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15. FINITE STRAIN & INFINITESIMAL STRAIN

(AT A POINT)
I Main Topics
A The nite strain tensor [E]
B DeformaIon paths for nite strain
C Innitesimal strain and the innitesimal strain
tensor

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15. FINITE STRAIN & INFINITESIMAL STRAIN

The sequence
of deformaIon
maRers for large
strains
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15. FINITE STRAIN & INFINITESIMAL STRAIN

The sequence
of deformaIon
does not maRer
for small strains

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15. FINITE STRAIN & INFINITESIMAL STRAIN

II The nite strain tensor [E]
A Used to nd the changes
in the squares of
distances (ds)2 between
points in a deformed
body based on
dierences in their iniIal
ds
posiIons
dy
B Displacements by
dx
themselves dont give
of lower boxes maintain their length,
changes in size or shape Sides but
the diagonals change length
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15. FINITE STRAIN & INFINITESIMAL STRAIN

II The nite strain tensor [E]
C DerivaIon of [E]
2
2
2
1 ( ds ) = ( dx ) + ( dy )
dx

2
2 ( ds ) = dx dy dy

3
4

dx

= [ dX ]
dy
T
dx dy = [ dX ]

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15. FINITE STRAIN & INFINITESIMAL STRAIN

II The nite strain tensor [E]
C DerivaIon of [E]
2
2
2
1 ( ds ) = ( dx ) + ( dy )

5 ( ds )2 = [ dX ]T [ dX ] = [ dX ]T [ I ][ dX ],
1 0
where[ I ] =

0 1

dx

2
dx
2
2 ( ds ) = dx dy
6 ( ds ) = dx dy dy
dy

T
T
= [ dX ] [ dX ]
3 dx dy = [ dX ]
7 [ dX ] = [ F ][ dX ] From lecture 14:
dx
4 dy = [ dX ]

8 ( ds )2 = [ F ][ dX ]T [ F ][ dX ]

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15. FINITE STRAIN & INFINITESIMAL STRAIN

C DerivaIon of [E] (cont.)
9 ( ds ) ( ds ) = [ dX ] [ F ] [ F ][ dX ] [ dX ] [ I ] [ dX ]
2

10 ( ds ) ( ds ) = [ dX ] [ F ] [ F ] [ I ] [ dX ]
2

11 {( ds ) ( ds ) } = [ dX ] [ F ] [ F ] [ I ] [ dX ]
2

12 12 {( ds ) ( ds ) } = [ dX ] [ E ][ dX ]
2

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[E]

1
[ F ]T [ F ] [ I ]

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15. FINITE STRAIN & INFINITESIMAL STRAIN

D Meaning of [E]
1 1 {( ds )2 ( ds )2 } = [ dX ]T [ E ][ dX ]
2

Given E and dX (the dierence in iniIal posiIons) of points), then

one can nd the dierence in the squares of the lengths of lines
connecIng the points before and afer deformaIon

T
2 [ E ] 2 [ F ] [ F ] [ I ]

3 [ E ] 2 [ Ju + I ]T [ Ju + I ] [ I ]
But what do the terms of E mean?
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15. FINITE STRAIN & INFINITESIMAL STRAIN

E Expansion of [E]
1

J u =

u
x
v
x

1
2 [ E ] 2

u
x
v
x

[E]

y
v

1 0
+

v
0 1
y

u
y

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1
T
J u + I ] [ J u + I ] [ I ]
[

u
x
v
x

1 0 1 0
+

v
0 1 0 1

u
y

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15. FINITE STRAIN & INFINITESIMAL STRAIN

E Expansion of [E]
3

u
v

+1
1 x
x
[ E ] u v
2

+1
y
y

[E]

1
T
J u + I ] [ J u + I ] [ I ]
[

u
u
+1

x
y

v
v
+1

y
x

1 0
0 1

u u v v
u u v v

+ 1
+ 1 + 1
+1
+
+1

x y x y
x
x
x
x
1
[E]
2 u u v v
u u v v
+1 +
+1
y y + y + 1 y + 1 1
y x y x

The meaning of the terms in E is not intuiIve

Imagine what the products of mulIple nite deformaIons yield
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15. FINITE STRAIN & INFINITESIMAL STRAIN

F Conversion of [E] to [] for small strains
1

u u v v
u u v v

+ 1
+ 1 + 1
+1
+
+1
x y x y
1 x x x x
E

[ ]
2 u u v v
u u v v
+1 +
+1
+
+1
+1 1
y x y x
y y y y

If the displacement derivaIves are <<1, then their products are Iny and can be neglected

1
[ ]
2

u u
+
x
x
u v
y + x

u v
y + x
1
T
= [ J u ] + [ J u ]
u u 2
y + y

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15. FINITE STRAIN & INFINITESIMAL STRAIN

III DeformaIon paths for
nite strain
Consider two dierent
deformaIons
A DeformaIon 1
a1

[F ] =
1

c1

b1

d1

B DeformaIon 2
a2

[F ] =
2

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c2

b2

d2

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15. FINITE STRAIN & INFINITESIMAL STRAIN

III DeformaIon paths for
nite strain
Consider two dierent
deformaIons
A DeformaIon 1
a b
[ F1 ] = c1 d1
1 1

B DeformaIon 2
a2

[F ] =
2

c2

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C F2 acts on F1
a2 a1 + b2 c1

[ F ][ F ] =
2

c2 a1 + d2 c1

a2b1 + b2 d1

c2b1 + d2 d1

D F1 acts on F2
a1a2 + b1c2

[ F ][ F ] =
1

b2

d2

c1a2 + d1c2

a1b2 + b1d2

c1b1 + d1d2

E The sequence of nite

deformaIons maRers
unless o-diagonal terms
are small
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15. FINITE STRAIN & INFINITESIMAL STRAIN

[F1]
2 1 1 0 2 1

= [ F2 ][ F1 ]
0 2 0 2 0 2
x 2 1 x

y 0 1 y

2 1 2 1 1 0

0 1 0 1 0 1

[F2]
2 2 2 1 1 0

= [ F1 ][ F2 ]
0 2 0 2 0 2
x 1 0 x

y 0 2 y
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1 0 1 0 1 0

0 2 0 2 0 1
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[ F ][ F ] [ F ][ F ]
2

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15. FINITE STRAIN & INFINITESIMAL STRAIN

[F1]

x 2 1 x

y 0 1 y

[F1]

[F2][F1]

2 1 2 1 1 0

0 1 0 1 0 1

x 2 1 x

y 0 2 y

[F2][F1]

[F1][F2]

[F2]

x 1 0 x

y 0 2 y

[F2]

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2 1 2 1 1 0

0 2 0 2 0 1

1 0 1 0 1 0

0 2 0 2 0 1

x 1 0 x

y 0 2 y

[F1][F2]

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2 2 2 2 1 0

0 2 0 2 0 1

[ F ][ F ] [ F ][ F ]
2

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15. FINITE STRAIN & INFINITESIMAL STRAIN

u u
IV Innitesimal strain and the
+
innitesimal strain tensor []
1 x x
[ ]
A Innitesimal strain
2 u v
+
y x
DeformaIon where the

displacement derivaIves
1
T

in [Ju] are small relaIve to [ ] = 2 [ Ju ] + [ Ju ]

one so that the products
u u
of the derivaIves are very

x y J
J
=
small and can be ignored. [ ] v v [ ]

B An approximaIon to nite
x y
strain

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u v
y + x

u u
+
y y

u
x
u
y

v
x
v
y

v
x

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15. FINITE STRAIN & INFINITESIMAL STRAIN

GelaIn Volcano Experiment
IV Innitesimal strain and
the innitesimal strain
tensor [] (cont.)
C Why consider [] if it is
an approximaIon?
1 Relevant to
important geologic
deformaIons
A Fracture
B Earthquake
deformaIon
C Volcano
deformaIon
hRp://www.spacegrant.hawaii.edu/class_acts/WebImg/gelaInVolcano.gif
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15. FINITE STRAIN & INFINITESIMAL STRAIN

C Why consider [] if it is an
approximaIon? (cont.)
2 Terms of the innitesimal
strain tensor [] have clear
geometric meaning
3 Can apply principal of
superposiIon (addiIon)
4 Innitesimal deformaIon is
essenIally independent of
the deformaIon sequence
5 Amenable to sophisIcated
mathemaIcal treatment
(e.g., elasIcity theory)
6 QuanItaIve predicIve
ability

GelaIn Volcano Experiment

hRp://www.spacegrant.hawaii.edu/class_acts/WebImg/gelaInVolcano.gif
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15. FINITE STRAIN & INFINITESIMAL STRAIN

C Why consider [] if it is an approximaIon? (cont.)
7 Innitesimal strain example
1.02 0.01
F3 =

0 1.01

0.02 0.01
J u(3) =

0.01
0

1.01 0
F4 =

0 1.02

0.01 0
J u(4 ) =

0.02
0

1.01 0 1.02 0.01 1.0302 0.0100

0 1.02 0 1.01 0.0000 1.0302

[ F ][ F ] =
4

1.02 0.01 1.01 0 1.0302 0.0101

0 1.01 0 1.02 0.0000 1.0302

[ F ][ F ] =
3

1.02 0.01 1.01 0 1.0300 0.0100

+
=

0 1.01 0 1.02 0.0000 1.0300

[F ] + [F ] =
3

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Sequence
results can be
obtained
regardless of
the order of
events, but
also by
superposiIon

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15. FINITE STRAIN & INFINITESIMAL

STRAIN
IV Innitesimal strain and the
innitesimal strain tensor []
D Taylor series expansion
We seek U2 given U1 and dX
1

u
u
u2 = u1 + du = u1 + dx +
dy +
x
y

v
v
v2 = v1 + dv = v1 + dx + dy +
x
y

3
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u
u2 u1 x

=
+
v2 v1 v

y dx

+ [U 2 ] [U1 ] + [ dU1 ] = [U1 ] + [ J u ][ dX ]

v dy

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15. FINITE STRAIN & INFINITESIMAL

STRAIN
D Taylor series expansion (cont.)
Now split [Ju] into two matrices: the innitesimal strain
matrix [] and the anI-symmetric rotaIon matrix []

[ Ju ] =

T
J
+
J
1
[ ] [ u] =
[ ] = u
2
2

u u
+
x x
v u
+
x y

u
x
v
x

u
u

y
T
x

J
=
[
]
u
u
v

y
y

v
x
v
y

v
x

u v
+
0

T
y x
J

J
1
[ u] [ u] =

=
[
]
v v
2
2 v u
+

y y
x y

u v

y x

[ ] +[ ] = [ Ju ]
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15. FINITE STRAIN & INFINITESIMAL

STRAIN
IV Innitesimal strain and the
innitesimal strain tensor []
D Taylor series expansion

[U ] [U ] + [ J ][ dX ] = [U ] + [ ] + [ ] [ dX ]
2

The deformaIon can be

decomposed into a
translaIon, a strain, and a
rotaIon

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STRAIN

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15. FINITE STRAIN & INFINITESIMAL

STRAIN
xx =

u
x

yy =

v
y

xy =

1
1 u v
( 1 2 ) = +
2
2 y x

xy =

1
1 v u
( 1 + 2 ) =
2
2 x y

For small angles, = tan

PosiIve angles are measured about the z-axis using a right hand rule. In (c) the angle 2
is clockwise (negaIve), but du is posiIve. In (d) 2 is counter-clockwise, and du< 0.
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STRAIN

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