Hughes
to
availability of
MicroPOL Y II scene depicting a MiG-29 flying towards mountains
Hughes Realscene Multi-sensor,

Photo-based Image Simulation
transparency
The system provides 1000 polygons and 4000

and 2000
lightpoints at 60 Hertz per channel As polygon count
is only one factor that contributes to visual scene
quality, MicroPOLY
uses a powerful data base
lightpoints at 30 Hertz or 500 polygons
Arlington Division, announced the launch of Micro

POLY II, a low-cost high performance image generation system designed to meet a wide range of
training applications, including day, dusk and night
operations under all-weather conditions, and for
large field-of-view requirements Training scenarios
involved
can include surface vehicle
operation, air traffic control tower training, sensor
simulation, target generation and basic flight simulation
Unlike some other low-cost visual systems,
MicroPOLY II does not incur visual scene degradation from the simultaneous implementation of key
system features such as data base management,
reduced visibility, anti-aliasing, and light point
simulation, and has capabilities normally associated with larger and more costly visual systems
USA
Advanced development.
A Hughes Realscene image
in
use
MANUFACTURER
HughesAircraftCompany.SupportSystems.POBox
9399. Long Beach. California 90810-0399. USA
Telephone: (213) 513 3000 TWX: 910 346 6332.
USA
Graphicon 2000 Image Generator

The Graphicon 2000 (G2000) is a low-cost high performance image generator providing real-time performance and features at a fraction of the cost of
traditional image generators It is a member of a
family that includes the Graphicon 1700 simulator
(G1700S)
less
for
out-of-the-window simulation involving
demanding
flat
and shaded applications, and
the Graphicon 1700 graphics processor (G1700)

based on the same architecture as the G1700S The
family is completed by the Graphicon 1700 Tempest
workstation.
The G2000 image generator renders textured,
with
scenes
anti-aliase'd
smooth-shaded,
1290 x 1024 resolution. Using an advanced phototexture option, the G2000 manipulates and renders
up to 8000 textured, anti-aliased smooth-shaded
Example
of
Graphicon 2000 imagery in use

armour training application
in
polygons per channel at 30 Hertz or 4000 polygons

60 Hertz frame rate This involves 40 to 160
million pixels per second per channel. There is a 25
to 42 millisecond transport delay at 60 Hertz.
The system utilises three types of board: an Object
Processor incorporating a 16-MIPS RISC processor
and a 25-MFLOPS DSP to handle communication
with the host, and builds, updates and traverses the
data base residing in the display list memory; an
Arithmetic Processor which utilises multiple DSPs
to provide more than 150 MFLOPS for manipulation
of geometric objects and transformation from threedimensional polygon data to two-dimensional
screen display co-ordinates; and an Image Processor which performs the polygon shading, antialiasing and hidden surface removal while a daughter-board provides the texturing (each Image Processor delivers more than 2000 MIPS of dedicated
processing power)
at a
an
Graphicon 2000 in use
in
flight
application
simulation
327
G2000 utilises the Programmer's Hierarchical

Interactive Graphics System (PHIGS) although Star
Technologies has its own implementation
called Real Time PHIGS (RTP)
of
PHIGS
Applications for G2000 include flight simulation,

tank and gunnery training, naval (ship pilot) training,
land vehicle driver training and command, communication, control and intelligence use.
STATUS
In
production
In
service
in
numerous applications
MANUFACTURER
Star Technologies Inc,
PO Box
13951,
Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.

Telephone (919)3613800.
Example
of
Graphicon 2000 imagery with fog
in a flight
simulation application
effects
328
Aerial Target
Drones and Aerial Targets

ARGENTINA
Quimar SMQ-1 Chimango
booster which gives 18 63 kN thrust for

7s before
7kW piston engine takes over The target
is recovered by parachute
On-board equipment
includes a Rolido y Cabeceo autopilot and a Quimar
miss distance indicator; missions are controlled by
a Meteor Alamak ground station
the 53
The prototype of the Chimango is believed to have

been built by Fabrica Militar de Aviones (FMA) It is
a licence-built version of the Italian piston-engined
Meteor Mirach 70
The Chimango, named after a species of South
American falcon, serves as a training target for
the crews of anti-aircraft artillery and low/medium
altitude surface-to-air missiles, and can be equipped
with smoke or infra-red emitters in underwing pods,
or tow banner targets at the end of a 100-metre
nylon cable. The airframe is of glass fibre reinforced
polyester resin, and zero-length ramp launch is by
means of an MQ8785/NNZ solid propellant rocket
STATUS
production 50 reportedly ordered by Argentine
Navyforservice with its Meko frigates Exportsales
said to have been made to Iran. Peru and South
In
Africa
MANUFACTURER
Quimar SA, Construcciones Aeronauticas y Electronicas, Gorriti. Cbrdoba 5000. Argentina
Telephone 005451 58485 Telex S 1603 QUI HO AR
Weight:
(mission equipment) 10kg
(fuel) 34 kg
(at launch) 184 kg
Performance:
(max level speed
at
sea level) 194 knots (360 km/h)
(min operating altitude) 200

(range) 65 nm (120 km)
(max endurance) 1 h
Quimar MQ-2 Bigua

The Bigua is named after a bird found on Central
and South American sea shores and larger rivers.
The Bigua is a transonic, turbojet-powered version
of the Italian Mirach 100. intended for both target and
remotely piloted vehicle applications. Two versions
are reported to be in production. Version 1 is for use
as a recoverable target, or target banner towing
in the weapons training of gunnery or
missile battery crews: to evaluate new weapons
systems or special equipment: and as a reconnaissance remotely piloted vehicle trainer. Version 2 is
intended to undertake such operational missions
as battlefield surveillance, intermediate-range
reconnaissance, target acquisition, electronic intelligence, electronic counter measures, attack against
sea or air targets, defence saturation, infra-red
decoy, and close support
Thebasicconfiguration is that of asweptback lowwing monoplane with a dorsal air intake, dihedral
tailplane and twin ventral fins. Construction, including control surfaces, is almost entirely of light alloy
except for the wing leading edges, fins and parachute container, which are of glass fibre reinforced
polyester resin The MQ-2 is normally launched by
vehicle,
RATO
booster rockets from a zero-length ramp;

power is provided by a 1 13 kN turbojet
engine However, provision is also made for air
launch from fixed-wing aircraft or helicopters, and a
joint Quimar/Meteor programme was inaugurated
in 1985 to adapt the Bigua for launch from beneath
the fuselage of a FAMA IA 58A Pucara close support
cruising
Model of the Quimar MQ-2 Bigua intended lor air launch from
the
A 58 A Pucara
aircraft.
The Bigua has a two-stage parachute recovery

system, and is fitted with impact absorbers to
cushion the landing. An inflatable airbag is provided
for recovery from water. The drone is equipped
with with a three-axis autopilot, and can be either
remotely piloted (using Meteor's Alamak ground
control system) or pre-programmed when fitted with
an automatic navigation kit.
Wing span:
Wing area:
1.8
82m 2
Length overall: 3 9 m
Height overall: 8 m
Body diameter: (max) 0.38
Range
Weight:
(sensors) 40 to 70 kg
(max launching weight, excluding boosters)
260 kg
(landing weight with 101 fuel remaining) 195 kg
Max level speed: 458 knots (850 km/h)
Ceiling: 9000
at
2000 m:
and back) 216 nm (400 km)

(one-way mission) 485 nm (900 km)
Endurance at max speed at 9000 m: 1 h
(out
MANUFACTURER
Quimar
SA,
Construcciones
Aeronauticas
Cordoba
5000. Argentina.
Telephone: 005451 58485 Telex: S 1603 QUI HO
Electronicas. Gorriti.
AR
AUSTRALIA
ATA Jindivik
One
of the longest-serving target drones in the

world, the Jindivik (Aborigine for the hunted one)
was designed in 1948 at the former Government
Aircraft Factories (GAF) and first flew, in piloted
form (as the 'Pika') two years later. It has been
continually improved and updated since that time. It
remains a standard weapons target for its principal

customers, Australia and the United Kingdom Total
orders for 502 by early 1986 included 249 for the
United Kingdom, 163 for joint United Kingdom
Australian use at the Woomera range and 37
for the Royal Australian Navy Jindiviks have flown
more than 6600 sorties at the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Llandbedr, North Wales, and in Australia.
Various versions have been built The Mark 3A

first flown on 10 November 1961 A total of 147
of these were built, including 10 Mark 203A for the
Royal Australian Navy. One Mark 203A was fitted
experimentally with a Bell Aerospace air cushion
March 1981: 15 were ordered by the United

Kingdom, deliveries of which were completed by
1986. It has a rationalised electrical power supply
system
integrated
and
electronic
systems
increased speed, endurance and manoeuvering
landing system in 1975-76. The Mark 3B is powered

by a Viper Mark 201 engine The Mark 3B first flew
on 22 January 1970 There were 126 built, including
90 Mark 103B and Mark 103BL for the United
Kingdom, 27 Mark 203B for the Royal Australian
Navy, and 9 Mark 203B for the Weapon Research
Establishment at Woomera. This version is intended
for low level trials at speeds of up to 500 knots
(925 km/h) It is equipped with a GEC Avionics L4 or
L5 autopilot; the equipment incorporates printed
circuittechniques.
An improved Mark4A Jindivik entered production
more than 6 g).

For low altitude work, the standard span Mark 4A
is fitted with Mark 9 wingtip pods each containing
two cameras, a microwave reflector and a small
amount of fuel For high altitude work, also with Mark
9 wingtip pods, constant chord 1.02 m wing extension
panels can be added outboard of the pods For extra
high altitude flying (with Mark 5 pods only), these
panels can be replaced by 2 03 m panels, tapered
on the leading edge. A ventral fin is fitted for high
was
in
capability (up to
altitude
and maximum turn rate configurations.

is a low/mid-wing monoplane with a
The airframe
Australia
AERIAL TARGET DRONES AND AERIAL TARGETS
Early production example of the
ATAJindivik
dihedral of 2" 30' and an incidence of 1 The bonded
multi-spar wing box has an integral trailing edge
of aluminium alloy and a replaceable foam filled
aluminium alloy leading edge The inter-spar torsion
alloy
is also a GEC Avionics flight control computer,

with a gyroscope Telemetry equipment consists of
an Australian designed transmitter and data unit
The Jindivik has a non-regenerative pneumatic
There
is stored at 138 bars which supplies air

and landing skid at a reduced pressure
39.6 bars. Electrical power is derived from an
There are aluminium
system; air
monocoque flaps and ailerons with the ailerons
to the flaps
box forms integral
fuel tank.
with inset geared tab and driven by ATA (GAF)

designed twin-motor servo. The flaps are operated
pneumatically. The fuselage is an aluminium alloy
semi-monocoque and the front portion carries all
the control equipment, autopilot and telemetry
equipment. The pitot head is mounted on a nose
probe. There is a moulded glass fibre honeycomb
canopy which lifts off for access to equipment and
also forms a ram-type air intake. The rear end of the
front fuselage and the front end of centre fuselage
form a bay for all mission equipment. The centre
fuselage also houses a retractable landing skid
while the removable rear fuselage carries engine
and jet-pipe. The tailplane is a multi-spar light alloy
unit with the elevators, with inset geared tabs, driven
by an ATA (GAF) designed twin-motor servo actuator
which is operable on one motor.
The Jindivik is powered by one Rolls-Royce Viper
Mark 201 turbo engine rated at 12 36kN There is an
engine re-light capability in case of a flameout The
flexible rubber main fuselage tank has a capacity of
291 two integral wing tanks have a total capacity of
1731. The Mark 4A has an additional 91 fuselage
tank. The Mark 9 pods each hold 86 Total possible
fuel capacity is 727
Take off is from a trolley steered by a gyro and
a servo-controlled nosewheel which responds to
signals from the ground controller. The aircraft/trolley combination accelerates under normal
jet power with the flaps retracted and with the aircraft
fitted
1;
1.
I.
set at negative incidence. When unstick speed is

reached, the aircraft flaps are lowered rapidly. The
rotation of the aircraft initiates the trolley release
system and the aircraft climbs away. When the

aircraft is on the approach run the flaps and skid
are selected down for landing. On touchdown, at
approximately 120 knots (222km/h), a 'sting'
extended below the main skid rotates on impact
and initiates rapid flap retraction. Fuel supply is
terminated by radio command.
The radio control equipment comprises two UHF
receivers and an ATA (GAF) auxiliary control unit.
Dart Air-to-Ground SuperDart
of
engine driven brushless DC generator, rated at 9 kW

at 30 V DC In the event of a generator failure, a 24 V
battery provides limited power for essential control
functions Automatic orbit and/or destruct systems
consistent with
range safety
are
provided,
requirements
Transponders and microwave reflectors are fitted
for trials of active, semi-active or beam-riding missiles. Heat sources, including infra-red flare packs
mounted on the rear of the fuselage, can be fitted to
Tranprovide low-frequency infra-red output
sponders in the X, S and C bands can be fitted
for target acquisition and to enable Jindivik to be
tracked to greater range There is a provision for a
recoverable towed target to be carried under each
wing. These tow bodies can carry either active radar,
in-flight commanded infra-red flares, or a forward
looking Luneberg lens The latter can be towed at 15
to 1 50 m behind the aircraft; recovery is by an electric
winch mounted in the centre of the fuselage Other
types of special tow bodies may also be carried
Cameras fitted with wide angle lenses are carried in
the wingtip pods, with an all-round viewing
capability. To simulate different types of aircraft by
varying the apparent radar cross-section, Plessey
Microwave Limited has developed a semi-active
artificial radar target (SART Mark IV) for operation
in a towed configuration with a Jindivik as the towing
Unit (VDU) located at a control point.

The basis of the sytem is a T-bar, also
(short span, low altitude) 6.32

(extended, high altitude) 7.92
for
Dart ground-based target systems. The T-bar
tip
pods
Weights:
(empty, equipped, minimum) 1315kg
(maximum payload, short span) 249 kg
(maximum payload, extended span) 181 kg
Maximum take-off weight, short span: (Mark 9 wing
pods) 1814 kg
Maximum take-off weight (high altitude): (Mark 9
wing pods) 1814 kg
Maximum take-off weight (extra high altitude): (Mark
5 wing pods) 1496 kg
Performance:
(max
level
speed
at
sea
level, all configurations)
540 knots (1 000 km/h)

(min operating height, short span, Mark 9 pods)
12m
(max operational
15 850
ceiling, short span,
Mark 9 pods)
(max operational ceiling, high altitude, Mark 9

pods) 17 985 m
(max operational ceiling, extra high altitude, Mark
5pods) 19810m
Time to max operational ceiling:

(short span, Mark 9 pods) 26 mins
(high altitude, Mark 9 pods) 30 mins
(extra high altitude. Mark 5 pods) 34 mins
Typical
max on-station endurance:

Mark 9 pods) 1 h 35 mins
Mark 9 pods) 2 h
high altitude, Mark 5 pods) 2 h 5 mins
(short span,
(high altitude.
(extra
Max range:
Mark 9 pods) 825 nm (1529 km)
Mark 9 pods) 1 1 25 nm (2085 km)
high altitude, Mark 5 pods) 1160nm
(short span,
(high altitude.
(extra
(2150km)
m
m
(extended, extra high altitude) 9.78
Wing area:
(short span) 7.06
MANUFACTURER
2
(extended, high altitude) 9.48 m
(extended, extra high altitude) 10.68
Aerospace Technologies
of Australia Pty Limited

(ATA), 226 Lorimer Street, Port Melbourne 3207,
Victoria, Australia
Telephone: 61 3 647 31 1 1 Telex; AA 34851
Fax: 61 3 6464381.
Length overall:
nose probe) 8.15 m

(excluding nose probe) 7.1 1 m
(including
The
used
Mark 9 wing
In service with the Royal Australian Navy and with

the United Kingdom. The long-running Jindivik programme ended in 1986 with the last United Kingdom
Mark 4A delivery, but a developed Mark 5 version is
in the design proposal stage
Wing span:
all
supersonic projectiles from 5.56
target display on the
VDU
is
to
telemetry link.
The Dart T-bar
is
ballistic protection. A single command unit

control several T-bars in any configuration.
may
representative
pass through the

detection area are sensed and displayed on the VDU
whether or not they hit the target. The number of hits
are displayed and recorded and the mean point of
impact is also calculated and displayed. A hardcopy print out of the display can be produced within
seconds. Communication between the target array
and the control point may be a land line or UHF
of the target. All projectiles that
The Dart Air-to-Ground SuperDart System was

designed to locate supersonic projectiles and missiles fired from aircraft used in the ground attack role.
Attack profiles can be both high and low angle. The
system records the position of, and then displays,
the position of up to 6000 rpm on a Visual Display
with
STATUS
aircraft.
accepts
120 mm.
System
ATA Jindivik Mark 4A
329
wide and requires minimal
STATUS
In
production.
MANUFACTURER
Australian Defence Industries Limited,
Queen Victoria Terrace, Canberra,
PO Box E349
ACT 2600,
Australia.
Telephone: (06) 270 6711. Telex:

Fax: (06) 270 6744.
AA
462 730101.
330
AERIALTARGET DRONES AND AERIALTARGETS
Braz
BRAZIL
AeromotKI
AM
AM is an Aeromot design, based on the

airframe of imported Northrop KD2R-5 target drones
but using a Brazilian engine and equipment Design
began in December 1984. and construction of a
prototype started in April 1985; this was due to make
its first flight in early 1987
The AeromotKI AM is a recoverable target drone
Its airframe is a tapered high-wing monoplane of
duralumin construction, with oval section monocoque fuselage and conventional tail surfaces
The fuel tank, in the forward fuselage, is made of
stainless steel Wingtip radar reflector pods are of
epoxy resin, reinforced with glass fibre. There is no
landing gear.
Power is provided by a 65 6kW (88 hp) Aeromot
11003 flat-four two-stroke engine, driving a twoblade fixed-pitch wooden propeller
The Aeromot K1 AM is platform-launched, using
a 12.75 kN solid propellant booster rocket motor
Recovery is made by a 1 1 .58 m diameter parachute
stowed in the fuselage immediately aft of the wings;
deployment is initiated normally by the ground
control operator, or automatically in the event of
The K1
communications or engine failure Recovery can be

made on land or from water.
Guidance is by radio command, transmitting to a
digital autopilot via an on-board receiver/decoder
eliminate interference from other frequencies.
The vertical gyro, distribution box, receiver
computer, battery box and dual servos and their
connecting cables are all sealed against sea water
infiltration. The aerodynamic control surfaces are of
conventional design. In the event of a communications failure the autopilot is programmed to
continue flight until the link is restored, or to deploy
the parachute if this is not achieved within a specified
AeromotKI
AM target drone (Mario B.M.Vinagre)
to
time.
Wing span:
(without reflector pods) 3.502
(with reflector pods) 4.02 m
Wing area: 1 73 m 2
Length overall: 3 84
sea level) 150 nm

sea level) 50 mins
Fuselage (oval section):

(max depth) 0.346 m
(max width) 0.243 m
(max range
at
(endurance
at
Propeller diameter: 1.12 m

Weights:
(basic operating weight empty) 130 kg
(fuel)33kg
(max launching weight) 163 kg
Performance (estimated, at max launching weight):
(never-exceed speed) 240 knots (444 km/h)
(max level speed at sea level) 194 knots (360 km/h)
(stalling speed) 68 knots (125 km/h)
(max rate of climb atsea level) 1000 m
(max operating height) 4000 m
STATUS
Ten K1 AMs have been ordered, including six preproduction exam pies, for the Brazil ian Navy's Grupo
de Alvos da Equadra
(Fleet Target Group).
MANUFACTURER
Aeronaves E Motores SA (Aeromot), Aeroporto
Internacional. Salgado Filho. PO Box 8031. 90201
Porto Alegre.RS. Brazil.
Telephone: 0512423344. Telex: (051 1991
)
IGAELAH/EB
The designation
of this
derived from the
names
delta-winged mini-target is
of its joint designers (1st Lt
Luis Arcari and Engineer Airton Hoch) and the fact
was developed for the Brazilian Army (ExerIt is powered by a Japanese 2.6 kW
(3.5 hp) OS Max 1.08 model aircraft engine, installed
that
it
cito Brasileiro).
in
the nose and driving a two-blade fixed-pitch
wooden propeller, with a one-litre fuel

LAH/EB has a tricycle landing gear, no
surfaces, and
radio control.
tail
Wing span:
1.5
is
tank.
The
horizontal
operated under line-of-sight
Length overall: 1 .2 m
Endurance: 35 mins
STATUS
Available.
MANUFACTURER
Gaucha de Aeronaves Especiais Ltda
(IGAE).RuaPadtre Henrique Koelher 87, 90000 Porto
Alegre.RS. Brazil.
Industria
IGAE
s delta-winged
LAH/EB
target for the Brazilian
Army (Antonio F. Rosa
Dini
AEMT BR
Canada
331
CANADA
Boeing of Canada 'Hind-D' Scale
a glass fibre fuselage shell with replaceable front
and rear sections.
Target
It
has two-blade main and
tail
simple but reliable drive train The

gear is non-retractable
The target is powered by one 18.6 kW (25 hp)
342 Normalair-Garrett WAE 342 two-cylinder piston
engine There is enough fuel for 30mins operation
rotors, with a
tricycle landing
of Canada produces a one-fifth scale model

representation of the Mil Mi-24 Hind-D' attack helicopter, the first one having been flown in mid-1985
to be followed by eight prototypes It was developed
to simulate both attack and evasive manoeuvres
by the Mi-24, but modular front and rear fuselage
sections can be replaced with others to represent
any modern single main rotor helicopter
The target was originally developed, and the first
prototype manufactured, by Gorham Model Prod-
Boeing
of
Calabasas,
teamed
with Boeing
ucts
California Gorham is now

Canada (which holds a world
product mandate for the target) to carry out

advanced development of the system.
This recoverable miniature helicopter target has
initially
Guidance and control is via a PCM radio control

system Remote flight operations include jinking,
hovering and S' turns in slow forward flight There
is a rate gyro to assist yaw control
The control
system may be developed to permit fully automatic
flight.
Main
Weights:
(max payload) 27.2 kg
(normal take-off weight, including 7 7 kg ballast)
47.5 kg
(max permissible take-off weight) 56.7 kg
Performance (required by specilication):
(max level speed at 5 to 25 m above sea level)
60 knots (111 km/h)
(min ascent/descent velocity at 5 to 25 m above
sea
STATUS
Wing span:
37
for
production.
MANUFACTURER
rotor diameter: 3 35
Tail rotor diameter:
55m/min
3050 m
(endurance) 1 h
Ready
m
66 m
level)
(ceiling)
Boeing Canada Technology Limited. Winnipeg Division, 99 Murray Park Road, Winnipeg. Manitoba,
Fuselage: (maximum width) 0.36

Height overall: 99 m
Wheel track: 55 m
Canada R3J3M6.
Telephone: (204) 888 2300. Telex: 07 57309.
Fax:(204)888 2951
Boeing of Canada Robot-X

The Robot-X
is
intended primarily
to
simulate a low-
altitude anti-ship missile or invader aircraft, able to
exercise point defence missile systems such as Sea

Sparrow. It can also be used as a lookdown/
shootdown target for aircraft, or as a low-level
defence target for ground forces. The first flight

Robot-X took place on 4 November 1986
following initial design at the Defence Research
Establishment at Suftield.
The Robot-X is a recoverable rocket-powered
air
of the
Its airframe is a bullet-shaped body

swept back rear-mounted wings, with endplate
fins, and swept back all-moving, nose-mounted foreplanes It is of modular construction and made
entirely of composite materials. The wings have a
shockless symmetrical section, a 37 sweepback at
quarter chord, and no anhedral or dihedral. Foreplanes and ailerons are actuated by Simmons Precision electric servos. There is no landing gear.
The Robot-X is powered by 19 2.75-inch (69.8 mm)
CRV-7 rocket motors fired sequentially to achieve
target drone.
with
over-the-radar-horizon ranges.
The Robot-X is rocket-launched; normally it is
surface-launched, but air or seaborne launch is an
option There is a parachute recovery system The
Robot-X flies pre-programmed using a microprocessor based onboard and a three-axis digital
autopilot The Robot-X has a payload capability for
a miss distance scoring system, a chaff dispenser,
and infra-red flares or radar or visual augmentation
devices. There is a 28 V battery supply for electrical
power
Wing span: 2.4 m
Wing aspect ratio:
4.6
Foreplane span: 097 m

Length overall: 3.41 m
Length of fuselage: 2 8m
Body diameter: (max) 0.415
1
Wing area, gross:
.25
Foreplane area, total:

Weights and loading:
35

(max wing loading) 200 kg/m 2
Robot-X
built
by Boeing of Canada (Brian M. Service)
Performance (surface launch):
STATUS
(never-exceed speed) Mach 95

(max level speed at sea level) Mach 0.85
(operating altitude, surface launch) min 30 m/max
4575 m
(maximum range at sea level) 21 nm (40 km)
(endurance at sea level) 6 mins
(maximum endurance) 30 mins
Ready
for
production.
MANUFACTURER
Boeing Canada Technology Limited, Winnipeg Division, 99 Murray Park Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba,
Canada R3J3M6.
Telephone: (204) 888 2300 Telex: 07 57309.
Fax:(204)888 2951.
332
Boeing of Canada MILKCAN Aerial

Towed Target
Canada
radar cornkh reflector
MILKCAN is a general purpose aerial towed target

designed for towing with a lightweight tow line. It is
fully recoverable and may be used repeatedly in
exercises. The target is
cleared for CT-133 (US T-33) aircraft and can be
stores cleared for other aircraft types
The main body of the MILKCAN target is a onepiece moulded glass-reinforced plastic structure
The body houses the passive radar augmentation
which is so designed that the radar augmentation is
not a structural component, thus allowing a choice of
reflectors to simulate differing radar cross-sections
The target is also equipped with a Swedair AS131SC acoustic miss distance indicator
The Canadian Armed Forces are investigating the
surface-to-air
attaching a low drag

mentation panel to the target to allow
possibility
to-air
training.
The panel
over a drop zone allowing
body
BSI
visual
of
gunnery
PYI.ON
ATTACHMENT
TOW
training
full
aug-
use in airbe released
its
will
recovery
of the
Main assemblies
of the
MILKCAN aerial towed target
MANUFACTURER
STATUS
In
production.
LINK
In
Armed
Forces
Boeing of Canada Limited. Winnipeg Division, 99

Murray Park Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba. Canada
R3J3M6
Telephone (204) 888 2300 Telex: 07 57309
Fax:(204)8882951
main
of the target to the tug aircraft.
TARGET Radar-augmented
Projectiles
BSI TARGET radar-augmented
projectiles are
artil-
designed to provide good radar

cross-sections to enable them to be used for missile
target acquisition and engagement by defensive
missile systems. They can be used at sea or over
lery projectiles
land artillery or free
flight
missile ranges.
No special
equipment is required
TARGET passive radar augmented projectiles
replicate the speed, flight path and radar crosssection of typical ground and air-launched missiles
Single and multi-target presentations can be made
at a fraction of the cost of comparable performance
training or support
alternate systems.
TARGET projectiles are available for 3-inch/50,
76 mm/62, 127 mm/38 and 127 mm/54 naval guns,
NATO artillery, including extended
and 155
range and base bleed. X-band radar cross-section
(RCS) echoes from 0.01 to 5 m 2 are possible. Other
mm
calibres and specific echoes can be supported.

The BSI TARGET passive radar reflectors have
mono-static and bi-static radar energy-reflecting
properties that replicate the frontal radar echoes of

typical air vehicles, both aircraft and missiles. The
radar lens echo is uniform over 45 from the
projectile axis. The echo falls off sharply after 45,
thus providing outstanding doppler fuzing performance. Supersonic, transonic and subsonic presentations can be made. Air-launched target
presentations can be made using the Canadian
2.75-inch/70mm CRV-7 or compatible US/NATO
TARGET radar-augmented
projectiles
Extended range 155
Targetair
mm TARGET
Armed Forces requirement

aerial
BSI
currently in use by NATO navies for surveillance

and target tracking radar evaluation and for NATO
Sea Sparrow live firing target exercises. The system
has been used for ship-to-ship and shore-to-ship
firings,
and over land ranges for low level air defence
exercises.
Under development are infra-red augmented pro(l-RAP) and infra-red/radar augmented
projectiles (IR-RAP). both in 155
target
training.
It
for
to
for
In
Ballistech Systems Inc (BSI). PO Box 444 St Bruno.

Quebec. Canada J3V 5G8.
6761384.
mm calibre.
meet a Canadian
low-level
for
defence
use against
air
manportable anti-aircraft missiles and in anti-airgunnery training. The TATS 103 is an updated
version of the TATS 102 with improved load carrying
capabilities and an increased performance. The
main visual difference is an increased wing span
craft
(3.6 m).
The TATS 102 and 103 are low-wing monoplanes

having a typical model airplane' appearance: they
are constructed of glass fibre, wood and foam plastics. The TATS 102 is powered by one 13.8 kW
(18.5 hp) 100cc modified Yamaha piston engine,
driving a two-blade propeller. Fuel capacity is 8.2
102 and 151 for the TATS 103: the
TATS 103 with an economical
endurance of 2.5 h The TATS 103 is powered by a
Yamaha KT100S 14.92 kW (20 hp) two-stroke engine,
also driving a two-blade propeller.
The TATS 102 and 103 are catapult-launched from
a mechanical deadweight launcher Recovery is by
parachute or wheel/skid landing.
Guidance is by radio command and control within
for the
latter
TATS
provides the
Targetair
production and service.
MANUFACTURER
a low-cost, recov-
was designed
TARGET radar-augmented projectile for 755 mm

NATO artillery
STATUS
TATS 1 02 and TATS 1 03
The TATS 102 was developed
weapons
projectiles are
for
127 mm/54 naval guns
jectiles
rockets.
erable
BSI
TATS 102
<
Canada China
visual range, using a binocular-based ground
control system Initially this restricted the maximum
operating range to less than 1 6 nm (3 km); later the
Canadian Armed Forces' CHAIR (control handling
system was used which

allowed visual control at ranges of up to 3.2 nm
(6km).
Mission equipment comprises smoke and augmentation systems for visual tracking For improved
visual tracking the TATS 103 is fitted with a 110000
candle power aircraft landing light The TATS 102
can also be equipped with an infra-red target source,
a 9 A electrical power source, and a DSQ-40. DSQ41
or similar miss distance scoring system The TATS
103 can be used to tow the Targetair EX-1 1 tow target
aid for increased range)
Data
for
TATS
103
3
Length overall: 2 6
The TATS 102 has been manufactured and

marketed by Boeing of Canada Limited
Missile Intercept Scoring
System
Endurance
(at
1
(max speed in dive) 238 knots (442 km/h)

(max level speed) 129 knots (240 km/h)
In
Radio range:
(whip antenna)
Canada R3J3M6
6nm (2
the missile
(204) 888 2300 Telex 07 57309.

Fax:(204)888 2951.
The data
recorders
to casette
CHINA,
at the
is
transmitted by
post in a
command
purpose shelter, then played back
Nanjing, which differs chiefly
an
autopilot,
heading/
STATUS
The system was developed by Canada's Defence
Research Establishment Suffield (DRES) and is now
used by the Canadian Army to train Blowpipe missile
operators
MANUFACTURER
ISTEC
1810 Highway No
Canada L9J 1H2.
Inc.
Ontario.
Telephone
(416)
529
5132.
6 North, Hamilton.
Telex:
061
8548
Fax:(416)529 5311.
PEOPLES REPUBLIC
in
the
power
plant
fitted
system,
Forces.
Telephone
9 km)
the missile transmission monitoring unit together

with the date, time, elapsed time, operator, target
and missile type A third camera watches the missile
operator and this is also linked to the command post
where the data is recorded on a third video recorder
azimuth/altitude/distance telemetry, and a number

of safety devices Frequencies used are 49 525 MHz
(remote-control) and 129 MHz (telemetry)
The B-2 is designed for weapon system training
and gunnery practice and is a variant of the BJ7104
manufactured by the Yuhe Machine Factory in
Armed
MANUFACTURERS
radar in the target remotely piloted

vehicle (RPV). Accuracy is specified at less than 1 m
over a distance of 120 m.
The system consists of two independent television
cameras at different locations which view both the
guidance
Targetair Limited, RR4, D-268 Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada E1C 8J8
Telephone: (506) 857 2141 Fax: (506) 853 9182.
Boeing Canada Technology Limited, Winnipeg Division, 99 Murray Park Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba,
speed) 30 knots (56 km/h)

sea level) 305 m/min
(take-off distance on wheels) 152 m
(take-off distance on launcher) 1 1 58 m
Landing distance:
(on wheels) 152-305 m
rate of climb at
on the 8-inch (203.2 mm) 380-line colour display

screen for the miss distance to be measured Onscreen graphics show the input data received from
3W
economy power setting) 2.5 h
(max
The Missile Intercept Scoring System (MISS) is a

low-cost training aid which allows miss distances to
be measured using video monitors without the need
reinforced plastics/honeycomb sandwich, is fitted

with conventional three-axis control surfaces, and
can be launched from various kinds of surface using
a zero-length launcher and rocket-assisted take-off
radio command
On-board avionics include the
drone:
(stalling
portable, general
at the Guangzhou Fair in April 1982, the

B-2 radio-controlled target drone has a compact,
rigid airframe constructed of lightweight glass
of
STATUS
Performance:
RPV and
Displayed
6nm
kg
cable
CSIFB-2
(atfull throttle) 2 h
(MISS)
for installing
and dipole antenna)
amplifier
[14.5 km)

Basic weight empty: 30 6 kg
Maximum take-off /launching weight: 45
(on skids) 152
body.
(linear
6m
Wing span:
333
The B-2 is said to be easy to operate, requiring

a minimum of crew training. In this configuration
operational equipment comprises two towed
targets, plus four other devices which give a realistic
representation of descending paratroops The B-2
can also be modified to extend the range of applications, according to individual user requirements
The system is powered by one 12 kW (16 hp)
Huosai-16 flat-four two-stroke engine, with pull cord
starting, driving a two-blade fixed-pitch wooden propeller The fuel is a mixture of automobile gasoline
and lubrication oil; the tank has a capacity of 8 litres
Weights:
(empty) 53 kg
(effective payload) 3 kg
(fuel) 6 kg
Performance:
(max
level
speed
at
1000m) 119-129 knots
(220-
240 km/h)
(max rate of climb at sea level) 480-600 m/min

(max controllable range) 10 75 nm (20 km)
(endurance)
STATUS
In
series production.
MANUFACTURER
Wing span:
2 7
Changcheng Scientific Instrumentation Factory

(CSIF), PO Box 2351, Beijing, People's Republic of
Height overall: 6 m
China.
Telephone: 596291
NAI Chang Kong 1 C (Wide Blue Sky)

The Nanjing Aeronautical Institute began research
work for this series of unmanned aircraft in the late
1960s, and finalised the design of a CK1 prototype in
late 1976. In the following year developed a version
with underwing equipment pods, known as the
CK1A, and in 1982 replaced these pods with
it
non-jettisonable auxiliary fuel tanks; this version
is
designated the CK1B.
which was tested sucdescribed as the first highmanoeuvrability pilotless aircraft researched and
developed by the People's Republic of China. Subsequent test flights have demonstrated its suitability
for use as an aerial target for various types of
The
definitive version,
cessfully
in
1984,
is
high-manoeuvre
bank angles of from 70 to 77 The latest
variant is the CK1E which is a low altitude drone
capable of operating at a height of only 50 m above
the ground. TheCKIE is stated to have an advanced
flight control system and is used as a target for
missile, including a capability for
flights
up
to
various kinds of guided missile.

The CK1C is in series production, and approximately 50 CK1s (of all versions) had been built by
the Spring of 1987.
TheCKIC is a sub-sonic jet-powered recoverable
target drone Its airframe is a mid-wing monoplane
with constant chord wings, with unsymmetrical
section and 2 anhedral The fuselage is built in
three sections, those affront (housing radio control,
telemetry and electrical equipment) and rear (autopilot and flares) being of aluminium alloy. The
central
integral
portion,
fuel
made
tank.
of
steel
sheet,
forms an
The CK1C has conventional
The Nanjing Aeronautical Institute Chang Kong IC(CKIC) target drone

rectangular tail surfaces; the tanpiane is mounted
near the base of the fin There is no landing gear.
The CK1 C is powered by one 25 5 kN turbojet. This
is the Shenyang WP-6 (Wopen-6) from retired J-6
(MiG-19) fighters, without the afterburner section.

turbojet is mounted in a nacelle underslung
beneath the centre of the fuselage. Auxiliary fuel is
stored in underwing pods.
The
334
AERIALTARGETDRONESANDAERIALTARGETS/China
The CK1C is launched from a re-usable trolley,

upon which the drone is mounted on three short
guide rails and attached by a single connecting pin
at the base of the engine nacelle. The complete
ensemble accelerates along the runway under
engine power, the connecting pin being withdrawn
automatically by a pneumatic release system when
the speed reaches 151-154 knots (280-285 km/h). The
drone then lifts off the trolley and enters the climbout
phase The trolley decelerates and is brought to a
halt under radio command by a braking parachute
and wheel brakes The drone can enter the firing
area two or three times during a mission If it is not
shot down it can be directed to a preselected landing
site, where the engine is shut down at a pre-deter-
mined speed and altitude and the drone completes

an unpowered landing The engine nacelle is
reinforced to absorb the landing impact, resulting in
only minor damage which can be repaired easily
before re-use
Guidance and control

channel autopilot
(pitch,
provided by a four-
is
roll,
yaw and
altitude),
located in the rear of the fuselage, which controls

the flight in response to radio commands from the
ground station The autopilot incorporates the gyroscope, the directional gyro, a three-axis rate gyro, a
programmer, an electrical actuator, an amplifier
and a converter. After the drone's separation from
the trolley, the first 85secs of the flight are pro-
gramme-controlled Thereafter the mission comes

under pre-planned radio command from the ground
controller Aerodynamic control is via ailerons, elevators and rudder
Avionics and equipment include an on-board
radio transponder for identification and tracking
from the ground Airborne radio equipment com-
fitted with an infra-red pod Power

WP-6 turbojet providing 23 03 kN
be
a
Data
for
STATUS
In
failure.
The low altitude version, the CK1E, has a wing

span of 6.88 m and a range of 600 km The maximum
speed range is between 840 and 870 km/h and it can
CK1C

Body diameter (max): 55 m
Height overall: 2 955 m
Weights:
(weight empty) 1537 kg
(fuel): (fuselage) 600 kg. (underwing tanks, total)
240 kg
Operating
speed range: 458-491 knots (850-
and equipment
provided by an engine-driven
generator, with an alternator for AC power. An
emergency battery supplies DC power for continued
safe flight in the event of a main system or engine
supplied by
Wing span: 7 5m
Wing area: 8 55 m
prises receiver/decoder which enables up to 24

command signals to be conveyed to the autopilot
and other components and equipment A 52-channel
telemetry system provides the ground controller
with a continuous indication of altitude, speed, angle
of bank, engine rpm and temperature, and other
functions Mission equipment includes a miss distance indicator with its associated antenna at the
rear fin tip; five corner reflectors for radar signature
augmentation; and three flares or smoke canisters
(on the undersurface of each wing and on the rear
edge of the engine nacelle fairing) to provide visual
augmentation to aid tracking by ground based
optical aids The main electrical power for avionics
is
is
910km/h)
Operating height range: 500- 16 500 m
Range: 324-485 nm (600-900 km)
Endurance at low and medium altitude: 45-60 mins
production
MANUFACTURER
Nanjing Aeronautical Institute (NAI). Department of
RPV Research. 29 Yudaojei Street, Nanjing. Jiangsu
Province, People s Republic of China.
Telephone: 646131 Telex: 34155 NAINJ CN.
NRISTYK-7
Design
of the
NRIST YK-7 began
in
February 1986
Prototype construction started four months
and the
was made
October
later,
year
intended to simulate, at one-fifth scale, a typical
low-level ground attack aircraft, providing a versatile target for tactical exercises and for the training
of air defence and short-range surface-to-air missile
crews. In addition, the YK-7 has development potential as a surveillance, photographic or scientific
research mini-remotely piloted vehicle.
The YK-7 is a re-usable target in shoulder-wing
monoplane form. Wings are of glass reinforced
It
first flight
in
of that
is
plastic with a foam plastic core, and have a NASA

GA(W)-1 aerofoil section (thickness/chord ratio 13
per cent), 5 dihedral, 0 incidence and 15 sweep
back at quarter-chord. Conventional tail surfaces
are of similar construction. The oval-section stream-
lined fuselage is a glass reinforced plastic composites structure, with a landing skid under the
forward portion.
The YK-7 is powered by one 3.7 kW (5hp) singlecylinder piston engine, fitted with a contactorless
magneto, fuel pump and barostat, and driving a
two-blade wooden propeller It is launched from a
bungee-powered rail launcher on a cradle which is
jettisoned after take-off. Recovery is by conventional
skid landing or. optionally, by parachute; the latter
can
be
commanded
manually, or automatically by a fail-safe function incorporated in

remote control system At the conclusion of the
mission, the launcher can be folded to become the
SSKSBHMM
either
transport trailer for the air vehicle.

Remote control is by a high power digital proportional PCM radio system; there is an optical
system for out of sight operation. Aerodynamic
control surfaces are conventional.
No details are known about mission equipment.
Wing span: 2.1 15 m

Wing chord at root: 52 m
Wing chord at tip: 26 m
YK-7 targets developed by the NRIST in Nanjing
Wing aspect
ratio: 5
Length overall: 2.05
Effective control range:
Propeller diameter: 5 m
Wing area, gross: 825 m 2
Weight empty: 12.5kg
Max payload: 1 kg
Max launching weight: 14 kg
Max rate of climb at sea
6-2.7
nm
(3-5
km)
Endurance: 40 mins
660 m/min
Operating height, minimum: 50 m
Operating height, maximum: 1000 m
level:
STATUS
In
production.
MANUFACTURER
Nanjing
Research
Institute
on
Simulation
Technique, PO Box 1607, Nanjing. Jiangsu Province.
People's Republic of China.
Telephone: 644438 Cables: 0319 Nanjing.
China Egypt
335
YMFBJ7104
The BJ7104 is a recoverable target drone which was
designed and developed by the Nanjing Research
Institute for Simulation Technique It is used primarily for a training target for small and mediumsized anti-aircraft artillery weapons Design, prototype type construction and the first flight of the
BJ7104 took place in 1971; series production began
two years later.
When fitted with a microcomputer, the BJ7104can
fly pre-programmed missions, including formation
flights
several
by
drones
under simultaneous
control
a mid-wing monoplane with a

and conventional tail surfaces. The wings have a 6 dihedral from the roots
There is a skid under the tail cone and each wing tip
to minimise damage on landing The design may be
similar to that of the CSIF B-2. except for the greater
use of metal instead of composites.
TheBJ7104is powered by a 11.2kW(15hp) Yuhe
Machine Factory YH280 280cc four cylinder twostroke engine, driving a two-blade wooden propeller. Launch is by rocket-assisted take-off from a
zero-length launcher; recovery is by skid landing.
Guidance is via a 22-channel radio control system.
There is a provision for pre-programmed flights
using microcomputer control. Aerodynamic control
is provided by ailerons, elevators and a rudder. The
BJ7104 is equipped with an on-board autopilot, a
radio receiver and telemetry.
The airframe
is
circular section fuselage
Wing span:
Wing area:
7m
14m ?
Fuselage, max diameter: 28 m
Height overall, including landing skid:
.74
Weights:
(empty) 34 kg
(fuel) 8 kg
The Yuhe Machine Factory BJ7104 target
(payload) 10 kg
Max rate of climb at sea level: 600 m/min
Operating height range: 100-2000 m
Service ceiling: 6000 m
Control range: 8.1 nm (15 km)
STATUS
A total of 2400 had been
Endurance:
China
Telephone: 42133 and 46462 Cables: 1630 Nanjing
Type 1 30 Rocket Target System
by February 1986
MANUFACTURER
Yuhe Machine Factory (YMF),
2 Jie
Fang Road.
Nan|ing, Jiangsu Province. People's Republic of
Drag
built
Production iscontinuing.
Radome
ring
Diversion pedestal
The Type 1 30 rocket target system has been referred

to as the TQ-4 Firefly and is believed to be a training
target for the HN-5A surface-to-air air defence
missile system, the Chinese equivalent of the Soviet
SA-7 'Grail'.
The Type 130 rocket system fires a 130 mm rocket
thatemitsvisibleand infra-red lighttoactasatarget
The rockets are fired from a single-barrel launch
tube mounted on an adjustable tripod to alter the
target flight path Firingis carried out usinga control
box and the target can follow a pre-determined flight
path to a height of 2000 m, with a flight path deviation
of less than 120m The operational flight time of the
target rocket is over 30 seconds.
Diameter: 130
Length: 1 02 m
mm
Weight of target rocket: 33 kg

Velocity: 160 to 380 m/s
Altitude: 2000 m
STATUS
In
production.
Motor
Tracer
Main components
ot
Type 130 target rocket
MANUFACTURER
Telephone: 895012. 8311804. Telex: 22484
China Precision Machinery Import and Export Corporation, PO Box 845, Beijing, People's Republic of
China
Fax: 831 1657.
CPMC
EGYPT
KaderTNR-1 A Target
The Kader TNR-1A has a distinct 'model aircraft'
appearance and is designed to be a simple, costrecoverable target for use
by air defence gunnery systems It is a high wing
monoplane with tapering wings and a long dorsal
fin. The fuselage is flat-sided and very narrow, being
formed from a single piece of what appears to be
some form of composite material. There is a nosemounted two-stroke engine developing 1 .34 kW
(1.8 hp) and driving a two-bladed propeller with
an aluminium spinner. The simple fixed tricycle
undercarriage can be used to permit the target to
take off and land using any piece of flat ground from
15 to 20 m long. Control is line-of-sight using a form
of model aircraft radio control system. Under-wing
pylons can carry smoke or infra-red tracking flares
effective, radio control led
The
Kader
latest version of this target aircraft
is
the
1 which is basically similar to theTNR-1A but

has a wing span of 1.8m and a maximum launch
weight of 8.5kg.
Wing span:
1.6
m
51 m
Length: 1.7
Height:
Take-off weight: 6 5 kg
Payload: 1 5 kg
Max speed: 97 knots (180 km/h)
Max altitude: 2000 m

Maximum operating range: 3000 m
Kader
Endurance: 20 mins
target aircraft
MANUFACTURER
STATUS
In
production.
Kader Factory for Developed Industries,

Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
El
Tayaran
Street,
Telephone: 604319 or 604324 Telex: 92136

UN.
KADFA
336
France
FRANCE
Aerospatiale C.22 Target Drone
The C.22, which first flew on 6 June 1980. was
designed in 1977 for use as a variable speed target
for air-to-air and surface-to-air weapon systems Its
dimensions, radar signature and high performance
enable it to simulate combat aircraft flying at any
altitude, and also sea skimming missiles.
Ten prototypes and 24 pre-production C.22s were
built for the French Ministry of Defence, and the
drone is currently in use on French firing ranges.
Series production began in 1987 There are two
versions: the C.22T operated with the fixed existing
radio/radar installations of the C.E.L (Centre d'Essais des Laudes). and the C.22L operated with the
new TTL (Telecommand, Telemetry and Local-
system.
The C.22 is a recoverable variable speed subsonic
target. It has swept back, moulded glass reinforced
plastic wings, with a light alloy main spar, a glass
fibre skin and a foam core, a symmetrical profile
(8 per cent thickness/chord ratio) and no control
surfaces The fuselage uses wound glass fibre on a
central metal frame which is impregnated with
epoxy resin and reinforced by metal inserts at
attachment points. The nose cone and tail cone
are made of glass-reinforced moulded plastic. The
isation)
aluminium alloy
have an
configuration,
with four control surfaces operated by Labinal electail fins
'X'
actuators
Power is provided by one 3.73 kN Microturbo TRI
tric
60-2 turbojet, mounted in a pod on top of fuselage,

and two jettisonable solid propellant booster rockets
(each providing 32 kN for 1 sec) attached beneath
wings on the sides of the fuselage Fuel tanks for the
TRI 60 are in the centre of the fuselage (capacity
240
1)
Oil
capacity
is
4 litres
The C 22 is launched by jettisonable rockets from

a ground or ship base and there is a parachute
system
recovery from land or sea. Inflatable

airbags beneath the fuselage absorb the landing
impact
The C.22 has a radio command digital guidance
system Flight control, based upon a mini-computer,
permits complex manoeuvres at up to 6 5g Aerodynamic control is via four movable surfaces inset
in cruciform tail fins indexed at 45 from the v
for
axis.
The operational equipment depends upon the

to be fired at the target The nose
compartment is available for equipment which could
include a tow winch The tail compartment payload
includes a 20 kg smoke generator tank and recovery
parachutes. The nose cone houses up to 60 kg of
weapon systems
mission equipment; active or passive countermeasures; recording equipment for assessing

the effectiveness of weapon systems during training;
two 30 kg under-fuselage pods; or equipment for
towing successively two 30 kg secondary targets at
speeds of more than 485 knots (900 km/h with 800 m
of cable for each target.
An on-board 28 V battery (an engine-driven generator will eventually be fitted) provides electrical
)
Aerospatiale C.22 subsonic target drone
power The LCT TTL system is used for remote

and tracking on the C22L variant
control, telemetry
Wing span: 2 5m
Wing chord, at root: 92 m
Wing chord, at tip: 28 m
Span over tail tins: 14m
1
Body diameter: 4m
Wing area, gross: 6 m''
1
Fin area, total:
6nv'
Weight empty: 300 kg
Max fuel
Total
weight: 192 kg
internal/external
mission load,
incl
towed
targets: 130 kg
Max launching weight (excl boosters): 630 kg

Max speed (all altitudes): Mach 9
Max level speed at sea level: 600 knots (1 12 km/h)
Max rate ot climb at sea level: 4200 m/min
1
Time
to 12 000 m: Iessthan6mins
Service ceiling: 14000m
Minimum operating height: 10 m
Range with max payload: 593 nm
Max endurance at 12 000 m: 2 h
100 km)
STATUS
Currently
in
use on French
firing
ranges
MANUFACTURER
Aerospatiale SNI. Division Engins Tactiques. 2 a 18
rue Beranger. 92322 Chatillon Cedex, France
Telephone: (1)47 4621 21 Telex AISPA 250881 F,
Aerospatiale C.22 target drone after landing
SOSI Aerial Target System
The SOSI is a remotely piloted training target

designed to simulate an aerial threat for missile and
gun air defence systems of all types
The SOSI airframe uses a delta wing layout and
canard control surfaces. The forward fuselage is
square in cross-section and contains the radio
control system Power is provided by a 194 to
kW (26 to 34 bhp) twin-cylinder, two-stroke propeller-driven engine located at the rear of the
airframe The engine can be started using an elec-
25.3
device mounted at the base of a simple

low maintenance catapult The catapult can be
mounted on a trailer or fixed to a stationary mount
on the ground or on a ship's deck.
The SOSI can be tracked visually at ranges of up
to 5 km or, using a radar system together with an
autopilot, at ranges up to 30 km The operator uses a
dual frequency PCM command link for flight and
trical starter
The vehicle is auto-stablised in

three axes by means of an autopilot At the end of a
mission the vehicle deploys a parachute for recovery, with a descent rate of 4m/s. An undamaged
altitude control.
SOSI can be recovered and re-launched within 30

mins
The SOSI has a payload capacity of 16 kg for 1 h of
flight and can fly at speeds up to 320 km/h at altitudes
between 50 and 3000 m Typical pay loads could
include remotely controlled
smoke
flares, a
radar
AEROPAR SOSI aerial target system on its launch catapult

responder system using two 7-inch (177 8mm)Luneberg lenses, and infra-red flares for use with heat-
seeking missiles Other optional payloads include

electronic, hit or telemetry transponders.
France India
is
An aerial surveillance system

known as the AZI
variant of the
SOSI
Max take-off weight: 70 kg

Fuel capacity: 151
Endurance:
Wing span:
2.5
Length:2 9m
Height:0 6m
Wing area:
m2
STATUS
In
Speed range: 95 to 320 km/h
MANUFACTURER
PCM command link: 78/82 MHz
AEROPAR. Aeodrome de Couhe-Brux, BP 30, 86700
19 4 to 25 3
GERMANY
a small high-wing glider of
lacks horizontal stabilisers
and elevators and has no steering controls
The conventional monocoque fuselage is cigar-
The KT-04 towed target

all-metal construction.
kW
Couhe, France.
Telephone: (1) 16 49 59 17
Max payload capacity: 16 kg

Weight of parachute: 3 5 kg
KT-04 Towed Target

is
It
shaped and has a round cross-section The fuselage

has three easily separable and exchangeable sections. The nose section contains the towing coupling,
two packed parachutes, the ejector mechanism for
the main and emergency parachutes, a battery and
electrical equipment The centre section acts as the
attachment point for the interchangeable wings and
in the lower part there is an inflatable air bag which
is covered by a hood during flight The centre section
also contains pneumatic equipment and high-pressure gas cylinders Below the centre section are
the suspension lugs for the undercarriage The tail
section carries the rudder assembly
The interchangeable wings are attached to the
fuselage by two vertical bolts. Semi-circular
production.
Power plant power:
Weight empty: 40 kg
337
AEROPAR
KT-04 towed target with
air
bag partially inflated
STATUS
Production probably complete. In service with the
East German air force and some other Warsaw Pact
3m
Length: 4 9m
Height: 1.2 m
airarms
Wing area: 3.2 m 2

Weight
Telex:
(EAST)
angle-pieces are screwed onto the wing tips to

prevent wing tip contact with the ground on landing.
The rudder is tapered and slightly swept back.
The KT-04 is towed by a modified single-seat
version of the Czech Aero L-39 Albatros trainer, the
L-39V. Take-off speed is 210 km/h and at a height of
between 50 and 80 m the undercarriage falls back to
the ground and its forward progress is arrested by a
parachute The target is towed on the end of a cable
up to 700 m long. After use the target is automatically
released over an airfield after the towing cable
is allowed to go slack
The target is lowered by
parachute and the air bag, inflated during the
descent, cushions the landing impact The target
can then be re-used if damage is nottoo extensive.
Wing span:
18.
793261
MANUFACTURER
at take-off: (without
undercarriage)
10 kg
State factories.
INDIA
ADE Pilotless Target Aircraft (PTA)

The PTA (Pilotless Target Aircraft) is a re-usable,
ship- or ground-launched variable speed subsonic
target drone, developed by the Aeronautical
Development Establishment (ADE) for use by all
three Indian armed services A small batch of experimental launch vehicles (ELVs)hasbeencompleted
Test launches from a ground launcher began in 1983,
using a Bharat Dynamics JATO bottle for launch
assistance These vehicles, and the two prototype
PTAs, are each powered by a Microturbo TRI60

turbojet.
The production PTA is intended for manufacture

by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) at Bangalore, and is to be powered by a 3.43 kN PTAE-7
expendable
turbojet
(PTA
Engine 7)
being
developed by HAL. This engine is intended to have
an operating life of 25 h. The PTA is designed to tow
two HAL infra-red or radar augmented targets, each
on a 1500 m cable, and to have an on-board digital
data link through which information from the towed
targets will be relayed back to the ground controller
A programmable
computer will
provide the PTA with navigation information Recovery is by parachute, with a crushable nose cone to
absorb ground impact.
in
real time.
Although intended primarily for target duties, the

design could be adapted for battlefield reconnaissance, coastguard or environmental control, and/or
offensive military roles
Experimental Launch Vehicle
lor the Pilotless
Target Aircraft (PTA)
flight
Length overall: approx 6 m

Weight: not known
Speed range: Mach 0.4 to 85 (265-563 knots; 4911043 km/h)
Operating altitude: 300-9000 m
Range: 54 nm (100 km)
Endurance at 400 knots (741 km/h) at 7000 m: 1 h
STATUS
Advanced development.
MANUFACTURER
Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE),
Ministry of Defence, Jeevanbimanagar, Bangalore
560075, India.

ADEMT
338
India
Israe
The MT (Missile Target)
is an air-launched, expendable missile target for evaluating surtace-to-air

missiles Flight development and evaluation trials
have been completed.
The MT has a long cylindrical body, with a tapered
nose cone having small movable canard surfaces
near the tip. and rear mounted delta wings with
ailerons. A small arrowhead' end plate fin is located
at each wingtip There is a ventral fin under the rear
fuselage.
The power plant consists of two rocket motors in
tandem (a booster and a sustainer)
Mission equipment comprises an altitude sensor
plus vertical, roll rate and yaw rate gyros The MT
has two batteries and an auxiliary power unit. A

Luneberg lens is fitted in the underbody pod.
Optional equipment includes a fixed target/miss
distance indicator and a transponder/control display
unit.
Dimensions and weights: not known

Speed range: Mach 7 to 1 .4
Operating altitude: 100-13000
Range: 19-38 nm (35-70 km)
Endurance: 2\ to 5 mins
M T expendable air launched missile target

MANUFACTURER
Aeronautical Development Establishment lADE)
Ministry of Defence. Jeevanbimanagar. Bangalore
560075. India
STATUS
Development complete
ISRAEL
TamnarTM-105 EDOApproved
ground and naval antiDefence Forces, the EDO

model aircraft' target drone permits realistic air
defence unit training with guns or missiles. The
target can simulate various aircraft attack modes
and manoeuvres, and is extremely low-cost and
easy to operate. Its name is derived from the initials
for
use by
air,
aircraft units of the Israeli
Hebrew names of three anti-aircraft soldiers

Lebanon in 1982.
Design of the EDO began in February 1982, and the
first flight was made in September 1983 Production
began in December of that year, and by the beginning
of the
killed in the
of 1986 totalled 540 units (including exports) of 800

then on order.
The EDO air defence target drone is a cantilever
shoulder-wing monoplane. The wings have a birch
plywood skin with a polystyrene core: the fuselage
is of impact-absorbing glass fibre and epoxy: the tail
unit is of balsa wood. A steel landing skid is standard;
itcan also befitted with atricycle landing gear
The power plant is one 3 kW (4 hp) Quadra Q-50,
Q-82 or 7.1 kW (9.5 hp) Q-100 single-cylinder twostroke engine, driving a Clark two-blade wooden
propeller The standard fuel capacity is 4.5
an
extended range tank is optional.
Launch and recovery is by catapult from a Tamnar
rail launcher; the target returns to land (if not
destroyed during a mission) on an underfuselage
skid. Alternatively, it can be fitted with tricycle gear
(jettisoned after take-off) for conventional take-off
from any suitable 50 to 80 m length of roadway, track
or grass. At sea. the EDO can be platform launched
from any vessel of patrol boat size or larger, and
recovered in a retrieval net installed over the stern
The target is radio controlled by an operator
located within the unit training area, using a Kraft
10
transmitter able to control two drones simultaneously. During each exercise, instructions can
be transmitted to both the air defence battery crew
and the EDO operator. The commander thus remains
in control throughout the training session, and can
initiate or alter a situation within seconds.
Mission equipment includes a hit counter which
records hits' at up to 6 m from the target and relays
results in real time to the ground control display. For
1;
Tamnar
TM-ir>5
use as a missile target, the drone can be equipped

with devices to activate a missile's infra-red homing
system.
Wing span:
2.5
EDO training target

Min flying speed: 19 knots (35 km/h)
Radio control range: 3 2 nm (6 km)
Endurance, standard fuel: 1 h 30 mins
Endurance, optional fuel: 2 h
Length of fuselage: 2 25
STATUS
Propeller diameter:
(Q-50) 0.46 m
(Q-82) 0.51m
(Q-100) 0.56
Weight empty: 12 kg
Max payload including fuel: 4.5 kg
In
production
In
ing Israel. Chile.
service with several nations includ-
Honduras and Venezuela.
MANUFACTURER
Tamnar
Aviation Technology. 51 Hailanot Street

Gat Rimon. PetahTikva 49920. Israel
Telephone: 03-9325461 Fax 03-9307045.
Max take-off/launching weight: 18 kg

Israel-Italy
339
Tamnar MiG-27 'Flogger' Target

Target representations of the MiG-27 Flogger' and
Su-25 Frogfoot' entered production in 1986, the
latter (which is no longer being built) varying
only
slightly in appearance from the EDO (see previous
entry) The Flogger' target has a deeper fuselage,
and altogether resembles more closely the real
Soviet aircraft.
It
is
constructed, like the EDO, of
impact-absorbing glass fibre, has a 7.1 kW (9.5 hp)

Quadra Q-100 engine, and is similarly launched and
recovered
Wing span:
3.3
Length overall: 3 05
Max take-off/launching weight:
mm
18 kg
Tamnar MiG-27 Flogger- D scale target
Endurance, standard fuel: 1 h

Endurance, optional fuel: 1 h 30 mins
MANUFACTURER
Tamnar
Aviation Technology, 51 Hailanot

Street
Gat Rimon, Petah Tikva 49920. Israel
Telephone 03-9325461 Fax: 03-9307045
STATUS
In
production.
ITALY
Meteor Mirach
Two propeller-driven and three turbojet-powered
types of Mirach air vehicle are currently
available
The three versions which can be used as
aerial
targets are as follows.
The Mirach 70 target drone, (or electronic warfare
decoy remotely piloted vehicle) is based on the
airframe of theearlier Meteor P.X.Power
is provided
by a single 52 kW piston engine. Guidance
is via
a radio command system The Mirach 70
is also
produced under licence in Argentina by Quimar
as
the MQ-1 Chimango (see separate
entry).
or
The Mirach 100 target drone is powered by

a single
1.13 kN turbojet. It uses either ground
control
or
automatic navigation with real-time data

transmission It is in production for the Italian
armed
forces and foreign countries (reportedly
including
and Libya), and is produced under licence

Argentina by Quimar as the MQ-2 Bigua
(see
separate entry). The one-way penetration
range is
485nm (900km). The Agusta A109/Meteor Mirach
Iraq
in
lOOcombmation, consisting of the transport, release

and recovery by helicopter of one or two Mirach
100s
has been delivered to various customers
and is
operational With Quimar. Meteor
developed a
mounting enabling a Bigua to be carried
underfuselage by the IA58A Pucara, and flight
trials for
this programme were carried
out during 1987 The
Mirach 100 is equipped with an automatic
navigation
subsystem called Sirah. With this
subsystem
installed, the vehicle can be
programmed to loiter
over a battlefield for surveillance

purposes. It also
has potential applications as a tactical
cruise missile
launched from an Aeritalia G222 mother'
aircraft
carrying six Mirach 100s.
Mirach 100 production had exceeded
150 by early
1987, when Meteor received a Greek
government
contract to supply 15 to 20 of these
aircraft during
1988-90 as targets for use at the
NATO range on
Crete. An extended-range Mirach
100ER powered
by a 1.78kN NPT 401 turbojet and
equipped
with
Pacific Aerosystem's Mizar avionic

data link and
ground equipment plus a British Aerospace
MIRLS
Launch
of Mirach 100 target
4000 miniature infra-red linescanner

was a
candidate in the US Navy's MR-RPV
(mediumrange reconnaissance remotely
piloted
Wing span:
is
a target drone (or remotely
piloted vehicle for surveillance,

reconnaissance
target location and acquisition,
electronic warfare'
stnke and defence saturation)
powered by a single
3.7 kN turbojet. Guidance and
automatic
is
as for the Mirach 100.
or training payloads. The Mirach

300
development
vehicle)
competition
The Mirach 300 This
drone
navigation
It
can carry various combat
(Mirach 70) 3.57 m

(Mirach 100) 1.8 m
(Mirach 300) 2 83 m
Length overall:
(Mirach 70) 3.66 m
(Mirach 100) 3.94 m
(Mirach 300) 5 m
Mirach 70 target drone

Ship-board launch of a Mirach 70
is still
under
340
Height overall: (Mirach 100)0 81
Wing area, gross: (Mirach
100) 0.82
Weight empty:
(Mirach 70) 200 kg
(Mirach 100) 210kg
(Mirach 300, estimated) 400 kg
Max launching
where
weight, including booster
applicable:
(Mirach 70) 260 kg

(Mirach 100) 310kg
(Mirach 300, estimated) 800 kg
Japan
STATUS
Max
Italy
level speed:
(Mirach 70) 194 knots (360 km/h)
(Mirach 100) 458 knots (850 km/h)
(Mirach 300, estimated) Mach 92
Ceiling: (Mirach 100) 9000 m
Max endurance:
(Mirach 70)1 h
(Mirach 100) 1 h
(Mirach 300, estimated) 2 h
Mirach 70 in production and also under licence

Argentina
Mirach 100 in production
Mirach 300 under development.
in
MANUFACTURER
Meteor Costruzioni Aeronautiche Ed Elettroniche
SpA. 146 Via Nomentana. 00162 Rome. Italy.
Telephone (06)830991 Telex 680136 METEOR-I
JAPAN
Fuji/Teledyne Ryan
BQM-34AJ
Firebeel
Under contract from the Japan Defence Agency, Fuji
is building the Teledyne Ryan BQM-34A Firebee 1
subsonic target drone for use in the training of Tartar
missile and gunnery crews, and for the evaluation
of air-to-air missile systems and Japanese-built
F-15J Eagle fighters The first shipboard launch of
a Fuji-built drone (known as the BQM-34AJ) was
Fuji
carried out successfully in 1970. and about 390 flights

had been made by the beginning of 1987
By the end of March 1987 a total of 51 Fuji-built
BQM-34AJs had been delivered to the Japanese
Marine Self-Defence Force and 20 to the Japanese
Army Self-Defence Force Fu|i-built BQM-34AJs
include four fitted with the RALACS (radar altimeter
low altitude control system) for training the crews of
defensive weapons against attack by anti-shipping
missiles
For full details of the Teledyne Ryan Firebee 1
refer to the entry under United Slates in this section
STATUS
In
production
MANUFACTURER
Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Fuji Heavy IndusSubaru Building, 7-2 Nishi-Shinjuku
l-chome, Shinjuku-ku. Tokyo 160 Japan
Telephone Tokyo (03) 347 2533 Telex 03-232-2268
FUJIJ
Fuji
tries Limited).
Model 820 - JASF XJ/AQM-1
This expendable air-launched target drone is being

developed for the Japanese Self-Defence Force
under a Japan Defence Agency (JDA) contract Fuji
was selected by the JDA in July 1983 as prime
contractor, and the first of 11 prototypes made its
initial flight in March 1986. The flight test programme
was completed successfully in December 1986. and
production for the Japanese Air Self-Defence Force
was due to begin in FY87.
Construction is virtually all-metal (steel and aluminium). The airframe is a mid-wing monoplane,
with clipped-delta wings interchangeable port/
starboard. It has four tail fins, of similar plan form,
indexed in an X' configuration at 45 to vertical and
horizontal axes. The target has a cylindrical metal
body, with a glass fibre nose cone and tail cone. The
engine is suspended on a centre-line pylon beneath
the rear of the fuselage. There is no landing gear.
The power
Industries
plant
TJM3
A pressurised
holds47
is
one
turbojet
1.96
kN Mitsubishi Heavy
an underslung nacelle
the centre of the fuselage
in
fuel tank in
litres.
The Model 820-XJ/AQM-1 can be air launched

from an underwing pylon (one under each wing) of
the McDonnell Douglas F-4EJ Phantom or F-15J/DJ
Eagle It is non-recoverable
The target has a pre-programmed guidance
system, which can be overridden by radio command
from either the launch aircraft or a surface station.
There is a digital flight control system, including the
engine throttle control.
Mission equipment includes an X-band reflector
in the fore and aft body compartments. Smoke or
infra-red generators can be attached to the wing
tips A miss distance indicator can be installed in
the forward section of the fuselage.
Wing span over smoke generator pods:
Wing aspect ratio: 3.2
Body diameter (max): 35
Span over tail fins: 98 m
Wing area, gross:

Tail fins, total:
1.2
2 .07
Mitsubishi QF-104J
Approval was given in the 1985 defence budget for
the storage of retired Japanese Self-Defence Force
F-104J Starfighters with a view to their eventual
modification into QF-104 target drones for use in
air-to-air combat training, domestically developed
missile tests, and possibly also to investigate electronic countermeasure or decoy remotely piloted
Fuji
Model 820 XJIAQM-1
Weights:
(max mission payload) 42.4 kg
(fuel) 32 kg
(max launching weight) 235.5 kg
Max level speed at 91 50 m: Mach 0.95
Max sustained turn at 9150 m: 3.2g
Operating height:
(min)660m
(max) 9150
Endurance
at
m
Mach 0.9 at 9150 m:
target drone
STATUS
In
production.
MANUFACTURER
Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Fuji Heavy IndusSubaru Building, 7-2, Nishi-Shinjuku.
l-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan
T
Telephone
kyo (03) 347 2533 Telex: 03-232-2268
Fuji
tries Limited.
FUJIJ.
18 mins
vehicle technology. Current contracts are for two

prototype modifications, with 29 more QF-104J conversions to follow. Honeywell is the main contractor
for the design, development and production of the
control system.
The QF-104Js will be operated from the Iwo Jima
Island airbase
STATUS
Current contracts for prototype modifications.
MANUFACTURER
Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Mitsubishi
Heavy Industries Limited). 5-1. Marunouchi
2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100. Japan

Telephone: Tokyo (03) 212 3111. Telex: J22282 and
J22443
Sweden
341
SWEDEN
NORABELRIPAN
a small re-usable anti-aircraft gunnerya cantilever shoulder-wing monoplane
with a conventional tail unit Wings are of symmetrical profile, and have a plywood skin with an
expanded polystyrene core Ailerons and tail surfaces are of balsa wood Prototypes have a fuselage
box structure of plywood, balsa and expanded polystyrene; this will be entirely of polystyrene in the
production version There is no landing gear
The RIPAN is powered by one 1.9kW (2 5hp)
15 cc Super Tigre piston engine, driving a two-blade
propeller Fuel capacity is 45 litre.
The RIPAN is hand launched; recovery is by belly
The RIPAN
target
is
is
It
landing.
Guidance
is
command Aerodynamic
via radio
provided by full span ailerons, a rudder

and one-piece elevator
Mission equipment includes a three-element hit
indicator system comprising a dorsally mounted
acoustic sensor (microphone), a hit recorder and an
indicator The microphone can be preset for either
7.62 or 5.56mm ammunition, and six sensitivity
levels corresponding to radii from 2 to 12 m can be
pre-selected to represent different hit zones (ie
target sizes) The sound of a passing projectile is
registered by microphone, and signals are processed electronically by a hit recorder, A sensor
computer, in the centre-fuselage, can be set at
control
is
different
numbers
required
to
registered
(up to 15)
the required
number is reached, the computer signals to the
adjacent indicator unit, which activates a pyrotechnic cartridge, producing a vivid flash that is
visible up to at least 1000 m away, indicating to
gunners
recorder
of
produce a
kill'
hits
When
has been killed' The hit

powered by 8 4V nickel-cadmium bat-
that the target

is
uses a rechargeable cassette

containing ten disposable flash cartridges.
teries; the indicator
Wing span:
.77
Length overall:
m
1
Air Target Acoustical Scoring
Systems
Air Target acoustical scoring
for all
types of
systems can be used
firing training, including
ground-to-
air, and sea-tosystems use hyper-sensitive microphones

to detect and measure the sound pattern, or acoustic
air,
sea
air-to-ground, air-to-air, sea-to

All
signature, of supersonic projectiles passing a target.
No special ammunition is required Using microphones placed near or on a target it is possible to

instantly tell a gunner the radial distance from the
target for each round fired. The system can score up
to 100 rounds/sec and accommodate any calibre
projectile from 5.56
to 127
or larger.
mm
mm
Scoring data can be provided
Hand launch ol a RIPAN target

Payload: 1 5 kg
Stalling speed: 22 knots (40 km/h)
STATUS
Range: 5nm (1 km)

Endurance: 10-15 mms
S-713 00, Nora.
Telephone (0587) 1 1450 Telex 73451
Scoring stations range from the portable MINI 10

19. for use with zonal and sctor MDIs
respectively, to the MARQUE computerised scoring
station which incorporates an IBM industrial com-
possible to use the same ground station for all

applications
The MDC-80 scoring capacity is unlimited and
scoring rate 100 rounds/sec Detection range is from
and MINI
puter
target centre
Vector indicating systems giving the position of
reception of the shock from both the projectile bow

wave and its stern wave, it is possible to obtain
precise information on the distance to the projectile.
As only time differences are measured, air density
each round expressed
changes
There are two types of miss distance indicators

(MDI), zone and sector. Both types are configured
either as an integrated unit or with the components
separated, typically for installations in drones and
other rigid targets. MDIs include the AS-131 Sector,
the AS-131 Zone, and the AS-113 for target drones
and other rigid targets.
NORABEL S.
VS 2000 System
The VS2000 is an economical
off-the-shelf
that supports various types of scoring
system
indicator
to most commonly used static or subsonic

targets and score boards It is possible to integrate
up to four different targets or score boards, eg
during inter-service exercises. Scoring stations are
available for different needs with one station
adaptable
Air Target
target and
is primarily used with aerial

targets such as sleeves, banners, darts and drones.
803,
By using a cluster of spaced microphones on a

measuring time differences between the
Zone/Sector indicators giving the distance of

each round passing a target expressed in circular
zones and angular sectors (quadrants) around the
AS-100System
The AS-100 system
PO Box
MDC-80 System
0to40m.
co-ordinates around the
40
Products).
Sweden
capable of handling several applications A printed

hard copy of each mission provides impact coordinates and a time reference for each round fired.
The computerised real time clock or a standard time
code can be used for time reference.
in three forms:
indicators giving the radial distance
of each round passing a target expressed in circular
zones around the miss distance indicator
in
MANUFACTURER
NORABEL AB (Military
its
Zone only
target centre
production
to
simplest form, together with the MINI 10

scoring station, the system records zonal miss distances of projectiles passing the MDI Using a sector
version MDI together with the MIN1 19, results will
be obtained in six zone-windows and four sectorwindows Incoming data can be recorded for subsequent analysis and as back-up To make full use
of the AS-100 system the MARQUE scoring station
and optional software packages were developed.
The AS-100 scoring capacity is unlimited and
scoring rate 100 rounds/sec Detection range is from
In
In
at altitude have no effect on results. The

geometric configuration of the MDC-80 microphone
cluster was designed to make it possible to define
the trajectory position in vector form. Projectile

trajectories can also be calculated which permit
compensation for the relative motion between the
projectile and the target
A microprocessor handles data from the microphone cluster and transmits the data to an evaluation
processor. Co-ordinates of projectiles and the salvo
centre, or in any other projection, are calculated.
The MARQUE VECTOR scoring station uses
several optional software packages, making it
Sweden AB ancilliary items and services

include target sleeves target towing winches for
aircraft installation, technician and operator training, target towing and drone target presentations,
and consulting services
STATUS
All
the above are
in
production and widespread
service.
MANUFACTURER
Target Sweden AB, Box 10188, S-100 55
Stockholm, Sweden.
Telephone: (8) 667 9900. Telex: 15025 airtgt s.
Fax: (8) 662 9674.
Air
342
Switzerland UK
SWITZERLAND
Farner/F +
WAATS Topaz
M
W
M
m
The AATS
(anti-aircraft training system) Topaz is

the current version of the KZD-85(Kleinzieldrohnesmall target drone), of which 60 were produced
by Farner Air Service AG and the Swiss

Federal Aircraft Factory (F + W) for the Swiss Army
Farner produces the airframe, launcher and ground
support equipment: F +
supplies the remote
control system and acts as prime contractor to the
jointly
military
procurement authority
for the total
litres.
The target is catapult-launched from a trailermounted 6.5 m ramp. It is recovered by an 11m

diameter cruciform parachute or by belly landing on
a ventral rubber skid.
A PCM radio command guidance transceiver
(output
W)
is
powered by a
fitted
1.8
line
for
of sight operation,
Ah rechargeable
battery. If the
the engine shuts down automatically after 0.5 sec and the recovery parachute is
command
link is lost,
deployed.
Aerodynamic
tail
control
is
by conventional wing and
control surfaces.
Topaz can be produced in a low cost version

as an expendable target for live anti-aircraft firing
practice
In
re-usable form,
it
system
Normally, the system is operated by one aircraft

controller and one handler, and can be made ready
for use within 20 m ins by a trained crew Two or more
target aircraft can be operated simultaneously, and
the Topaz system is designed to work independently
in the field for at least 12 hours per day. away from
runways, roads and the general infrastructure. The
current version is available in two aircraft sizes
The re-usable or expendable small target drone is
a cantilever shoulder-wing monoplane with Kevlarreinforced glass reinforced plastic sandwich wings
and tail, and a frames-and-stringers aluminium alloy
fuselage, to the underside of which is bonded a foam
rubber strip to cushion the landing impact Wing and
tail surfaces detach tosimplify transportation There
is no landing gear
The power plant is one 100 to 300 cc two-stroke
engine, with electronic ignition, driving a two-blade
propeller. Fuel capacity (20:1 petrol/oil mixture) is
can carry a hit indicator
Farner Topaz anti-aircraft gunnery target on
and give active reflected signals of hits on a towed

It can also use a miss distance indicator with
active signalling when Topaz itself is the target or it
target
can emit a radar beam giving a passive reflected

signal.
Wing span:
(A version)2 5m
(B version) 3.5 m
its
launch ramp
Max launching weight:

(A version) 23 kg
(B version) 30 kg
Max diving speed: 135 knots (250 km/h)
Minimum flying speed: 43 knots (80 km/h)
Max operating altitude: 2500 m
Max range, line of sight: 1 1 nm (2 km)
Max range, with binoculars: 2.2 nm (4 km)
Length overall:
(Aversion) 2 m
Max endurance: 30 mins
(B version) 2.4 m
Height overall: (A and B version) 62 m
Propeller diameter: (A and B version) 0.51
Wing area, gross (A version): 875 m 2
Weights:
(empty, equipped. A version) 20.9 kg
(fuel. Aversion) 1.6 kg
STATUS
In
service with the Swiss Army.
m
MANUFACTURER
Farner Air Service AG. Grenchen Airport. CH-2540
Grenchen. Switzerland.
Telephone. 065525341 Telex: 934565.
UNITED KINGDOM
ASVEC Swift
II
The Swift
II
designed
to provide
a canard delta remotely piloted vehicle

defence operators with a target
representative of modern aircraft that can be used
with gun and missile air defence systems The Swift
11 was developed using experience gained from the
earlier Swift and Merlin remotely piloted vehicles.
is
The Swift is powered by a rear-mounted Norton

Type P73 208 cc rotary engine providing 22.4 kW
(30bhp) at 7000 rpm and driving a two-blade proII
peller with a diameter of 637
12 kg which provides an
mm.
Fuel weight is
of 90 mins.
endurance
Launching can be achieved using a bunjee or pneumatic catapult and landing can be on skids (under
remote-control) or by parachute.
The Swift ground control system comprises a
remote-control box with joystick controls for the
flight control commands with switch inputs for the
fail safe system, parachute deployment and pay load
activation, the up-link transmitter, and operation in
either the VHF or UHF bands. This system includes
a portable antenna and mast. A portable ground
support unit incorporates the engine starter, a
battery power supply, a fuelling capability and
assembly tools An optics stand equipped with
Asvec Swift II target on launching catapult
10 x 50 binoculars enables the pilot to control the

target visually over distances of up to 12 km.
The radar signature of the Swift II can
be
enhanced, as can the visual profile by firing up to 16
sequentially switched red or green smoke canisters
By replacing the modular smoke pod assembly,
infra-red flares or chaff can be deployed for decoy
operations.
Two
alternative miss distance indicators can be

on the Swift II. They are a radar-based
system for use with projectiles travelling at velinstalled
ocities
below Mach 1, and an acoustic system

speeds in excess of Mach 1.
projectiles with
Asvec Swift II target on launching catapult
for
UK
The Swift II can be adapted for operation as an
anti-radar drone, a surveillance/reconnaissance
vehicle, and for defence supression.
Wing span:
2 68
Length: 2.9 m
Weight: (empty) 42 kg
Payload: 11 kg
Fuel weight: 12 kg
Max launch weight: 65 kg
STATUS
26 kg/m ?
Max speed: over 90 m/s
In
m/s
Rate of climb: 8 5 m/s
Endurance: 90 mins
Max ceiling: 4000 m
production,
Stalling speed: 24 5
MANUFACTURER
ASVEC
1, Blackwater IndusCamberley, Surrey GU17 9XX, UK.

Telephone: 0276 34433 Telex: 859970.
trial
cone to absorb
nose-down ground impact The nose cone is expendable and is replaced after each flight A cylindrical
canister in the rear of the fuselage houses the recovery parachute The engine pod is attached under
cross-section, with a crushable nose
using JATO (jet-assisted take off) booster rockets, is

also available, which allows the carriage of heavier
payloads.
All eight development vehicles had flown by the
beginning of 1984 Deliveries of Falconets began in
late 1983 A total of 105 had been delivered by
December 1986, when a contract for a further substantial' number was announced A further contract
for 150 Falconets plus spares worth several million
pounds' was announced in June 1989
Approach and intercept legs of a typical target
mission total about 5.5 nm (10 km), during which the
target vehicle may be flown at more than 400 knots
(741 km/h) at sea level Ten such circuits can be
repeated at 4 5 min intervals During less demanding operations, or where more time is required
between presentations, the rate of fuel usage can
be reduced by loiter at 3000 m altitude Falconet can
tow banners or sub-targets.
The Falconet subsonic re-usable target drone is

a low/mid-wing monoplane Wings, tailplane and
elevators are folded from flat aluminium alloy sheet,
without compound forming Wings are each attached
to the fuselage by four bolts, are fitted with plain
ailerons, and are interchangeable port/starboard
The tailplane is held in place by a glass reinforced
plastic fin via two studs. The fuselage has an
aluminium alloy stressed skin and a circular
Flight Refuelling
Wing loading:
343
(UK) Limited, Building
Estate,
(radar)approx30km
The Falconet ASAT (advanced subsonic aerial

target) was designed to meet a Ministry of Defence
requirement The first of eight prototypes began
flight testing in 1982, and trials included launch and
recovery in wind speeds up to 28 knots (52 km/h)
Operation of the carousel' circular runway launch
system, and stability and control of the air vehicle,
have been established; a zero-length launch system,
to
Operating height: typically between 250 and 2500

Operating range:
(visual) approx 12 km with optics
FRL Falconet
be used
the fuselage by two bolts

is powered by one 1 08 kN Ames
(Microturbo) TRS 18-075 turbojet. The
single integral fuel tank in the centre of the fuselage
between the wings has a capacity of 77 There is a
refuelling point on top of the fuselage Aft of the fuel
tank is a smaller tank for oil, which can be injected
into the jetpipe on command from the ground to
The Falconet
Industrial
produce smoke
for visual
enhancement Two
jet-
tisonable JATO boosters, each burning for 1.3 sec.

can be attached for zero-length launch.
The production Falconet is configured for fixed
base operations and takes off under its own power
from a three-wheeled trolley, running clockwise on
a circular track 115 m in diameter and tethered to a
pylon in the centre The aircraft reaches take-off
speed in three laps of this track, which is equivalent
to a straight line take-off run of 1000 m. and with this
system can always be launched into the wind. For
mobile or shipboard operations, the Falconet can be
fitted with JATO booster rockets for zero lengthlaunch from a small stand A phased release Irvin
(GB) parachute recovery system, consisting of a
drogue and single RPS/1 cruciform main canopy, is
pre-loaded in a cylindrical pack and deployed by tail
cone release The Falconet can be recovered on
land or from the sea
The Falconet has a radio command PCM guidance
system, with a Skyleader receiver and GEC Avionics
autopilot and ground control console There is a
programmable ground-based control option, using
a microprocessor-based control station which uses
radar data as the basis for aircraft navigation and
control functions
Aerodynamic control is via
ASA T on its zero-length launcher
ailerons and elevators, actuators for which are in

the rear fuselage, between the fuel/oil tanks and the
parachute compartment.
The Falconet has a large bay in the forward fuselage, aft of the nose cone, for avionics and optional
target equipment such as a miss distance indicator
and radio altimeter There is pylon provision for
optical or infra-red flares, radar enhancement
devices sub-targets, banners or other external
stores
Wing span: 3 m
Wing area: 14 m 2
Length overall: 3.8m
Body diameter, max:
39 m
Tailplane span: 1 39 m
Basic weight empty: 123 kg
Max fuel: 60 kg
Payload according to mission: 15-31 kg
Minimum loitering speed: 150 knots (278 km/h)
Max rate of climb at sea level: 2590 m/min
Ceiling: 2985 m
Radius
of action: 13.5
nm
(25
km)
Typical endurance: 45 mins

Max endurance: 1 h 30 mins
STATUS
In
service with the
Artillery's
British
Army
at
the
Royal
Hebrides Range.
MANUFACTURER
Flight Refuelling Limited.
Brook Road, Wimbcme,
Dorset BH212BJ, UK.

880096
Telex: 41247. Fax: 0202
Flight Refuelling
ASA Tl Falconet in flight
344
UK
Sea Skimming Target

The Sea Skimming Target was designed to provide
realistic and low-cost aid training in detecting and
destroying sea skimming missiles The target is
design
to operate in stable flight at any selected

height between 150m and 4 5m above mean sea
level, and the selected height can be maintained to
within 1 m.
The choice of the on-board equipment allows the
operator to simulate the particular sea skimming
missile to be trained against. The target is towed
from an aircraft; a tow length of up to 8 75 km ensures
safe separation between the towing aircraft and the
Sea Skimming Target Speeds of up to 400 knots
(740km/h) are possible, depending on the towing
aircraft.
Components can comprise the target power

supply, a radar altimeter, wing actuator, height
control
computer,
radio
command receiver,
command
aerial
and
flares
A miss distance
indi-
cator can befitted
The Sea Skimming Target can be recovered by

the towing aircraft and re-used
if it
is
not destroyed
Max weight: 54 4 kg
Overall length, including nose and flares: 3 083 m
Overall height: 702 .5
Body tube diameter: 190
Wing span: 724
Tailplane span: 610
Permissible e.g. range: 96
Tow length: 3.5 km to 8.75 km. depending on winch.
tow aircraft, tow speed and operational equipment
Height keeping: present at between 4 5 m and 150 m
Height keeping accuracy: 1 m
Height and speed accuracy requirements of tow
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Flight Refuelling
Sea Skimming Target
aircraft (typical):
(speed)
1.5%
(height)
30m
STATUS
In
use with the Royal Navy Export contracts have
Rushton Towed Target
been secured from the People's Republic of China.

the Bundesmarine of West Germany, and the Royal
Australian Navy As of October 1987 150 systems
had been supplied
customers.
Length: 2.5
Height:
The Rushton Towed Target provides an airborne

system which, in terms of altitude, airspeed and tow
length (up to 12 km) caters for the needs of all type of
modern air-to-air and surface-to-air weapons. It is
made up of easily put together sections and thus by
selecting the appropriate modules can be quickly
assembled to meet a variety of weapons requirements.
The Rushton is a recoverable, rigid target. It can

be towed supersonically up to 12km behind an
and
is suitable for surface-to-air guns and

can incorporate visual and infra-red
enhancement devices together with facilities for
miss-distance indication.
aircraft,
missiles.
It
Diameter:
to
United Kingdom and overseas
m
m
19
Max weight: 44 kg
Max towing speed: 400 knots
(741
km/h)
STATUS
service with the British and Indian governments
inter-service use, and contracts have been
placed by the People's Republic of China
In
for
MANUFACTURER
Flight Refuelling Limited,
Brook Road, Wimborne.
Dorset BH21 2BJ. UK.

880096
Telex: 41247. Fax: 0202
Rushton target with augmentation flares ignited
MANUFACTURER
Flight Refuelling Limited.
Brook Road. Wimborne.
Dorset BH21 2BJ, UK.

Telephone 0202 882121
880096
Telex: 41247
Fax: 0202
UK
HISAT
m astern.
WINDLASS WINDING
HANDLE POSITION
The container is divided into two compartments,

one containing 600 m of nylon rope layered on a tray,
and the other containing a folded net triplanar target
SAFETY PIN
REAR UNDER
TARGET EJECTOR
TUBE
FAIRING
Ejection of the folded target is by means of springs

Once deployed, the target unfolds to its full length
and the three supporting arms spring out A radar
enhance the radar image

Scoring can be either by colour marking of the
bullets and counting the holes so marked, or by
fitting an acoustic miss distance indicator. On com-
345
ROPE STOWAGE
COMPARTMENT
SOLE PLATE
NOSE FAIRING
The High Speed Air-to-Air Target System (HISAT)

was developed to enable tactical aircraft to deploy a
large visual target for air-to-air gunnery practice.
The container can be adapted to most tactical aircraft
as an under-wing or fuselage centre-line mounted
unit. The system allows a normal squadron aircraft
to carry and deploy a large three-dimensional towed
target 600
Mam parts of HIS A T target container

NET
MATERIAL
reflector is fitted to
METAL
STRUCTURE
RIGID
FABRIC WEBBING
is towed back to the

and released before the aircraft
pletion of the sortie the target
recovery
lands.
airfield
Normal
for
life
a target
is
1.2M
typically five flights
Target container:
(overall length) 2.702
(width) 598
mm
(overall depth) 468
mm
(mass, empty, with rope tray, but without target

and rope) 127 kg
(mass, loaded container with 500 m of rope and
GQ2 target) 174 kg
MANUFACTURER
Target:
Flight Refuelling Limited,
Brook Road, Wimborne,
Dorset BH21 2BJ.UK.

880096
Telex: 41247
(length) 8 21
(width) 1.2
(tow length) 600
Miltrain Flyrt
The
Flyrt
Fax: 0202
a recoverable airborne small
is
HIS A T target
arms
target system. It is a low-wing monoplane of doubledelta plan form, with a triangular fin; there is no
rudder or horizontal tail surface It is constructed of

compositematerials, laminated wood, polyurethane
high density foam and epoxy resins
The power plant is a
63kW single-cylinder
piston-engine, driving a two-blade composite
(nylon/glass fibre) propeller. There is an integral
fuel tank in the forward fuselage
The Flyrt B can be launched via a ramp or by hand
at the user's option. Recovery is by parachute on
command of the operator The target can also be
recovered safely under operator command onto
a suitable site, without deploying the parachute
system.
The Flyrt B has a radio command guidance

system, with three servos for precise control by
operator within 1.1 nm (2 km) of the control site. Full
span elevons give pitch and roll control. There is also
automatic yaw compensation and variable power
Miltrain Flyrt
target
setting.
Wing span:
Wing area:
0.81
32
m
m
Length overall: 1 .22 m

Fuselage, max width: 108 mm
Basic operating weight empty: 2 4 kg
Max fuel: 0.34 kg

Never-exceed speed: 1 50 knots (278 km/h)
Max level speed at sea level: 10 knots (204 km/h)

Minimum flying speed: 25 knots (47 km/h)
STATUS
Operating height:
into
Designed and
flown
1985
first
production
in
in
1984, the Flyrt
B was
put
(minimum)3m
(max) 2000 m
Endurance: 30 mins
MANUFACTURER
Miltrain Limited, 64A High Street, Godalming,
Surrey GU7 1DU.UK.
346
AERIALTARGET DRONES AND AERIAL TARGETS
Shorts
MATS-B
UK
is provided by servo-operated ailerons and

an all-moving tailplane Roll stabilisation and auto-
control
The Shorts MATS-B (Military Aircraft Target System)

is a compact, highly manoeuvrable radio-controlled
aerial target for use in target tracking, training and
practice firings of close-range missiles and guns
The MATS-B has a high-wing monoplane configuration. The fuselage is built of glass reinforced
plastics and metal. Wings, fin and tailplane are
polyurethane foam filled
The target is powered by a9kW 125cc two-stroke
single-cylinder McCullough engine, driving a twoblade propeller The fuel tank is in the centre of the
fuselage.
The MATS-B is launched pneumatically from a

simple two-wheel launcher, with a compressed air
capacity for 20 launches A visual control sight with
binoculars assists the controller in flying the drone
visually to over 5 km range and to enable repeatable
flight paths to be flown. Recovery is by parachute or
by conventional landing, using the fuselage underfairing as a skid Launching and flight can be carried
out into headwinds of up to 25 knots (46 km/h).
Guidance is via a seven-channel radio command
system for pitch, roll, throttle, trim, height hold, and
visual enhancement. The transmitter is hand-held
and operates in the 68 MHz band. Aerodynamic
Shorts Skeet Mark
matic (barometric) height control areoptional

Mission equipment comprises underwing equipment pods for visual enhancement including a flashing strobe light or smoke flares A reflector in the
fuselage enhances the radar signature The parachute in the forward fuselage is deployed either by
controller demand or automatically in the event of
engine, power supply or radio control failure
Wing span:
3 35
<**
Payload:6 8kg
Max launching weight: 48 5 kg
Max level speed: 1 10 knots (203 km/h)
Range: over 2 7 nm (5 km)
Minimum endurance: 45 mins
STATUS
Production complete
MANUFACTURER
Short Brothers pic (Defence Systems Division).
Montgomery Road, Belfast BT69HN. UK

Telephone: 0232 703503 Telex: 747087 Fax 0232
705293
Shorts
MATS-B
target drone being recovered by
parachute
The Skeet completed acceptance trials in September 1979. and was in production until 1986 for the
British Army and for export.
The Skeet is an aerial target system which is used
for both target tracking and practice firings of guns
and close range weapon systems such as Blowpipe
It is a modular construction high- wing monoplane
The fuselage is made of metal and glass reinforced
plastics Wings, fin and tailplane are polyurethane
foam filled glass fibre.
The Skeet is powered by a 13.4 kW NGL WAM 2746 274 cc two-cylinder two-stroke engine.
The target is launched pneumatically from a selfcontained two-wheel trailer, having a capacity of
eight launches from one charging, or from a launch
rail mounted on a four-wheel truck Recovery is by
an Irvin (GB) cruciform parachute (in the forward
fuselage), or by conventional landing using the fuselage underfairing as a skid. The parachute can be
deployed either by pilot demand, or automatically
following failure of the engine, power supply or radio
link. Launches can be carried out in crosswinds of
up to 25 knots (46 km/h) and the aircraft can be
operated from land or on board ship.
Guidance is provided by an eight channel (pitch,
roll, throttle, smoke generator firing, height hold,
and three spare) radio command system (hand held
transmitter and 15
amplifier) in the 68 MHz band.
Height hold uses a simple barometric device to
maintain the aircraft at the desired altitude. A visual
control sight with binoculars assists the pilot in flying
the aircraft visually to over 2.7 nm (5km) range and
to enable repeatable tracks to be flown.
Mission equipment comprises an X-band reflector
in the rear fuselage
Sixteen 40 sec smoke generators are fitted in the landing skid. Two
Short Skeet on
wing-mounted pods can carry, for example, Simflak

and the fuselage can accept either a
its
ground launcher
Max level speed:
130 knots (241 km/h)
for training,
miss distance indicator or a transponder. An autopilot, complete with a heading device, is under development for out-of-sight operation. An automatic
parachute release can be provided
Max in-sight range: 2 7 nm (5 km)

Max range under control: more than 5
Endurance at max speed: h 5 mins
nm
(10
km)
STATUS
Wing span: 3.35 m

Wing area: 1.53 m 2
Length overall, including MDi aerial: 2 72
Production complete.
Weights:
(basic aircraft, empty) 42 kg
(parachute pack) 4.1 kg

(fuel)9.1 kg
(mission equipment, normal) 8 kg
In
Army and with some overseas operators
MANUFACTURER
Montgomery Road. Belfast BT6 9HN. UK.
705293.
Shorts Skeet Mark 2

Proposals from various British manufacturers for a
Skeet Mark 1 replacement were considered by the
Army in mid-1986, resulting in the selection of the
Skeet Mark 2 to meet this requirement and the
placing of a production contract during 1987. This
contract contained a follow-on option which was
exercised in June 1990: this further order was worth
3-4 million.
The Mark 2 can be recognised by its more bulky

18.6kW NGL WAEL 342 engine, and by the addition
of a horizontal surface on top of the fin to give
improved directional control. Some weights have
been increased, and the Mark 2 is also slightly faster
Dimensions: as
for
Mark
Weights:
(basic aircraft, empty) 46 65 kg
(parachute pack) 4. 1 kg
(fuel) 9.1 kg
(mission equipment, normal) 9 1 kg
Performance: as for Mark 1 except:
(max level speed) 140 knots (259 km/h)
STATUS
An
initial
June
1987.
MANUFACTURER
production contract
was announced
in

Montgomery Road. Belfast BT6 9HN. UK.

705293
Telex: 747087
Fax: 0232
UK
Skyleader
MATS-A
the fuselage undersurface; a parachute recovery

system is optional.
The MATS-A aerial target system

high-wing monoplane Its fuselage
a cantilever
is built of glass
material
with
additional
fibre reinforced resin
strengthening. The wings have a polystyrene foam
core with veneer covering. Tail surfaces are of balsa
wood All flying surfaces further covered with tough
is
vinyl.
The power plant is a 10 cc single-cylinder piston

engine, driving a two-blade propeller. The fuel
mixture is Methanol/castor oil. The MATS-A is hand
launched Normal recovery is by belly landing on
Snipe International Snipe Marks IV
andV
Two new models
of the Snipe were introduced in

developed from the earlier and now obsolete Snipe Mark III (for details refer to Jane's Military
Training Systems 1 988-89 pages 279 and 280) to
incorporate major improvements in the airframe
design and electronics, reduce turnround times and
facilitate maintenance The Mark IV has a high-lift
wing section which allows high altitude operation
even in high temperatures with a full payload;
landing speeds are low. The Mark V has a highspeed wing section and is some 20 knots (37 km/h)
faster, but remains a user-friendly' aircraft.
Both versions meet the target requirements for
large calibre air defence guns and medium-range
missiles They are considerably larger and faster
than the obsolete Mark and many of the latter have
been upgraded to the current standard by existing
1986, both
II
operators Construction issimilartothatoftheSnipe

International Sparrowhawk surveillance system and
the same command link is used for both models
The autopilot gives the Marks IV and V a proven
out-of-sight range of up to 19 nm (35 km), as required
for range operation of medium-range weapon
Wing span:
73
347
Max launching weight: 3.85 kg
Operating range: approx 1 .7 nm (3.2 km)
Endurance: 15-20 mins
Guidance is by line of sight radio command

system, using a hand held transmitter. Conventional
moving surfaces provide aerodynamic control
Mission equipment comprises a four-channel
superhet receiver, operating on 27 MHz bandwidth,
within which 12 spot frequencies are available.
Rechargeable nickel-cadmium battery pack and
three or four proportional feedback servos provide
outputs to control surfaces. The transmitter power
(1W) is adequate for operating distance of up to
1.1 nm (2 km). Other frequencies are available up to
Skyleader Radio Control Limited, Airport House,

Purley Way, Croydon CRO OXZ, UK.
Telephone: (081) 686 6688 or 0700. Telex: 265871
72 MHz.
MONREFG.
It can
be tracked with the Snipe International tracking unit, allowing deployment away
Max payload,
systems.
from permanent installations System reaction time

is short, and a target can be launched within 15 mins
of crew arrival Average turnround time between
sorties is less than 10 mins Target recovery is by
normal belly landing if there is sufficient space, or
by parachute if not A built-in fail-safe mechanism
ensures that under conditions of lost command
signal, severe interference, loss of main power
or destruction of the receiver, the engine will be
stopped and the parachute deployed automatically
Wing span:
(Mark IV) 3.21 m
(Mark V) 3 06 m
Length overall (both):
STATUS
Has been
in
use
for
many years
by the British Army.
MANUFACTURER
including fuel:
(Mark IV) 31 kg
(MarkV) 14kg
(Mark IV) 77 kg
(MarkV) 59 kg
Max level speed:
(Mark IV) 130 knots (241 km/h)
(Mark V) 147 knots (273 km/h)
Max range, visual tracking: 4 9 nm (9 km)

Max range, with tracking system: 27 nm (50 km)
Endurance at max speed:
(Mark IV) 1 h35mins
(MarkV) 1 hlOmins
Endurance
2 77
at cruising speed:
(Mark IV) 2 h 23 mins
(MarkV) 1 h 44 mins
Wing span:
(Mark IV) 3 21 m
(Mark V) 3 06 m
Length overall: (both) 2 77
Weight empty:
(Mark IV) 46kg
(Mark V) 45 kg
Standard fuel:
(Mark IV) 10 kg
(Mark V) 7.25 kg
STATUS
Both models are
Launch
ot a
in
service.
Snipe International Snipe Mark IV
MANUFACTURER
Snipe International Limited, Unit 4, North Heath
Lane, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 4XA, UK
Telephone: (0403) 53471 Telex: 878346 AELRPV G.
348
Snipe International Snipe Mark 23

The Snipe Mark 23 uses the fuselage of the Mark 22.
but has an 18 6kW NGL WAEL 342 flat-twin engine
and a more advanced' wing. The Mark 23 can carry
a full payload of smoke canisters and a radar miss
distance indicator.
2 44 m
Weight empty: 31 kg
Standard fuel: 7 25 kg
Wing span:
Max payload, including fuel: 17 kg

Max range, visual tracking: 3.2 nm (6 km)
Max range, with tracking system: 27 nm (50 km)
Endurance at max speed: h 15 mins
1
Endurance
at cruising
speed:
h 44
mins
STATUS
production.
In
MANUFACTURER
Snipe International Limited. Unit
4, North Heath
Lane. Horsham, WestSussex RH124XA, UK
Telephone: (0403) 53471 Telex: 878346 AELRPV G.
Snipe International Snipe Mark 23
Snipe International 4600 Streek

This radio controlled trainer/all arms air defence
remotely piloted vehicle is a cost-effective and
realistic target for small arms and machine-guns
used in air defence roles It is also used as an ab
initio trainer for personnel using the larger Snipe
aerial target systems Streek is in service with 15
armed forces worldwide.
The airframe has a glass reinforced plastics fuselage and veneered polystyrene wings.
The power
plant
is
one Glo-fuel 10cc piston
engine, driving a two-blade propeller The fuel

mixture is methanol/castor oil (4:1).
The Streek is hand launched by an operator or
assistant. Recovery is by belly landing on any
reasonably level ground.
Guidance and control is by VHF and UHF trans-
customer specifications.
Ground support equipment comprises a box incorporating a 2.5 fuel container, an electric fuel pump,
an electric engine starter, an ammeter, a 12 V battery
to power equipment, and a selection of hand tools.
mitter, crystallised to
Wing span:
1.7

Max launching weight: 2.7 kg
Max level speed: 75.5 knots (140 km/h)
Endurance: 20 mins
STATUS
service with
In
armed forces worldwide.
MANUFACTURER
Snipe International 4600 Streek
Snipe International Limited, Unit 4, North Heath

Lane, Horsham, WestSussex RH124XA, UK.
Telephone: (0403) 53471. Telex: 878346 AELRPV G.
TasumaSATT2
The SATT (Small Arms Training Target) is a large
model aircraft with the appearance of a modern jet
which is intended for use as a target drone
for air defence small arms training purposes. The
fuselage and wings are constructed using epoxy
resin composites and all parts are separate units
which bolt together for simple repair in the field
aircraft
The power
unit
is
engine running on a
Tasuma
one 35 cc two-stroke
petrol/oil mixture.
petrol
One man
Delta Target
The Tasuma Delta target is a low delta-wing canard

with twin fins The complete airframe is constructed
using epoxy composites and the skin is a moulded
sandwich. The wings have a hoi low core with carbon
spars and the fuselage uses epoxy/glasscloth
reinforced with carbon/Kevlar
Two alternative power plants can be used. One is
a Tasuma 35 cc flat twin two-stroke power plant
developing 11.9kW (16bhp) and the other is a
Norton-Wankel
unit
developing 26.1 kW(35bhp).The
operation with a small catapult ground launcher

is envisaged and recovery is by parachute Flight
stabilisation is achieved using a twin axis gyro
system.
Two smoke flares can be carried for visual
Operating range: approx

Endurance: 20 to 30 mins
.7
nm
(3.2
km)
STATUS
Development.
enhancement
MANUFACTURER
Wing span:
Length: 18 m
Weight: 5 8 kg
Max
level
speeed: 90 knots (167 km/h)
fuel tank is integral with the fuselage in the form of a

fabricated rubber fuel cell The launcher is a Tasuma
unit using elastic bands although a proprietary unit
could be used Recovery is by skid landing or by
parachute.
For visual enhancement 16 smoke flares are
carried in an underslung pod/skid unit constructed
using Derakane/Kevlar for durability.
Tasuma
(UKi Limited. Unit 3. 27 Blackmoor Road

Ebblake Industrial Park, Verwood. Dorset BH21 6BE.
UK.
Telephone: 0202 825489. Fax: 0202 8241 16.
Max take-off weight: 75 kg

Speed range: 45
to 1 80 knots (83 to 320 km/h)

Operating range: with optics) 4 nm (7 4 km)
Endurance: 1 h plus
I
STATUS
Development.
MANUFACTURER
Tasuma (UK)
Wing span:
2.5
Length: 3.1
Weight dry: 32 or 38 kg
Limited. Unit 3. 27 Blackmoor Road.

Ebblake Industrial Park. Verwood. Dorset BH21 6BE
UK.
Telephone: 0202 825489. Fax: 0202 8241 16
UK
349
Tasuma GT10 and MGT20

The Tasuma GT10
is
a gunnery training target while
MGT20 is a missile gunnery training target

The GT 10 was designed to enable target operators
the
to train their controllers in a cost-effective
manner
The GT10 incorporates advanced materials and new

production techniques which are combined with
modern avionics and improved engine design Features include robustness, lower production costs,
and a lower launch weight The GT10 is in service as
a training system for controllers of larger targets

and also provides a manoeuvrable all-arms target
The MGT20 missile gunnery training target was
designed to fill the gap between targets such as the
GT1 and full-scale targets. The MGT20 contains
many of the improvements introduced with the GT10
with additional features such as an integral starter
unit. The MGT20 has been ordered by a European
Army.
STATUS
In
Tasuma MGT20 missile gunnery training target
production
Tasuma GT10 gunnery training target
MANUFACTURER
Tasuma
(UK) Limited, Unit 3, 27 Blackmoor Road,

Ebblake Industrial Park, Verwood, Dorset BH21 6BE,
UK
Telephone: 0202 825489 Fax: 0202 8241
16.
TTL BTT-1 Imp

The Imp is a hand launched target for use both on
land and at sea By March 1989 more than 400 had
been produced for the British Army, the Royal Navy,
the Royal Air Force, the Royal Guard Brigade of
the Sultanate of Oman, and the armed forces of
Denmark, Egypt, Indonesia, Norway, Qatar, Saudi
Arabia and Turkey. They are operated as targets for
a variety of light air defence weapons, including
12 7 mm machine-guns, and a range of towed and
self-propelled 20 mm cannon systems.
This training and all-arms air defence target is a
mid-wing monoplane of cropped delta' plan form,
with a swept back vertical tail. It has no horizontal
tail surfaces The fuselage is of glass fibre reinforced
wings are
plywood over a polystyrene foam core. All flying
surfaces are further covered with a tough vinyl
material, and primary components are interchangeable to simplify replacement.
The power plant is a 12.5cc glow-plug engine,
driving atwo-blade propeller
The Imp is hand launched. Recovery is by conresin, with additional strengthening; the
of
ventional skid landing or, optionally, by parachute

latter can be commanded manually or automatically in the event of target damage or failure of
The
thecommand
link.
guidance and control is via a radio

command system using a hand held transmitter
developed from a Skyleader four-channel digital
system giving independent proportional control of
the elevons, engine and (optionally) the recovery
Digital
parachute.
Wing span:
1.83
variety of frequencies
is
available.
Length overall: 1 09m

Height overall: 0.43 m
Propeller diameter: 0.33
Weight empty: 4.5 kg
TTL BTT-1 Imp hand launched targets
STATUS
MANUFACTURER
Target Technology Limited, Unit3, Brunswick Industrial Centre, Ashford, KentTN249QP, UK.
Telephone: 0233 39762. Telex: 965058 BANSHEE G.
Fax: 0233 624883
By early 1987 more than 350 had been produced for

the British Army, Royal Navy, Royal Air Force, the
Royal Guard Brigade of the Sultanate of Oman,
and the armed forces of Denmark (navy), Egypt,
Indonesia, Norway (navy), Qatar, Saudi Arabia and
Endurance: 30 mins
Turkey.
TTL BTT-3 Banshee
target
Fuel: 0.45 kg

sea skimming weapons) and aircraft for missile

and cannon air defence systems. The first of six
prototypes made its initial flight in January 1983. The
for Blowpipe and Javelin surface-to-air

missile systems, and entered service with the British
Army in July 1986. It is also operated for British
Aerospace, Contraves and Electronique Serge Dassault, under contracts for the provision of targets
and services for weapon systems trials and develop-
Banshee
ment.
The Banshee
a low-cost target system designed

primarily to simulate the threat of missiles (including
is
service with the British Army

of Abu Dhabi, Canada,
Egypt, Indonesia, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and
Turkey. It has also been in operational service in
Italy and the USA, and was operated as the target in
both the 1985 and 1986 Gulf Co-operation Council
naval exercises. Banshee was selected by the
United Kingdom Ministry of Defence as an interim
is
currently
in
and with the armed forces
The Banshee has been modified to be able

a target banner or target sleeve. Under the
to
tow
name
the Banshee is marketed in North

America by Boeing of Canada TTL produces a
payload-carrying version of the Banshee, known as
the Spectre, and a reconnaissance version known
as Hawkeye.
Vindicator,
By March 1989, Banshee production had

exceeded 700, with a further 200 then on order.
Output at that time was at the rate of 33
month.
to
35 per
The latest version of the Banshee is the series 300

which has a more powewrful engine coupled with
improved aerodynamics. Improved command and
control systems include a radar-controlled height
lock developed by Target Technology Electronics
Limited which allows accuratre sea skimming down
to a height of 5 m The Banshee series 300 is in
service with the Royal Norwegian Navy as a target
Sea Sparrow surface-to-air missile.

Banshee is a low-wing monoplane with clipped
for the
350
UK
delta wings and a swept back fin There are no

horizontal tail surfaces The wings have 50 ol
sweepback and a dihedral
of approximately 3" The

constructed from glass Enforced
plastics but the elevons are of injection-moulded
epoxy composite material. Payload bays are situated in the detachable nose cone, and in the centre
and rear fuselage All aircraft subsystems are watertight for recovery from the sea The series 300 uses
identical construction methods but the vertical fin is
detachable to facilitate entry into the rear payload
entire airframe
is
bay.
The power
plant
is
one
19.4
kW (26 hp) NGL WAEL
342 two-cylinder two-stroke The series 300 uses a

26 1 kW (35 hp) Norton single-rotor rotating-piston
engine Both engines drive a two-blade laminated
fixed-pitch pusher propeller with a spinner Fuel is
carried in an integral fuselage tank with a capacity
upto 151
Launch is achieved with an elastic power band
catapult launcher which is normally mounted on a
ground support trailer, but which can be removed
and used separately (eg, on-board ship) Recovery
is by belly landing on land or water, or by deploying
a cruciform parachute An under-fuselage flare pod
acts as a landing skid and mission payload bay. The
parachute mode can be commanded manually or
automatically by a fail-safe system in the event of inof
damage or failure of the radio command link

Maximum turnround time on land or at sea is 30 mins
TTL BTT-3 Banshee target
flight
after a return to the
launch site
For guidance and control there is a high power

(PCM) radio command guidance system utilising
VHF radio and a line-of-sight optical tracking system
incorporating gyro-stabilised optics, for ranges of
up to 5.4 nm (10 km). Two-axis aerodynamic control
is achieved with elevon control surfaces
Autostabilisation with a height lock facility is available
as an option. This incorporates rate gyros control ling
yaw. pitch and roll which can be switched on and off

during flight. A radio tracking system is available for
target control over ranges of up to 10.8 nm (20 km)
Banshee can also be operated with the Vega tracking
system for control at ranges of up to 24.3 nm (45 km).
On-board power is supplied by rechargeable battery
packs. The power source can be supplemented by
alternator.
the use of a THORN EMI/TTL 300
Alternative mission loads include a flare pod able
to contain up to 24 smoke and/or infra-red flares, or
a chaff dispenser. Corner array sets can be carried,
consisting of an optimised triple array of reflective
corners giving a spherical cardioid polar diagram

with phase-interacted global fine structure and echo
peaks tuned to customer requirement Up to three
Luneberg lenses can be carried, providing radar
enhancement in a range of band widths and attitudes
Acoustic and Racal Doppler radar miss distance
indicating (MDI) systems can be carried Banshee
can also tow target banner and target sleeve which
can be fitted with the MDI system. The banner and
sleeve are towed from the rear of the strengthened
ventral
Launching speed: 52 knots
Voodoo
is
STATUS
production. In service with the British Army and
armed forces of Abu Dhabi, Canada. Denmark.
Egypt. Indonesia, Oman, Pakistan. Qatar. Saudi
Arabia and Turkey. The Banshee series 300 is in
service with the Royal Norwegian Navy and some
other NATO armed forces.
In
fin.
the
2 49 m
Body diameter (max):
Wing span:
Propeller diameter:
Wing area, gross:
2.14
305
61
m
2
Weights:
(empty) 38.5 kg
MANUFACTURER
Target Technology Limited, Unit 3, Brunswick Industrial Centre, Ashford, Kent TN24 9QP. UK.
Fax: 0233 624883.
a high-speed, turbojet
was
first
shown
in
1986.
powered
It
aerial
is
weapons, for low- to medium-range missile and

cannon air defence systems based both on land and
It is particularly suitable as an aerial target
the new generation of line of sight forward
(LOS-F), line of sight rear (LOS-R), and low level
air defence (LLAD) weapon systems currently be-
at sea.
for
deployed The Voodoo is designed to achieve

significantly higher speeds and an overall improved
performance over existing basic training targets
and to provide a low-cost alternative to the current
ing
unit
generation
Wing span: 2.56 m
with the
Weight empty: 50 kg
Max launching weight: 81 .5 kg
Max level speed at sea level: (est) more than 261
knots (483 km/h)
Stalling speed: (est) 52 knots (97 km/h)
of sophisticated jet powered targets. As

Banshee series. Voodoo embodies modular
construction to maximise the system's versatility:
operated as
a remotely controlled target to simulate the threat
of aircraft and missiles, including sea skimming
target that
km/h)

Max range:
(optical tracking system) 5.4 nm (10 km)
(radio tracking system) 10 8 nm (20 km)
(Vega tracking system) 24 3 nm (45 km)
Endurance at max speed: 1 h 15 mins
TTL BTT-3 Banshee target on-board a Pakistani Navy vessel
TTL JTT-5 Voodoo
(97
Max level speed:
range data and payload configurations are as for the

BTT-3 Banshee (see previous entry).
The Voodoo is a cantilever low-wing monoplane,
with clipped delta wings (similar to those of
Banshee) and a swept back fin. There are no horizontal tail surfaces. The engine air intake is above
the fuselage, forward of the fin while the detachable
nose cowling covers the payload bay. The elevons
are injection moulded epoxy composite: the remainder
of
the
airframe
uses glass-reinforced
composites, with aluminium spar strengthening for
the engine mounting. There is no landing gear
The power plant is one NGL WAEL 600N turbojet,
rated initially at 0.525 kN
STATUS
Development.
MANUFACTURER
Target Technology Limited, Unit 3, Brunswick Industrial Centre, Ashford. KentTN24 9QP. UK.
Telephone: 0233 39762. Telex: 965058 BANSHEE G
Fax: 0233 624883
'
UK
TTL BTT-9 Frogfoot
Designed
to a specific
request
for
look-alike'
TTL BTT-9 Frogfoot takes its name from

its resemblance to the Soviet Su-25 (NATO code
name Frogfoot') ground attack aircraft The BTT-9
is now being produced in three different sizes in
order that a number of roles may be fulfilled
The two smaller versions of the BTT-9 Frogfoot
are both capable of being hand launched although
the same portable launcher as that used by the TTL
Imp (see separate entry) may also be used. The
target, the
launched by the same

launcher as that used by the Banshee (see separate
entry) All three versions are recovered by conventional skid landing or (optionally) by parachute
The avionic systems and main control servos of
all three versions are contained within a low-cost,
splashproof module to facilitate easy replacement
in the field or at sea
The BTT-9 Frogfoot is a shoulder wing monoplane
with straight taper wings. The fuselage is of glass
reinforced plastic construction with areas of local
reinforcement The two smaller versions have wings
constructed of a hardwood veneer over a foam core
while their control surfaces and empennage are of a
lightweight hardwood construction, covered in a
tough vinyl material The flying surfaces and all
control and tail surfaces of the larger version are of
composite construction
larger version of the BTT-9
is

mm
(4-inch) Luneberg lens, four smoke

include a 102
tracking flares, frequency specific corner arrays and
an acoustic miss distance indicator The largest
Luneberg
or 178
version can carry a 102
lens, 10 smoke tracking flares and four infra-red
flares as well as frequency specific corner arrays
The three version of the BTT-9 Frogfoot are

powered by engines of different sizes The smallest
version is powered by one 15cc two-stroke glow
plug engine producing 1.82 kW (2.4 hp) and driving a
two-blade propeller. The next largest version is
powered by one 32 cc two-stroke petrol engine
driving a fixed pitch, two-blade propeller The
largest version is powered by one TTL P-100 twostroke petrol engine producing 6 81 kW (9hp) and
and an acoustic miss distance
16m
MANUFACTURER
Target Technology Limited, Unit3, Brunswick Industrial Centre, Ashford, KentTN249QP, UK
Telephone: 0233 39762 Telex: 965058 BANSHEE G
Fax: 0233 624883.
1.68
Height (overall)
Propeller diameter
m
1.92 m
0.57 m
0.46 m
2.77
2 47
m
0.5 m
0.33 m
Length (overall)
production.
In
variety of frequencies are available as is an

optional programmable PCM system.
Mission payloads for the two smaller versions
indicator.
STATUS
mm
mm
driving a fixed pitch two-blade propeller.

For guidance and control there is a digital fivefunction command system giving independent proportional control of engine speed, aileron, elevator
and (optionally) parachute and payload activation
SPECIFICATIONS
Type
Wingspan
1.16m
0.64
m
m
5 kg
5 kg
5 5 kg
7 kg
0.56
20 kg
1kg
3 kg
9 5 kg
34 kg
85 knots (157 km/h)
92knots(170km/h)
Endurance
27mins
45mins

65 mins
Range (optical tracking)
3.2
Weight (dry)
Fuel weight
Max take-off weight

Max speed
351
nm (6 km)
3.2
nm
(6km)
2nm(6km)
îMi
TTL B TT-9 Frogfoot target with ground support box
TTL BTT-9 Frogloottargetalter launch
TTL BRT-8 Dervish

The prototype of the BRT-8 Dervish was first shown
in September 1988. Since then development has
continued and
is now available as a realistic
it
and reliable one-third to one-fifth scale helicopter

simulator for short range flight profiles. Possible
uses vary from air defence target simulation to
weapon system research and development and
various payload duties. Deliveries of the first units
commenced
mid-1989.
is a conventionally configured
helicopter. Rotation of the main and tail rotors is
clockwise and the tail rotor is elevated. The conin
The BRT-8 Dervish
struction
issemi-andfull-monocoqueand isentirely
grade aluminium, riveted and bolted.
of aircraft
Various profiles are available using lightweight

unstressed interchangeable panels.
The power plant is one water-cooled, twin-cylinder two-stroke 242 cc petrol engine delivering
12.9 kW (17 hp). Transmission is by an internal
toothed belt. On-board starting is fitted as standard
and a 12 V charging system is available.
For control there is a damped, teetering twobladed system with a Hiller control rotor Control
movement is effected by the use of electro-mechanical servos of various types.
Main
rotor diameter: 3.26

Tail rotor diameter: 720
mm
Height:
(at
main
rotor) 1.01
(at tail rotor) 1.25
TTL BRT-8 Dervish

Width
Main
at skids:
8m
bodywork
to
represent a Soviet Mil Mi-24 'Hind D
STATUS
m
407 m
rotor area: 8.348
Tail rotor area:
fitted with
In
production.
Disc loading: 6.7 kg/rrv

Unladen weight: 56 kg
Payload: 20 kg
Speed: up to 43 knots (80 km/h)
Rate of climb: up200m/min

Endurance: 2 h 30 min
MANUFACTURER
Target Technology Limited, Unit 3, Brunswick Industrial Centre, Ashford. KentTN24 9QP, UK
Fax: 0233 624883.
352
UK USA
TTL Towed Targets

Following requests from a number of customers.
Target Technology Limited developed a range of
towed targets suitable for use with target drones
and other remotely piloted vehicles They include a
towed banner, a towed sleeve and a towed body.
The towed banner is a high visibility target for use
with cannon-type weapon systems It was designed
to have a low initial cost and is non-recoverable
The towed sleeve has a well-proven aerodynamic
shape that is maintained by an integral flexible steel
ring at the front
opening To enhance acquisition
by radar the sleeve is completely surfaced with

metallised threads woven into the surface.
A range of towed bodies are available to meet
varying requirements Most are able to carry Luneberg lenses, infra-red and smoke tracking flares
Also available is a towed acoustic miss distance
indicator for use with banners and sleeves.
STATUS
In
production.
MANUFACTURER
Target Technology Limited. Unit 3. Brunswick Industrial Centre. Ashford. Kent TN24 9QP. UK
Telephone 0233 39762. Telex: 965058 BANSHEE G
Fax: 0233 624883.
The TTL range of lowed targets with (from top) a towed banner, sleeve and body; an acoustic miss distance
is shown at the bottom
MS Instruments Air-to-Ground
Training Target Type 590
projectile strikes the arrays and by measuring the

differences in time of arrival at each sensor, the
elevation angle to the velocity vector can be calculated from each array and hence the projectile co-
The MS Instruments Air-to-Ground Training Target

Type 590 was designed to provide a means of rapidly
training and assessing the performance of a pilot in
air-to-ground gunnery practice. The pilot aims and
fires at a visual target and the individual shot coordinates are measured and displayed by the
system. The large measurement area of almost
2
50 m enables the co-ordinates of shots that do not
ordinate obtained.
strike the target to
be recorded.
The shot co-ordinates are electronically measured by a pair of acoustic arrays separated by a
distance of 3 m. The triangular (or delta) arrays are
placed close to the visual target and are protected
from damage due to projectile strike by a protective
bank The supersonic shock wave generated by a
In detail, two delta arrays are mounted in front of

a visual target and are connected to a head amplifier
This head amplifier calculates the projectile coordinates and sends the data by cable to a 665
computer remotely located in a control room. The
665 computer is a specially designed unit which can
drive up to six display monitors. Under software
control, each lane display monitor, displays the
shot co-ordinates of an individual lane, allowing a
controlling officer to monitor the performance of
each target A printer enables a hard copy of results
from each lane to be produced.
Each target has a firer code associated with it that
represents pre-stored information on the call sign.
aircraft, profile
computer As
In
MANUFACTURER
MS Instruments pic,
target version
(Beech Model 1019). Became operational in 1963; a

total of approximately 3700 had been delivered by
1985 Twenty Model 1019As were delivered in 197576 in a Sea Skipper' configuration, capable of flying
at heights of between 10 and 300 m for weapon
system evaluation; these had an autopilot incorporating a homing device for longitudinal guidance,
and a radar altimeter for height control. Ten other
AQM-37As were modified in about 1981. under the
at 24 385 m at Mach 3
surfaces, and a refined
(high-g) autopilot to cater for higher speeds and
altitudes; they exceeded the quoted altitude and
speed, and also demonstrated end-ot-tngnt aives
simulating attack by air-to-surface missiles. The
operate
tail
Beechcraft
the
Electron House. Farwig Lane,

Bromley, Kent BR1 3RE, UK.
Telephone: 081 290 0200. Fax: 081 464 6596.
addition to manufacturing piloted aircraft, Beech

has been designing and producing pilotless target
drones since 1955. Beech have built more than 7000
target drones, including more than 2200 MQM-61As
(now out of production), more than 4400 AQM-37s,
and more than 800 MQM-107s.
Winner of a 1959 joint US Navy/US Air Force
design competition, the AQM-37 (then designated
XKD2B-1) is a supersonic, air-launched expendable
target drone, powered by a liquid propellant rocket
motor First flown on 31 May 1961, it entered US Navy
service two years later and has been in continuous
production and development ever since. Current
US Navy launch aircraft are the A-4 Skyhawk, A-6
Intruder and F-4 Phantom. Versions produced for
the US services are as follows:
to
in
commences, shot information
In
Challenger,
firing
STATUS
US Versions
name
These codes may be selec-
An active target area measures 7 x 7 m and can

deal with projectiles from 7 62 to 30 mm. Up to 12
targets can be controlled by one computer
Beech Aircraft AQM-37
These had enlarged
firer
is immediately displayed on the relevant target

screen; it is possible to display any one target on
the control monitor by simple key selection. The
controlling officer will usually communicate results
to the pilot and may take print-outs as required.
US Navy Versions
AQM-37A. Original basic US Navy
and
ted or modified as required and are stored
AQM-37C target
USA
US Navy AQM-37A version was the Beech
Model 1104.
AQM-37C. This is the current basic US Navy target
version (Beech Model 1104), following the evalu-
Air Force received ten modified

1968-69, following the earlier use of
modified AQM-37As to flight test hybrid propulsion
Model 1019s
piper was abandoned in 1971 in favour of the HAST

(highaltitudesupersonictarget) programme. Beech
built 12 HAST vehicles and conducted an advanced
development flight test programme during the early
and mid 1970s The formal Full-Scale Engineering
Development Programme in the late 1970s was bid
unsuccessfully against the Teledyne Ryan Firebolt
(now no longer under development).
The following description applies to the basic
AQM-37A/Model 1019 and the AQM-37C/Model
1104, except for the variations noted:
This air-launched expendable target is a mid-wing
monoplane, of canard configuration, with slim-delta
main wings at the rear Of double-wedge section
and bonded aluminium honeycomb construction,
these have 76 sweepback on the leading edges, 0
dihedral and incidence, and full span ailerons. The
movable foreplanes are of modified double-wedge
section. There is a fixed end plate fin (of 40 per cent
greater area on the AQM-37C) at the tip of each main
wing. The centre-fuselage is cylindrical with an
ogival nose section (lengthened on the AQM-37C)
and a detachable tapering rear section over the
rocket chambers. There is an underbelly tunnel for
the rocket engine cartridge-operated start valves,
plumbing, and a miss distance scoring system
1990.
Eight ordered, as the Beech

a 1984 evaluation resulting in the
Variant.
funding of kits to modify standard AQM-37Cs to

Variant configuration. It was designed for missions
at Mach 3 5 and 27 430 m, but has been successfully
flown on test at Mach 4.5 and 34 140 m after launch
from a US Navy F-4 Phantom.
US Army Versions
AQM-37A. The first US Army evaluation was of three
modified Model 1019s in 1968-69. No immediate
orders resulted, but in 1976 the US Army received a
further 20 modified and government-furnished AQM37As. These were followed in 1976-77 by 28 Model
1100s and 1101s, which were the first (and so far
only) recoverable versions of this target. The Model
1100 was a low altitude version, with a radar altimeter, flyable down to within 55 m of the ground The
Model 1 101 is equipped with a barometric sensor for
high altitude operation up to 21 335 m and speeds
up to 1182 knots (2188 km/h). Both versions are
equipped with a two-stage parachute recovery
system, and with radio controlled guidance system
permitting both longitudinal and vertical positioning
Major US Army orders were for 415 non-recoverable
Model 1 102s, with a solid state autopilot, improveddesign wings, and other changes providing
enhanced performance. These were delivered
during 1977-80.
Beechcraft
Versions)
AQM-37 (Export
The following export versions of the AQM-37 series

have been produced:
Model 1072. Version of Model 1019 for the United
Kingdom, mainly for use at the Llanbedr range; it
was air launched from a Canberra PR Mark 3. The
first launch was in September 1968. Successive
orders totalled 190 by the early 1980s. These were
in
and command manoeuvring systems for the proposed Sandpiper rocket powered target. The Sand-
ation in 1980-81 of ten specially modified aircraft for
for
Compared
AQM-37A. The US
speeds up to Mach 3 and altitudes up to 24 385 m. A

27.2 kg payload can be carried in the nose section
There is a digital autopilot with improved flight
control features, radar augmentation in four frequency bands, and provision for on-command controlled dive angle and ground command of cruise
heading control. A total of 547 were ordered by early
1989; deliveries began in 1986 and currently extend
to June 1991.
In November 1988 the Brunswick Corporation
Defense Division, at Costa Mesa, California, were
awarded a $6 988 764 firm-fixed-price contract to
manufacture and deliver 10 AQM-37C missile
targets in order to qualify as a second source for the
AQM-37C. Work was due to be completed by July
Model 1105.
US Air Force Versions
final
AQM-37C
antenna
The power plant is a Rocketdyne/AMF LR64 P-4

two-chamber liquid propellant variable thrust rocket
motor Four preset thrust levels, ranging from 0.31
are available from the booster thrust
stainless steel propellant
tanks, for the nitrogen pressurant, the mixed amine
fuel (MAF-4) and IRFNA oxidiser. They form an
integral part of the centre fuselage
The target is air-launched from a launcher
adapted to A-4, A-6, F-4 and other aircraft. It is nonrecoverable (except for the Models 1 100/1101)
Guidance and control is via a pre-programmed
(A and C) or (AQM-37C only) a command control
guidance system Flight is normally terminated by
an automatic destruct system, which also operates
in the event of a major failure A command stand-by
destruct system is provided for added range safety.
to 3.78 kN.
353
AQM-37A, the AQM-37C has a

improved flight control features
plus greater range and endurance. This is achieved
by an optimum energy management programme
and a command control capability which permits
dual launch and in-flight heading control. Dives of
15 to 65 and pull-out from dives, can be initiated
upon command from the ground. Radar augwith the
digital autopilot with
mentation
is
also improved, covering several fre-
quency bands
Mission equipment includes approximately
0.033 m 3 of space in the nose section for optional
scoring and augmentation systems. The target is
compatible with most non co-operative scoring
systems.
Wing span (over fins):

Foreplane span: 0.65
Length overall:
(AQM-37A) 3.83 m
(AQM-37C) 4.27 m
Height overall:
(AQM-37A) 0.59 m
(AQM-37C) 0.66 m
Wing area, exposed: 87 m 2
Weight empty: (AQM-37C) 123.5 kg
Max payload, AQM-37C:

14 5 kg
(AQM-37A)256kg
(AQM-37C)272kg
Cruising height and speed: from Mach 0.87 (573
knots; 1062 km/h) at 305 m to Mach 3.0 (1719 knots;
3186km/h)at24385m
Range, including glide to impact: more than
(322 km)
Endurance, powered: 5 mins
74
nm
US Army. US Navy and US
Air
chamber There are three
modified by Shorts for Royal Air Force use as the

SD. 2 Stiletto
Model 1088. Version of Model 1019 for the Italian
Air Force, for air launching from the F-104S Starfighter A total of 1 1 was ordered in the mid-1970s.
Model 1094. French Air Force version (50 ordered
in mid-1970s). Modified by Matra, as the Vanneau
(Lapwing).
In
service with the
Force
MANUFACTURER
Beech Aircraft Corporation, PO Box
Kansas 67201-0085. USA
Telephone: (316) 681 71
1 1
Model 1098. Version
85, Wichita,
Telex: 71 203603.
for
Air Force (20
Israeli
ordered).
Model 1108. The training version

1095 for the United Kingdom.
of the
Model
STATUS
See
text.
MANUFACTURER
Model 1095. Second version for the United

Kingdom, with different modifications (by Shorts) for
use at the Hebrides range. A total of 40 was ordered
in
STATUS

Kansas 67201-0085, USA.
the late 1970s.
Telephone: (316) 681 71
1 1
85, Wichita,
Telex: 203603.
MQM-1 07 Streaker
The MQM-107 Streaker
is
the
American
military
designation for the Beechcraft Models 999 and 1089.

The Swedish Air Force designation is RB06 and
RB06BGirun.
Following a March 1972 development contract,
Beech's Model 1089 was declared the winner of the
US Army's VSTT (variable speed training target)
competition with the award in April 1975 of the
first installment of a three-year production contract.
Manufacture, under the designation MQM-107A,
began in December 1975, and deliveries started
in
the following April. Contracts included design,
development and deli very of the air vehicles, ground

support equipment, spares and ancillaries, as well
as operation and maintenance of the system by the
company's subsidiary, Beech Aerospace Services
Beechcraft MQM-1 07B Streaker
Inc.
The principal function of the MQM-1 07
provide
a variety of threat simulations for training with missiles and automatic weapons. It is the primary subsonic missile training target for the US Army, and is
also used in research and development testing of
weapon systems. It is designed to operate at altitudes from sea level up to 13410 m and at speeds of
up to 580 knots (1075 km/h), depending upon the
version involved.
is
to
The following versions have been announced:

MQM-107A. The initial production version, with
MOM-107B. Introduced
CAE J402-CA-700 turbojet and

long fuselage as standard. Deliveries to the
US Army, completed in early 1979, totalled 385. It
was supplied also to Abu Dhabi (with a TRI 60-2
engine), Jordan, the Republic of Korea, Sweden and
in 1982, with the primary

reason for redesignation being the installation of a
3.7 kN Microturbo North America TRI 60-2 Model
074 engine, permitting an increase in maximum
operating speed. Other changes include a longer
fuselage with more volume available for payload,
and systems improvements arising from experience
Taiwan.
with the
2.85
5.13
kN Teledyne
MQM-107A.
Deliveries to the
US Army
(139)
354
USA
and US Air Force (70) began in 1984 and were

completed in 1986 Export customers include Egypt.
Sweden and Taiwan
MQM-107C. Similar to the MQM-107B. witr. the long

fuselage, but powered by 2 85kN Teledyne CAE
J402-CA-700 turbojet A total of 69 was delivered to
the US Army in 1985 (This was a non-standard
model, created to use up existing J402-CA-700
engines
MQM-107D. As
for MQM-107C. but with a 4 27 kN

Teledyne CAE 373-8 engine The initial US Army
contract was awarded in October 1985, with deliveries beginning in January 1987; follow-on contracts
in March (for 108) and September 1986 (for 107,
bringing total to 305) extend deliveries into 1990
The US Air Force uses this version when supporting
the US Navy and also provides services to the US
Navy using Navy MQM-107D vehicles.
MQM-107E. Improved variant of the MQM-107B
There are new wings of 1 84 m ? area, with a highspeed aerofoil section and composite construction,
resulting in a faster and more manoeuvrable target
It is capable of using the Teledyne CAE 373-8 or
Microturbo North America TRI 60-3 Model 097
turbojet. The fuselage is lengthened to 5.71 m,
enabling the payload compartment to be extended
by 203 mm. The maximum payload is increased to
68 kg internal or 136 kg external; the maximum level

speed increased to 580 knots (1075 km/h) and the
ceiling to 13
410m; endurance
is
shortened
to
N^
50mins
The MQM-107
a re-usable variable speed target

Its airframe is a low-wing monoplane, with swept
back wings, fin, tailplane and elevators; there is no
rudder on the MQM-107A. The engine is suspended
on a pylon beneath the centre of the mainly cylindrical fuselage. Modular design is used throughout, with flat-section wing and tail surfaces of bonded
honeycomb (fixed surfaces) or foam filled aluminium
(ailerons and elevators). The nose and tail cones
areogival in cross-section. There is improved waterproofing on the MQM-107Band later models.
The power plant is a single turbojet (details provided under the model listings), pylon mounted in
an under-fuselage pod The standard fuel capacity
is 246
Wing insert fuel tanks, available as a kit, can
is
I.
addafurther 1131.
The MQM-107B
normally surface-launched,
using RATO booster, from a lightweight zero length
launcher/checkout system which can be transported
in two suitcase size containers. The booster is jettisoned approximately 2 sees after ignition, after
accelerating the target to approximately 220 knots
(408 km/h). An improved and more powerful booster,
to permit launch with heavier payloads, was
developed by Thiokol along with a new booster from
the US Navy. There is a command recovery system,
using a 1.65m diameter drogue and 15.24m main
parachutes stowed in the rear of the fuselage. A
recovery cycle can be initiated by remote command,
by a 6 sec loss of the command carrier, or by an
is
power loss.
Guidance and control systems, either analogue
or digital, provide for both ground control and preelectrical
programmed
flight,
with
the trajectory
pre-pro-
20 sees after RATO ignition

The flight controller is provided with all pertinent
flight information by radio link from sensors located
grammed
for the first
the air vehicle, and he can command vehicle

manoeuvres and recovery. In flight, the guidance
in
and control system stabilises automatically around

the roll, yaw and pitch attitudes and provides altitude
and velocity hold modes. Flight control developments include a terrain-following guidance
capability which has demonstrated extremely
low altitude flight profiles. The MQM-107B has
Beechcraft
MQM-107 A Streaker at launch
provisions for a high-g autopilot, to extend the

manoeuvring and high-g envelope of the vehicle.
The flight controller can select either constant airspeed or constant altitude high-g manoeuvres, and
6g manoeuvres can be maintained during use with
air-to-air or surface-to-air weapon systems. An
extended payload section available on the longfuselage versions also provides easier access
to the payload and vehicle electronics, and has
specialised waterproofing provisions for sea water
recoveries.
A total of 0.092 m 3 is available in the short fuselage
version (0 136 m 3 on the B, C and D models) for
mission equipment and core avionics. The vehicle's
principal function is to tow a variety of targets for
missile training and evaluation. Two TRX radar. TIX
infra-red or TVX radar/visual augmentation targets,
or 2.23 m banners with a corner reflector, can be
carried on each mission and towed separately up to
2440 m behind the MQM-107. With wing tip augmentation and scoring devices, Streaker itself
serves also as aerial target for such air defence
systems as Chaparral, Redeye, Hawk, Improved
Hawk. Patriot and Stinger, and the Vulcan air

defence gun system. Air-to-air missiles such as the
AIM-9 Sidewinder, AIM-7 Sparrow and AMRAAM
can also use the MQM-107. A 151 smoke/oil tank
(26.51 in MQM-107B and subsequent models) is
carried for visual augmentation. Typical external
payloads can include pyrotechnic optical plume
simulators (POPS), Gem 6221 flare dispenser pods,
AN/DSQ scorer pods. FC-7B-23 foam cone radar
reflectors, a 4190 infra-red augmentor boom
assembly, an AN/ALE-28 flare/chaff dispenser,
AN/DSQ bullet scorer/tow banners, bi-static radar
reflector pods, and AZC-4 infra-red wingtip pods.
Wing span:
38
Tailplane span: 1 58 m
Areas:
(wings, total projected) 2.52 2

2
(vertical tail surface) 0.43 m
(horizontal tail surfaces, total) 0.55
Length overall:
(B) 261 kg
Usable
fuel:
(A) 173
kg
(B) 176 kg
Mission equipment:
(A) 43 kg internal or 1 1 3 kg external
(B) 45 kg internal or 160 kg external
(A incl booster) 460 kg
(B exel booster) 664 kg
Operating speed range:
(A) 247-500 knots (459-925 km/h)
(B) 200-516 knots (370-956 km/h)
Operating height range: (A. B)sea level to 12200
Endurance:
(A) more than 3h
(B)2h18mins
STATUS
production In service with Egypt. Jordan South
Korea, Sweden, Taiwan. United Arab Emirates, and
the US Army and Air Force. Total deliveries of the
MQM-107 (all versions) had exceeded 1150 by the
beginning of 1989
In
MANUFACTURER
Telephone: (316) 681 71
Weights (A: MQM-107A; B: MQM-107B):

Weight empty:
(A)218kg
Beech Aircraft Corporation. PO Box

Kansas 67201-0085. USA
(MQM-107A) 5.13 m
(MQM-107B/C/D)5.51
Body diameter, max:
1 1
85. Wichita.
Telex: 71 203603
USA
355
BeechcraftBQM-126A
This
is
the
US Navy designation
for the
Beechcraft
The Beechcraft Model 997 system was

selected by the US Navy in its competition for a costModel
997.
effective recoverable
BQM-34 Firebee
this selection
1.
replacement
for the
The programme
subsonic
resulting from
included full-scale development, cur-
under way with a contract
for ten targets.

the ability to perform
precise controlled high-g manoeuvres. A load factor
of 5g can be sustained through 720 of orbit, and 7g
rently
An important feature
is
capability through 180 Operation of the
BQM-126A
provides target missions for the support of test and

evaluation, and fleet readiness assessments of antiair systems. When equipped with particular sets of
the various payloads of radar and infra-red augmentation, electronic countermeasures or infra-red
countermeasures, and scoring, the BQM-126A will

support the requirements of air-to-air missiles, surface-to-air missiles, anti-ship missile defence and
surface-to-air gunnery missions.
The airframe makes extensive use of composite
materials, is adaptable for either air or surface
launch, and is parachute recoverable on land or
from water With 0.1 7 m 3 available for internal equipment, it incorporates both a digital autopilot and
remote-control command capabilities, and has provisions for both pre-programmed missions and
Tacan guidance.
The power plant is a 4kN Microturbo TRI 60-3
Model 097 turbojet, which has the US Navy designation J403-MT-400.
Beechcraft BOM-126A subsonic target under development
Wing span:
05
Body diameter, max: 38
Usable fuel: 192 kg
Operating height range: sea level

Range: 750 nm (1390 km)
Typical endurance: 1 h 36 mins
to 12
200
MANUFACTURER
Kansas 67201-0085, USA.
payload: 45 5 kg or 100 kg external

Launching weight, including booster: 634 kg
RPVs Aerial Target
California,
(CASS)
Continental RPVs MiG-27 Flogger-D target

'
'
'Fitter
supplying close
air
support system
targets based on a scale representation of the Soviet MiG-27 Flogger-D' combat

aircraft. A further contract awarded in 1989 requires
Continental RPVs to supply radio-controlled fixedand rotary-wing aerial targets for continued support
Following extensive testing at Fort Bliss, Texas, in

1983 Continental RPVs became the contractor for
the US Army National Training Center at Fort Irwin.
RPVs 'Su-17
85, Wichita,
Telephone: (316) 681 7111 Telex: 71 203603.
Systems
Continental
US Navy
Under development.
Max
Continental
lor the
STATUS
'
rargef
aerial
of the National
the
US Army
in
Training Center and also for use by
Europe
The most popular targets
in the current Confamily are one-fifth representations of

the MiG-27, the Sukhoi Su-17 'Fitter-C' and Su-25
Frogfoot'. the Fairchild A-10, the General Dynamics
tinental
RPV
Continental
Continental
RPVs A-10 target
RPVs
F-16 target
AERIALTARGET DRONES AND AERIAL TARGETS
356
Vought A-7 and the Mil Mi-24 Hind-D'

both autogyro and full helicopter lorms Other
targets include the Bell AH-1, theF-111A aone-h-ilf
scale Cessna 150. and a self-propelled' aerial tow
target All these targets can reach an altitude of
more than 3660 m
These scale aircraft are used primarily as part of
a close air support training system (CASS) which
includes one-fifth scale, remotely piloted airframes
that carry MILES sensors and an on-board smoke
generation system for MILES hit indication The
aircraft are also equipped with an Air-Ground
Engagement System (AGES) to provide a shoot
back' capability. These scale aircraft are integrated
into laser-based, force-on-force engagement simulF-16, the
in
ation training systems.
fuselages and fabricated-wood wings

The one-ninth targets run on nitromethanol luel
while the others use a petrol/oil mixture Manoeuvrability is effected by elevator control and onboard payloads can include a gas or smoke grenade,
pyrotechnics, an infra-red augmentation device, a
cine camera, a smoke hit indicator, a near miss
indicator, radar beacons and reflectors
The aircraft have glass fibre fuselages and tail
units with plywood wings Standard control range is
3 km but this can be increased to 15 km by the
fibre glass
introduction of an optical/video controller
All
the
are pneumatically launched by a nonhazardous zero-length pneumatic system that uses

no pyrotechnics. JATO or explosive gas. and return
for a skid or belly landing
targets
Targets are manufactured in four sizes; one-ninth,

one-seventh, one-fifth and one-half-scale All have
USA
Specification for
aerial target
Wing span: 2 997
a one-fifth
MiG-27
Flogger-D
Weight empty: 19 05kg

Payload: 13 6 kg
9 kg
Fuel, standard:
Speed range: 26 to 104 knots (48 to 193km/h)
Endurance at max speed: (standard fuel) 30 mins
Control range: (each controller) 8 1 nm (15 km)
STATUS
production In service with the US
Force. Marines and National Guard
In
Army Navy
Air
MANUFACTURER
Continental RPVs 34924 Victor Street. Barstow
California 92311. USA
Telephone (619) 2524741 Fax (619) 252 7074
FSIQF-86E Sabre
FSI has
ment
of
been producing drones for the US DepartDefense since 1975. and holds contracts to
convert more than 200 aircraft into unmanned aerial

target vehicles. These include the North American
F-86 and F-100. Convair F-106 and Northrop F-5A.
In 1975 FSI demonstrated to the US Army two
remotely controlled Sabre jet fighters, the converted
aircraft being Canadair-built Sabre 5s, structurally
similar to the US-built F-86E Deliveries began in
mid-1977, and 51 target conversions had been delivered by March 1985, with low-quantity production
continuing in 1986
The QF-86ES are actively supporting US Army air
defence system requirements at the White Sands
missile range, and can deploy stores, initiate
jamming and provide other countermeasures, all
under remote control.
STATUS
In
production.
MANUFACTURER
Conversions byFlightSystemslnc. 1901 Dove Street.
PC Box 2400. Newport Beach, California 92660, USA
Telephone: (714)833 9661.
FSI (North American) QF-100
Super
Sabre
The conversion
of US Air Force/Air National Guard

F-100 fighter-bombers for remotely piloted operation as QF-100 aerial targets is performed by Flight
Systems Inc under contract from the US Air Force
Sacramento Air Logistics Center. McClellan Air
Force Base, California This full-scale aerial target
(FSAT) programme is for a multi-service target to
provide air-to-air and ground-to-air missile evaluation and combat crew training. The QF-100 succeeds the Convair QF-102/PQM-102 target in these
roles.
The
full-scale engineering development and

production programme conducted by Sperry
Corporation involved the delivery of 100 Super
Sabres (nine prototype and 91 production') in four
different configurations. Of these, configuration
No. 2. converted from the single-seat F-100D, is the
standard US Air Force target version. No 1 incorporates additional cockpit controls to permit evaluation of system performance from within the cockpit.
No 3 is the same configuration as No. 2, except that it
is converted from the two-seat F-100F. No. 4 incorporates a drone formation control system (DFCS) for
multiple-targetmissions involving uptosixQF-100s
The full-scale engineering development programme included DT & E (development, test and
evaluation) and IOT & E (initial operational test and
evaluation), and was carried out at Sperry's facility
at Phoenix-Litchfield Airport. Arizona. Conversions
are now being made at FSI's Aircraft Modification
and Test Center at Mojave, California.
Deliveries by Sperry began on 13 March 1981
to Tyndall Air Force Base. Florida, and the first
unmanned flight was made on 19 November 1981
Development testing for the DFCS was carried out
at Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico; final test
and evaluation took place during 1983 at Tyndall Air
Force Base. The initial operational capability with
initial
Command was achieved in late 1983.

May 1984 the QF-100 follow-on production contract was awarded to FSI. which is delivering a total
Tactical Air
In
FSI QF-86E drone
209 targets over a five-year period commencing

from mid-1985.
The QF-100 drone ground control and test equipment is the same as that used in PQM-102
operations, together with many PQM-102 airborne
subsystems. While sharing a common conversion
of
and operational scheme with the PQM-102 series,

the QF-100 utilises an SDP-175 digital flight control
computer instead of the PQM-102 analogue flight
control stabilisation system (FCSS). thus achieving
ease of testing and flexibility for future growth of
operational modes.
The power plant is one Pratt & Whitney J57-P-21
turbojet, rated at 75.4 kN with afterburning. Launch
and recovery is via normal runway take-off and
landing. Automatic take-off and landing, utilising the
IBM DFCS. has been demonstrated at Holloman Air
Force Base, and will be installed on the Eglin Air
Force Base Gulf range as part of the latter's drone
control update system.
is
via dual
Vega command
guidance and telemetry systems There is a fully

redundant digital tracking and control system for
command/telemetry link, used in conjunction with
the AN/FPS-16 ground based range radar The simultaneous control of multiple targets has been demonstrated. The Honeywell digital flight control
computer (FCC) system incorporates air data
sensors, an SDP-175 processor, analogue/digital
and digital/ analogue converters, a power supply,
and the necessary interface electronics. The FCC
provides eight longitudinal/vertical and four lateral/
directional modes, and interface between aircraft
systems and command/telemetry system. Automatic
modes are provided
command
for
take-off.
loss
of
from the target range The manoeuvre programmer

can be pre-programmed for multiple manoeuvres,
in any required sequence, and provides back-up for
the FCC system.
Mission equipment incorporates remotely operated smoke, braking and explosive destruct
systems; the Digidops miss distance scoring system
is standard. Two types of scoring camera are operational, covering forward and aft areas to provide
missile approach angle, velocity and miss distance
information. Manoeuvre destruct and explosive
destruct systems are incorporated. The visual augmentation (smoke) system, is operable at any altitude or power setting. Radar and infra-red
augmentation are not required, due to the size of the
An LVSS (laser vector scoring system), one

several systems tested in 1983. can provide a
directional parameter to help further in evaluating
aircraft.
of
missile performance. A DLQ-3B ECM pod and ALE40 infra-red/chaff pod are incorporated to provide
realistic evaluation of missile performance against
anticipated countermeasures. A drone formation
control system is incorporated to permit formation
flying of two or more targets to provide a realistic
challenge for missiles equipped with seeker heads
Wing span:
11
82
Length overall, including probe: 16 54 m

Wing area, gross: 35 79 m 2
Mission operational take-off weight: 14 060 kg
Max speed
at
altitude:
Mach
1.3
(745
knots:
1381 km/h)
Operating height range: 60-15 240 m

Range, nominal (guidance radar range-limited):
and other safety

modes There are redundant power systems and
dual autopilot channels The digital FCC permits
automatic checkout of many primary autopilot functions; it also provides a flexible system for incorporating target system functions, or for adaptation
STATUS
other target programmes Control is exercised by

a mobile ground station for take-off and recovery,
and by a fixed ground site for guidance to. over and
ConversionsbyFlightSystemslnc. 1901 DoveStreet

PO Box 2400. Newport Beach. California 92660 USA
Telephone: (714)8339661
to
carrier, take-off abort,
120nm(222km)
Normal mission endurance: 40-55 mins
In
service with the
US Air Force
MANUFACTURER
USA
Florida,
June 1986 the Defense Systems Division of the

Sperry Corporation (now the Defense Avionics
Systems Division of Honeywell Inc) was chosen
by the US Air Force as prime contractor for the
development and production of the QF-106 Delta Dart
full-scale aerial target. A total of seven development
aircraft were produced and approximately 190 proThe programme
duction units are expected
includes the development and production of a new
Range
STATUS
for use on both the QF-106 and MQM-107

sub-scale aerial target. Two identical digital flight
control computers were developed for the primary
and backupflight control systems.
developed
Wing span:
11
67
357
Service ceiling: 1 7 375 m

Range: 1000 nm (1850km)
and
the Drone Formation Control System at White Sands

Missile Range,
New Mexico. A signal processor/vehicle interface Line Replacement Unit was
In
of interfacing to the Gulf
Drone Control System atTyndall AFB,
QF-106 Full-Scale Aerial Target

(FSAT)
transponder capable
Being supplied
to the
US
There are conconversions
Air Force
tract options for additional
PRIME CONTRACTOR
Honeywell, Defense Avionics Systems Division,
9201 San Mateo Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, New
Mexico 871 13, USA.
Telephone: (505) 828 5571 Telex: 501 386 Fax: (505)
828 5500.
Max take-off weight: 6 062 kg

Max level speed at 1 1 000 m: 324 knots
1
(2455 km/h)
Hayes Universal Tow Target

System (HUTTS)
The Hayes Universal Tow Target System (HUTTS)
comprises a series of targets, a launcher and a hand
held control transmitter. It can be used to supply
targets for both ground-to-air and air-to-air weapon
systems. The target launcher can be carried by any
aircraft with standard underwing stores or bomb
shackles
Complete control of the system is gained through

hand held LTC-2 transmitter by the
aircraft pilot or other crew member. Two transmissions are required, one to launch the target
and another to release the target after mission
completion. The transmitter is battery powered
The HUTTS LTC-2 launcher stores the target when
not in use and provides the tow cable attachment
point. It also acts as the point of final sequence
control for target launch and cable release. The unit
is powered by internal batteries.
The HUTTS targets consist of a basic airframe
with an internally mounted reel and cable located in
the approximate centre of the target body Cable payout, acceleration and deceleration are automatically
controlled by the reel assembly There are three
basic types of target, all with the basic tow body and
the use of a
constructed of thermoplastic. Fibreglass

nose and tail cones adapt to the basic tow body. All
three types of target have a body diameter of 228
and have a fin span of 603 mm. Each of the targets
weighs approximately 25kg but this will vary with
the length of towing cable carried.
The TRX-3 radar augmented target is a target for
missiles with semi-active radar seekers, and aircraft
or ships with fire control systems utilising radar
tail
mm
Aluminium bulkheads
support radar reflective lenses, each 215 mm in
diameter, in various optional configurations. The
acquisition, track
TRX-1
and
fire
is2. 512m long.
The TIX-1
infra-red
augmented
Martin Marietta
A
Hayes Universal Tow Target System (HUTTS)
in
use on a T-34A Mentor training aircraft
fins
target
is
used with
infra-red guided missile systems.

is
The augmentation
provided by a propane fired Hayes stainless steel
emitter
mounted on the rear
of the target Ignition

the target to preclude launch
before positive ignition The fuel is carried in a
stainless steel tank containing 4 08 kg of propane
Air for the fuel-air mixture is provided via a 50
is
self-controlled
in
mm
diameter opening in the nose cone. The TIX-1 is

2 324 m long.
The TGX-1 is a visually augmented target with a
nose-mounted 600 W 28 V lamp providing 700000
candle power. Power for the lamp is provided by a
1000 W generator driven by an air turbine mounted
on the rear
of the target
body The
STATUS
In
production
MANUFACTURER
Hayes International Corporation, PO Box 707, Leeds,
Alabama 35094, USA.
699 8999
SLAT/AQM-127A
engineering development contract for

supersonic low-altitude target (SLAT) was
awarded to Martin Marietta by the US Navy in September 1984, after consideration also of entries
from LTV (Vought) and Teledyne Ryan The contract
called for the delivery of 15 pre-production targets
by 1987 The flighttest programme took place during

FY88-89. It was planned to carry out limited operations at the Pacific Missile Test Center in FY89and
FY90. using targets remaining from the flight test
programme. The initial procurement of 30 production targets is planned for FY90, followed by a
three-year production option for 100 targets per year
with the initial operating capability for Fleet training
coming during FY91.
The air vehicle is a derivative of the cancelled
advanced strategic air launched missile (ASALM),
which made seven test flights during 1978-80. The
primary payload will be an l-band seeker simulator,
radar cross-section augmentation, and scoring
equipment.
The first flight of a AQM-127A (then the YAQM127A) took place during November 1988. The target
is scheduled to be pre-programmed, with a remote
command override. It is required to be capable of
subsonic launch from an F-4 or QF-4 aircraft at 305 m
altitude, be capable of recovery from land and water,
and have a design life of four flights. It should also
demonstrate a capability for air launch from a DC130 aircraft, and compatibility for launching from the
A-6 Intruder, F/A-18 Hornet and P-3 Orion, under the
Martin Marietta
is
of
13 km The target also contains a forward aspect

radar reflector The TGX-1 is 2.334 m long
full-scale
this
source
minimum
light
sufficient for visual acquisition out to a
SLATIAQM-127A supersonic low altitude target
358
same
conditions Launch speed will be in the order

200 knots (370 km/h). with the SLAT then entering
a shallow dive to level out at about 9m above the
surface after reaching its maximum speed of Mach
2.5. to simulate a sea skimming missile. It will be
recoverable by parachute and re-usable The range
requirement, with all fuel expended, is 55 nm
of
USA
MANUFACTURER
Martin Marietta Missile Systems,

Orlando. Florida 32855. USA
Telephone (305)3562207
PO Box
5837,
STATUS
Flight testing.
(102 km)
Northrop Basic Training Target
(BTT)/MQM-3C and MQM-36

The US
military designations of the Northrop Basic

Training Target (BTT) are the MQM-3C and the
MQM-36 This target drone, which first flew in July
1945. is in worldwide use. and was manufactured for

the armed forces of 25 countries More than 65000
vehicles of this type were built Also known as the
Shelduck or KD2R-5. it has been used as a training
device
for anti-aircraft
gunnery, as well as a target
for surface-to-air missiles.
Northrop delivered a modified version of the BTT

US Army Known as the MQM-33C. it incorporates a Northrop-developed G-band command
control system; 161 MQM-33Cs and 18 G-band
ground control stations had been produced by early
1985
The BTT system has been integrated with a Northrop-developed portable tracking system
The following description applies to the standard
BTT:
The BTT is a remotely controlled recoverable
target. It is a high-wing monoplane, of aluminium
alloy construction There is no dihedral. Wing incidence is 1 at the root and - 2 at the tip. Ailerons
and elevator are servo-operated by D-9 actuators.
The power plant is a 59.7 kW (80 hp) Northrop O11-3 flat-four two-stroke engine, driving a two-blade
fixed-pitch wooden propeller. There are steel integral fuel tank in the mid-fuselage, with a capacity of
44 The refuelling point is in the fuselage, forward
to the
of the
wing.
The BTT
is
surface launched from land or ship, by
either a rotary catapult or a zero length launcher
Recovery
by parachute which is released by radio

command. The engine is stopped and the parachute
deploys automatically in the event of serious
damage by gunfire, or any loss of radio control or
electrical power.
is
an AN/ARW-79 radio
with automatic altitude
hold. Visual or radar tracking (radar or
FM
type
tracking systems or equivalent) can be employed.

Mission equipment includes a 28 V battery for all
electrical power Optional augmentation devices
include two wing tip radar reflector pods, visual and
infra-red flare kits, towed gunnery sleeves with realtime scoring, and six towed infra-red targets. An
acoustic scoring system and auxiliary decoder can
provide three spare command and control links in
addition to the single spare channel of the basic
Northrop Chukar II/MQM-74C

military designation for the Northrop
Chukar
MQM-74C The MQM-74C is an improved version

of the MQM-74A( 1800 built), developed via an MQMII
is
meet requirements for a

500 knot (926 km/h) target. More than 1400 MQM74Cs were delivered to the US Navy since early
1984. Other Chukar customers included the United
Kingdom, WestGermany, Greece, Iran, Italy. Japan,
Netherlands. Saudi Arabia and Spain. Japan's
Chukar lis can carry a Martin Marietta Orlando laser
detector/tracker pod at each wing tip.
Modified versions of the MQM-74C were tested
and operated as reconnaissance, electronic warfare
and strike remotely piloted vehicles under the US
Navy's Persistent Anti-Radiation Missile (PARM)
and US Air Force's TED programmes. Under US
Navy contract, Northrop has produced nearly 1000
of a version known as the BQM-74C (see next entry)
for use by the US Navy as a cruise missile simulator
and standard aerial training target, making more
than 4300 MQM/BQM-74 Chukars manufactured in
74B experimental model
system An altitude hold control, a precision barometric sensor which detects variations in altitude
and provides control corrections to secure constant
flight altitude, can also be provided.
via
command guidance system,
The US
Northrop Basic Training Target (BTT)
is
to
II
all.
The basic Chukar II/MQM-74C target aircraft was

designed to meet requirements for a small, lightweight target for anti-aircraft gunnery, surface-to-air
and air-to-air missile training and weapons system
Wing span:
Max rate of climb at sea level: 1341 m

Service ceiling: more than 8230 m
Range at sea level with max fuel: 183 nm (338 km)
Average flight duration: 55 mins
5m

Propeller diameter: 1.12
Wing area, gross:
.74
STATUS
Production complete.
In
use
in
25 countries.
m
MANUFACTURER
Northrop

Max zero-fuel weight: 33 kg
Max landing weight: 54 kg
Max level speed at sea level and max cruising speed:
Rancho Conejo Boulevard. Newbury
Corporation
Ventura
Division,
1515
Park. Cali-
USA.
Telephone: (805) 373 2000. Telex: 683 9403
Fax:(805)3733360.
fornia 91320.
NOCVNP
evaluation Chukar II is in service at the NATO

Missile Firing Installation (NAMFI) on the island of
Crete in the Mediterranean, where it is used to train
crews of radar and non-radar directed anti-aircraft
guns, active and semi-active radar guided, visual
and infra-red guided surface-to-air and air-to-air

missiles Meteor of Italy provides Chukar services
at the Salto di Quirra range in Sardinia. The Chukar
(pronounced 'chucker') is named after an Indian
rock partridge found in the western USA
The Chukar is a turbojet powered recoverable
II
the parachute command channel An alternative

method consists of direct main parachute deployment and is initiated automatically on loss of electrical power The main parachute is housed in the
fuselage immediately aft of the wing, with an automatic disconnect on impact.
Radio command is used for the guidance system.
Out-of-sight control is by automatic stabilisation and
command, with radar tracking: in-sight control uses
visual acquisition aids. There is proportional feed-
of
back stabilisation and control system for pitch and

bank. Engine throttle position altitude hold initiation
and recovery system initiation are controlled by
audio tone signals. Components include a receiver,
a decoder, an autopilot, aileron and elevator servos,
and altitude hold and airspeed pressure transducers The command control antenna is in the
upper forward fuselage
Target mission equipment uses electrical power
from an engine-driven alternator passed through a
rectifier-regulator A 28V nickel-cadmium battery
secondary power source is used during the glide
phase On-board acquisition and tracking aids
include fore and aft Luneberg lenses for passive
radar augmentation, four wingtip-mounted Mark 28
interruption of the continuous radio signal or loss of
augmentors. active L-band augmentation, and a

smoke system, designed to improve visual detection. The main payload compartment is in the front
II
It
is a shoulder-wing monoplane
of aluminium construction There is no dihedral. The
detachable wings each have an electrically actuated
aileron The tapered circular-section body has an
underslung air intake duct. There is an inverted
target
'Y' tail unit,
with 30 of anhedral on the tailplane.
electrically actuated elevators
and a
fixed vertical
fin.
The power
7
plant
is
a Williams International WR24-
(J400-WR-401) turbojet, rated at 0.8 kN The fuel

is in the centre of the fuselage, having a capacity
tank
of 61 31.
Zero length launching is accomplished by means

two Mark 91 Mod
JATO rockets and a ZL-5
launcher. Normal recovery is by automatic drone
pull-upfollowed by the main parachute deployment,
initiated automatically in emergencies such as the
Mod
3 infra-red flares, pyrotechnic infra-red plume
USA
359
fuselage between control equipment bay and fuel

An improved manoeuvrability package (IMP),
successfully flight tested in 1976, has a closed loop
control device installed in the flight control system,
to perform constant g
enabling the Chukar
manoeuvres at any of five selected levels up to and
including 6g A low-cost infra-red tow target, for use
system, is in production. One can
with the Chukar
be attached to each wing tip and towed approximately 30 m behind the Chukar II. A re-usable active
tank.
II
II
RF augmentation tow
system
target
various RF guided missile systems

the active tow targets
Wing span:
76
began
in
is in use for
Production of
1979.

Body diameter: 35 m
Wing area, gross:
74
Weight empty: 128.4 kg

Fuel: 50.3 kg

(excluding boosters) 182 kg
(including boosters) 223 kg
Max level speed at 6100 m: 51 5 knots (954 km/h)
Max level speed at sea
level:
Economic cruising speed

(463 km/h)
rate of climb
Max

sea level: 250 knots
Northrop
II
target ready for launch from the flight deck ol a
sea level with
full
fuel:
1780m/min
245
at
economic cruising speed:
(at
sea
level)
nm (454 km)
assault
MANUFACTURER
Northrop
Average flight duration: more than
Service ceiling: 1 2 200 m

Range at max speed:
(at sea level) 205 nm (380 km)
(at 6100 m) 330 nm (611 km)
US Navy amphibious
ship
Range
at
MOM-74C Chukar
at
fornia 91320,
STATUS
Production complete. In service with the
and other armed forces
Ventura
Corporation,
Division,
Rancho Conejo Boulevard, Newbury
US Navy
Northrop Chukar III/BQM-74C
1515
Park, Cali-
USA
Telephone: (805) 373 2000 Telex: 683 9403 NOCVNP.

Fax:(805)373 3360.
and yaw rate gyros, an AN/DKW-3 integrated

and elevator servos,
vertical
target control system, aileron
The BQM-74C is a US Navy target version of the

MQM-74C Chukar with added air launch capability
and pre-programmed flight profiles It can be used
and an
as a cruise missile simulator, in training pilots for

air-to-air combat, and as a target for anti-aircraft
gunnery and surface-to-air missiles Design began
in November 1977, and the construction of 16 preproduction examples started in September 1978
The airframe is essentially similar to that of the
MQM-74C, but with some components made of glass
reinforced plastics.
Since 1980 Northrop has produced more than 1000
BQM-74CS for the US Navy, including 350 in 1985 A
further 132 (including some BQM-74C/Recces) were
delivered in 1986: 70 were delivered in 1987 A fixedprice contract placed by the US Naval Air Systems
Command in June 1989 called for 129 BQM-74C
drones to be produced by January 1992: the contract
was worth $36417000. A further contract placed by
the US Naval Air Systems Command in March 1990
called for 149 drones and support software and
equipment with a contract value worth $38 200 000.
In its first deployment overseas in 1984, the Chukar
III successfully simulated, in France, a sea skimming
anti-ship cruise missile during test firings of the
Thomson-CSF Crotale Export deliveries have been
made to France and Spain.
The BQM-74C target system includes pylon adaptors for air launching from several types of aircraft,
and payload kits for mobile sea range (MSR) operations
MSR
realistic
enables
fleet
commanders
to
conduct
war games' on the open sea The BQM-
74C's role in these exercises is to simulate cruise

missiles fired from multiple directions and altitudes
The BQM-74Cs missions can be pre-programmed,
and the target is capable of air or surface launch
from beyond the horizon of target ships It has been
flown at an altitude of 3 m while simulating cruise
missile flight profiles.
The following description applies to the standard
BQM-74C target version:
The BQM-74C is a radio controlled or programmable, automatically recoverable, multi-role
target. It is a shoulder-wing monoplane of aluminium
alloy and glass reinforced plastic construction. The
Northrop G-9224-080 wing section has an 8 per cent

thickness/chord ratio. There is no dihedral. The nonswept wings each have an electrically actuated
The semi-monocoque aluminium body

houses all equipment, power plant and the fuel tank.
The nose and tail skins are removable for access
to equipment and the power plants. There is an
underslung engine air intake. The inverted 'Y' aluminium tail unit, comprises a fixed vertical fin, fixed
tailplane halves (anhedral 30) and two electrically
aileron.
actuated elevators.
altitude hold pressure transducer.
power is provided by an engine-driven

through a rectifier-regulator. A 28 V
nickel-cadmium battery is used as a secondary
Electrical
II
alternator
power source. On-board acquisition and tracking

aids include fore and aft Luneberg lenses, passive
radar augmentation, and a smoke system. The main
payload compartment is in the forward fuselage
section Equipment includes a locator beacon, a
radar altimeter, a seeker simulator (to duplicate
cruise missile emissions), a radar transponder for
Other provisions
IFF, and scoring equipment
include a flight profile programmer with UHF
command override; active J-band. B-band, L-band
and X-band radar augmentation; and a Tacan
receiver. The system also includes payload kits with
flotation gear for mobile sea range (MSR) operations.
(A) surface launch; (B) air
Wing span:
1.76
Body diameter (max):
Air launched version of Northrop
BQM-74C
Chukar III
The power plant is a Williams International WR247B (J400-WR-403) turbojet initially rated at 0.8 kN
The Chukar III uses a Williams International WR24-8
(J400-WR-404) turbojet rated at 1.07 kN This larger
is also used in the US Navy's BQM74E configuration which is undergoing validation
thrust engine
The pressurised
centre fuselage section has a capacity
testing prior to entering production

fuel tank in the
launch
m
.36
Wing area, gross: 74 m 2
Weights:
(basic operating weight empty)
(A) 127 kg
(B) 133 kg
Max mission load: 78.5 kg
Fuel: 50.3 kg
(A) 233 kg
(B) 199 kg
Performance (at max launching weight (A) with J400WR-402 engine, (B) with -404):
(max
of 61. 3 litres.
level
speed at6100m)
can be launched from ground or

shipborne launcher by use of a zero length launcher
and a pair of JATOs. It can also be air launched from
the Grumman A-6E Intruder or McDonnell Douglas
TA-4J Skyhawk (one under each wing); it is also
compatible with the under-wing launchers of the
Lockheed DP-2 Neptune or DC-130A Hercules. The
target can be recovered over land or water by the
use of a parachute.
Guidance and control can be either manual or
automatic In manual control an operator guides the
target through use of a ground-based command
and control station and an on-board receiver and

(B) 530 knots (982 km/h)
Economic cruising speed:
(A) 300 knots (555 km/h)
Service ceiling:
transmitter The operator controls the target pitch

and bank angles, altitude and engine rpm, and can
initiate altitude hold and parachute recovery. In
automatic control, the target is pre-programmed
and can fly a mission autonomously. Components
include a Northrop digital avionics processor,
MANUFACTURER
The Chukar
III
(A)
(A)9150m
(B)
Max
12200m
range: (A and B) 450
nm
(833
km)
STATUS
In
production.
In
service with the
US Navy, France
and Spain.
Northrop
Corporation,
Ventura
Division,
Rancho Conejo Boulevard. Newbury Park,

fornia 91320,
1515
Cali-
USA.
Telephone: (805) 373 2000. Telex: 683 9403 NOCVNP.

Fax:(805)373 3360.
360
RS Systems One-Ninth Scale

Targets
At one-ninth scale. RS Systems produces 3D representations of two Soviet and two Western aircraft
the MiG-27 Flogger-D' and Su-25 Frogfoot'. and the
General Dynamics F-16 and McDonnell Douglas/

British
Aerospace AV-8B
The one-ninth MiG-27, a replacement

winged FQM-117A. is produced for the US Army
(designation FQM-117B) and in a commercial'
for the delta-
version for other customers Both configurations are
used
to fly
realistic
attack profiles,
and can be
(MHI) AIRMILES. or an infra-red source When flown

aboard one-ninth or one-fifth series targets the THI
automatically initiates up to ten flash-bang-smoke
target disabled' indications per flight its sonic
detection system providing users with an adjustable
target size from 2 to 24 m and adjustable hits to
disable' (1 to 15 rounds through the hit zone) Each
time a preset disabled' criterion is met, the gunner
is rewarded with an instant flash-bang-smoke feedback The MHI can also provide up to ten similar
indications per flight, via push-button actuation at
the target controller's transmitter AIRMILES. which
Wing span:
compatible with the US Army MILES, enables air

defence users to conduct training in virtually any
Max payload, MiG-27. Su-25:

is
open area, without
live-fire logistics
and costs
It
signal target disabled' automatically with the same

flash-bang-smoke indication as the THI and MHI
based weapons
The F-16 and AV-8B targets are used to develop
aircraft recognition skills: when used in conjunction
with the MiG-27 and Su-25, units must visually evaluate shape, outline, and flight behaviour before
the disabled' criteria
according
target
in its
microprocessor varying
to lethality of the
weapon fired against the
AIRMILES has an optional eye-safe
fire
(MiG-27 Su-25)
(F-16)
68m
83
25
14m
(AV-8B)1 6m
Fuselage length:
(MiG-27. Su-25)
63 m
(AV-8B)2 04m
(F-16)
Max
width
(MiG-27. Su-25)
23
(F-16)
(AV-8B)0 15
m
2 3 kg
(MiG-27.Su-25)3 61 kg
(F-16) 3 4 kg
(AV-8B)4 5kg
will
tracked and engaged by air defence units using

small arms, 20 to 40
gun systems or infra-red
mm
USA
Max level speed (all): 78 knots (145 km/h)

Endurance (all): 12-24 mins
back'
STATUS
(2hp) 10cc engine,
cover and concealment training

by air defence units, using a laser gun mounted on
the target and controlled by the target's pilot Inflight remotely actuated flares can be carried by the
RS Systems,
Four principal training payloads can be used: a
target for infra-red based weapon tracking (oneninth or one-fifth series) or live-fire engagement
(one-fifth only).
Telephone: (301 474 2900 Telex
engagement
The power plant is one
mounted in the nose
5kW
tactical hit indicator (THy, a
manual
hit
indicator
feature for use
in
In
production
In
US Army
service with the
MANUFACTURER
5301 Holland Drive. Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2383, USA.
WSH 904059
RS Systems
one-ninth scale MiG-27 Flogger produced for the
RS Systems one-ninth scale representation of the F-16
FQM-117B
RS Systems One-Seventh Scale

Target
This aerial target is a 3D visual representation of
the Mil Mi-24 'Hind-D' battlefield helicopter, claimed
to be able to perform all flight patterns of the real
Mi-24, and to simulate stand-off weapons delivery
tactics as well as close-in support profiles. Hand
launched, it flies as an autogyro, the nose-mounted
engine being offset to starboard driving a small
tractor propeller, with lift provided by the fixed wings
and an autorotating main rotor; there is no tail rotor.
Transition training for operators of fixed-wing aerial
targets is minimal.
The power plant is one 17.7 cc methanol-fuelled
standard glow plug engine, driving a tractor
propeller.
Rotor diameter:
Wing span over rocket pods:
22
Fuselage:
(length) 2.16
(max width)
m
23
Max payload: more than 0.9 kg

Visual control range: 500
Endurance: 20 mins
STATUS
In
production.
MANUFACTURER
RS Systems.
5301 Holland Drive, Beltsville. Maryland 20705-2383. USA.

Telephone: (301 474 2900. Telex: WSH 904059
)
One-seventh scale RS Systems tergef version of the Mil Mi-24 Hind-D

'
'
US Army as
the
USA
Mission equipment
RS Systems One-Fifth Scale
is
as described for one-ninth
scale targets.
Targets
Wing span
(both): 2
84
STATUS
In
(MiG-27) 0.27 m
(Su-25) 38 m
Height overall:
(MiG-27) 0.81 m
(Su-25) 0.76
Max payload
the nose.
Endurance: 30 mins
(MiG-27) 3.05
(Su-25) 2,78
Max width:
Max launching weight (both): 14 5 kg

Visual control range: 2 7 nm (5 km)
Fuselage length:
MiG-27 and Su-25 versions at one-fifth scale are also
available, the former being the replacement for RS
Systems' earlier one-seventh scale HEAT series.
The increased size, speed, range and endurance
afford air defence trainees a low-cost realistic target
that can be hand or mechanically launched from an
unprepared training site.
The power plant is one 590 cc engine, mounted in
361
production.
MANUFACTURER
RS Systems,
5301 Holland Drive, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2383, USA.

Telephone: (301)474 2900 Telex: WSH 904059
(both): 11.3 kg
SLI MiG-27 Flogger-D' Target

The Flogger-D' was designed as a one-seventh
scale fixed-wing representation of the Soviet MiG27, with the objective of offering a visually realistic
target that could perform manoeuvres which might
be expected of the full-size aircraft. It can be operated by only two people, a launchman/range
observer and a
flight controller.
The target is radio controlled. It is a shoulderwing monoplane, of modular construction to permit

easy replacement of damaged components. The
wings havea moulded core of polystyrene expanded
foam plastics, reinforced with wooden stiffeners and
covered with a protective
vinyl layer, coated with a

metallic-based paint or metallic tape to enhance
the radar signature Tail surfaces are of similar
construction, and include a foldableunderf in similar
to that on the real MiG-27. The rectangular-section
fuselage has a central spine of plywood, strengthened on each side by foam plastics and covered in
selected areas with an aliphatic resin and glass fibre
cloth. Wings attach to fuselage by four bolts. The
ventral cavity for
fuselage has a 50 x 100 x 250
mission equipment. Interchangeable nose sections
permit representation of either the MiG-23 or
MiG-27 versions of the 'Flogger'.
The power plant is a 2 2 kW (2.9 hp) Tartan 439 cc
two-stroke engine, installed at the rear of the fuselage and driving a two-blade pusher propeller aft of
theelevatortrailing-edge. There isasinglefuselage
fuel tank of
6 kg capacity as standard: a second
tank, with the same capacity, is optional.
The target is spring launched from a dolly on a
4 88 m long catapult. At the conclusion of a flight
sequence, the target can be flown into a previously
deployed retrieval net, skid landed on grass, or
landed on open water The entire system can be
carried, launched, flown and recovered within a
relatively self-contained area, including deployment on-board ship or from a long-bed pickup truck.
Guidance and control is via a four-channel proportional radio command guidance system, using a
proprietary model aircraft fidelity transmitter. Aerodynamic control is by ailerons and elevator A nosemounted nickel-cadmium battery is fitted for operation of the radio control equipment and the
aileron/elevator servos.
mm
Teledyne Ryan Model 124 Firebee
The Firebee 1 was developed as a joint US Army,

Air Force and Navy project in collaboration with
the US Air Force Air Research and Development
Command.
Glide
flight tests of
the original version
began in March 1951, and the first powered flights

were made later that year at the US Air Force
Holloman Air Development Center, Alamogordo,
New Mexico, A total of 1277 of these early Q-2A and
KDA versions were built for all three US services
and for the Royal Canadian Air Force.
Development of the current BQM-34A (originally
the Q-2C) improved Firebee for the US Air Force
and US Navy began on 25 February 1958. The first
production model flew on 25 January 1960.
By April 1990 a total of 6816 Firebee 1's had
been produced, including the early Q-2C and KDA
versions. The total includes Firebees supplied to
NATO for use in a missile test programme and those
supplied to the Japan Defence Agency to support
the training of missile and gunnery crews in both
surface-to-air and air-to-air operations. The latter
are built by Fuji Heavy Industries and are known as
the BQM-34AJ (see separate entry under Japan in
this section).
SLI MiG-27 Flogger-D fargef

'
Miss distance or other equipment is located

ventral cavity to customer's requirements.
in
the
2 07 m
Fuselage, max width: .24 m
Fuselage, max depth: 0.2 m
Wing area, gross: approx 1.11 m 2
Operational weight empty, incl fuel: 8 2 kg
Max payload: 2 3 kg
Max level speed at sea level, zero wind: 45 knots
(83 km/h)
Wing span:
Since the Firebee 1 and its predecessor models

have been in operational use, target presentations
have been made to virtually every surface-to-air and
air-to-air weapon in the US arsenal. To reduce the
vulnerability of the target and increase its costeffectiveness, a 'non-kill' environment has been
created and extensive use made of infra-red and/or
radar augmented towed targets ('Towbees') or cloth
banners, towed behind the Firebees on cables or
mounted on the wing tips.
The US Air Force designation for the Firebee 1 is

BQM-34A. The US Army designation is MQM-34D
Current Firebee targets for the US Navy incorporate
a Motorola integrated target control system (ITCS)
and have the designation BQM-34S. US Air Force
BQM-34A targets have a Vega drone tracking and
control system.
The Firebee 1 is a cantilever mid-wing monoplane
of aluminium alloy semi-monocoque construction.
The constant chord wing has two spars and leading
edge droop. There is no dihedral or incidence and
sweepback is 45. The single-spar ailerons use electro-mechanical servo-actuators. The wing tips are
detachable as there is provision for wing tip extensions. The body is tapered and has an oval crosssection, with a keel under the central portion to
absorb landing impact. The horizontal tail surfaces
Minimum
flying
speed
at
sea
level,
zero wind:
25 knots (47 km/h)

Ceiling: 3050 m
Minimum
radio control range:
Endurance:
at least 10
6nm
(3
km)
mins
STATUS
Out of production but production may be resumed.
MANUFACTURER
Simulators Limited Inc (Target Division),
1644, Terre Haute, Indiana 47808, USA.
Telephone: (812)466 2071.
PO Box
are swept (45 at quarter-chord) and the multi-spar

(swept at 48) has a glass fibre tip housing the
guidance and control antenna. There can be a
fin
fin under the tail cone

Various engines can be used. Firebee 1's in the
current inventory are powered by one 7 56 kN Teledyne CAE J69-T-29, one 8.54 kN Teledyne CAE J69T-41 A, one 10.9 kN General Electric J85-GE-7, or one
1 1. 8 kN J85-GE-100 turbojet. An integral fuel tank is
located in the forward fuselage (capacity 378 I) and
there is provision for an auxiliary fuselage tank
(capacity 68 1).
The Firebee 1 can be air launched from a suitably
modified aircraft or ground launched using a 50 3kN
(nominal) JATO bottle. The US Navy has launched
BQM-34Ss from ships under way at 15 knots
(27.5 km/h). A two-stage parachute recovery system
operates automatically in the event of loss of radio
carrier wave from the remote control station, engine
failure, or on command by the operator. The recovery system incorporates a disconnect which
releases the parachute from the target on contact
ventral
with the ground or water.

Remote control methods include a choice of radar
or UHF radio. The normal method is through the
Motorola ITCS (integrated target control system) for

US Navy BQM-34S and the Vega DTCS (drone
the
AERIAL TARGET DRONES AND AERIAL TARGETS /USA Yugoslavia
362
tracking and control system) for the US Army and

Air Force The target can be controlled from either a
manned aircraft or from a surface station Remote
command includes the activation of specie! scoring
and augmentation equipment carried in the aircraft
Basic commands consist primarily of on/off functions received by an on-board receiver unit and
relayed to the appropriate sub-system Other types
of remote command and tracking systems can
include a microwave command and guidance
system to control the Firebee 1 beyond the line-ofsight from a ground station via an airborne relay
station. The BQM-34A is equipped with a threeaxis flight control system for tactical air combat
simulation which gives the target an ability to
perform 4. 5 or 6 g manoeuvres Other systems
include active and passive radar augmentation,
wingtip-mounted infra-red sources and engine infrared plume devices The radar altimeter low altitude
control system (RALACS). when added to the
Firebee 1's control system, permits precision low
altitude flight down to 6 m over water and 30 m over
land
The Firebee 1 relies on electrical power derived

from a 28 V. 200 A, DC engine-driven generator with
power for the control system vertical gyro furnished
by a 400 Hertz 115 V 250 W inverter A 28 V lead-acid
battery provides power for the electrical components of the recovery system and for control
during the pre-landing glide phase.
Specialised mission equipment can include a
wide range of building block' units that includes
visual or radar-reflecting banner targets, radar or
Towbee'
towed targets or wingtiptwounder-wing drop tanks,

tow launchers, camera pods, scoring equipment, flares or other forms of infra-red augmentation, or reflector pods for radar augmentation
The BQM-34A/S can be equipped with adjustable
infra-red
mounted
wing
infra-red pods,
tip
travelling
wave tube
or solid state amplifiers for
use as radar echo enhancers
in
a wide range of
frequencies.
Wing span:
3 93
Never-exceed speed: 635 knots 1 1 76 km/h)

Max level speed at 1980 m: 600 knots (1 1 12 km/h)
Max cruising speed at 15 240 m at 816 kg all-up
weight: 547 knots (1015 km/h)
(
Stalling speed,
Body diameter: 94 m
Wing area, gross:
US Navy BQM-34A Firebee alter launch from a DC-130 Hercules
3 34
Weights:
(empty) 680 kg
(basic, gross) 934 kg
(max launch) 1134 kg
power
STATUS
production In service with the US Army, US Navy
and US Air Force Produced under licence in Japan
In
(qv).
on, at 816 kg all-up weight:
MANUFACTURER
Max
Teledyne Ryan Aeronautical. 2701 Harbor Drive. PO

Box 8031 1 San Diego. California 92138-9012. USA
Telephone: (619) 291 731 1 Telex: 68-31061
sea level at 1000 kg all-up

weight: 6707 m/min with J85-GE-7 turbojet
Operating height range: 3 to 18300 m
Endurance at 15 240 m, including 2 min 40 s glide
after fuel expended: 75 mins 30 s
Max range: 692 nm 1282 km)
rate of climb at
Flotation time with
25% fuel: 24 h
YUGOSLAVIA
mm
Aircraft
more than 50
high Once air borne the aircraft
controlled by a Varioprop 12 radio controller
with a maximum control range of 700 m. Maximum
altitude is 500 m. It is possible to tow a small target
sleeve from the M-2M
The M-2M radio-controlled aircraft is of the model

aircraft' type and is intended to provide an aerial
Wing span:
not
M-2M
Radio-controlled Target
target for 20
is
mm light anti-aircraft guns.
The M-2M is a high wing monoplane with straight

wings and conventional tail surfaces. The fuselage
rectangular in cross-section but all surfaces are
rounded. A fixed tail wheel undercarriage is
used. Power is derived from a nose-mounted Aero
1000 MR-G engine driving a two-bladed propeller
The fuel tank is immediately behind the engine in
the nose and contains a special fuel mixture supplied
by the manufacturer. For transport the wing is
removable and is normally held in place by bungee
cords. For transport the aircraft is carried in a crate
measuring 2.54 x 0.54 x 0.51 m. A second box contains the radio control equipment, spare parts, tools
and accessories.
The M-2M can take off from a circular area up to
200 m in diameter The aircraft requires a minimum
circle of 100 m within that area and for take-off wind
2 45
Length: 1 65 m
Weight: approx5kg
Max horizontal speed: approx 30 m/s
Take-off length: approx 30 m
is
Endurance: up
slightly
Max climb angle: approx 20

Max dive angle: 50'
Max operating altitude: 500 m
to
STATUS
In production.
forces
In
armed
MANUFACTURER
M-2M radio-controlled target aircraft
speed should not be more than 5 m/s. A grass surface
can be used for take-off and landing with the grass

(SDPR), 9 Nemanjina Street, 1101 Belgrade. Yugoslavia
Telephone: 621-522 Telex:
1360.
1541
YU SDPR
363
Addenda
Long Shot Ballistic Impact Indicator
power The flash
The
unit
impact indicator is a longwhich offers rapid confirmation of projectile impact on a target. The Long
moment
of impact and rapidly
Shot senses the
signals to the firer the presence of an on-target hit
by means of a high intensity flash from a strobe
lamp.
Hit indication can be selected from two options;
rapid (within 1 .5 sec of impact) or delayed (approximately 4 to 5 sec from impact). An impact indicator
can be attached to any location on the target medium
via a 7-foot (2.13m) cable. It is a contact vibration
sensor and is externally adjustable for sensitivity
The unit is self-monitoring and any malfunction of
the sensor system is indicated by continual flashing
of the unit every 8 sec. The target sensor acts as a
power up/power down' switch, so when an on-target
impact is sensed the sensor's signal powers the
strobe power supply, produces a discharge and then
powers-down the strobe supply to conserve battery
range visual
ballistic
is
easily
observed out to
is
powered by a rechargeable
Lamp
12
tube life is approximately 1500

Dimensions are 114 x 191 x 203
battery
The Long Shot
indication
1.6km.
V
h.
mm
indicator
STATUS
In
production
MANUFACTURER
Ram Tech Enterprises Inc. 2401 West Grand Avenue.
Yoakum, Texas 77995, USA.
Telephone: (512) 2932154. Fax: (512) 293 7956
The Long Shot ballistic impact indicator
Hendry High-definition Indoor

Trainer for Small-arms (HITS)
The Hendry High-definition Indoor Trainer for Smallarms (HITS) was developed for small-arms training
using the experience gained from the development
of indoor training simulators such as the Hendry All
Arms Classroom Trainer/Simulator (AACT) HITS
was selected by
the Royal Air Force for training

on the SA-80 IW and LSW weapons and
the general-purpose machine gun (GPMG), all with
compressed air-driven recoil systems for both
single shot and automatic fire
HITS can depict targets to a range of 1000 m and
shotfall accuracy is 10 mm at 100 m
With HITS, each trainee is presented with a large
screen and accurately scaled picture which includes
the target. The screen is 1 .2 m wide, 0.9 m high, and
3 m from the student. A realistic training weapon is
used to fire an infra-red beam at the target and the
system records the results, showing the point of
impact, aim point trace, rounds fired, weapon drill
errors and scores, on both an individual lane monitor
and an instructor's monitor. The instructor has full
access to control and to interrogate any lane The
system includes audio effects and lane control
recruits
options, with results print-out, disc storage of results
and a summary printout

Each firing lane has a projector station with two
random access computer-controlled projectors containing up to 80 slides, a high resolution charge
coupled device (CCD) camera, and a mirror-driven
unit. The scene, including the target, is projected
from one projector. The correct slide is automatically selected depending on the exercise
involved with the picture presented to the student as
an accurately scaled photograph of an actual firing
range. If the exercise involves targets which fall
when hit, the second projector is controlled to be
ready with a slide depicting the same scene but with
no target -if the target is hit the system fades rapidly
from one projector to the other. When multiple
targets are shown, the second projector's random
access facility is used to select the scene with the
appropriate target(s) missing Moving targets are
achieved by projecting the scene from one projector
and the target from the other. A mirror is rotated by
a stepper motor so that it is in the beam of the target
then driven at controlled speeds to

deflect the projected beam, thus moving the target
across the screen.
The high resolution CCD camera is mounted so
that it covers the target area and detects on the
screen the position of an infra-red light beam emitted
from the weapon. Filters are fitted to the weapon,
projectors and camera so that only the weapon's
projector.
It
is
The Hendry High-detinition Indoor Trainer for Small-arms (HITS)
emissions are detected. Thus the output
camera defines accurately the weapon's
of
the
point of
aim which is fed to a lane control subsystem for

comparison with known target positions, range and
dimensions.
The lane
contains
control,
control
subsystem
for
electronic
circuitry
for
processing
of
the
each
slide
lane
projector
firing
CCD camera
output,
mirror motor drive and audio amplification. It also

provides communication with the instructor's computer and provides the student with his own display
and keypad for individual control of an exercise.
Communication with the instructor's computer is
performed via a bi-directional serial communications link. A student's display is provided on
a 9-inch (228 mm) television monitor. The normal
display mode shows an expanded view of the target
with shot positions and mean point of impact marked.
Each student wears a headphone/microphone set
for communications from the instructor and for
sound effects.
HITS can cater for any small-arms weapon from
pistols to light machine guns Ballistic information
is stored in the system computer at the instructor's
Weapon cocking and recoil simulation are

achieved pneumatically. The weapon incorporates
an infra-red emitter assembly which is collimated
station.
with the sights.
The instructor's control station is where all exercises are controlled, ballistic calculations are performed, weapons are zeroed, effects such as cross
winds are introduced, student performance is monitored, and individual control is exercised. The
control station is based on an IBM-compatible
computer with hard disc and full colour graphics
compatibility Up to 10 lanes can be controlled from
one
station
STATUS
In
production
In
MANUFACTURER
D Hendry Electronics Limited, 2
Arundel, West Sussex BN18 9JS, UK
Fitzalan
Road,

884252
364
ADDENDA
Hendry All Arms Classroom

Trainer/Simulator (AACT)
All Arms Classroom Trainer/Simulator
a portable trainer for most short-range
direct fire anti-armour weapons and small arms It
is currently in service with the British Army for
LAW 80 anti-armour weapon indoor training and has
been adopted by other armed forces
With AACT, standard weapons are fitted with an
eye safe 1-inch (25 4 mm) infra-red emitter tube,
either inserted into or clipped onto the barrel The
insert is battery or mains powered with an acous-
The Hendry
(AACT)
is
tically coupled trigger; blanks or computer-generated sounds may be employed and recoil can be
simulated on certain types of weapon The insert is
to fire' at static or moving targets viewed

against a 4 m wide background scene projected onto
a wall or screen Ranges of from 75 to 600 m can be
simulated as standard and an extended system
provides from 75 to 1200 m. A television monitor
provides the instructor and/or a class with a magnified view of a student's weapon sights and aim
point together with target data such as speed and
range. An optional print-out score facility is available Stored ballistic data determines the shotfall
point and covers most short-range direct fire
weapons, missiles and propellant combinations.
used
The AACT is packed into manportable transit

cases for ease of handling and transport, the main
packages being the Target Motion System and the
Control Unit The Target Motion System comprises
a 35 mm carousel target projector, an infra-red television camera and point of aim spot projector, all
fitted on shock mountings within the transit case.
A further background scene carousel projector is
mounted on an upper platform of the case. The
projectors are installed at least 6 m from the
4.25 x 2.1 m area of wall or screen involved. The
Control Unit console has an instructor's joystick
and other controls together with a 9-inch (228 mm)
television monitor.
Where necessary a five-shot procedure with computer analysis of shotfall establishes the firer's zero
prior to normal test or exercise procedures. Targets
may be moving or static with moving targets control led by the instructor s joystick or preset controls
target speeds may be up to 50km/h, Up to eight
The Hendry All Arms Classroom Trainer/Simulator (AACT)
target types are available with up to eight aspects

available per target Shotfall and tracer are indicated by a screen light spot in the target vicinity or
by a graphic display and readout on the monitor or
printer. A freeze facility shows the aim point prior to
and on firing Up to four firing lanes with static
or pop-up targets can be provided with separate
graphic and/or printed records of results. The
system can be used for low-light or night target

image intensification with typical target signature
and background presentations.
in
use with
LAW 80
STATUS
In
production
In
MANUFACTURER
D Hendry Electronics Limited. 2 Fitzalan Road.
Arundel. West Sussex BN18 9JS. UK.
Telephone: 0903 882255 Telex: 877159. Fax: 0903
884252
Comator Process AB Tactical

Simulator System
Comator Process AB have designed and developed
a tactical simulator system for the projection of
tactical scenarios for various training purposes. The
system projects wide-angle colour pictures of landor sea-scapes onto which various symbols are projected
The symbols vary in size and speed according to

requirements An unlimited number of symbols can
be stored in the system and are shown to scale with
continuous scale-up and scale-down corresponding
to actual viewing angles Each symbol can be made
to act independently within a group.
Different effects such as smoke, coloured smoke
and fog can be produced and different daylight
conditions can be shown. Distance-related sounds
can also be reproduced
The system is completely computer-controlled
with the computer also ensuring that the wide-angle
projected background scenes are continuous and
without visible splicing. An unlimited number of
background pictures can be stored in the system.
The system is stated to be easy to handle so that,
after receiving basic instructions, anyone can carry
out a training session without advanced preparations. Several exercises can be prepared for a
training session and then stored and run in the
desired order. Training instruments for range
measurements are facsimiles of those normally
used in the field. A prototype laser rangefinder for
use with the system has been developed.
A Comator Process AB
Army and
some other armed forces
tactical simulator
G*
system under test before delivery
ADDENDA
The instructor station of a Comator Process
AB tactical simulator system
A prototype
of a laser rangefinder device for use with the

tactical simulator
STATUS
MANUFACTURER
In
production. In service with the Swedish armed

forces for company and battalion commander tac-
Comator Process AB, PO Box
tical training.
Helsingborg, Sweden
Telephone: 042 18 51 00. Fax: 042 150230.
Laser Training System (LTS)
12050,
S-250 12
Other options include a telescope for target shootand electronic targets equipped with detectors,
plus a radio transmitter to provide direct feed-back
of long-range shooting results
The LTS has undergone trials with a Far East army
and is undergoing testing with the French Army.
ing
The Laser Training System (LTS) is a tactical

engagement simulation system in which the role of
laser-equipped weapons
is
taken up by accurate
facsimiles of real weapons equipped with laser

transmitters Targets, ie other soliders, wear body
and helmet harness equipped with laser receptors
As a 'shot' is fired, a laser transmitter located inside
the facsimile weapon emits a laser beam If the laser
beam is detected by the target a harness-located
buzzer sounds and can only be turned off by an
umpire key. The system can be used for anti-tank
guided weapon training for MILAN and other
systems
The facsimile weapon
is an accurate and very

robust replica of a real weapon such as an M16
rifle - a FAMAS replica is also produced. The laser
transmitter and its associated optical system is
located inside the forestock and is powered by a
rechargeable battery located within the magazinea round counter device is optional. The system is
switched on using the fire control lever Target
harnesses have 12 receptors, eight on the body
harness and four on the helmet As the facsimile
rifle is fired a small loudspeaker in the butt emits a
short buzz. A hit is signalled by a longer buzz.
The system is intended for use between ranges of
50 and 300 m with the standard transmitter lens
intended for use between 50 and 100 m; at 300 m the
laser spot diameter is 200
Short-range (25 m)
and Iong-range(100to200m) lenses are available.
mm
STATUS
Ready
for
production.
MANUFACTURERS
Etablissements Claude Le Boeuf SA, 18-19 Route de
Furnes, 59210 Coudekerque-lez-Dunkerque,
France
Telephone: (1) 28 63 02 90 Telex: 132210 F LE
BOEUF Fax: 28 63 57 31
ALIS. 122 rue de Paris, 78470 Saint-Remy-lesChevreuse, France.
Telephone: (1)30 52 06 82
Laser Training System (LTS) with replica M16 rifle

and target harnesses
system
365
Comator Process AB
Equipment Index
Abrams
156
Driver Trainer
225
Acoustic Operator Trainer (Device 14E35)

Action Speed Tactical Trainer (ASTT)
Action Speed Tactical Trainer (Distributed Processing)
Action Speed Tactical Trainer (MASTT)
ADLIPS/CCS-280 Simulators
Advanced First Term Avionics (AFTA) Maintenance
198
.
199
188
300
310
Trainer
Advanced Graphics Engine (AGE)

Advanced Shipboard Air Traffic Control
System/Shore-Based
Air Traffic Control Training
System
304
296
Systems
Aeromot K1
AM
Agile Target
System (ATS)
AGUS
197
Anti-Submarine Warfare Trainer
74
285
283
247
352
303
304
304
254

Air Combat Simulator
Air
Combat Simulators
Air Mission Simulator
Air-to-Ground Training Target Type 590

Air Traffic Control and Air Defence Simulators
Air Traffic Control Simulator
Air Traffic Control Tower Simulation
Airborne Anti-submarine Warfare Mission Simulators
,
Airborne Anti-Submarine Warfare Trainers

CP- 140 Operational Mission Simulator
P-3C Tactical Operational Readiness Trainers (TORT)

Airborne Early Warning Helicopter Team Trainer
Airborne Electronic Warfare Receiver Training System
254
Eniammer A 100
.293
Eriiammer B 1 00
Airburst Simulators
293
77
304
Aircraft Control Trainers

for
281
.15
C-5B
AK-2 Target System

AK-30 Infantry Target System
All Arms Classroom Trainer Simulator (AACT)
Amphibious Warfare Tactical Trainer (16C81)
AMX
TG 230
.15
364
203
Anti-aircraft Simulator
AN/APQ-167 Radar
AN/APQ-174 Radar
Training
System (AATS)
System
for
RPG-7

Anti-tank Simulator
105
mm APDS
AQM-37
AQM-37
SHMX-1
Training
M79PT
1-1
Round
(AMFCTS)
SAV-78
53
53
54
02
104
72
352
Combat System Maintenance Trainer

Team Tactical Trainer (14A 12)
ATACO
Position Trainer (Device 20F 18)

1
IFR Flight Simulator for Helicopters
ATC-2 2H
Hermes Simulator
Simulators for Airbus

Full
Calibre
Small

Training Equipment and
Training
Ammunition and Pyrotechnics
Simulator Firing System
Gunnery Trainer
131

Weapons
50
83
124
64
335
80
355
Tactical
BJ104
Ammunition
BQM-126A
Brazil
330
297

and Helicopter Simulators and Procedure
Aerial Target
Aircraft
Aircraft
241

BRC-1 Portable Programmable Radio Control System
Break-Up Training Ammunition
Bridge/Combat Information Center Trainer (20B6D)
Brigade and Battle Group Trainer (BBGT)
BRT-8 Dervish
BT 18 AF Pop-Up Target
BT 18BF Infantry Target
BT 8SC Heavy Duty Tank Target
BT 19F Sound Unit
50
...
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
202
166
351
14
14
36
14
14
22FM Radio Control System

24 Range Control System
33 and BT 33ALM Artillery Fire Control Simulators
37 SD Moving Target System
39 Anti-aircraft Fire Simulator
41 Tank Combat Simulator
46 Anti-tank Weapon Simulator
52T Anti-tank Guided Missile Simulator
53 Rapid Fire Simulator
BT61
Anti-tank
Weapon
10
37
145
36
113
91
107
106
112
106
Trainer
349
349
BTT-1 Imp
BTT-3 Banshee
BTT-9 Frogfoot
351
Bullseye Television
Bomb
289
Scoring System
219
218
...218
1
45
158
228
201
198
323
223
260
246
246
246
69
66
328
32
63
63
28
Cockpit Emergency Procedures Trainers

Cockpit Procedures Trainers
Combat Crew Trainer (CCT)
Combat Engineer Vehicle Subcaliber Training Device
Combat Information Centre Procedural Trainer (CIC-PT)
Combat Simulator for F- 15
Combat Simulator for F/A- 1 8
252
242
COMBAT-SIM
Combined Arms
Combined Arms
167
281
224
61
189
288
286
Staff Trainer
Training Integrated Evaluation
Comet Hit Simulator

Comet Thunderflash
Command
Command
100
70
69
203
and
70
System
(CATIES)
III
Tactical Trainer (CTT)
191
Tactical Trainer (Device 20F 1 6)
279
Commercial Aviation Simulators
Communications and Electronic Warfare Training Simulator
COMSIM-SS2932
173
228
COMPU-SCENE Visual Simulation Systems
320
Computer-generated Image Systems
319
Computer-generated Image Visual and Digital Radar
Landmass Simulation Systems
309
258
Concept 90
142
174
CREST Radio Simulator and Trainer
Crew and Platoon Gunnery Simulator
137
CrEWtramer
292
324
CRISP Laser Disc Visual System
D
D5540 On-Board Radar Simulator
Damage Repair Instruction Unit
217
237
69
DARKAS Tank Gunfire Simulator

3
DART Air-to-Ground SuperDart System
329
4
DART Figure Target Lifting Mechanisms
5
DART Figure Target Lifting Mechanisms Proximity Detector 5
Up
After Hit (UAH) Generator
DART Figure Targets

DART International Pistol Target System (PTS)
DART Lindsay Knight Rifle Trainer System
DART Moving Figure Target Systems
7
7
42
4

Moving Target Mechanism Winch Driven (MTM(WD))

DART Scaled Tank Gunnery Systems
33
33
Duty Target Mechanism (LDTM)

Turning Target System. Friend and Foe
Light
C8000

Training Devices
C-17A Maintenance
C-21A Training
C 22 Target Drone
281

High Speed Moving Target Carrier (HSMTC)
Light Duty Target Mechanism (LDTM)
Deep Mobile Target (DMT)
Defence Training Systems
331

Aircraft and Avionic System Maintenance Trainers
Aircraft and Helicopter Simulators and Procedure
Trainers
Weapon
292
297
Staff Level Tactical Trainers
Desk Top Gunnery Trainer

250
278
306
TP/FSDS-T C71
CB/25 Target System
CE535
Military Display Emulators

Center for Advanced Airmanship (CAA)
CETIDUR-ABS Panel Targets
Challenger 2 Commander and Gunner Crew Station
Simulator (CGCSS)
Chang Kong 1 C (Wide Blue Sky)
China
Anti-tank Guided Weapon Simulators and Training
Systems
Small
Arms Marksmanship
Small
Tank
Tank
Chukar
Chukar
II/MQM-74C
III/BQM-74C
65
38
38
226
264
40
30
.140
333
333
109
104
Training
Equipment and

and Direct Fire Gun Trainers and Simulators
(and other AFV) Crew and Tactical Trainers
Tactical
119
103
64
1
mm
233
348
105
Full
Delta Target

188
Propulsion/Electrical Power Generation and Distribution
System Simulators
204
.51
1 96
... 124
65
Weapon Operating Trainers and Simulators
184
Cartridge
33
32
32
32
32
32
242
Simulators and Training
Systems
DART
336
Aerial Target
Target System
....
200
300
Canada
Systems
42
21
31
KS-M82
DART Two-Way
Systems
49
Cine Target System
71
Computer-generated Image and Visual Display
Austria
Automatic Scoring Electronic Target (ASET)
Battlesight
Belgium
Small
168
Arms Marksmanship
Systems
Small
Anti-tank Guided
Australia
Aerial Target
Basic Training Target
Command and
341
Trainer
333
1 58
224
358
29
78
B-2
328
152
ASWT-2
19
151
...
AS 100 Acoustical Scoring System

AS 1092 Shipborne Radar and Sonar
AS 2 05 Sonar Simulator
AS 2107 Sonar Simulator
AS Artillery Trainer
ASW
ASW
147-8
Artilleryman Trainer
Trainer
187
353
Argentina
Army Training Battle Simulation System (ARTBASS)
Artillery and Mortar Fire Control Training Simulator
Simulator
193
206/206 A Submarine Command Team
286
(Export Versions)
Artillery Fire
229
230
226
223
112, 118
Anti-armour Sub-calibre Training Devices

3.5 inch Rocket Launcher
Light Anti-armour Weapon Sub-calibre Devices
Training
278. 296
AN/BSY-2 Maintenance Trainer

AN/SPN-46 Radar Maintenance Trainer
AN/SQQ-89(V)-T On-Board Sonar Trainer
AN/SSQ-91 Combat Simulation Test System (CSTS)
AN/USQ-T2(V) Air Combat Training System
Anti-aircraft Gunner's Aids TA 500 and CT 550
Anti-aircraft Training
264
System
Simulator
AWU
Airborne Electronics Division
Aircrew Training System
279
254
Trainers
291
291
291
291
296
(ALERTS)
251
Avionic Part-task Trainers

Avionics Situational Awareness Trainer (ASAT)
Avionics Systems Trainers
BATTLEMASTER
316
355
330
35
(AWARDS)
80
249
Basic Driving Trainers for Armoured Fighting Vehicles

Basic Sonar Operator/Diagnostic Trainer (14G1)
Training
(ASATS/SATS)
Advanced Threat Emitter Simulator
Advanced Wide-Angle Reflective Display System
Aerial Target
200
231
Submarine Target
Cine Target Range Projection System (CTRPS)
CI-1
(AWESS1)
AV-8B OFTT Simulator
42
10
84
125
136
358
359
132
Device 15F12 Radar Navigation Trainer

DieselSim
Digital Radar Landmass Simulation (DRLMS)
DISI3 Computer-Generated Image
Display Monitors
.
System
Driver Trainer
Driver Training
221
205
266
309
317
1 54,
56
1
157
System
DS 1200 Sonar Trainers

DT 5000 Driver Trainer
DUFZ-6 Anti-Submarine Warfare Team
DX 43 Weapon Simulator
226

DX 160 Anti-aircraft Gunnery Simulator
DX 175 Tactical Engagement Simulators
DX 175/Helicopter
DX 175/Missile
DX 175/Small Arms
DX 175/Tank
DX 200-Senes Tank Gunnery Training Aids
DX 208 and DX 209 Short-Range Air Defence
21
04
04
104
109
104
104
85
85
85
85
125
104
Training
.109
Aids
DX
153
96
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
Trainer
Turret Trainer
137
35
1
1
INDEX
368
Fu|i/Teledvne Ryan BQM

Full Mission Simulator
E-3A Radar Maintenance Training Sei

EC3 Maintenance Trainer
EF-1 1 1A Operational Flight Trainer
163
260
335
Electronic
340
383
Mission Trainer for the Landing Craft Air Cu

Equipment Maintenance Trainer (Device
229
292
293
220
220
214
Electronic Warfare Scenario Generator
Electronic Warfare Simulation
Electronic Warfare Simulators
(EEWT)
Electronic Warfare Training System (EWTSI
Electronics Analysis Systems Trainer
ELSALEO Tank Gunnery Training System
Electronic Warfare Trainer
221
294
126
139
Simulator
Fire
EM- 10 Variable Speed Target System

Emergency Procedures Trainer
12
255
26
206

Engine and Machinery Simulators
EOD Simulators
EOD Training Devices for Bomb Disposal
ESIG 3000 and ESIG 4000
76
74
320
322
245
232

Estocade
44
irearms Training Sysii
342
270
Topaz
(15C9 A)
Trainer
301
1 5 Aircraft Maintenance Trainers

F-16 Avionics/ Armament Simulated Aircraft Maintenance Trainers
F-16 Training
F- 17 Torpedo Simulator
F-18 Operational Flight and Tactics Trainer
FA- 18 Avionics Maintenance Simulators
F-
Falconet
FAMAS
301
281
184
250
300
343
ASAT
a
Plombs
51
Training Rifle
90
50
306

Ferretti
22 Conversion
Fiber-Optic
Unit
Helmet-Mounted Display (FOHMD)

Mark
Field Recognition Set
175
155
III
Fighting Vehicle Driving Simulator

Finland, Small
Arms Marksmanship
Training Equipment
43
144
44
78
and Systems
Team Support Vehicle Simulator

Firearms Training Systems (AFTS)
Fireburst Simulator
Firefighter Trainers (19F1 A/ 19F3)
Fire
237
237
Firefighting Trainer
Firefinder Training
177
Devices
FIRST Air Traffic Control Trainer

Fixed Base Flight Simulator
302
244

Flight/Mission Simulation for B-1B
Flight Simulation
Flight Simulation
Full Mission Simulator for Mirage
Simulator for Mirage F 1 -CR
Flight Simulator for Brasilia
Flight Simulator for Tucano
Flight Simulators
Flight Surface Control Trainer
197
261
Florett Anti-Aircraft Training
243, 262
246
245
245
2000N
241
241
271
G 733 SLUTT
msponder
(Ship Laura
233
Target)
i
System
Trainer
184
(GWSTI
System
345
Flyrt
France
Aenai Target Drones and Aerial Targets
Air Combat Simulators and Trainers
336
283

Air
209
290
300
Plant Trainer

Radar Display System (GRDS)
Genesis 2000 Flight Simulation System
Gepard Maintenance
Training
22
262
Anti-tank Guided
Weapon
Systems
Artillery and Mortar

Small Arms Marksmanship Training Equipment and
Aerial Target
Air
Systems
Smoll Arms Range Equipment and Systems
Germany (West)
Aircraft
and Mortar
Simulators
Full
Calibre

Weapon, Weapon System and Vehicle Maintenance
Trainers
Frigate Operations
Room
Simulator
QF-86E Sabre
Fuel Management Training System
FSI

Trainers
55 GCT
GT10
GT 100 Visual System
System
Gun Maintenance and Operational

(GMOTS)
Training
Gunpell-Cube
Bullet
128
187
26
248
GR5/7 Mission Simulators
Hawk
186
202
186
256
299
357
244
278
280
280
280
280
242
41
14
39
109
Tactics Trainer
284
234
Drones and Aenal Targets

Aerial Target
Joint Exercise Support
MAGLAD
System
IV Visual System
Visual Systems
Visual
System (JESS)
System
JSM-2
Weapons
Basic Laser Simulator for Light
340
29
328
1
171
Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar
Trainer
78
42
JTT-5 Voodoo
350
KB Short-Range Ammunition
KC-10 Extender Training System
68
278
247
337
KT-04 Towed Target
L20A
L2
76
76
Explosion Simulator
Small Arms Strike Simulator
330
LAH/EB
75
Landing Signal Officer Trainer (LSOT)

238
1 74
102
Laser-based Tactical Engagement Simulation System
90
Laser Firing and Training Simulator for Tank Guns
49
365
122
Launcher Maintenance and Operational Training System
186
136
(LMOTS)
Team Trainer
Weapon Fire
Training
LOCAT Low-Cost
67
System (19E43/19E46)

mm
mm
Howitzer M/4140
Howitzer Model 50
Artillery Trainer

Trainer
M2
(TTOMT)
M83
1
mm
Sub-calibre Training Device
Orthoscope
09 A2
Artillery
Conversion
Infantry
Crew
Aiming Trainer
314
MalyshT-72
157
62
163
58
61
Kit
and Aircrew Classroom Systems Trainers

Trainer for
49
61
Trainer
(MAGLAD)
Maintenance
Maintenance
Maintenance
Maintenance
Maintenance
363
253
Bradley Turret Maintenance Simulator
M72-S21

MAGLAD Marksmanship and Gunnery Laser Device
47
315
59
59
50
M
M1 Abrams Dnver Trainer
M1 Abrams Tank Turret Organisational Maintenance
12
78
81
Simulator
M261
ILS
284
Combat Simulator
35
127
IED Simulator
IFCS Part Task Trainer
Air
Jindivik

Small Arms Range Equipment and Systems
Calibre
III
Janus-Mars
Japan
331
Hungary
73
81
209
HOTTorp
IMAGE
IMAGE
IMAGE

ITVM-M78 Underwater Burst Simulator
LM2500
Trainer
60
210
88
198
231
233
231
184
12

LKL Tank Practice Ammunition
Hit-indicator
Full
57
281
363
Combat
Light Anti-aircraft
345
Air-to-Air
Tactical
Leclerc Turret
HISAT
HOTSHOT

280
High Resolution Multi-Spectral Targets

High-definition Indoor Trainer for Small-arms (HITS)
Hmd-D' Scale Target
HN-5A
247
Power Generation and Distnbution
205
System Simulators
Trainers
TH-57C
SH-2F/SH-3H
HELIOS Helicopter Procedures Simulator
339
299
Land Mine Simulators
85
1 96
125
136
98
1 28
1 84
1
System
Harpoon Engagement Training Aid (T0403)

Harpoon Interactive Tactical Training System (HITTS)
Harpoon On-Board Trainer (HOT)
Flight Instrument Trainer for
Aircraft
307
165
78
Trap
192
356
299
60
165
327
69
Gyromag 87
Harrier
72
67
349
318
Training
210
ISi
Aircraft
210
86
197
126
138

Aerial Target
53
193
52
52
189
2
Italy
GCT
GCT
Breech Cross-section Model

Breech Demonstration Model
TR Dummy Loader
Grenade Simulator
Ground Tactical Training Centre (GTTC)
......
338
284
292
105
165
Miscellaneous Land based Trainers and Simulators

52
52

Weapons System/ Acoustic Trainers for SH-60F
Weapons Systems Trainer Modifications for
66
Command and
145
165
Training Turret
44
152
mm
44
Systems
12

Gl 10 000 Computer-generated Image Visual System
Artillery Training Aids
GIAT 155
Ammunition (FTA)
Tactical
Instrument Flight Simulator for S-76

Frangible Training
Submarine Command Team Trainers

04
188
204
System Simulators
Sensor and Electronic Warfare Simulators and Trainers 213
11
51
Weapons
307
34
Systems
44

189
205
System Simulators
Sensor and Electronic Warfare Simulators and Trainers 2 1
181
Helicopter Simulation
and
33 7
110
309
236
Systems
132
Training Equip-

Ann tank Guided Weapon Simulators and Training
Control Trainers and
Fire
Arms Marksmanship
ment and Systems
247
Trainers
Artillery
Simulators
International. Small
298
UTS)
Base Editor and Linker (IDEAL)

Modular Training System (IMTS)
Interactive Training Systems (ITS) Group
hate Direct Fire Gunnery Trainer
Interactive
29
88
204
29
315
205
259
Israel
Aircraft Systems Maintenance Trainer

MCS
Integrated Ten
161
Equipment
109
244
Trainers
vets Simulation Systems (IWESS)
Integrated
247
214
149
Ranges
Gas Turbine Propulsion

GBU 15/AGM 130
300
111
Simulators and Trainers
inism
and Staff Level Tactical Trainers

F-14A Mission
.'.II
Indoor Shooting
Command
W AATS
83
rlare
liit.inti
11B106)
Full Sll
Fully Inifi, n tiv.'
337
and Aerial Targets

and Helicopter Simulators and Proti
Target Drones
Aircraft
Electronic Support Training
ELSAP 2000 Tank
Firebee
133
Simulaser
Electrical
34AJ
Full
Egypt, Aerial Target Drones and Aerial Targets

Electric Popup Infantry Target Unit
8502
6
4
AV-8B
Trainer for Mirage
Trainers
Training Aids
2000
75
76
47
301
301
298
297
160
153
3
5
INDEX
220
219

Marconi Acoustic Training System (MATS)
Marine Corps Tank Full Crew Interactive Simulator
Trainer (MCTFIST)
Maritime Aircraft Systems Division
Airborne Crew Trainer (ACT)
Mark 15 CIWS Maintenance Trainer (Device 1 1G2)
143
253
229
235
Mark 39 EMATT
(Device
Maintenance
Trainer
1
230
92
Fire
Control
G3)
Mark
23
Marksman Police Trainer
22
Marksman System
24
Marksman Trainer
23
Marksman Weapon Trainer
47
Marksmanship and Gunnery Laser Device (MAGLAD)
48
Marksmanship Expert Trainer
46
M ARTA and M ATR A Weapon Sight Training Equipments 1 27
1
Moving
Moving
Moving
Moving
2F64C)
MATS-A
MATS-B
mm Sub-calibre
mm Tank Guns
Mauser-Wegmann 35
mm
105
MDC-80
and 120
Acoustical Scoring
53
341
175
349
326
255
314
Computer-generated Image System

Microprocessor Simulation Technology (MST)
II
MIDAS
Monitor Collimator Display System

Midra Tactical Engagement Simulators
MiG-27 Flogger' Target
Military Aircraft Simulators - Fixed-Wing
83
339
273
272
273
273
273
273
273
272
B-2 Aircrew Training Devices
KC-130R Operational Flight Trainer Upgrade

RF-4C Flight Simulators
Simulator for AH- 1 S Cobra
Simulator Modifications for F- 1 1 1 /FB- 1 1 1
Special Operations Aviation Combat Mission
Simulators (SOACMS)
Trainer Fighter Simulator for F- 16
...
Weapons System
Trainer for
Military Aircraft Simulators
273
273
B-52
272
......
Black
Combat Mission Simulator

Desert
AH-64 Apache
for
Hawk
KC-130R
Operational Flight Trainer Upgrade

Operational Flight Trainers for
SH-60B LAMPS Mark
Sea Hawk
Practice Delivery
MT
338
20
48
214
276
99
100

Simulator for UH-1H Huey
Simulator for UH-60A Black Hawk
Simulator Modifications for F- 1 1 1 /FB- 1 1 1
Simulator Networkmg-Multisim
Special Operations Aviation Combat Mission
Simulators (SOACMS)
Trainer Fighter Simulator for F- 16
Military Aviation Simulation - Fixed Wing
EA-6B
Military Flight Simulators
Towed
Target
Multiple
Weapon Procedures and Tactics Trainer

System
(MAST)
Multi-Purpose Fighter Facility (MPFF)

Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System (MILES)
Airborne Systems and Weapons
Compatible Systems
Infantry
Weapons/Systems
Missile
and Rocket Systems

Pod
100
100
100
296
Operational Flight Trainer
270
Multiple Signal Simulation
MV-22A
National Training Center
N
VISMODs
and Command Trainer (NTCT)

Navsim NMS 90 Radar and Navigation
NAVTAG (Device 16H3)
NDA
NDA
198
Training Simulator
Arms
Fire
279
279
280
279
258
332
Netherlands

New Zealand
Aircraft Weapon and Attack Simulators

Propulsion/Electrical Power Generation and
339
186
Trainer
333
270
266
1 09
System (MISS)
Mission Simulator System

Training
Trainer
Trainer
.
Trainers
135
135
135
135
135
System
Mobile Automatic Cannon Training System (MKT)

Mobile Shooting Range
Mobile Subscriber Equipment System Simulator (MSS)
Mobile Target Stands
Mobile Training Units
MOD DIG Digital Image Generator
Model 820 JASF XJ/AQM-1

Model 8819 Aircraft Survivability Equipment Trainer
Modular Terrain
25 mm Mortar Training System
Mortar Training System
Moving Infantry Trolley Target System BT 37C
-
71
35
Distribution
205
System Simulators
Weapons
Visual
Visual
312

312
313
LCV
SP Visual Systems
SP-X 1 000(CT6) Visual System
SP-X Visual System
Wide-angle
NS-9002
NT
Infinity
....
313
313
Display Equipment (WIDE)
System
72
78
82
211
1
Smoke
Training

Nuclear Submarine Control Room Simulator
Nuclear Submarine Machinery Control Room Simulators
Tactical
60
1
10
29
178
9
297
323
340
287
174
System (PLRS) Master
Station
177
Trainer
and Switchboard Trainer

Torpedo
Precision Gunnery Crew Trainer
Procedures and Part-task Trainers
PRODAS Display System
Propulsion System Control Simulator
Pyramid Battlefield Simulation and Target
System
205
233
Plant
141
257
314
1
208
205
Indication
79
Pyrotechnic Simulators
Air Burst Simulator
Bullet Hit Simulator
Gunfire Simulators
Thunderflash
73
73
73
73
73
72
73
222
356
QF-104J
340
QF- 06 Full-Scale Aerial Target (FSAT)
357
QJM-2 Second Generation Laser Engagement Simulation
System for Light Weapons
84
Q-21 Emulator
QF- 100 Super Sabre
1
Quadrant Air/ground Tracking and Aiming Simulator
122
Radar Environmental Simulator System (RESS)

Radar Operator Training System (ROST)
Radar Plotting Trainer
Radar Procedures Ground Trainer (Jetstream)
Radar Reporting Trainer
Radar Target Simulator (RTS0 1
226
217
247
213
253
213
227
214
Radio-controlled Small
RADSIM
Arms Ranges
12
262
29
(Radar Simulator)
Range Controller
80' Projection Range
1
58
199
Novoview
Novoview

Sector Tactical Operations Range Modules (STORM)
R ASI Radar Simulator
Real-Time Threat Environment Simulator
Realscene Multi-sensor Photo-based Image Simulation
REAS (Realistic Electromagnetic Arena Simulator)
Reconfigurable Cockpit
Return Fire Simulator (RFS)
Rifle and Machine Gun Fire Simulator
Rifle Fire
Simulator
22 Rifles
RIPAN
...
Robot-X
Classroom Combat Trainer
20
20
20
20
20
213
296
326
1
72
277
29
70
75
57
341
331
110
Romania
Ohio' Class Ship Control
On-Board
On-board
On-Board
On-Board
Team
Trainer (Device 2
Electronic Warfare Simulator
(OBEWS)

Helicopter
Operational Flight Trainer for F/A-18

Operations
Team
10/20/30
MH-53E
Helicopter
Multiple Position Target
System
PI 01 Multi-function Remote-Controlled Target
Simulator
185
203
11
11
294
56
39

Parachutist Target Launching Device
M80
Part-task Trainers
Part-task Trainers foi
217
.
F/A-18
31
263, 278
281
Passive Acoustics Analysis (PA A) Trainers (14E40,
21H14)
PAT Anti-aircraft Gun Trainer
Paveway Skipper Training Round
II
Petard Mle F1
Petrol Bomb Simulator
227
122
290
113
66
78
Photography/Computer-generated Image Visual System 324

Pierside Combat Systems Team Trainers (20B5 and
20B4)
190
Pilatus PC-7 Instrument Flight Trainer
263
Pilot Training
System
Pilotless Target Aircraft (PTA)
Pilotship
Aircraft
248
90
Trainers
Royal Ordnance Training Ammunition (ROTA)
RPG-7 Sub-calibre Training Device
Tactical
73
60
RPV Target Smoke Generator

Running Man Target System
79
214
29
344
110
196
Trainer
P200 Portable Emitter

P7PT8 Training Pistol
125
249
267
268
268
269
Aircraft
CH-53
212
295
C 0A)
Gunnery Simulator
Sonar Trainer
Visual Aimer Continuation Trainer (OBVACT)
Operational Flight and Tactics Trainer for C-101/CC
P-
MLRS
Calibre
Outboard Operator/Team Trainer (7B4)
Norway
25
25
25
83
83

MK-60/A3 and MK-60/A1 Tank Gunnery
2
2
289
88
232
252

Nimrod Basic Communications Procedures Trainer
81
Kit

MINI Rapid Fire Target
MINI Target Systems
Minidra Tactical Engagement Simulator
Minidra S Tactical Engagement Simulator
Mirach 1 00 Target Drone
MK-2/3 BFV Gunnery

MK- 13 Tank Gunnery
75
75
Simulator
Mine Training
203
Compensation
222
Series Explosion Simulator

Series Small
76
236
236
Naval Communications Trainers

Naval Damage Control and Firefightmg Training Simulator
Naval Electronic Warfare Training System (NEWTS)
(Device 10H1)
Naval Tactical Training Centre (TTC) and Naval Tactics
MILSIM
311
Mine Counter-Measures Vessel (MCMV) Operations Room
Simulator
190
Mine Counter-Measures Vessel Simulator
189
Missile
Training
Multi-Application Sonar Trainer
ROLAND
273
273
E-6A
Operational Flight and Navigation Trainer for

Operational Flight Trainer for C- 1 30T
Aerial
MTS1000 Marksmanship
III
275
273
274
275
275
273
275
MILKCAN
(Missile Target)
MTS-
248
89
Trainers
Power
for Royal
Navy
Simulator for AH- S Cobra
57
2
12
Aircraft
231
275
273
Australian
Flight Trainer for
273
275
274
275
273
273
Portable Programmable Target Controller

Portugal
328
353
Rotary Wing
Hawk Update
18
35
74
Full
System (MTT)
Training Device for
System
MGB Training System

MGT20
MicroPOLY
Target Terrain
Turning Target
MP5PT Training Sub-machine Gun

MPS Multibeam Sonar Simulator (MMSS)
MQ-2 Bigua
MQM-107 Streaker
148
Master Gunner Artillery Classroom Trainer
MASTER (Modular Acoustic Simulator/Emulator) (Device
223
347
346
Target Anti- Aircraft Trainer

Target Equipment
369
and Schoolship
Ammunition
Grenade Mle F1
Plastic Blank
Plastic Practice
54
54
Plastic Short-range Cartridges
14
Point Air Defence Trainer (PADT)
System
250
337
182
63, 71
66
72
185
164
175
S2 Field Aid
SA-9001 Target System
Sacie Power Distribution Simulation System
SAINT (Sonar Analysis Initial Trainer)
16
205
217
66

SAT 213 Instinctive Shooting Training System
SATT 2
Saturne Control Room Simulator
Sauro Submarine Control Simulator
1
100 Scale Models
12
348
192
210
Sea Dragon
Sea Harrier Operational and Radar Trainer (SHORT)
Sea King Mark 5/6 Rear Crew Trainer
Sea Skimming Target
Seatone Contact Signature Generator (CSG)
SECAT Tactical Engagement Simulation System
174
211
256
300
289
344
226
88
315
78

1 8
181
Ship Propulsion and Electrical Power Generation Machinery
Control Simulators
204
Shipboard Ground Systems Group, Remote Target System
(RETS)
30
Shiphandlmg Trainer
SHORGUT Short-Range Disintegrating Training
Shuttle Mission Simulator
SIAR-99
Simulator
Simulator
Flight
SICOMORE
Projectile
182
63
275
248
188
INDEX
370
SIDFAC
185
114
Sighting Trainer
SIMANTA
05
Anti-Tank Missile Firing Trainer
75
Simfire Simulator
Simfire
System
76
SIMNET
SIMPAP
SIMUGUN Tank Gunnery

Simulated Area Weapon
167
184
129
Trainer
Effects
Radio Frequency
101
220
70
Simulation Sonar Simulation

Simulator DM 1
Simulator for ADATS Missile System
Simulator for Advanced Anti-Tank Weapon
256
261
27 7
Anti-tank Guided
4D and A-6E
for
F-15
for
for
HU-25A/HH-65A
Mirage 2000C
for
Tornado
for
US
for
276
269
284
256
277
Marine Corps AV-8B

Wire-guided Anti-tank Tactical Training
107
76
261
'
Singapore
Arms Fire Simulator

Sinus Battle Simulation System
SITPUL Tactical Engagement Simulator
Skeet Mark 1 and 2
Single Shot Small
75
164
89
346
System A
115
115
262
26
357
Skyf ire System B

SL-G4 Flight Simulator
SLAMSHOT
SLAT/AQM-127A
Arms
Battlefield Realistic
(SABRES)
90-1
Arms
Arms
Simulators
Target Training Device
SMART Small Arms Trainer
Smoke Generators
Small
Small
Fire
SMQ-1 Chimago
SOSI Aerial Target System

Sound Unit Training Electric (Indoor) S401
Sound Unit Training Electric (Outdoor) S402
SoundTrak (Type 2058)
Spain
Aircraft
249
58
Trainers

Training
Weapons
71
SPAT
235
213
215
SRFG-3 Radar Training Simulator

SSE Sonar Simulator
SSN-21 Seawolf Ship Control Operator Trainer (Device
21C13)
ST- 15 Combat Trainer ..........
ST- 1 000 PC Marksmanship Training and Analysis System
Standard Emitter Simulator (STEMS)
Static Target Range Projection System
212
43
43
295
STFG
196
Tactical Simulator
275
348
213
Bed (NTB)
4600 Streek
STU Sonar Simulator
Sub-calibre
25
22
318
(Simulateur d'Entrainement Tactique Fixe Generate)
Strategic Defense Initiative National Test
mm
Ammunition System
Sub-calibre Mortar Training
50
58
Round
Sub-calibre Mortar Training System

1 10
Sub-calibre Training System for
mm
Submarine Attack Simulator

Submarine Combat Control System Mark
51-2
MLRS
1
Combat Systems Team Trainer (21 A43)

Command Team Trainer
Command Team Trainer (SCTT)
Command Team Trainers
Control
Room
Simulators
Control Simulator (SCS)

Diving Simulator (SDS)
ESM
Trainer (Device
Fire Control
System
21E15)
Trainer
Machinery Control Trainer

Piloting and Navigation Trainer (15F12A)
Steering and Depth Control Simulators
Trainer
SuperDart Proiectile Location System

SuperDart Projectile Location System
SuperDart Software
56
93

Tactical
Fire Gun Trainers and Simulators
Tank and Direct

Training
II
...
187
195
193
94
1 95
192
211
1
.210
227
184
206
.212
210
195
3
Int. mi Dioramas

Systems
System 2000 Maintenance Trainer and Simulator
Calibre
TM
59
TN4
91
TNR-1
342
38
45
15
139
153
299
171
Advanced Combat
Direction
and
Electronic Warfare
(TACDEW)
Tactical Air
Defence
203
Weapons
114
Trainer
Warfare Interim Trainer
203
288
92
(TASWIT)
Combat Simulation
Tactical
Tactical
AFV WES
Cupola Kits
Weapons
WES
Tactical Fleetwork Trainer
201
Performance Analysis (TACPR0)

Tactical Radar Threat Generator (TRTG)
287
177
364
System
Tactical Simulator
201
Tactics Trainer
TALISSI Weapon
Dragon
Fire
Simulator
86
86
86
86
86
86
DWS-1
DWS-2
DWS-3
DWS-4
DWS-5
EDDA
HOT
IW
MILAN
Pyrotechnics
TOW
Classroom Tank Gunnery Trainer
Tank Combat Simulator Mle F1 Type 1600/419
Tank Crew Trainer (TCT)
Tank Gunnery Trainer TONG M84
Tank Gunnery Training Equipment
Ikv Gunnery Simulator
14 5 mm Tank Gunnery Training System
Tank Gunnery Training Systems
Tank Laser Firing Simulator (TLFS)
Tank Level Aiming and Firing Trainer (TALAFIT) ......
Tank Precision Gunnery Inbore Device (TPGID)
Tank Weapon Gunnery Simulation System (TWGSS)
Target Control Set
Target Equipment
mm
75
TARGET Radar-augmented
Target Practice
Nose Marker
Tornado
Rifle
Projectiles
Grenade
87
87
87
86
87
86
28
66
138
1
103
76
76
76
76
78
45
338
236
335
System
Ranges
8
251
Air Interceptor Trainer
Systems
Total Training
271
130 Aircrew Training System

LHX Pilot/Aircrew Training System
271
(UNFO) Programme 272
US Army Initial Entry Rotary-Wing Integrated Training
271
System
158
61
Flight Officer
289
05
352
305
Part-task Trainer
Trainer
Towed
Targets
105/50 TPDS-T Training Round

105 mm TPFSDS-T Training Round DM- 148
Ammunition
PM Blank Ammunition
PT Training Ammunition
Training and Practice Hand Grenade
72
67
Training
Training
67
68
64
75
Bomblet
Training Facility for Electronic

1
Maintenance Personnel
for
Maintenance Personnel
for
MBT
Training Facility for Electronic
Leopard 2 MBT
Training Grenade
Training Mine Replicas
Training Mine System
CIO
Training Rifle
Grenades
Gun Sound Ranging Equipment
System for B- IB
Training System for Nigenan Air Force C-130H
Training Systems Air Defence Tactical Training Theatre
(ADT3)
Training Systems Division
Training
AWACS
Training
1
20
60
60
74
74
64
225
Trammg Simulator
Training Simulator for
71
51
Training Rifle
73
262
281
117
252
Mission Simulator
Weapons
mm
59
Mortar Simulator
mm
Howitzer m/39 and m/40 59

Trident Sonar Maintenance Trainer Front End Simulator
(TSMT FES)
229
125
TSM 2 Tank Gunnery Trainer
231
231
231
TTTS
Training
277
Systems
257
Tucano Cockpit Procedures Trainer
251
Tucano Flight Simulator
Turret and Troop Trainers
1 40
Turret Trainer for Leopard 2
139
TV Equipment For Training And Monitonng
114
TV-Monitoring and Gunnery Training System for Armoured
Vehicles (FESAP)
126
Twin Dome Combat Mission Simulator
288
Two Way Turning and Multipurpose Target Mechanism PX
26
180/B
Type 23 Frigate Machinery Control and Surveillance System
208
Shore Trainer
129
Type 74 Gunnery Simulator ...
335
Type 130 Rocket Target System
34
Type 1617 Remote Control Acquisition Target System
75
Type SI Thunderflash
.
130
124
84
124
272
272
272
TTTS/RAFTS
Undergraduate Naval
.135
130
130
130
55
264
Target
Military Firing
Leopard
95
96
Battle Group Pool
92
Controller kits
92
External Strike Internal Kill System (ESIKS)
.93
Mobile IFWES Kit
92
Remote Laser Controlled Exploder System (RELACES) 92
RO SIM 100 Series Exercise Control Equipment
92
93
RO SIM 300 Series Mechanised and Support Infantry 95
R0 SIM 400 Series Armour WES
96
... 96
RO SIM 500 Series Helicopter WES
RO SIM Laser Codes
92
RO SIM Unexploded Ordnance Target System
93
SAWES Bore-aligned Laser Projectors
94
SAWES Claymore Mine
95
95
94
SAWES x 1 Optical Projector
95
SAWES x 4 Optical Laser Projectors
94
95
Anti-tank
19
Plotter Navigator Training
TOM
18
18
Systems
Target
74
38
105 EDO
TOW
TOW
263
154
T-34C Cockpit Procedures Trainer

T-54/T-55 Tank Driving Simulator
Trainer
Thermal Signature Targets

Through Sight Video Recorder for TOW Night Sights
Thunderflash 3G Electric SI 40
Thunderflash Mark 8 SI 50
Thunderflash N2 SI 20
Thunderflash RU Mk IV
TIRAX
72
and Systems Models
TG 82 Pop up Tank Target System

TG 82 Pop-up Target System for Infantry
TG 2002 Electronic Hit Scoring System
TG 2010 LOMAH Hit Scoring and Evaluation System
ftaf
TH-57B Cockpit Pn
14
130
C-
Switzerland
Full
02 and TATS 103

TCM- 1 Tank Crew Training Simulator
iing Device
TD-20 90 Sui'
Tecstar Computer-generated Image System
36
342
TANGA
Training
System
Submarine
Submarine
Submarine
Submarine
Submarine
Submarine
Submarine
Submarine
Submarine
Submarine
Submarine
Submarine
Submarine
Calibre
Small
Tactical Procedures
Image Visual Display
StereoFlite Computer-generated
Full
Tactical Anti-Submarine
278
and
14b
78
13
71
...
106
Tactical
234
293
Simulators
TAC
77
77
Training
Systems
and Mortar
Artillery
78
South Africa
Small
Weapon
44
63
45
328
348
347
26
200
218
224
216
216
225
336
Snipe Mark 23
Snipe Marks IV and V
Soft Barrel Bullet Trap
Solartron Action Speed Tactical Trainers
Sonar Operator Trainers
Sonar Procedure Trainers
Sonar Trainers
341
112
250
Swift
236
90
Tactical
216
Sweeten
E-3 A
1
188
71
BAe Hawk
for F-
227
207
202
for
(SWATT)
Small
Surface Ship Machinery Control Simulators

Surface Tactical Team Trainer (20A66)
unce and IFF Radar Simulation (SIRASI
for
108
Simulator Proiectile Ground Burst S250

Simulator Up-grade Programme for KC-135
Skyfire
14E40B)
Air
System-Medium
Simulator
Simulator
Simulator
Simulator
Simulator
Simulator
Simulator
Simulator
Simulator
202
(SLOTTS)
332
40
332
36
60
Surface Passive Acoustic Analysis Trainer (Dr
[irones and Aerial Targets

121
1ATS 102 and TATS 103
Surface. Air Target-track Simulator

Surface Launch Organic Tactical Training SytNfli
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

United Kingdom
Aerial Target Drones and Aenal Targets
Air Defence Training
Systems
134
29
28
Air Traffic and Fighter Control Simulators

64
332
Aircraft
60
30
53
342
285
114
302
293
299
251
Trainers
Weapon and
Attack Simulators
289
61
INDEX
Anti-tank Guided
Weapon
Systems
and Mortar
Artillery
and
147
66
Simulators
Command and
Systems
Miscellaneous Land-based Trainers and Simulators
Full
Calibre
310
39
1
73
236
228
189
206
System Simulators
181
Small
Arms Marksmanship
Training
Equipment and

Tactical
193
21
92
200

United States of America
and Fighter Control Simulators

Air Traffic
Weapon and Attack Simulators

Anti-tank Guided Weapon Simulators and
40
155
73
185
Systems
46
29

Weapons
Small
.61
195
212
99

Tactical

Urban Close Quarter
UVAG-M69
Battle
201
134
142
156
80
234
186
162
27
Trainers
Range
352
286
20
304
295
300
1
186
341

121
164
W
Warsaw Pact Vehicle Organisation Charts
Weapon Effects Simulators for Tactical, Procedural and
96
Gunnery Training
Weapon
Effects Simulators for Tactical, Procedural
and
Gunnery Training
Simfire Controllers
Simfire Small
Simfire
97
97
97
97
Gun
Arms
Systems
140
175
Simulator
for Infantry Fire
Support Vehicles
(IFVSs)
Simfire Tank Gunnery Simulators
Systems
Weapon System Trainer Development
Weapon Systems Part Task Trainer
Weaponeer 66 and 70 Marksmanship
Simfire Target
for
F-15E
Training
Systems
Weapons Effect Signature Simulators (WESS)

Weapons Systems Trainer for EA-6B
96
96
96
277
290
46
80
267
X
Vanguard' Class Propulsion Control System Simulator
Mine System (VEMS)

Video Interactive Gunnery Simulation (VIGS)
LVIGS
TVIGS
)
VISMODS
Air Traffic Control Radar
Visual
103
1
03
Systems
225
21
134
307
76
and Tower Visual
65
334
YK-7
Yugoslavia
Training Simulator
Vistar
Effects Simulator
207
232
103
Video Signal Simulator (SM-441

Video Target Range Proiection System (VTRPS)
Videodisc Gunnery Simulator (VIGS)
Visa Computer-generated Image Visuals for Simulators
Visual Simulation Computer-generated Imagery
318
324
Simulation Systems
V-MAT (Versatile Multi- Aimer Trainer)

VS 2000 Acoustical Scoring System
XTM-1 Anti-armour Mine
VISRAD
108
167
Vital Visual
151
Artillery Trainer
Versatile Exercise
Systems
232
Training
Systems
Command and
131
260
290
Trainers
Aircraft
45
20
60
Systems

Calibre Gunnery Ranges and Systems

41
Miscellaneous Land-based Trainers and Simulators
1 76
237
228
1 90
System Simulators
...
209
182
Full
107
371
Air

Aircraft
Artillery
311
312
and Mortar
Fire
Control Trainers and
Simulators
Systems
Small
302
316
282
Trainers
Tactical

151
49
30
102
135
158
81
211
Manufacturers Index
AAI Corporation
Advanced First Term Avionics (AFTA) Maintenance
300
Trainer
AN SQQ-89(V) ASW Combat System
Maintenance
Device 15F 12 Radar Navigation

EF-
221
Tr.nner
260
237
Firefighting Trainer
Generic Radar Display System (GRDSl

MTS- 1 1 Multiple Weapon Procedures and Tactics
120
Trainer
Naval Electronic Warfare Training System (NEWTS)

'
(Device 1 0H 1
On-Board Electronic Warfare Simulator (OBEWS)
>
Combat Systems Team
Pierside
Trainers
222
295
(20B5 and
190
195
20B4)
Aardvark Clear Mine Limited
Land Mine Simulators
AB
221
75
Bofors
105 mm APDS Training Round

105 50 TPDS-T Training Round
ABC Sistemas Electronicos SA
72
72
Divisao Simuladores e Avionica

Flight Simulator for Brasilia
Simulator for Tucano
241
241
Flight
Mobile Training Units

Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE)
MT
(Missile Targetl
Pilotless Target Aircraft (PTA)
Aeronaves E Motores
Aeromot K1 AM
SA
297
247
338
337
Up Aftei Hit (UAH) Generator

DART Figure Targets
DART International Pistol Target System (PTS)
DART Lindsay Knight Rifle Trainer System
328
AS- 100 System

MDC-80 System
VS 2000 System
42
4
SuperDart Software
336
TVIGS
AQM-37
AQM-37 (Export Versions)
BQM-126A
MQM-107 Streaker
352
353
355
353
Aerospace Textron
AN/SPN-46 Radar Maintenance

Operations Team Trainer
Bharat Electronics Limited
Radar Target Simulator (RTS01)
96
103
BMY Combat Systems

M 09 A2 Artillery Crew
1
Trainer
Systems
44
Special Products Limited
Fully Interactive Firearms Training
Systems
44
Armi Adler
57
.22 Rifles
Armscor
71
A/S Raufoss Ammunisjonsfabrikker

M72-S 21 mm Sub-calibre Training Device
58
Astra Holdings pic
BATTLEMASTER
Simulator Firing System

Pyrotechnics Simulators
NDA Series Explosion Simulator
NDA Series Small Arms Fire Simulator
Rifle Fire Simulator
Simfire Simulator
Single Shot Small Arms Fire Simulator
Type SI Thunderflash
Unwm Pyrotechnic Battlefield Training Simulators
Airburst Simulators
Fireburst Simulator
IED Simulator
Petrol Bomb Simulator
Small Arms Fire Simulators
Smoke Generators
Thunderflash RU Mk IV
ASVEC (UK) Limited
196
214
Trainer
61
Inc.
Simulator for E-3 A

261
Boeing Canada Technology Limited. Winnipeg Division
331
331
Robot-X
TATS 102 and TATS 103
332
Boeing Military Airplanes. Simulation and Training
Systems
Tactics
78
75
75
75
75
75
.75
75
77
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
Flight/Mission Simulation for B-1 B
Simulator Up-grade Programme for KC-135

Boeing of Canada Limited. Winnipeg Division
MILKCAN Aerial Towed Target
Britanite Industrias Quimicas Ltda
Sub-calibre Ammunition System
British Aerospace, Dynamics Division
Versatile Exercise Mine System (VEMS)
Aerospace (Military Aircraft) Limited

Hawk Aircraft Systems Maintenance Trainer
British Aerospace Simulation Limited
Air Combat Simulator
261
261
332
Avionic Part-task Trainers
220
233
232
Defence Weapons Trainer
299
285
251
114
EOD Simulators
L20A Explosion Simulator
L21A1 Small Arms Strike
Simulator
76
76
76
StereoFlite Computer-generated
Image Visual Display
Atlantis Aerospace Corporation

Cockpit Procedures Trainers
HELIOS Helicopter Procedures Simulator
Submarine Fire Control System Trainer
Tank Gunnery Training Systems
260
318
242
242
297
1 84
Mobile Target Stands
Inc.
262
Flight Simulation
B V.R Technologies Limited

HOTSHOT Air-to-Air Combat
Tactics Trainer
124
CACI International Inc.

TAC
CAE Corporation. See Link
284
171
Flight Simulation Division;

Link Tactical Simulation Division: Link Training Systems
Division
CAE Electronics Limited
Fiber-Optic
Flight
Helmet-Mounted Display (FOHMD)
Simulation
166
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
Mechanism
Integrated Target Systems
Mobile Shooting Range
Range Controller
Infantry Target
Simulator (RFSI
Target System
Fire
Running
(ITS)
Man
Target Control Set

CCI. Omark Industries, Sporting
Equipment Division
Ammunition
CESELSA. Simulation Systems and Avionics
80
AV 8B OFTT
Simulator
F-18 Operational Flight and Tactics Trainer
Operational Flight and Tactics Trainer for C-101 /CC
249
Aircraft
CGA
249
250
Alcatel
Thomson
Maintenance Trainer
for
2000
Mirage
298
CGEE-Alsthom, Groupe TMT

EM- 10 Variable Speed Target System
P101 Multi-function Remote-Controlled Target
P- 10/20/30 Multiple Position Target System
12
11
1

Changcheng Scientific Instrumentation Factory (CSIF)
333
B-2
Chartered Electronics Industries Pte Limited

Small Arms Battlefield Realistic Engagement Simulator
(SABRES)
90
China Electronics Import Corporation
104
Anti-tank Simulator SHMX-1 1-1 1
China North Industries Corporation (NORINCO)
(TLFS)
84
Tank Laser Firing Simulator
China Precision Machinery Import and Export Corporation
HN-5A Trainer
109
Type 1 30 Rocket Target System
335
China Xinxing Corporation
125
TSM-2 Tank Gunnery Trainer
Comator Process AB
364
Tactical Simulator System
Combat
Training
Systems Limited
Cine Target Range Projection System (CTRPS)

Static Target Range Projection System
21
22
2
Video Target Range Projection System (VTRPS)
Comet GmbH Pyrotechnik Apparetebau Pyrotechnics
Comet Hit Simulator

Comet Thunderflash
69
70
69
69
and
III
Grenade Simulator
Defense Systems Division
Q-21 Emulator
Integrated
Systems
222
Division
Marine Corps Tank Full Crew Interactive Simulator

Trainer (MCTFIST)
Consorzio Sistemi Navali Selenia Elsag
Multi- Application Sonar Trainer (MAST)
Continental RPVs
Aerial Target Systems
Conversions by Flight Systems
FSI QF-86E Sabre
QF-100 Super Sabre
Crisis Simulations Limited
143
214
355
Inc.
356
356
1 64
64
164
System
Sinus Battle Simulation System

Cubic Corporation
AN/USQ-T2(V) Air Combat

System for B- B
Training
Training
System
Position Trainer (Device
20F 18)
Equipment Maintenance Trainer (Device

11B106)
Mark 15 CIWS Maintenance Trainer (Device 1 1G2)
Custom Training Aids (CTA) Inc
Mine Training Kit
286
262
223
Electronic
VISMODS
229
229
40
81
176
76
Company
IFR Flight Simulator for Helicopters
65
76
System
Browning SA
Simfire
342
II
Flight Simulator
Brigade and Battle Group Trainer (BBGT)

Caswell International Corporation
ATACO
Brocks Pyrotechnics
Burtek
TP/FSDS T C71
(Communications software)
50
British
Tactical Air
mm
Scientific Limited
Computer Sciences Corporation
Boeing Aerospace Operations
140
230
105
l,|,
CAP
Bendix Avelex
Targetair
Fully Interactive Firearms Training
ATC-212H
Aircraft Corporation
131
74
Combat Arms and
OTEC
318
System
Hind-D Scale Target
Allivane International
Alvis Limited
Visual
289
103
103
LVIGS
APOGEE SCORE
Beech
Bell
Allied-Signal Aerospace Canada

Operations Team Trainer
Allied-Signal Aerospace Canada, Bendix Avelex Inc.
Simulation and Training Systems Division
GT 100
310
332
.167
SIMNET
BBN
44
Part-task Trainer
Institute for
Systems Inc (BSI)

TARGET Radar-augmented Projectiles
Ballistech
Laboratories Inc.
Canadian Arsenals Limited
Return
5
Moving Target Mechanism Winch Driven (MTM(WD)) 4
b
DART Scaled lank Gunnery Systems
33
33
DART Two-Way Turning Target System
5
33
32
Full Size Moving Target Carrier (FSMTC)
32
32
High Speed Moving Target Carrier (HSMTCI
32
32
5
Moving Turning Target System (MTT)
3
3
BBN
341
341
341
Airtech Firearms Training Systems

Firearms Training Systems (AFTS)
Akebia Limited
Advanced Graphics Engine (AGE)
IFCS Part Task Trainer
Swift
Jindivik
ATC
5
5
330
Aerospatiale SNI
Division Engins Tactiques, C 22 Target Drone
Air Target Sweden AB
Acoustical Scoring Systems
MCS
Inn-grated
(Aeromot)
S0SI Aerial Target System

336
Aerospace Technologies of Australia Pty Limited (ATA)
APOGEE
329
Proximity Detector
AEROPAR
TOW

DART Air to Ground SuperDart System
DART Figure Target Lifting Mii h.misms
DART Figure Target Lifting Mechanisms
228
Trainer
244
204
opter Simulation
Australian Defence Industries Limited
Daniel Dekaize
Ferrerti 22 Conversion Unit
DATAMAT Ingegneria dei Sistemi SpA
Action Speed Tactical Trainer (ASTT)
Radar Operator Training System (ROST)
DCN (Direction des Constructions Navales)
CI- 1 Submarine Target
Estocade
F1 7 Torpedo Simulator
Saturne Control Room Simulator
Ship Propulsion and Electncal Power Generation
Machinery Control Simulators
231
245
184
192
204
184
210
Defense Systems Division-Akron, Loral Systems Group
SIMPAP
Simulator for F-1 5
306
243
50
98
247
1
Delex Systems Inc.

Harpoon Engagement Training Aid (T0403)
276
186
MANUFACTURERS INDEX 373

Harpoon Interactive Tactical Training System (HITTSI
Surface Launch Organic Tactical Training System
(SLOTTS)
Weapon Systems Pan Task Trainer

Diagnostic Retrieval Systems Inc.
MASTER (Modular Acoustic Simulator/Emulator)
(Device 2F64C)
Diagnostic/Retrieval Systems Inc.

RADSIM (Radar Simulator)
Diehl Elektronik und Luftfahrtgerate
DARKAS Tank Gunfire Simulator
Diehl GmbH Co
mm
105
TPFSDS-T
Training
202
202
290
223
GIAT 55 mm Artillery Training Aids

1 55 GCT Training Turret
GCT Breech Cross-section Model
GCT Breech Demonstration Model
TR Dummy Loader
Etablissements Claude Le Boeuf SA
1
52
52
52
SA
262
Evans and Sutherland Computer Corporation

Computer-generated Image Systems
Plastic Practice
69
Round DM- 148
ESIG
Grenade Mle
66
319
320
3000 and ESIG 4000
CIO
Systems and Design
Digital
67
Limited
216
63
AK-2 Target System

AK-30 Infantry Target System
CB/25 Target System
15
15
38
38
Dornier GmbH
Air Mission Simulator
Dornier Luftfahrt GmbH
Naval Communications Trainers
Power plant and Switchboard Trainer
Radar Plotting Trainer
Radar Reporting Trainer
Dornier System GmbH
ROLAND
197
236
205
213
213
Doron Precision Systems
AS
157
System
Driver Training
AG
145
Artillery Trainer
Defence Division
1 10 mm Sub-calibre Training System for
14 5 mm Tank Gunnery Training System
KB Short-Range Ammunition
25
Mortar Training System
342

39
Federal Directorate of Supply and Procurement (SDPR)
Artillery Fire Simulator SAV-78
151
158
Armoured
Fighting Vehicles
CETIDUR-ABS
31
81
49
Weapon Fire Simulator

Parachutist Target Launching Device M80
81
Light Anti-aircraft
Anti-aircraft
SL-G4
Gun
82
31
122
Trainer
262
158
Simulator
Flight
151
Computer Systems Limited

Action Speed Tactical Trainer (Distributed Processing)
Air Traffic Control and Air Defence Simulators
Ferranti
200
303
304
1 90
Aircraft Control Trainers
MLRS
56
55
68
54
mm
Ammunition
PM Blank Ammunition
PT Training Ammunition
Training
67
68

Frigate Operations
Room
189
Simulator
Mine Counter-Measures Vessel (MCMV) Operations
Room
190
Simulator
On-Board Sonar Trainer

Point Air Defence Trainer (PADT)
SAINT (Sonar Analysis
Initial
Trainer)

Submarine Command Team Trainer
Training
Tornado Air Interceptor Trainer

German state arsenals
ECC International Corporation
C-1 7 A Maintenance Training Devices
EC3 Maintenance Trainer
F/A-18 Avionics Maintenance Simulators
Surface Control Trainer
M2 Bradley Turret Maintenance Simulator
Mobile Subscriber Equipment System Simulator (MSS)
Flight
185
251
110
300
163
300
300
300
Part-task Trainers
163
78
263
PC-7 Instrument Flight Trainer

263
300
Simulators for ADATS Missile System

Simulators for Advanced Anti-Tank Weapon
121
Pilatus
System-Medium
T-34C Cockpit Procedures
1 08
263
1 34
Trainer
Videodisc Gunnery Simulator (VIGS)

Computer Systems Limited
Elbit
Electronic Warfare Trainer (EE WT)
214
Computers Limited
ASWT-2
Combat
Information Centre Procedural Trainer (CIC-PT)
Ground
Tactical Training Centre
(GTTC)
Training
198
1 89
65
128
Naval Tactical Training Centre (TTC) and Naval Tactics
and Command Trainer (NTCT)

SIM ANTA Anti-Tank Missile Firing Trainer
TANGA Classroom Tank Gunnery Trainer
Electronics Space Corporation
AN/APQ-167 Radar Training System
Elisra Electronic
REAS
Electric
System
172
72
1
Radar Training System

and Space Corporation.
Radar Threat Generator (TRTG)
EMS Development Corporation
Basic Sonar Operator/Diagnostic Trainer (14G1)
..,
TH-57B Cockpit Procedures Trainer
Erijammer 81 00
Pilot Training
System
and
216
251
311
119
Trainer
Marksman Police Trainer

Marksman System
Marksman Trainer
Marksman Weapon Trainer
SMART Small Arms Trainer
Air
50
60
23
22
24
23
45
117
264
46
ASAT
343
345
344
344
HISAT
Sea Skimming Tarrjst
Launcher Maintenance and Operational Training
FN
Herstal
TOM
224
264
187
System
186
8-9
Military Firing
340
340
75/Hehcopter
75/Missile
175/Small Arms
175/Tank
200-Senes Tank Gunnery Training Aids
207 Weapon Simulator
208 and DX 209 Short-Range Air Defence Training

109
Aids
137
DX 21 1 Turret Trainer
Glock GmbH
Training and Practice Hand Grenade
64
Gould Systems and Simulations Division
Ohio' Class Ship Control
233
Industriel
Plombs
des Armements Terrestres (GIAT)
Training Rifle
51
Maintenance Training Aids

Gunpell and Co.
Gunpell-Cube Bullet Trap
MINI Rapid Fire Target
MINI Target Systems
160
26
26
.25
25
25
26
26
SLAMSHOT
Soft Barrel Bullet Trap
H
Haley and Weller Limited. Pyrotechnic Simulators
Simulator Projectile Ground Burst S250
Sound
Sound
Unit Training Electric (Indoor)
Gajon Institute of Technology

System 2000 Maintenance Trainer and Simulator
299
Avionics Limited
Unit Training Electric (Outdoor)
S402
Haven Automation
Ltd
206
Engine and Machinery Simulators

Hayes International Corporation
Heckler and Koch

Training
P7PT8
Training Pistol
All
357
GmbH
MP5PT
Sub-machine Gun
57
56
Ltd. D.
Arms Classroom
Trainer Simulator
(AACT)
.
364
363
Honeywell, Defense Avionics Systems Division

357
QF- 106 Full- Scale Aerial Target (FS AT)
Honeywell Geschaftsbereich Sondertechnik
111
Florett Anti-Aircraft Training System
Mobile Automatic Cannon Training System (MKT)
110
Honeywell Geschaftsbereich Sondertechnik Dornier
GmbH
System (AATS)
Honeywell GmbH Sondertechnik
Tank Crew Trainer (TCT)
Honeywell Inc.
Marine Systems Group
HOTTorp
Training and Control Systems Division
Anti-Aircraft Training
112
138
234
Mission Trainer for the Landing Craft Air Cushion

183
Full
225
Sonar Trainers
Honeywell Limited
Effects Simulator
65
MEK
Verkstad AS
System (ATS)
35-6
Hughes Aircraft Company

Combat Simulator for F/A-18
286
Ground Systems Group
177
Firefmder Training Devices

253
76
77
77
76
76
76
76
S401
Thunderf lash 3G Electric SI 40

Thunderflash Mark 8 S 1 50
Thunderflash N5 S 1 25
Agile Target
Maritime Aircraft Systems Division

Airborne Crew Trainer (ACT)
Sonar Systems Division
Trainer (Device
Target)
Hordaland
GEC
Team
212
21C10A)
Graseby Dynamics Limited
G 733 SLUTT (Ship-Launched Underwater Transponder
XTM-1 Anti-armour Mine

293
293
250
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
109
104
104
85
85
85
85
85
125
104
SA
Ranges
Fuji Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
Fuji/Teledyne Ryan BQM-34AJ Firebee
Model 820 JASF XJ/AQM-1
160 Anti-aircraft Gunnery Simulator

75 Tactical Engagement Simulators
System
266
Simulators
FMC Corporation. Naval Systems Division
Gun Maintenance and Operational Training System
(LMOTS)
177
DX
DX
DX
DX
DX
DX
DX
DX
DX
DX
DX
132
133
134
DX 140
DX 143
DX 145
DX 147
High-definition Indoor Trainer for Small-arms (HITS)
Inc.
Flight Refuelling Limited
Falconet
142
266
209
266
Simulator
Simulator
Simulator
Simulator
Simulator
Simulator
Simulator
Simulator
Hendry Electronics
Defence Tactical Training Theatre
Firearms Training Systems

Weapon
Weapon
Weapon
Weapon
Weapon
Weapon
Weapon
Weapon
131
FAMAS
Systems
Systems
(ADT3)
....
264
320
DX
DX
DX
DX
Groupement
IFF
(GM0TS)
Esacontrol SpA
Sacie Power Distribution Simulation System
205
Esperanza y Cia SA (ECIA)
25
Sub-calibre Mortar Training Round
58
Etablissement d Etudes et de Fabrication d'Armements
de Bourges- EFAB
mm
LOCAT Low-Cost Artillery

MLRS Training System
Electric Electronics
Enjammer A 1 00
Division, Surveillance
Simulator
Visual Simulation Computer-generated Imagery
Ferranti Defence Systems Limited
Anti-aircraft Gunner's Aids TA 500 and CT 550
Ferranti International. Mitchell Hydraulics Division
Training
193
Flight
Ferranti Training
252
252
216
217
253
252
253
289
200
218
Radar Simulation (SIR AS)
Tucano
Co
Tactical
229
Trainer
Center for Advanced Airmanship (CAA)

COMPU-SCENE Visual Simulation Systems
Digital Radar Landmass Simulation (DRLMS)
185
Flight Safety International
Electromagnetic Arena Simulator)
AN/APQ-167
Emerson
264
292
(Realistic
Emerson
98
105
128
Systems Limited
CrEWtrainer
NS-9002
Systems
Training
System
156
Systems Operations
Simulation and Control Systems Department
217
217
216
Division
Mission Simulator
Cockpit Emergency Procedures Trainers
D5540 On-Board Radar Simulator
Nimrod Basic Communications Procedures Trainer
Radar Procedures Ground Trainer (Jetstream)
Sea King Mark 5/6 Rear Crew Trainer
Solanron Action Speed Tactical Trainers
East
Elbit
Systems
AWACS
Easams Limited
SIDFAC
58
30
Panel Targets
Cine Target System KS-M82
ITVM-M78 Underwater Burst Simulator

UVAG-M69 Artillery Trainer
International Sales
Corporation
Dynamit Nobel
290
Farner Air Service AG

F
AATS Topaz
Federal Construction Works
PAT
110
Inc.
Skipper Training Round
II
Basic Driving Trainers for
247
Classroom Combat Trainer

Inc.,
Fairchild-Weston Systems
Paveway
Production
DIXI SA
121
Driver Trainer
System (19E43/ 9E46)

LM2500
Giravions Dorand Industries
51
Sonar Procedure Trainers

Director (Marketing Operations). Office of Defence
Abrams
Training
Diemaco
Training Rifle
Military Electronic
AN/BSY-2 Maintenance
Etienne Lacroix
218
218
52
365
223
GmbH
AS 2 1 05 Sonar Simulator
AS 2107 Sonar Simulator
General Electric Company
Aircraft Equipment Division
System (PLRS) Master

177
Station Trainer
Video Signal Simulator (SM-44
225
MANUFACTURERS INDEX
374
Support Systems
F- 1 4 A Mission Trainer 1 5C9 A)
Realscene Multi-sensor Photo-based Image
2 70
326
Simulation
Support Systems Group
Combat Crew
224
202
Trainer (CCT)
Team Trainer (20A66)

Hughes Simulation Systems Inc.
Surface Tactical
304
Tower Simulation
E-3A Radar Maintenance Training Set
Air Traffic Control
F-15 Aircraft Maintenance Trainers

F-16 Avionics/ Armament Simulated Aircraft Main-
MV-22A
II
System
DWS-4
DWS-5
EDDA
87
87
86
87
86 7
HOT
IW
MILAN
Pyrotechnics
TOW
Operational Flight Trainei
Operational Flight Trainer for CH-53 Helicopter

Operational Flight Trainer for F/A-18
Operational Flight Trainer for MH-53E Helicopter
Simulator for HU-25A/HH-65A
Sonar Operator Trainers
T-45 Operational Flight Trainer
Tactical Procedures Performance Analysis (TACPRO)
Trainer for
EA-6B
270
45
19
ILS
47
IMVEC
Limited
39
Gaucha de Aeronaves Especiais
Ltda (IGAE)
LAH/EB
Ruder Boskovic
Institute
330
Portable Programmable Target Controller

Industrialexport Hungary
Moving Target Equipment
Industrias Nacionais de Defesa - EP (INDEP)
12
Flight
35
Tank Gunnery Trainer

Leentjens-Boes
89
292
TONG M84
Command Tactical Trainer (Device 20F16)

Interatom GmbH
International Corporation
Ml Abrams Tank Turret Organisational Maintenance
(TTOMT)
191
165
162
Intereim Inc.
Flight Simulators
271
Intertechnik
SHORGUT Short-Range Disintegrating Training Projectile 63
Invertron Simulated Systems Limited
Artillery and Mortar Fire Control Training Simulator
(AMFCTSI
147
Challenger 2 Commander and Gunner

Simulator (CGCSSI
Crew
Station
1
40
132
132
Trainer
Intermediate Direct Fire Gunnery Trainer
Simulator for Wire-guided Anti-tank Tactical Training
(SWATT)
Minidra S Tacucal Engagement Simulator
Minidra Tactical
Skyfire
Turret
and Troop Trainers
VISRAD
Air Traffic Control
40
Radar and Tower Visual
Fixed-Wing
272
273
Simulator for AH- 1 S Cobra
272
Special Operations Aviation Combat Mission Simu-
Weapon System
333
Through Sight Video Recorder
for
TOW
Night Sights
Systems
Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Information

Joint Exercise Support System (JESS)
Kader Factory
TNR-1A
for
Target
for
-
B-52
Rotary
Systems
TTTS'RAi
271
Undergraduate Naval
US Army
Initial
Flight Officer
Entry Rotary
(UNFOl Programme
Wing
271
System
Training
Division
171
Developed Industries
335
Krauss-Maffei AG. Ordnance Division

Gepard Maintenance Training Equipment
161
Krupp Atlas Elektronik GmbH
197
AGUS Anti-Submarine Warfare Trainer
AWU 206/206A Submarine Command Team Trainer 193
DISI3 Computer-Generated Image System
309
126
ELSALEO Tank Gunnery Training System
R ASI Radar Simulator
213
181
STU Sonar Simulator
213
Krysler Limited
Electrical Simulaser
133
Kurt Eichweber Prazionsgeratewerk
TALISSI Weapon Fire Simulator
Dragon
86
272
Integrated
Litton Applied Technology

Advanced Threat Emitter Simulator
296
295
187
Combat Mission Simulator
for
AH-64 Apache
Hawk
Upgrade

Operational Flight Trainers for SH-60B LAMPS
Mark
Sea Hawk
Australian Navy
for
Gunnery Trainer
131
.156
.155
256
315
315
314
315
255
Fighting Vehicle Driving Simulator
GR5/7 Mission Simulators

Visual System
IV Visual System
III
Visual
Interactive Data
Army Training Battle Simulation System

(ARTBASS)
ASW Team Tactical Trainer (14A 12)

KC- 130R Operational Flight Trainer Upgrade
Trainer for
Submarine Trainer
Tactics Trainer
Link Training
Systems
B-52
......
Onon
Simulator Modifications for F-1 1 1/FB-1 1

Weapons System
Infantry
Weapons/Systems
Engagement System (MILES)

100
and Rocket Systems
101
Simulated Area Weapon Effects Radio Frequency
Missile
Loral
Hycor
225
Training Simulator
Loral Solartron
96
Effects Simulators for Tactical. Procedural
and
Gunnery Training
Simfire Controllers
Simfire Small
Gun
Arms
Systems
Simulator
for Infantry Fire
97
97
97
97
Support Vehicles
96
96
96
(IFVSs)
Gunnery Simulators
Simfire Target Systems
Simfire Tank
Losfeld Industries
Sub-calibre Mortar Training System
LTV Aerospace and Defense Company
51
Photography/Computer- generated Image Visual
324
System
LTV Missiles and Electronics Group. Sierra Research
Division
Aircraft Survivability
Equipment
287
Trainer
Simulators for F-14D and A-6E

Simulators for US Marine Corps
AV-8B ...
TTTS Training Systems
McDonnell Aircraft Company
Combat Simulator for F-1
McDonnell Douglas Electronic Systems Company
Vital Visual Simulation Systems
McDonnell Douglas Helicopter Company
277
277
277
277
288
324
278
278
25/
256
315
256
256
194
Part-task Trainers
Fixed-Wing
Operational Flight Trainers for P-3C

99
100
100
100
Weapons
Compatible Systems
Maintenance and Aircrew Classroom Systems Trainers 301
168
201
209
Plant Trainer
-
(MILES)
Airborne Systems and
Engagement System
141
Submarine Command Team Trainer

Submarine Control Simulator (SCSI
211
Submarine Machinery Control Trainer
206
Link Tactical Simulation Division of CAE-Link Corporation
Acoustic Operator Trainer (Device 14E35)
225
Airborne Anti-Submarine Warfare Trainers
CP-140 Operational Mission Simulator
291
291
P-3C Tactical Operational Readiness Trainers (TORT) 29
291
80
II
Reconfigurable Cockpit
316
Gas Turbine Propulsion
277
15E
McAir Training Systems
System
(AWARDS)
IMAGE
IMAGE
IMAGE
Simulator
Model 8819
273
273
323
275
275
DIG Digital Image Generator

Shuttle Mission Simulator
Strategic Defense Initiative National Test Bed (NTB)
Link-Miles Limited
Harrier
for F
Systems
Automatic Weapons Effects Signature
Loral Electro-Optical
Weapon
275
273
274
273
275
275
275
Bartlesight
Defense Systems-Akron
Trainer Development
Weapon System
273
275
274
275
273
273
Royal
MOD
Reflective Display
304
276
305
Purpose Fighter
On Board Visual Aimer Continuation Trainer (OBVACT) 1 85

Weapon Effects Simulators for Tactical. Procedural and
275
273
(SOACMS)
Advanced Wide-Angle
Control Training
Facility (MPFF)
Multi-
Simfire
Simulator for AH- IS Cobra

Simulator Modifications for F-1 1 1/FB-1 1 1
Simulator Networking-Multisim
Simulators for UH- 1 H Huey
Simulators for UH-60A Black Hawk
Special Operations Aviation Combat Mission Simulators
Traffic
Gunnery Training
Hawk Update
KC-130R
Advanced Shipboard
System/Shore-Based Air
System(ASATS/SATS)
188
Air Traffic Control Training
273
272
Wing
Simulators for BAe Hawk

Simulators for Tornado
System (MISS)
IVEX Corporation
Visual
(SOACMSl
Weapons System Trainer
103
(GWST)
184
Trainer
Istec Inc.
322
Israel Aircraft Industries Limited
Gabriel
324
322
CRISP Laser Disc Visual System

Systems
Base Editor and Linker (IDEAL)
Microprocessor Simulation Technology (MST)
Precision Gunnery Crew Trainer
Procedures and Part-task Trainers
Sea Harrier Operational and Radar Trainer (SHORT)
302
Training Simulator
271
System
272
272
272
(AWESS
72
72
105/50 TPDS-T Training Round
Link Flight Simulation Division of CAE-Link Corporation
323
Driver Trainer
107
115
115
System A
System B
Skyfire
Training

LHX Pilot/ Aircrew Training System
Loral
83
83
83
III
248
Simulator
Desk Top Gunnery
122
135
Midra Tactical Engagement Simulators
Desert
Intellisys
Trainer
49
Simulator
Black
Innotech Aviation
Electronic Support Training
Institutul de Aviatie Bucuresti
SIAR-99
102
Orthoscope Infantry Aiming Trainer

Quadrant Air/ground Tracking and Aiming
Tactical
M79PT
M83
lators
Industrialexport
SITPUL
30 Aircrew
Data Systems
AN/SSO-91 Combat Simulation Test System (CSTS)
Systems Canada Limited
ADLIPS/CCS 280 Simulators
Logicon Tactical and Training Systems Division
Laser and Atomic Research and Development (LAIR).
Marksmanship and Gunnery Laser Device
(MAGLAD)
Industria
Litton
Lindesbergs Industri AB (LIAB)

105 mm APDS Training Round
ILEE-TIRAX AG
TIRAX Target Systems
MAGLAD
Litton
78
326
270
268
268
269
269
224
267
287
267
I.C.Sim
Mission Simulator System
Systems
Total Training
Standard Emitter Simulator (STEMS)
Trainer
Weapons Systems
290
Part Task Trainer
Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar
MicroPOLY
86
86
86
86
86
87
301
tenanceTrainers
GBU-15'AGM -130
301
301
DWS
DWS
DWS
273
272
273
273
273
273
272
273
272
195
201
Division of CAE-Link Corporation

McDonnell Douglas Training Systems Inc.
KC-10 Extender Training System
McQueen Target Division
Target Equipment
Marconi Command and Control Systems Limited
Anti-Aircraft Training System (AATS)
MILSIM
Marconi Radar Systems Limited
V-MAT
(Versatile Multi-Aimer Trainer)
278
278
278
28
118
311
186
Marconi Simulation
293
Warfare Scenario Generator
Airborne Anti-submanne Warfare Mission Simulators 254
254
Airborne Early Warning Helicopter Team Trainer
8502
Electronic
Avionics Systems Trainers

Electronics Analysis Systems Trainer
Emergency Procedures
Trainer

Marconi Acoustic Training System (MATS)
Master Gunner Artillery Classroom Trainer
Nuclear Submarine Machinery Control Room
Simulators
Simulation Sonar Simulation
254
294
255
220
219
148
208
220
194
Submarine Command Team Trainer (SCTT)
212
Submarine Control Simulator (SCS)
Equipment
173
Ranging
Training Simulator for Gun Sound
Visual Systems
Marconi Underwater Systems Limited
Practice Delivery Torpedo
312
233
Marine-Air Systems Limited

Bullseye Television
Bomb Sconng System
289
MANUFACTURERS INDEX 375

232
Marine Safety International

Shiphandlmg Trainer
Martin Marietta Missile Systems
82
357
MATRA
109
Mauser-Werke Oberndorf GmbH

Mauser-Wegmann 35 mm Sub-calibre
05 mm and 1 20 mm Tank Guns
Training Device for
53
MBB Marine Training Simulators

Submarine Attack Simulator
93
MECAR SA
75 mm Target Practice Nose Marker Rifle Grenade
TD-20-90 Sub-calibre Training Device
64
50
64
Grenades
Merit Technology Inc.

AN/APQ- 174 Radar Simulator
Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm
278,296
GmbH
Computer-generated Image Visual and
Digital
Radar
309
Landmass Simulation Systems
Meteor Costruzioni Aeronautiche Ed Elettroniche SpA,
339
Mirach
Micro Processor Systems AS.

Action Speed Tactical Trainer (MASTT)
MPS
199
215
Multibeam Sonar Simulator (MMSS)
Miltra
174
74
175
175
174
175
1 74
1 74
175
74
174
175
1:100 Scale Models
E0D
Training Devices for
Field Recognition Set
Disposal
III
Mock-ups
Size
Full
Bomb
Mark
MGB
Training
System
Modular Terrain
Moving Target
S2
Terrain
Aid
Terrain Dioramas and Systems Models
Training Mine Replicas
Warsaw Pact Vehicle Organisation Charts
Miltrain Limited
Flyrt B
Pyramid Battlefield Simulation and Target Indication
Field

Sector Tactical Operations Range Modules (STORM)
Noptel Oy
ST- 1 5 Combat Trainer
ST- 1000 PC Marksmanship Training and Analysis
AB
73
73
73
73
73
72
73
(Military Products)
345
341
Norcontrol Simulation AS
DieselSim
Navsim NMS 90 Radar and Navigation Training
Simulator
Norden Service Company Inc.
CE535 Military Display Emulators
Northrop Corporation. Ventura Division
205
215
226
Chukar II/MQM-74C
Chukar III/BQM-74C
De Kruithoorn BV
Break-Up Training Ammunition
358
358
359
NWM
79
40
Tarquin Tank Target
Oak Switch Systems Inc.

Weapons Effect Signature
Officine Galileo

Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
QF-104J
231
340
Government Electronics Group

Combined Arms Training Integrated Evaluation System
Simulators
(WESS)
Engagement Simulation System
88
SpA
SAT 213
Instinctive Shooting Training System

(Oficmas Geraisa de Material Aeronautico)
Oscmar Products Limited

Infantry Weapons Effects
28
Electric
Pop-up
Infantry Target Unit
89
210
Training
System
Mortar Training
RPG-7
System
for
88-9
73
Ammunition (FTA)
302
258
312
312
313
3
313
313
Wide-angle Infinity Display Equipment (WIDE)

211
Nuclear Submarine Control Room Simulator
Type 23 Frigate Machinery Control and Surveillance
System Shore Trainer
208
Vanguard' Class Propulsion Control System
Simulation Systems
207
Simulator
Reflectone Inc.
Commercial Aviation Simulators
279
Pennant Audio Visual Systems Limited.
Trainers
Fuel Management Training System

299
Pennant Audio Visual Systems Limited. Trainers and
Division
Avionics Situational Awareness Trainer (ASAT)
MK-2/3 BFV Gunnery

MK- 13 Tank Gunnery
Trainer

MK-60/A3 and MK-60/A1 Tank Gunnery
Perceptronics
Inc.,
135
135
135
135
135
Trainers
Training and Simulations
Systems
Division
COMBAT-SIM
SIMNET
167
167
71
54
54
149
Artilleryman Trainer
Piepenbrock Pyrotechnik
53
53
GmbH
Simulator DM 1 2
Plasticas Oramil (PO) SA, Division
Plastic Blank Ammunition
Plastic Short-range Cartridges
Polvtronic International Limited
TOTAL VERSATILITY WITH THE
70
Am
71
72
Training
PX180
PONTYGWINDY INDUSTRIAL ESTATE

UK
PART OF THE BDL GROUP
226
118
67
Electronics Engineering International Limited.
75
Bomblet
Elektronika OOUR
Rockwell International
Seatone Contact Signature Generator (CSG)
Romanian state factories
Laser Firing and Training Simulator for Tank Guns
Royal Ordnance Ammunition Division
Royal Ordnance Training Ammunition (ROTA)
El
RX PRODUCTS LTD
Fax: (0222) 883226
280
279
Moving Target Anti-Aircraft Trainer

Rheinmetall GmbH
LKL Tank Practice Ammunition
VERTICAL RISE
TEL: (0222) 882126
279
EA-6B 279
Republic Electronics
Radar Environmental Simulator System (RESS)
RFD Systems Engineering
MADE IN UK BY
GLAMORGAN CF8 3HU
Trainer for
Operational Flight Trainer for C- 1 30T

2 WAY TURN
POP UP ACTION
SLICE ACTION
CAERPHILLY, MID
301
Wing
E-6A
Operational Flight and Navigation
TARGET SYSTEM
LINE OR RADIO CONTROL
USE INDOORS OR OUT
PROGRAMMED HIT RESPONSE
TOTALLY PROFESSIONAL KIT
AV-8B
Flight Trainer for
RO
Phoenix Simulation
for
Military Aviation Simulation-Fixed
Richmond
280
280
280
280
SH-2F/SH-3H
279
Trainer
281

Weapons System/Acoustic Trainers for SH-60F
Weapons Systems Trainer Modifications for
and
10
10
280
Instrument Trainer for TH-57C

Instrument Flight Simulator for S-76
Flight
Simulators Division
Tucano Cockpit Procedures Trainer
257
Perceptronics Inc Training and Simulation Systems
JSM-2 Basic Laser Simulator for Light Weapons

42
QJM-2 Second Generation Laser Engagement Simulation
System for Light Weapons
84
YK-7
334
Nico-Pyrotechnik, Hans-Jorgen Diederichs GmbH
Training Mine System
3 5 inch Rocket Launcher
Light Anti-armour Weapon Sub-calibre Devices
Novoview Visual Systems and Image Generation

Novoview Visual Systems and Image Generation
LCV
SP Visual Systems
SP-X 000(CT6) Visual System
SP-X Visual System
Simulators Division
Aeronautical Institute (NAI)

Kong 1 C (Wide Blue Sky)
333
Research Institute on Simulation Technique
portable programmable radio control system
200
258
Concept 90
Rediffusion Simulation Limited
FIRST Air Traffic Control Trainer
352
N
Nanjing
Chang
Nanjing
(NRIST)
BRC-1
173
129
Tank Gunnery Trainer
Ram Tech Enterprises Inc.
363
Raytheon Company. Submarine Signal Division
AN/SQQ-89(V)-T On-Board Sonar Trainer
226
226
DS1 200 Sonar Trainers
Trident Sonar Maintenance Trainer Front End Simulator
(TSMT FES)
229
Rediffusion (Interactive Training Systems Group),
Interactive Training Systems (ITS) Group
259
Rediffusion Simulation Limited
236
MSG
COMSIM-SS2932
TN4
Automatic Scoring Electronic Target (ASET)

Marine- und Sondertechnik GmbH
Mine Counter-Measures Vessel Simulator
Submarine Diving Simulator (SDS)
328
328
SIMUGUN
12
Special Products Limited
Frangible Training
18
18
Scoring and Evaluation System
Racal Communications Limited

Communications and Electronic Warfare Training Simulator
248
Gyromag 87
OTEC
100
80
...
SpA
MS
Defence Equipment and Systems Limited

Plotter Navigator Training System
MS Instruments pic
Air-to-Ground Training Target Type 590
Hit
Construcciones Aeronauticas y Electronicas

MQ-2 Bigua
C8000
71
(IWESS)
Inc..
(CATIES)
Tactical
Officine Paneral
OGMA
MISAR SpA
2010 LOMAH
Military Flight Simulators
SECAT
System
17
Rafael
RIPAN
Basic Training Target
82 Pop-up Target System

2002 Electronic Hit Scoring System
SMQ-1 Chimago
Pyrotechnic Simulators
Air Burst Simulator
Bullet Hit Simulator
Gunfire Simulators
Thunderflash
Norabel
38
for Infantry
Quimar SA
43
AB
Norabel
TG
TG
TG
TG
43
Motorola
20
20
20
20
20
System
1
16
Indoor Shooting Ranges

82 Pop-up Tank Target System

180Sos Proiection Range
SLAT/AQM-127A
Training Rifle
The
Nitor Group,
TV
122
226
90
73
MANUFACTURERS INDEX
376
Royal Ordnance Simulation. Control Systems and Fuzes

Division
32
Tactical
Tactical
AFV WES Cupola Kits

Ann tank Weapons WES
95
96
Battle Group Pool
92
Controller kits
92
External Strike Internal Kill System (ESIKS)
93
Mobile IFWES Kit
92
Remote Laser Controlled Exploder System (RELACES) 92
RO SIM 100 Series Exercise Control Equipment
92
93
RO SIM 300 Series Mechanised and Support Infantry 95
RO SIM 400 Series Armour WES
96
RO SIM 500 Series Helicopter WES 96
RO SIM Laser Codes
92
RO SIM Unexploded Ordnance Target System
93
SAWES Bore-aligned Laser Protectors
94
SAWES Claymore Mine
95
95
94
SAWES x Optical Projector
95
SAWES x 4 Optical Laser Projectors
94
95
Ruggren
66
Petard Mle F1
66
66
Tank Combat Simulator Mle F1 Type 1600/419
66
Type 1617 Remote Control Acquisition Target System 34
1
RX Products Limited
Two Way Turning and
Multipurpose Target Mechanism
PX 180/B
SAAB
26
14
14
...
6 1 Anti-tank
91
Weapon
Trainer
Infantry Trolley Target
SAAB-Scama AB. SAAB
System BT 37C
Smoke
PRODAS Display System

SEPA (Societa di Elettronica
314
per I'Automazione)
SpA
System Control Simulator
Command
Tactical Trainer (CTT)

Passive Acoustics Analysis (PA A) Trainers (14E40.
21H14)
and Schoolship
Submarine Combat Systems Team Trainer (21 A43I
Short Brothers pic (Defence Systems Division)
Pilotship
205
210
202
203
227
1 82
227
195
346
346
SIMTECH Advanced Training and Simulation Systems
and 2
TOW
Trainer
105
SimuFlite Training
C-21 A Training
F- 16 Training
Simulaser Corporation
281
281
Sindel
Marksmanship
48
System
237
(19F1 A' 19F3I
203
203
(TASWIT)
Systems and Simulations Inc.

Aircrew Training System for C-5B
Landing Signal Officer Trainer (LSOT)
18
Part-task Trainers for
Training System for Nigerian Air Force
Twin Dome Combat Mission Simulator
214
Singer Corporation. Librascope Division

Submarine Combat Control System Mark
281
281
288
339
338
TM-105 EDO
BRT-8 Dervish
BTT-1 Imp
BTT-3 Banshee
BTT-9 Frogfoot
JTT-5 Voodoo
349
349
SINTRO AG
DT 5000 Driver Trainer
ELSAP 2000 Tank Fire Simulator
153
139
Inc.
Mark 39
EMATT
235
SIUS AG
Im Langhag,
16
Skyleader Radio Control Limited
MATS A
347
Streek
348
203
Training Systems Center

Marksmanship Expert Trainer
Utilex (UK) Limited
48
27
Van der Heem Elektroniks NV

SSE Sonar Simulator
Veda Incorporated
Genesis 2000 Flight Simulation System
Vosper Naval Systems Pte Limited
Naval Damage Control and Firefighting Training
215
262
236
Vosper Thornycroft (UK) Limited

Damage
228
237
Repair Instruction Unit
Compensation
186
Trainer
207
Surface Ship Machinery Control Simulators
VSEL Combat Systems

181
W
NT
348
349
349
348
Electronic Warfare Simulators
Training
78-9
119
317
317
316
220
294
139
Leopard 2
Wegmann Co GmbH
Mauser-Wegmann 35 mm Sub-calibre
105 mm and 120 mm Tank Guns
Training Device for
53
Training Facility for Electronic Maintenance Personnel for
Leopard
MBT
296
134
70
Leopard 2 MBT
1 60
Tv-Monitoring and Gunnery Training System for Armoured
126
Vehicles (FESAP)
Weibull. J L, AB
Training
283
152
246
246
246
Trainer
....
137
196
144
20
Weapons
mm
Mortar Simulator
Howitzer m/39 and
1
mm
59
m/40 59

Ikv Gunnery Simulator
Training Equipment
AMX TG
230
Anti-aircraft Simulator
Hit-indicator
Simulation
Full Mission Simulator for Mirage
Simulator for Mirage F1-CR
246
245
245
284
2000N
Combat Simulator
Team Trainer
Air
.136
125
188
Simulator
2000C
284
Training Simulator
213
(Simulateur d'Entrainement Tactique Fixe Generale)
Tactical Simulator
1 96
Submarine Control Room Simulators
.192
STFG

Visa Computer-generated Image Visuals for
Simulators
(Activities
88
307
Sighting Trainer
Surface/ Air Target-track Simulator
TV Equipment
Training
For Training
And Monitonng
30
30
1 30
1
113
114
113
114
114
114
Weapons
Loading Trainer for 105 mm Howitzer M/4140

Loading Trainer for 155 mm Howitzer Model 50
Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Naval Systems
Division SPAT
Westland System Assessment Limited
Indirect fire Trainer
WIFT)
Tactical Fleetwork Trainer
Whittaker Electronic Systems

Multiple Signal Simulation Pod
Widney Aish Limited
CREST Radio Simulator and Trainer
59
59
235
1
49
201
296
1
74
Sous-Marins)

Electronics Limited
Air Traffic Control Simulator
60
Training Facility for Electronic Maintenance Personnel for
Crew and Platoon Gunnery Simulator

DUFZ-6 Anti-Submanne Warfare Team
Fire Team Support Vehicle Simulator
Limited
Walmore Defence Systems Limited

P200 Portable Emitter Simulator
Wegmann and Co GmbH
Turret Trainer for
(ALERTS)
Tank Weapon Gunnery Simulation System (TWGSS)
Theodor Rapp KG
Rifle and Machine Gun Fire Simulator
Thomson-CSF, Simulator Division
Air-Combat Simulators
Hermes Simulator
Smoke
332
Walmore Defence Systems
SATT 2
Tector Limited
Display Monitors
Tecstar Computer-generated Image System
Vistar 1 Computer-generated Image System
Teledyne Brown Engineering
Airborne Electronic Warfare Receiver Training System
ASM
230
Wallop Systems Limited
TATS 02 and TATS 03

Tasuma (UK) Limited
.231
231
.231
THORN EMI
Snipe International Limited
Warfare Trainer (TACDEW)
350
352
Towed Targets
Targetair Limited
Thomson-Sintra
SA-9001 Target System
30
and Fire Control System Division

Mark 92 Fire Control Maintenance Trainer (Device
11G3I
Unisys. Shipborne and Ground Systems Group
Tactical Advanced Combat Direction and Electronic
351
SRFG-3 Radar
Training
Unisys Corporation
Shipboa'd Ground Systems Group
Remote Target System (RETS)
Missile
351
Simulator for Mirage

I
187
System
41
High Resolution Multi-Spectral Targets

Thermal Signature Targets
Simulator
SICOMORE
296
288
TVI Corporation
238
C-130H
Tamnar Aviation Technology
Leclerc Turret
281
281
FA
Flight
US Naval
On-board Gunnery Simulator
srl
4600
Inc.
(Device 16H3)
Anti-Submarine Warfare Interim Trainer
Janus-Mars
Training
Sippican
63
Simulators for Airbus
MATS-B
MTS 1000
'27
NAVTAG
Tactical
Tracer Flight Systems Inc

Real-Time Threat Environment Simulator
Tactical Combat Simulation
219
234
Surveillance
Syscon Corporation
GT10
.314
Sauro Submarine Control Simulator

Ship Analytics
Bridge/Combat Information Center Trainer (20B6DI
Limited.
and MATRA Weapon Sight Training

Equipments
Sudsteinsche Metallindustne GmbH
Plastic Blank Ammunition
14
79
74
Generator
Grenade
Displays Limited
Monitor Collimator Display System
327
MARTA
Firefighter Trainers
233
Systems Division
AS 1092 Shipbornc Radar and Sonar Trainer
SoundTrak (Type 2058)
TNO IWECO (Institute of Mechanical Engineenng)
Sea Dragon
ironic
Struktura Szerezesi Vallalat
Symtron Systems
Defence Sysiems Division

Deep Mobile Target (DMT)
46
Systems
Star Technologies Inc
MGT20
MIDAS
Skeet Mark
Spartanics Limited
Weaponeer 66 and 70 Marksmanship Training
Delta Target
250
Training
Propulsion
06
Aircraft Division

Schermuly (Pains-Wessex Limited)
SEOS
bead
Full
Target Technology Limited
107
106
112
Anti-tank Guided Missile Simulator

Fire Simulator
Target
244
383
307
205
298
H.i>'
llflhl Simulator
Mission Simulatoi
Gl 10 000 Computer generated Image Visual System
Interactive Modular Training System (IMTS)
I
14
14
36
113
53 Rapid
RPV
221
'86
'SI
'
MiG-27 Flogger' Target
145
37 SD Moving Target System

39 Anti-aircraft Fire Simulator
41 Tank Combat Simulator
46 Anti-tank Weapon Simulator
Moving
Warfjn
36
37
Simulators
52T
Electronic
Harpoon On Board Trainer (HOT

Sogitec Industries SA
Systems AB
Training
BT 8AF Pop-Up Target

BT 18BF Infantry Target
BT 8SC Heavy Duty Tank Target
BT 9F Sound Unit
BT 22FM Radio Control System
BT 24 Range Control System
BT 33 and BT 33ALM Artillery Fire Control
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
348
Snipe Mark 23
34 7
Snipe Marks IV and V
Aeronautiques
Societe Anonyme Beige de Constructions
Tank Level Aiming
Software Sciences Limited
304
Yuhe Machine Factory (YMF)

BJ104
335
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Gander Terry, Ed. Jane's Military Training Systems 1989-90

Gander Terry, Ed. Jane's Military Training Systems 1989-90