Community-Led Urban Regeneration - Polish-Ukrainian Experience and Inspiration - 2014 - Small

Institute of Urban Development
COMMUNITY-LED
URBAN REGENERATION.
POLISH-UKRAINIAN
EXPERIENCE AND INSPIRATION
EDITED BY:
KAROL JANAS
MACIEJ TROJNAR
Krakw Lww 2014
The book Community-Led Urban Regeneration. Polish-Ukrainian experience and inspiration

was a part of tasks carried out by the Institute of Urban Development in Krakw in the project The Regeneration of Pidzamche District in Lviv 2014-2015 phase III (PPR371/2014),
co-financed by the Polish development cooperation programme of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland: www.polskapomoc.gov.pl
Project manager: Karol Janas, Ph.D. Institute of Urban Development, Krakow, Poland.
Project coordinators in Ukraine: Maksym Lysak, Yaryna Melnyk City Institute, Lviv, Ukraine.
Information on the project is available at the website: http://pidzamche.org.ua/index.php/en/
The book Community-Led Urban Regeneration. Polish-Ukrainian experience and inspiration
was prepared by a team led by the editors: Karol Janas and Maciej Trojnar.
Authors:
Karol Janas, Ph.D. Institute of Urban Development in Krakw (introduction, chapter 1)
Wojciech Jarczewski, Ph.D. Institute of Urban Development in Krakw (chapter 1)
Maciej Huculak Institute of Urban Development in Krakw (chapter 1)
Andriy Bondarenko, Ph.D. Center for Urban History of East Central Europe (chapter 2)
Natalya Mysak, Ph.D. candidate Lviv Polytechnic University (chapter 3)
Agata Bloswick, Ph.D. Civic initiative AdaSie (chapter 4)
Oksana Savchuk, Ph.D. candidate Malm University (chapter 5)
The publication expresses exclusively the views of the author and cannot be identified with the
official stance of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland
Review: prof. dr hab. Zygmunt Ziobrowski

Translation: ukasz Konieczny
Graphic design, typesetting and text makeup: Studio Grafiki i DTP Grafpa, www.grafpa.pl
Publisher:
Institute of Urban Development
ul. Cieszyska 2, 30-015 Krakw
www.irm.krakow.pl
Copyright by Institute of Urban Development, Krakw 2014

ISBN: 978-83-65105-02-8
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ISBN: 978-83-65105-02-8
Community-Led Urban Regeneration.

Polish-Ukrainian experience and inspiration
Karol Janas
Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 9
Karol Janas, Wojciech Jarczewski, Maciej Huculak
Pidzamche revitalization project ...................................................................................... 17

Andriy Bondarenko
Sites of Memory at Pidzamche: the Past in the Symbolic Landscape

of One of the Lviv Areas .................................................................................................... 49
Natalia Mysak
Identity formation of non-central districts of Lviv: the role of local community

in designing of open public spaces ................................................................................... 59
Agata Bloswick
CanBdone (aDaSie) change your city ............................................................................... 77

Oksana Savchuk
Rethinking Lviv: urban development strategy analysis in the terms of sustainability

with an emphasis of green urbanism approach and urban agriculture in Sykhiv............. 87
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...................................................................................................................... 107
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.................................................................................... 115

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........................................................................................................ 147

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.............................. 157

................................................................................... 175

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..................................................................................................... 185
COMMUNITY-LED
URBAN REGENERATION.
POLISH-UKRAINIAN EXPERIENCE
AND INSPIRATION
Karol Janas
Introduction
Boasting over 750 years of history, Lviv is undoubtedly one of the most fascinating European cities, yet for the most Europeans remains unexplored. Not only valuable monuments of architecture, unseen in any other Ukrainian city, but also its turbulent and
multi-ethnic history signify the cultural richness of the city. This very cultural diversity
of Lviv heritage was one of the two main criteria by which the Old Town complex was
inscribed to UNESCO World Heritage List in 1998.
Nowadays, Lviv is seen as an important spiritual and cultural centre of Ukraine, as
well as the most European of the Ukrainian cities. This European character is legitimized
not only by material heritage and history of the city, but also pro-European, reformist attitude and aspirations shown by the authorities and residents. This conviction was emphasized, long before Orange Revolution1, by honorary citizen of Lviv Zbigniew Brzezinski:
1
Mass protests against the rigged presidential election in Ukraine in November 2004, which was won by
a candidate supported by Russia Viktor Yanukovych. Finally, the elections were annulled by the decision
of the Supreme Court. The next election was won by an opposition candidate Viktor Yushchenko. The
name comes from the colour that was a symbol of Yushchenkos election staff. Due to internal divisions
and conflicts between the leaders of the former opposition parties there was a split in the orange camp
and, as a consequence of that fact, the power returned to Yanukovychs Regions party and he became
a prime minister. In 2010 he was elected president. Lack of reforms, oligarchic structures and widespread
corruption led to further social unrest in Ukraine. Yanukovych refused to sign Association Agreement
with the European Union and set strong pro-Russian course which were the immediate causes of another
Ukrainian revolution in 2013. Attempts to suppress civil protests on Independence Square so-called
Euromaidan by force led to bloodshed and hundredths of victims. Finally, Yanukovych was ousted from
power in February 2014 and fled to Russia. The consequence of Ukrainians pro-European course is armed
annexation of the Crimean peninsula by Russia and the war in the eastern part of the country.
10
KAROL JANAS
From the entire Ukraine, only Lviv embodies European identity[] In this sense,
Lviv plays a major role as the leader of the Ukrainian reforms and Ukrainian success [] I am sure that Ukraine will become a full-fledged partner of united Europe, and Lviv will play a special role in the process2.
Another Ukrainian revolution, which we witness now, is being done in the name
of European, democratic values. Many, especially young, Ukrainians are fully aware of
the fact that it is, perhaps, the last chance for deep and lasting change in their country.
What is more, they seem to realise that for this change to become sustainable, it is not
only necessary to carry out structural reforms, but also to be prepared for painstaking
grassroots work, building civil society, which will be able not only tolarge surges and
sacrifices, but also to take responsibility for the daily, local issues; to get involved in the
lives of their communities, neighbours, districts and cities. Anyone who has visited Lviv
about 10 years ago might have got the impression that the city is on the skids and the further degradation is inevitable. The changes that have taken place in Lviv during the last
decade, from this perspective, are completely unimaginable. Among other things, due to
the wealth of cultural heritage, but also through determination, enterprise and creativity of the residents, the streets of Lviv downtown today are filled with crowds of locals
and tourists. The rapid development and modernization of tourism services sector was
supported by the city authorities who, despite a limited budget and strongly centralized
state, managed to renew the historic centre of the city and improve the infrastructure.
In this regard, co-organization of the UEFA European Football Championship is seen as
a perfectly sized opportunity for the development of the city. (EURO 2012).
Nevertheless, the potential of the city, not just touristic, is still far from being recognised, which is best seen in comparison with the second large city of the former Galicia,
Krakow, which is visited annually by nearly 10 million tourists and attracts numerous
foreign investors.
The most significant metamorphosis happened at the very centre of Lviv, but, outside
the Old Town, there are large downtown areas where improvements occur rather slowly
or, what is even worse, the city tissue and community experience further degradation.
In 2009, the Lviv City Council established a unique institution Institute of the City
of Lviv, which is supposed to be an analytical and advisory centre created to combine efforts of residents, local authorities and a private sector in order to achieve strategic objectives concerning the development of the city. This Lviv think-tank, consisted of over
a dozen of young and ambitious experts, aims at, inter alia, the implementation of best
practices in policies concerning urban development in Lviv.
Brzeziski Z., 1999, Speech in front of the Council of the City of Lviv. Ukraine Poland. The role and
place in the European integration, Independent Cultural Journal , No. 14.
11
INTRODUCTION
Fig. 1 Market Square (Rynok) in Lviv during reconstruction, K. Janas 2011
In the meantime a framework of revitalisation policy had been planned in Poland. It

would provide a new impulse to the development of many Polish cities facing the degradation of inner-city areas, especially downtown areas and historic city centres.
Urban Development Institute (Instytut Rozwoju Miast, IRM) in Krakow became
the leading centre of expertise as far as the revitalization and urban policy is concerned,
primarily due to realisation of a complex research project devoted to polish and foreign
experience in revitalisation3. Revitalisation, one of the key elements of the emerging urban policy, is rooted in Poland with the advent of the funds from the European Union
programmes.
Polish experience in this field, taking into account the conditions typical for Central European cities, proved to be extremely interesting also for our Ukrainian partners.
Transfer of this experience happened due to the Polish Aid program funded by the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland. In 2011, the Urban Development
Institute in Krakow together with the Institute of the City of Lviv developed a regenera-
Project called Revitalization of polish cities as a method of preserving material and spiritual heritage
and factors of sustainable development, ordered by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education and
implemented by a research consortium of the Institute of Urban Development, Jagiellonian University
and the School of Economics in 20072010.
12
KAROL JANAS
tion programme for Lviv Pidzamche for 2012-2025.4 (2011). The preparation of the
program was a part of the project called Improving the quality of life of residents as
a result of Lviv downtown revitalization programme 5
This project not only enabled the transfer of relatively fresh Polish experience in the
field of regeneration, but also was the beginning of a lasting cooperation between IRM,
Institute of the City of Lviv and a number of other institutions and organizations that are
actively engaged in the implementation of objectives of the Program.
Initially, IRM, as a research institution, was not planning to actively participate in
the implementation of the prepared program, however, encouraged by the Ukrainian
partners, who hoped for the rapid implementation, we proposed the following projects
under the Polish Aid (Polska Pomoc Rozwojowa). Revitalization of the Pidzamche began in 2013 due to the funding of the project called Revitalization of Pidzamche backyards professionalization of the management of municipal housing resources in Lviv.6
Due to the fact that housing is, and will be, one of the main functions of Pidzamche, the
first task in the Programme was aimed at improving the residential area. In 2014, the
action was continued in an even wider range by the project called Revitalization of the
Pidzamche district in Lviv 20142015 Phase III7 Some other activities has been scheduled to be implemented under the Pidzamche revitalization project. At this stage, apart
from the satisfaction associated with the implementation of specific projects, we also enjoyed watching the first effects of our actions which referred to the revitalization of this
almost completely forgotten and neglected part of Lviv downtown.
The purpose of this publication is to present and promote our experience and results of the revitalization conducted in Ukraine to a wider audience. It turned out that
the transfer of experience goes both ways. Pidzamche revitalisation, due to the scale of
the challenge and relatively limited resources which we had, forced out-of-the-box approach and application of innovative solutions. The key to success, as it turned out, was
the liberation of local resources, activation and involvement of the residents at every
stage of the project. Public participation in the context of revitalisation occurs very often, but in most cases remains an empty slogan and is limited to informing residents
about already planned activities. Nothing but Lviv experience has shown us the true
value of a participatory approach and, at the same time, underscored what a great effort
is required for its realisation. These experiences have also become the starting point for
4
The electronic version of this program is available in polish and ukrainian and can be found at Zakadu
Bada Procesw Rozwojowych w Krajach Europy rodkowo-Wschodniej IRM web page: http://
ceeurope.weebly.com/
Poprawa jakoci ycia mieszkacw jako efekt programu rewitalizacji centrum miasta Lwowa.
Rewitalizacja podwrek Podzamcza profesjonalizacja zarzdzania komunalnymi zasobami

mieszkaniowymi Lwowa
Rewitalizacja dzielnicy Podzamcze we Lwowie 2014-2015 etap III
13
INTRODUCTION
Fig. 2 View on Pidzamche from Charnovola str., J. Morykvas 2014
a broader look at the potential residing in local communities, which should be used to
improve living conditions and stimulate local development.
Recently, also in the EU, demands for the use of the new approach, which is called
Community Led Local Development, appeared.
We tried to test the main ideas of this approach in the context of activities carried
out in the third stage of the revitalization of Pidzamche. Last but not least, the experience gained due to our Lviv projects under the Polish Aid shows that revitalization, because of its multidimensionality and involvement of many different subjects. from local
authorities, various public institutions and social organizations, private companies to
residents, is an excellent tool for development assistance provision and, what is more,
has an enormous potential as a foreign policy instrument. Young Ukrainian scientists
who write about the social and urban phenomena and processes in Lviv were invited to
contribute to this publication.
Andriy Bondarenko presents us the symbolic landscape of Pidzamche and how the
history shaped this place. Natalia Mysak describes the role of residents in the creation of
public space in peripheral areas of the city and links this process to the act of forming foundations of local identity. Oksana Savchuk examines the citys development strategies for the
challenges of sustainable development. There is an interesting example of informal activities known as urban farming, which take place in Sykhiv district, the largest residential dis-
14
KAROL JANAS
trict of Lviv, a typical residential area full of apartment blocks built in the 80s. Last but not
least, Agata Bolswick from Krakow, presents a very interesting grassroots initiative, which
aim is to improve their place of living. AdaSie (CanBdone) initiative clearly shows how
much can be done if we unleash the potential residing in citizens. These experiences inspired our Ukrainian partners who have the opportunity to become acquainted with them
during a study visit in Poland which was also part of the project.
At this point I would also like to thank our Ukrainian partners, the entire team of
the Institute of the City of Lviv under the leadership of Oleksandr Kobzarev, who is in
charge of Pidzamche revitalisation project. Special thanks also to Yaryna Melnyk, who
spent every day, including weekends, to deal with the project coordination realised in
Pidzamche, activation and negotiations with local residents as well as reconciling the interests of various parties and subjects.
We are also grateful to all the people and institutions that has been actively engaged in the process and provided us with support especially to Mayor and City
Council of Lviv and other employees of the city administration. Special thanks to Lidia
Onyszczenko-Szwec, a manager of Department of Sport and Recreation, and her employees for the financial and organizational support with the revitalization of City-borough playgrounds, Shevchenkivskyi Region administration.
Fig. 3 Study visit in Poland, Krakow Nowa Huta ARTzona local initiative, K. Janas 2014
15
INTRODUCTION
Fig. 4 Residents of Pidzamche taking part in discussion with the architects, K. Janas 2014
We would like to express our gratitude to architects and planners from the lypneva.
com association for preparing architectural designs and construction works supervision
as well as to the former chief architect of the city, Professor Yuri Kryvoruchko of Lviv
Polytechnic for his kind support and wise counsel. Thanks go to the experts of the Urban
History of East-Central Europe and historian Andriy Bondarenko; YOTA initiative led
by Ola Kotska main coordinator of Neighbours Festival in Pidzamche district; Cultural Industries Association which aim is to use post-industrial buildings of Pidzamche
for cultural and creative purposes; artists associated with street art studio Kickit; German organization called GIZ under the direction of Mrs. Iris Gleichmann, which implements long-term program of Lviv Old Town revitalization, for significant support with
completing historic gates revitalization project in Pidzamche district.
Last but not least, our gratitude goes to all residents of Pidzamche district who
trusted us and decided to become actively involved in all efforts to improve the place of
their residence, often by contributing their own work and time.
Karol Janas
Wojciech Jarczewski
Maciej Huculak
Pidzamche revitalization project
Pidzamche8 is historically one of the oldest parts of Lviv extending to the north and west
side of the Castle Hill. Today, the landscape of Pidzamche is dominated by tenements
from the turn of the 19th and 20th century and industrial buildings from the same period as well as those created after World War II. It can be said that modern Pidzamche
was, and still is, a working-class district. The greater part of Pidzamche was on the UNESCO World Heritage List due to the historic urban layout, material culture and the Jewish heritage, historical centre of Lviv was inscribed to the List in 1998.
Pidzamche, among other things, due to its working-class character and liquidation
or relocation of numerous Soviet-period industrial facilities and almost complete population replacement, is now degraded and requires significant investment. The northern
part of this area seems to be in particularly bad situation, mostly due to the separation
from the city centre by a Lviv Kyiv railway line. Despite the close proximity of the historic centre, the mentioned barrier blocks all development impulses generated by the
city. Because of its industrial character, this part of the city is not seen as an attractive
residential neighbourhood. The area is generally inhabited by poorer people, often unable to upkeep their own houses, not to mention the new investments.
Pidzamche functions as a common name in Lviv. It is not and it was not the district in an administrative
sense. As far as official naming is concerned, the name Pidzamche functions in Lviv as the name of the
railway station and the name of a narrow street near this station.
18
KAROL JANAS, WOJCIECH JARCZEWSKI, MACIEJ HUCULAK
1.
2.
Two revitalization programs were introduced in 2011:

Inner-city concept of the central Lviv development (
2011) prepared and realised by German company called GIZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH) covering the area of nearly 190 ha
of the Lviv city centre including Main Market Square and southern Pidzamche.
The revitalization of the Lviv- Pidzamche 2012-2025, preprared by Institute of Urban Development (Instytut Rozwoju Miast, IRM) from Cracow cooperating with
City Institute from Lviv, which covered the most degraded part of Pidzamche the
realisation has begun in 2013. This program was funded by Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland in the framework of Polish Aid 2011 (Polska Pomoc
Rozwojowa 2011).
In the initial stage (up to 2017), the program prepared by the IRM assumes the implementation of a range of numerous, and covering different fields, smaller projects.
Their main purpose, apart from improving the aesthetics of the urban space in order to
enhance the attractiveness of the area, is to awaken residents and other users Hope that
this district has a prospect of growth and development, and that the residents themselves
can, to some extent, improve the place where they live (program ... 2011).
In 2012, Lviv was focused mainly on preparation for EURO 2012 and Pidzamche,
especially its northern part, found itself on the sidelines of these events. Major infrastructure projects and the launch of the revitalization program were postponed to 2013.
Accomplishments of 2013
Due to limited resources available to the local government, the implementation of the
program would not have been possible without a positive decision of the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland concerning financing of the project called Revitalization of Pidzamche backyards professionalization of the management of municipal
housing resources in Lviv9 in the framework of Polish Aid program. Among a number of
projects included in the Revitalization Program, in the first place, we decided to carry
out the following tasks:
Task 1: Backyards revitalization
Task 2: Pidzamche Guide (i.e. Tales of Pidzamche)
Task 9: Mural zone
Task 10: Places of activity parks and playgrounds renewal.

19
PIDZAMCHE REVITALIZATION PROJECT
We have considered the revitalization of five courtyards and a couple of selected

public spaces as the key activities in this phase of the revitalization program. The murals
were additional tasks but their implementation affected area aesthetic. Creation of Tales
of Pidzamche proved to be more complex task than writing an ordinary guide. Description of interesting places, related people and events, despite pointing out some clues, has
not provided the potential for the legend or the myth of Tales of Pidzamche to be generally recognized. Mini-guide developed by Dr. Andrij Bondarenko of Centre for Urban
History of East-Central Europe should be a good starting point for the further actions
aimed at building the district identity.
The time allocated for the project was about 10 months, starting from the date of
the public disclosure and provision of financial support from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, proved to be quite a challenge. It soon became apparent that the ambitions of our
Ukrainian partners went significantly beyond the original assumptions, which resulted
in the search for additional resources and different ways of project implementation.
Study visit to Poland, planned within the project and attended by employees of the
City Institute of Lviv, municipal officials and representatives of the City Council as well
as architects gathered in the NGO called Lypneva.com, turned out to be extremely helpful. The series of study visits provided an insight into similar projects implemented in
three Polish cities in Cracow, Katowice and Wroclaw.
Provided information proved to be extremely helpful and inspiring for the development of general guidelines, which we wanted to follow when realising our objectives in Lviv.
1. Participatory approach In almost every case, the ultimate success of the project,
especially in the long term, was determined by the inhabitants involvement. The
sustainability of the changes depended on the degree of the participation. Full commitment is not understood as consulting only (often limited to information on the
planned activities), but as the real inclusion of citizens in the planning process as
well as in the implementation of projects.
2. The low-budget approach in the name of use less, make more rule an approach
that has been somewhat forced not only by the limited budget of the project, but
also realities. It is unlikely that Lviv not to mention Pidzamche itself could obtain any significant funds for revitalization in the near future. Optimization and the
most efficient use of remaining resources seemed to be the best option. Polish experience of micro-projects concerning revitalization showed how much can be done
by the maximum utilisation of even limited resources. Sometimes, only a relatively
little support from the outside or even just a bit of assistance in planning and organization is enough to conduct a project. The mobilization of forces, gaining the
widest possible support, not only from the city, but also from NGOs, local institutions, the private sector, the media, etc.
20
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Demonstration/instructional projects not only to show what has been done, but
most of all, how it was done, in order to encourage other residents, residential communities, to take part in the improvement of their immediate environment. Promotion, talking about the positive changes taking place on Pidzamche should also contribute to the process of overcoming the negative reception of this part of the city
and draw attention to the positive actions.
The process of the project realisation consisted of four main phases:
Backyards and space for revitalization selection, public consultation and the provision of additional funding (grant awarded by the City Council of Lviv) approx. 3
months
Preparation of architectural projects and other documents needed to obtain permits
to carry out construction activities approx. 3 months
Searching for contractors, negotiating budgets and organization of the work of volunteers (approx. 1 month)
Investment implementation (approx. 4 months)
The yards selection process itself proved to be much more difficult task than we
expected and because of the reasons we did not foreseen. At first, we were worried that
there will be too many yards reported for revitalization. We did our best to set transparent rules and base the selection on clear and understandable criteria. We even planned
to carry out the competition, which would allow for the selection of the most motivated
groups of inhabitants. In the end, due to time constraints, we established a special committee of the representatives of local administration, municipal officials and professionals, which was supposed to choose the most suitable locations. To our surprise, a number
of residents were reluctant to any changes on their backyards. In fact, the challenge was
not the selection of the suitable spot but rather overcoming the residents distrust and
convincing the people to cooperate.
The process of designing that involves public consultations

The young architects from the NGO lypneva.com Andriy Szuliar, Oksana Savczuk and
Natalia Mysak started to prepare architectural concepts for the locations selected by the
committee. These ideas were then visualized and presented to interested residents to
discuss. Undoubtedly, the design phase had proved to be an important part of the whole
process of backyards and public spaces revitalization. Despite the limitations associated with a low budget and people reluctance the design team wanted to come up with
something innovative, interesting and worth imitating but also based on Polish and other western cities experience. The final results of design work, though perhaps not quite
21
as bold and spectacular as the initial assumptions were, managed to consume and adapt
to the expectations of residents without losing the innovative character.
At the design stage, just after the preparation of the initial concept of architectural
and urban planning, it turned out that the project planned for one of the pre-qualified
courtyards (at 11 and 13 Pidzamche St.) will not be realised. The main problem was
a large group of residents who categorically refused to communicate or engage in any
debate over proposed amendments.
All in all, 5 projects were completed:
playground at Khmelnitskoho St.,
three courtyards, which were combined into one shared space between the Khmelnitskoho St. and Zhovkivska St. (74, 76 and 78 Khmelnytsky St.),
a small square called Krynychna ploshcha in front of Pidzamche railway station.
We did not organize the consultations in the classrooms provided by a nearby elementary school. In school, we would be hosts and residents guests. Meetings held
directly in the backyards turned the perspective completely. We, the project team, were
guests and residents were at home acting as hosts. In this way, it was easier to discuss
various ideas and solutions on the spot, which limited, but not eliminated, the use of
graphics, plans and visuals. In total, the project team participated in several such meetings. Each stage, and the new changes made to the project (e.g. concerning budgetary
constraints) were discussed and negotiated with the locals. Each subsequent meeting
was more fruitful due to the growth of mutual trust and we soon observed that people,
who initially presented a highly demanding attitude, not only willingly contributed to
the discussion, but began to initiate their own activities. One of the key factors that ultimately led to the involvement of some reluctant inhabitants were commitment and
extraordinary communication skills presented by the manager of the project team Andriy Szuliar and investment activities coordinators of the Institute of the City Maksym
Lysak and Yaryna Melnyk. Selection of a local leader for each project was one of the most
important moments in the whole initiative the most active and committed person became the representative of the whole community. This person, in the later stages, also
coordinated the flow of information between the residents and the coordinator of the
Ukrainian side and the district administration.
In order to ensure an increased sense of responsibility for the completed projects, we
initially assumed that residents will participate in financing the projects, especially in the
activities involving the revitalization of backyards. This principle applies as far as the German GIZ and a number of different projects in the very downtown of Lviv are concerned,
provided that the direct beneficiaries are residents of a particular building. The aforementioned situation of Pidzamche and the fact that a significant proportion of the population is
comprised of pensioners and people with low income meant that such a solution could not
22
be implemented. In return, however, residents pledged to perform part of the work, which
has significantly lowered costs. Even the local parish designated their own volunteers for the
renewal of a playground, which was particularly popular among the inhabitants. Part of the
work was carried out also in the form of a fun activity by those who were the most interested
in the kids, who under their mothers and grandmothers supervision, painted a new fence.
Due to the advertising in the local media, Lviv art collective called Kickit offered help in the
restoration of Pidzamche. In their spare time, artists prepared a draft of murals, which were
later on painted for free. We were to provide paints and prepare the surface (plaster filling
and wall priming). The largest expense turned out to be the cost of hiring and installing scaffolding, the application of which was necessary because of the size of the mural. We were
also requested to protect the structure against a theft, which was an unexpected difficulty.
Thanks to effective participatory activities which resulted in establishing good relations with
the locals, we managed to find a person who, for a small fee, was guarding the construction
site. Owning to the information given by one of the residents, we were able to recover small
construction equipment, which had been stolen earlier. This phone call was the best proof
that some residents felt responsible for their immediate environment and place of residence.
They accepted interventions conducted by the project and treat them as their own.
Planned and executed objectives

11 and 13 Pidzamche St. unrealised project
A backyard at 11 and 13 Pidzamche St. from the perspective of project objectives
and capabilities seemed a suitable place for a model revitalization process. It is the classic
well surrounded by tenement houses, relatively small in terms of space, serving several families. The area has already been adjusted to their needs we noted a presence of
benches, several playground devices, a sandbox and numerous cords for hanging laundry as well as urban greenery like trees and bushes. It seemed that people have been actively using and adapting this space to their needs. Our intervention might have been an
opportunity for using it more often, while keeping it in good condition. A considerable
degree of degradation of the area and lack of means and resources available for residents
spoke for carrying out the project of the yard revitalization. An additional aim was to
integrate inhabitants of the buildings surrounding the yard.
During the consultation three main purposes of the yard were defined:
leisure and meeting place for adults, especially the elderly
kids playground
laundry drying
With regard to the mentioned needs, a team of architects prepared a project of revitalization. It was assumed that a small piece of green will fit around a large tree, next
23
Fig. 5 Backyard at 11-13 Pidzamche st.
to it there will be benches with a table and a small playground. Laundry drying function
was to be maintained. Unfortunately, the residents were reluctant to accept this project
and did not indicate any other desirable improvements, apart from repairing a part of
the surface. The renewal of the main gate was a frequently raised expectation but this was
beyond the scope of the project. The main concern among the residents was that the new
playground will attract large number of kids and, as a consequence, will generate noise.
As a result, despite a number of mediation and meetings, we had to abandon this project.
Playground at Khmelnitskoho St.
In the central part of Pidzamche there is a playground, which was built in the 80s of
the twentieth century, and since then, except for the addition of several devices, it was
not renovated at all. Part of the devices were damaged and even posed a threat to the
safety of children playing there. However, this is a place frequently visited by local residents and identified by them as an important and worth renewing. The main advantage
of the place is its openness, relatively low buildings surrounding the plaza allow some
sunshine from time to time. A couple of large, old trees provide the place with a cosy
character of a green enclave.
The main objective of the project was to change the current, linear array of the
square (Fig. 3) to the concentric one. The idea was that children can play in the middle
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Fig. 6 Playground at Khmelnitskoho st. before revitalization public consultations
of the playground, while their parents were able to sit outside seeing all the devices. During the consultation, parents frequently asked for a paved path, where the children could
ride on skateboards, bikes, scooters and parents could walk with strollers. It was decided
that an alley, paved with pressed brick and cement, will serve this function. At the same
time, the wider part of the pavement will be converted into a mini-pitch to play basketball. An important element of the project was painting the walls of houses surrounding
the whole area by artists from Kickit group. The renewal of the playground at Khmelnytsky St. involved, inter alia, the following works:
Dismantlement of the old equipment, including the walls imitating a castle. Corroded parts and lack of adequate safety measures posed a threat to the well-being of
children using the site. Moreover, the castle towers were often used as a public toilet.
Removal of the old and damaged surface and land levelling.
Installation of new equipment (ladders, climbing wall, basketball basket, swing, outdoor table tennis table) and movement of already existing facilities in order to provide more space and enable parents to look after the children.
Installation of new benches using existing elements like concrete legs and the foundations of the demolished walls, also installation of new bins.
installation of new lighting and adjusting the electrical installation using existing
light poles
25
Fig. 7 Graffiti painting at the playground, K. Janas 2013.
Fig. 8 Playground at Khmelickoho st. after revitalization, K. Janas 2013
26
construction of a stage platform

construction of new, paved alleys and creating a space to play with sand
construction of a new metal fence from the side of a street
facilitate the use of the square by parents with strollers and the elderly, by making
a comfortable and spacious entrances instead of the existing castle-towers gates
walls of adjacent buildings preparation (plaster fillings and wall priming) and painting a mural
During the realisation, a lot of effort was put to reuse already existing infrastructure
as well as disassembled materials. Thanks to that, we managed to build additional climbing ladders, a bike rack and roofs for sandboxes, which construction based on foundations of the demolished castle-towers.
Three backyards between Khmelnytskoho and Zhovkivska Streets
(83, 85 and 87 Khmelnytskoho St.) urban garden project
In the context of the revitalization project failure at Pidzamche Street, we were looking for an opportunity for revitalizing a courtyard in a classic way. Our partner the Institute of the City of Lviv drew our attention to the particular didactic and demonstrative
potential of our revitalization projects at 83, 85 and 87 Khmelnytsky St. Due to semi-open
Fig. 9 Backyard revitalization project visualization
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Fig. 10 Courtyards at Khmelnitskoho the first meeting with residents
Fig. 11 Residents celbrating an opening of their backyard (not vegetated yet)
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character of revitalized backyards they are not enclosed from Zolkiewska St. the results
of the project are available for all the pedestrians. In the context of the entire Pidzamche revitalization program an implementation of such demonstrational backyards is important
because it clearly shows what can be done using very limited resources.
Those three adjacent backyards were separated by symbolic paths and curbs, hence,
one could immediately see the potential of combining them into one larger whole. Local residents managed to set aside some space for flower beds on trampled and destroyed
by cars lawn. It was the inspiration for an urban garden, an idea immediately approved
by the locals, where flowers, shrubs and even vegetable could be planted. It was also necessary to set the parking zone for cars and to physically separate it from the green area.
Wooden crates, previously used for flowers transportation, were used to build such a barrier (Fig. 5). Part of the lawn was devoted to create volleyball court. Demolition of a quite
large brick outbuilding, which was about to collapse, was also a part of the project.
A construction of the fence provided us with a serious dilemma. Residents demanded
the construction of a high and closed fence, because they were afraid that the renewed area
can be quickly devastated. We proposed a construction of the fence, but without a gate and
wicket, so the space was at least partially open. Determined residents, in just a few days
after the completion of the fence, split the bill for the gate installation and completely shut
the space. Residents, with a great enthusiasm, joined in the planting of shrubs and trees
Fig. 12 The Krynichna square after revitalization, E. Shcheholskyi 2014
29
purchased under the project and committed to further work in the next gardening season.
They also bought a swing that is supposed to be installed next spring. Kickit group painted
special garden graffiti and, on a special request of one of the residents, a huge smiling sun.
Kryniczny Square Revitalization (vis a vis Pidzamche railway station)
Restoration of the square in front of Pidzamche railway station, even though relatively simple, turned out to be a significant project. It is an important transportation hub
for people working in the downtown because the station is much closer to the Lviv centre than the Main Station. What is more, there is also a major bus and taxi stop.
Our main task was to build benches for waiting commuters and to trim the willow, because the tree branches provided a shelter for people consuming alcohol. We also
started preparing technical documentation necessary to run the fountain.
Actvities and projects in 2014

The next stage of Pidzamche revitalization project implemented under the Polish Aid
2014 was associated with a number of challenges. Firstly, the scale of the activities
planned for implementation in 2014 was three times larger than what had been achieved
the year before. An additional difficulty was related to the current political and social
events and the invasion of Russia in the Crimea and eastern Ukraine. Although Lviv is
located away from areas where military operations are under way, for some time it was
not certain whether the program is going to be continued. All in all, the project received
a green light from the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs at the end of March. Due to this
delay, the time available for the implementation of all planned activities was shortened to
less than nine months. At that time, we had to fulfil a number of tasks, which consisted
of four main activities:
Task 1: Revitalization of two yards and three public spaces (squares, pieces of public
greenery, playgrounds, et al.);
Task 2: Promotion of material and spiritual heritage of Pidzamche district;
Task 3: Continuation of training the people involved in the Pidzamche revitalization project;
Task 4: Revitalization of the three historic gates.
Nevertheless, we looked forward to new challenges as we were equipped with experience gained during the implementation of our previous projects.
Activities related to the revitalization of courtyards and public spaces in Pidzamche,
which we managed to accomplish in 2013, apart from the direct results seen as improvement of the quality and aesthetics of the residential areas, brought some other benefits,
even more important from the point of view of the entire program. Successful completion
30
of the ongoing projects in a relatively short period of time meant that there was a glimmer
of hope for the further changes related to revitalization. Pidzamche revitalization activities were accompanied by a very strong interest in the local media, which resulted in more
than sixty appearances in press and television. Information about obtaining funding for
project continuation also received a wide coverage. Increased trust from local communities was another added value of the previous projects. A year ago, it was a challenge to find
a yard whose users would agree for any revitalization activities. The process of planning
and implementing major works with local residents involvement requested enormous effort and time. This year, on the other hand, the locals themselves submitted proposals of
places that require revampment. It was necessary to make a selection.
From the beginning, social participation and social aspect of revitalization were one
of the main objectives adapted by the program. What is more, we treated the public involvement not only as a method of achieving greater efficiency and durability of concrete
projects, but also as an aim itself.
It is ones own backyard from where a community should begin to be built. Such
community will actively participate in the life of a district, city and, as a result, create
a truly civil society, which should be a foundation of democracy (Parfitt 200410). Activation of the local community was not an easy task, not all projects in this area had been
successful, nevertheless, this effort was not wasted. Thanks to the efforts of the residents,
we were able to achieve a lot more than had been initially expected. The appearance of
a sense of responsibility for jointly developed space was crucial. Due to that fact, renovated playgrounds will not be devastated and revitalized backyards greenery will be
taken care of. Encouraged by the last years positive results owning to the activation and
residents involvement in both planning and implementation, we decided to go a step
further and try to introduce, in the scope of revitalization program, a new European Union urban development approach called Community Led Local Development
Objectives of the next phase of the Pidzamche revitalization program were publicly
presented on 6th of March 2014 during a meeting with residents at the Shevchenkivskyi
district administration headquarters (in this district, Pidzamche is situated). During the
meeting participants have expressed a great interest, offering certain objects for revitalization and sharing their own views on the project. Locals who have participated in the
project last year also attended the meeting; they have shared their experience of cooperation and appreciated the work that had been already done. Many of the arrivals declared
their willingness to participate in future projects in advance and submitted their proposals for places that needed to be renewed.
10
Parfitt, T. (2004) The ambiguity of participation: a qualified defence of participatory development Third
World Quarterly, Vol.25 ss: 537-556
31
The next step was the announcement of the possibility to formulate suggestions of
places and objects that will be renovated as a part of the 2014 revitalization: backyards;
public spaces such as squares, plazas, playgrounds etc.; historic gates and places that
would be suitable for murals / graffiti paintings. This information appeared in the local
press, but also in the form of street ads.
Applications were accepted by the end of April by filling a form on the revitalization
project website, but also in person at the Institute of the City. Each application requested
a justification for the choice of the location and the outline of the idea as well as information about where the location is situated and also personal information on the citizen
who made the nomination.
The final selection of sites that were qualified to the project was done by the committee, which included: the representative of the local government from Shevchenkivskyi Region, housing expert Mr. Taras Zozulya, manager of cultural heritage protection
office of Lviv, Mrs. Liliya Onyshchenko-Shvets, director of the Institute of the City, Mr.
Oleksandr Kobzarew, urban planning expert, Mr. Stefan Gabi and project manager, Mr.
Karol Janas from the Institute of Urban Development. Before the decision-making process, the commission had visited all objects at Pidzamche registered within the project
by its residents. Thus, the commission members could evaluate by themselves the condition of the objects and their eligibility. When choosing places and objects for revitalization, members of the committee took into account various criteria, for instance: the previous activity and local residents willingness to cooperate, public availability, the degree
of degradation and possible barriers that might call into question the viability of the task.
Eight gates, eight yards, and fifteen public spaces were submitted to the competition.
It was decided that two yards at 12 Skydan St. and 105 Khmelnytsky St. three public
spaces: the playground at the corner of Zhovkiska St. and Ostryanica St., the square at
Skydan St. and the park at the 76 Khmelnytsky St. at the end of Strimka St. were going
to be renovated.
The next step was to organize meetings with residents in order to inform them about
launching the projects, establish contacts, and recognize their willingness to cooperation
and the nature of the support they could provide. The first series of meetings was held
on 16th of April. For each project location, a contact person from the local community
had been selected, whose role was to maintain communication between the residents and
the operator of the project (City Institute), and coordination of residents activities. These
meetings were also participated by a design team led by Natalia Mysak, which created
a list of the main problems identified by residents and the proposed solutions and their expectations regarding the appearance and functionality of the revitalized areas. Inhabitants
answered four main questions: What do you like in place? What do you not like? What
would you like to see there? What should be avoided? Then, the answers were recorded on
four boards one for each question. To our surprise, the residents did not have any major
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Fig. 13 Residents presenting projects prepared by themselves
problems with the formulation of their expectations and vision. Some of them prepared
themselves beforehand, bringing their own sketches and proposals of space arrangement.
The design team needed approximately 2 months to prepare draft projects and visualizations which were presented and discussed with the residents in July. Designers presented their concepts, indicating how they had taken into account the inhabitants ideas.
During these meetings, residents solutions were implemented to the projects and the
final decisions were taken.
A revitalization operator, basing on completed projects and specifications prepared
by the architects, began collecting offers of potential construction and renovation contractors. A part of the preparatory works related to the area drainage, supplementation
and connection to the lighting system, removal of debris and garbage, were commissioned to the public utility company.
In the case of the square at the corner of Strimki St. and Khmelnytsky St. and the
other two plazas, it was necessary to perform dendrochronological expertise and cut
down rotten trees. The most time-consuming were all kinds of formal and legal arrangements and obtaining permits from the relevant authorities. During these meetings various discrepancies between the documentation and the actual state were revealed. All this
matters resulted in a delay of the investment works. As a result, projects were subjected
to the further modifications.
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Fig. 14 Final project proposal for the corner square at Khmelnickoho and Strimki St.
Fig. 15 Final project proposal for the backyard at 12 Ostryanitsi St.
34
This years revitalization of the three historic gates was a completely new task. Among
the applications submitted by residents, the gates were presenting the highest artistic value as far as site inspection assessment is concerned, thus they were selected. This idea
was taken from the project called Municipal Development and Rehabilitation of the Old
City of Lviv which was carried out in the close neighbourhood. Under this program, the
German organization Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit GIZ implemented
micro-grants system, whose purpose was to preserve valuable architectural details such as
windows, entrances to buildings, balconies and staircases, which are particularly vulnerable to destruction because of their everyday use. Despite formal restrictions, inhabitants
often replace them by more functional and cheaper items. Beautiful carved woodwork is
often replaced by plastic windows and doors. Of course, restoration costs play here a very
important role, but should not be the most important. It results in a lack of awareness of
the value of these pieces, which are often difficult to detect after years of neglect and improvised repairs. The lack of experts who could renovate those items in accordance with
the art conservation requirements was also a significant obstacle. That is why GIZ, as a part
Fig. 16 Doors renovation works at 2 Ohirkova St
35
of their project, has been training Ukrainian craftsmen from Lviv and the surrounding areas for several years. They needed well prepared workers who would be able to deal with
mentioned tasks. Manager of GIZ Lviv project Mrs. Iris Gleichman offered her assistance in the implementation of this action, so it was done in a similar way as the solution
introduced in the central part of the downtown. Application of the existing methodology
and the access to skilled craftsmen working with GIZ resulted in a significant reduction of
the cost and limited the risk of renovation work not meeting the criteria of relevant quality.
In the case of the gates renovation, a financial contribution from the residents played
a key role. Although it was not necessary for the task finalization due to the earlier savings,
inhabitants participation in the costs, even in a small part, ensured the sustainability of results. In this way, residents have a notion that a common gate is their property and they are
responsible for it. As far as the gates at Pidzamche are concerned, the residents contribution was set at 15% of the investment costs due to the fact that many of the residents have
a very modest income. The necessity of self-organization, acquiring a consent of the other
Fig. 17 Doors at 56 Khmelnickoho St. before and after renovation
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Fig. 18 Doors before and after renovation at 9 Pidzamche St.
residents, conducting a fundraising, the signing of a collective agreement to co-finance

the task even such mundane activities allow to overcome the apathy, give impetus to the
integration of neighbors and show that by working together one can change his immediate environment. The positive effects of this approach could be observed in the course of
the project. For example, during the renovation of one of the gates, a contractor damaged
a door wing. Residents responded immediately by notifying the operator of revitalization.
On a different occasion, residents gathered additional sum of money to install an intercom.
We were able to convince the residents and collect the necessary sum of money for
our own contribution. We have to pour a concrete for a threshold and that would
be it. All the works have been done just perfectly neighbors from other buildings
have already got envious. (9 Pidzamche St. resident, Ihor Yarema).
Unfortunately, such initiatives are not common even in the case of flats owned by
residents, not to mention the communal apartments, which dominate at Pidzamche.
Ukraine lacks an efficient solution that would oblige the co-owners to manage the common part of the building. However, there is a possibility of establishing a residential
37
community (i.e. OSBB), but for various reasons it is not an easy task. Greater integration
of people and cooperation is undoubtedly the first step on this path. From this perspective, the project of gates revitalizing had additional educational and integrational value.
Those objectives were in the centre of attention as far as the subsequent projects
related to the revitalization of the courtyards are concerned. In those cases, a measure
of the success of the project was not only the realisation of the intended work, but the
involvement of the inhabitants of the buildings surrounding a courtyard. Initial inclusion of residents into the planning process built among them a sense of responsibility for
a common space, although it formally remains a municipal property.
Revitalization of the inner courtyard at 1214 Ostrianytsi St. and 4 Skydana St.
The courtyard at 12-14 Ostryanytsyi and 4 Skydana Streets become an open living
room for three houses. As well as the previous projects in the framework of revitalization of Pidzamche, it changed several times. At the beginning, residents needed the time
to get use to to the design decisions, discuss it with their neighbors, imagine how they
would use the space every day, and then, during the meeting, they shared their views
with the project team. Todays court is a pleasant space with good grass, few manicured
flower beds and, most importantly, a sense of community presence. It is in accordance
with Natalia Mysaks, the author of the draft recovery yard project, statement that one of
the objectives was to keep the special atmosphere of this already lived-space.
Fig. 19 Works at the backyard at 12-14 Ostryanitsi and 4 Skydana St. in progress
38
During discussions with the residents, the main functions of the backyard had been
identified. They could be divided into: quiet rest, gardening, sports and business needs.
In order to provide them, the project team did their best to set as much free space on the
lawn as possible. It can be settled over time according to needs: to practice hobbies, arrange chairs and table in the summer, etc. Seven benches were installed in the backyard.
Some of them were located under the pergola with vines growing on it. For gardening
purposes, there are several ridges and a lot of posts with flower boxes. The posts can be
used also for drying clothes. What is more, designers considered sports area parallel
bars, horizontal bar and gymnastic ladder. Residents agreed that the place should be suitable for all age groups and supported the idea that the design must include equiplemnt for
drying clothes. Additionaly, as far as the residents are concerned, there was no need for
any new special equipment for children because two childrens playgrounds are planned
to be revamped under the project in the close proximity of the site this autumn.
This project is an attempt to provide the appropriate form to the functions that have
already existed in the yard and to fulfill their needs. We tried to create a comfortable backdrop to the daily practices, and which, we hope, will promote strengthening the community.
However, restoration of the court is just one of the intermediate stages. The main part of the
project will start after it, when the yard will be used and modified by residents. Whether
the courtyard will be living depends on this very notion added Nataliya Mysak.
Fig. 20 Residents form 1214 Ostryanitsi St. and 4 Skydana St. visiting newly opened backyard
39
The new equipment that has been installed: pergola, 7 benches, beams, Swedish
wall, horizontal bar, 3 boxes for flowers, 2 flower rack for 32 pots, fence, rack for drying
clothes, 4 garden lights.
Works done: new river-pebble coverage, paths, plants and leveling.
Revitalization of the inner courtyard at 105-105a Kmelnytskoho St.
The yard on the Bohdan Khmelnytsky Street belongs to two buildings. The first has five
floors while the other one has only one floor. Therefore, establishing identity of space between the two buildings is the main idea of the project: apartment building is seen as a form
of urban housing, while one-story house is, by its nature, a rural estate. Thus, comparison,
but also contrast, between these two different identities in the confined space was the leitmotif for the initial design ideas. Design language is different for these two environments.
For example, urban is orderly and tightly scheduled, while rural is freer, more spacious and
more private. The emphasis on the differences and, at the same time, demonstration of the
need for a dialogue between these two environments was created to encourage courtyard users to understand and recognise everyones importance. Although the welfare elements were
located on the opposite sides of the border, they are available for all residents, regardless of
the building, social status, or age. A swing, as well as tennis or chess table, is suitable for both
children and adults. Childrens tree house provides children with fun and games and offers
Fig. 21 Project of a tree house for children, by A. Shulyar, N. Mysak, M. Dukh
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Fig. 22 Backyard at 105 Khmelnickoho St. residents at work
an opportunity to come up with a different new idea for entartainment every single daysaid architect Andrij Shulyar, co-author of the Revitalization of Pidazmche project.
The next three projects are related to the revitalization of the three public spaces
which will serve the broadest range of users mainly residents of the district, but also
visitors of Pidzamche. Three squares have been selected among the proposals made by
the locals. We took into account not only community involvement but also functionality
and availability for the whole population.
The new equipment that has been installed: an arbor, a chess table, 5 benches, parallel bars,
a horizontal bar, a fence,a drying rack, a lamp, tennis table, a tree house with a slide,
a garden swing.
A playground at the corner of Zhovkivska and Ostryanytsi St.
The square at the corner of Zhovkivska and Ostryanytsi St., enclosed on the northeast and south-west side by high tenement walls, respectively at 14 Ostryanitsi St. and
26 Zolkiewski St., enjoyed the greatest interest from residents. In the square, there were
remains of a previously existing playground two ladders, slides and a sandbox surrounded by a couple of high trees. The area of the square (632 m2) has not been paved.
Restoration of the original function of the place is of a great importance due to the
fact that two schools and two kindergartens operate in the area. Since the youngest resi-
41
Fig. 23 The playground at Zhovkivska St. and Ostryanytsi St. has been built from scratch
Fig. 24 Children from Pidzamche preparing graffiti projects for their playground
42
dents of Pidzamche supposed to be the main users, they were also actively involved in the
designing of this space. During the workshops, which took place during the Neighbours
Festival, children from Pidzamche prepared sketches and drawings, which were later used
by professional artists while painting graffiti on the walls surrounding the square.
Project of the playground situated at the crossroads of Zhovkivska and Ostrianytsi
Streets underwent a lot of changes during construction works. We also selected this place
because it was the only playground in the area that had been adapted for the smallest
childrens fun activities. From the very beginning Pidzamche inhabitants actively took
part in discussions concernin this place. One of the objectives of the project was to combine desires of the inhabitants with a number of standard equipment which supposed to
beinstalled in this area in order to create an unusual playground for the youngest. We
tried to achieve all this by mixing surfaces that are different in touch and colour lawn,
wooden scabs, small river stones, paving stones or terracotta Non-standard elements
such as colorful path that consists of several wooden playground climbers were also added. We are planning to apply an alphabet on its surface. This will supplement the playground climbers and round playground which may be painted with crayons for example.
In addition, functional elements like a cover of the sandbox that can be transformed into
Fig. 25 Opening of the playground at Zhovkivska St. and Ostryanytsi St.
43
a bench after opening has been added. Also a few trees and low bushes will be planted
along the playground boundary.
Pidzamche inhabitants actively participated in the process of revitalization of this
area. Thus, on the Neighbours Festival, which was organized by the initiative group
Jota at the beginning of the September, the youngest inhabitants draw paintings that
will serve as a basis for graffiti on the buildings sidewalls near the location. Currently,
professional artists are working on complete sketch of this graffiti.
Both youth and senior residents have taken part in the formation of space revitalization project. We hope that this will result in creation of comfortable space for children
which they will be happy to explore and which will improve their development.
The works on the playground began in mid-August. One of the challenges for the
architect of the project was to combine a set of standard equipment provided for the
installation in this location and residents wish to create a distinctive playground for
the youngest. It was achieved through a combination of surfaces that are different in
touch and color lawn, wooden framework, small river stone, pavers and more. A color
trail has also been added. It consists of several playground climbers and a climb-dome.
Fig. 26 Architects discussing their project proposals for the corner square at Khmelnickoho and
Strimki St. with residents.
44
The painting on the front wall of the building was created by artists from art formation
named Kickit Art.
Residents of nearby houses were involved in the work on the playground. They
removed old equipment, collected rubbish, painted fences etc. The restoration project
combined efforts of the local community, the City Institute, Department of Family,
Youth and Sports of the LCC and Polish colleagues from the Institute of Urban Development in Krakow. In general, the works at the playground lasted three months and cost
170.000 UAH (~7.000 EURO).
Public square at the corner of Ostrianytsi and Strimka Streets
We have been consulting the residence since spring. Inhabitants of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, Strimka and Karaimska streets were especially active. Their proposals contributed mainly to the functional aspect of the square.
As one of the architects Matviy Duh said: Square is a place of rest and recreation
among noisy streets which is loaded with traffic throughout the day. To overcome mediocrity and unpleasantness of this place, we came up with the motto of the concept of
the restoration: Everything new is colourful. Color, brightness, functionality, appeal
the qualities will revive the square. Entrance paths from both streets will be painted
in red in order to draw pedestrains attention. Instead of stairs, we will arrange a ramp
to facilitate access. The project includes various colored and functional accents: a long
yellow bench, which rises from the ground level and changes its configuration in a wavy
manner for the entire length. It is bordered with the podium (green color) an element
which can be used for games as well as performance, workshops and people communication. The public garden is surrounded by saplings of unique Ginkgo biloba trees and
another space to relax equipped with benches
Murals
The Commission identified three finalists of the graffiti contest: Volodymyr Fedusiv,
Taras Dovgalyuk and Vitaly Grech. Murals were to be placed on one of the bordering
walls of the Pidzamche district.
Their work gained the most votes during the meeting of the tender commission
consisting of Head of Historic Environment Lilia Onyshchenko-Shvech, director of the
City Institute Olexander Kobzarev, head of the project Revitalization of Pidzamche of
City Development Institute (Cracow) Karol Janas, media artist, curator of the exhibition
programs of the City history of East Central Europe Andrij Linik, the main Lvivs city
artist Viktor Petsuch and representative of Shevchenko district administration Taras Zozulia. Residents and guests of the district decided which picture appeared on Pidzamche.
As far as other cities experience is concerned, graffiti on the side-wall of the buildings becomes more and more popular, but this practice is relatively new for Lviv. This
45
Fig. 27 Awarded mural projects, from left to right: Taras Dovgaliuk (Lviv), Fedisiv Volodimir
(Lviv), Vitaliy Greh (Drohobych).
Fig. 28 Preparation of the mural on 39 Zavodska St. by artists from Kickit collective.
46
Fig. 29 Murals on Zhovkivska Ostryanytsi St.
year, the City Institute initiated application of the artwork on Pidzamche. Samples of
the sketches were posted at the wall so the people could choose a future picture that will
complement their everyday surroundings.
The sketches were exhibited near the wall on 39 Zavodska Street for the whole day.
Everyone had a chance to vote for one and determine which mural will be implemented
on this street. The work of T. Dovgaluk got an absolute majority of votes 314. During
that day 417 people attended the voting.
Identification of the cultural heritage objects on Pidzamche
Twelve cultural heritage objects and some other inetersting monuments characteristic for Pidzamche, like sacred buildings or stone and industrial buildings, had been
marked with infoplates. In addition to a brief Ukrainian and English description, QRcode that will guide to projects webpage containing detailed information for each building was placed at every plate.
We have installed sample tables, which was later adopted for tourist marking in the
city. City Institute created a customized icon for each object. During October and November we have obtained approvals for plates installation on the objects. As it turned
out, the new owners were well aware of the history of their buildings. There was no denial; everyone gladly accepted the idea of marking the little-known but no less interest-
47
Fig. 30 Example of the infoplate designed for the Monastery of St. Onufriy
Fig. 31 Instalation of the infoplates
48
ing objects in Pidzamche. Currently, it is the basis of alternative travel routes for excursions and city tours.
The descriptions were taken from a guidebook called Pidzamche: History of Another City, which was published under the project in 2013. Andriy Bondarenko, together with the Center for Urban History of East Central Europe, was the author and main
researcher of that guidebook.
Andriy Bondarenko
Sites of Memory at Pidzamche:

the Past in the Symbolic Landscape
of One of the Lviv Areas
Today, Lviv citizens are getting more and more curious about Pidzamche, and, of course,
most of their attention is drawn to the history of this area. However, it is clear that everyone has different view on the history, regardless of the actual degree of awareness of
scholarly works concerning the history. Personal (professional or laic) understandings
of the past become a material for crystallization of broader collective representations11.
Therefore, in any symbolic landscape12, there are inscribed not only ideological meanings and the most common senses of place, but the required signs of the past that
widen a general collective knowledge about history of this area (Sauer 2008, Tuan 2001)?.
Material objects and areas of the landscape, with an additional pseudo-symbolic
historical value, are called sites of memory13 (Nora 1999). In other words, these are
special places of landscape strongly associated with the themes of collective remembrance. These are the places that tell us something about the past of a local or wider
area. They speak primarily because we are already in the context of collective representations of history, and certain places simply turn on our relevant associations. Thus, to
see a site of memory, one needs to obtain some knowledge about it and its inclusion in
a historical as well as imaginary context in advance.
11
For more about the concept of individual and collective memories, see the works of Maurice Halbwachs.
12
See Carl Sauer, The morphology of landscape // The cultural geography reader (ed. by T.S. Oakes, P.L.
Price), New York, Routledge, 2008, s. 96-104; Yi-Fu Tuan, Space and Place: The perspective of experience,
University of Minnesota Press, 2001.
13
Pierre Nora, Les Lieux de mmoire, Volume 1: The State, University of Chicago Press, 1999.
50
ANDRIY BONDARENKO
It should be noted that Pidzamche is a vernacular spatial phenomenon. Its territory seems to be an unofficial, grass-roots, traditional mode of space perception by the
citizens. Boundaries of Pidzamche are conditional and not fixed in any detailed maps or
plans. Almost every Lviver defines it differently.
Currently, cohesion of Pidzamche area is performed on an imaginary level, and the
places of memory play an important role here.
History, memory, the past: construction, and not a reflection

Remembering the past is a specific process that rather constructs than simply reflects the past and our images of the past, which are written in the material and symbolic landscape, set very selective and specific links with the conditional objective past.
The collective memory of the past in relation to the current space of Pidzamche
builds a special version of its past and sets specific parameters for perception of the area.
This point is worth closer examination in order to see the difference between history and
historical memory, and between the events of the past and the memory of them.
Pierre Nora, the author of the sites of memory concept, was inclined to regard the
people, spontaneous collective remembering as a cognitive alternative to the official
history, which, in his opinion, depended too much on political, ideological or personal
issues. We can understand such enthusiasm of Nora by recalling the early years after the
collapse of the Soviet Union, when the Ukrainian historical science was flooded with the
oral testimonies from the witnesses of the past who were forced to remain silent before.
However, if the memory can still structurally complement the history, it does not
mean that memory itself lacks fundamental misstatements. Today, scientists attention
to the mechanisms of memory and their reliability is generated by the proliferation of
the methods of oral history, i.e. history, which is based on living testimonies. The representatives of the oral history14 have analyzed the fundamental limitations of their methods. First of all, they refer to the human factor. Its not only about such sins of human
memory as blurriness or forgetfulness, but also about the less obvious things doubtful
transmission of facts can be compensated for psychological and subjective additions that
convey experiences, emotions, feelings, dreams and desires of the respondents, the personal meanings they are investigating in episodes of the past. Moreover, such external
factors as ideology or social relations also come into play (Portelli 1990, Passerini 1996).
Accordingly, the past, recorded in the collective memory and, in particular, in the
sites of memory, has a very indirect relation to the real events that happened before. Such
the past can be called a separate imaginary reality that is created by our (or someone
14
See Alessandro Portelli, The Death of Luigi Trastulli and Other Stories: Form and Meaning in Oral
History, State University of New York Press, 1990; Luisa Passerini, Autobiography of a Generation: Italy,
1968, Wesleyan, 1996.
51
SITES OF MEMORY AT PIDZAMCHE: THE PAST IN THE SYMBOLIC LANDSCAPE...
elses) memories and by the things that, in fact, have no connection to the past. This
memory helps us to comprehend rather the present time than history, i. e. the specific
moment when a particular element of remembrance construction has been formed.
Sites of memory at Pidzamche

Sites of memory tell us about the past by means of a particular mediated method,
which can be taken as a metaphor. Moreover, it is about the past in its double sense the
past directly stated in the remembrance narrative, and the past as the formation time of
that narrative, if it was formed some time ago.
Lets try to scrutinize the most important and obvious sites of memory at Pidzamche, as well as the features of their remembrance. That is, to think about what they tell
us, if they are not taken as direct evidences, but as the encrypted messages-metaphors.
Pidzamche
As a certain informal imaginary area, Pidzamche itself is this important site of
memory. The engaging mechanisms of a particular remembrance mode are activated
while crossing imaginary boundaries of Pidzamche or sightseeing from some convenient point of observation.
Pidzamche is a special area that has a very strong symbolic load. Nowadays city residents usually associate it with two Lvivs with the ancient mythical princely Lviv (here
everything is clear), and, also mythical, other Lviv, which can be called underground.
This refers to Lviv that is an alternative to the common central Lviv the mysterious, irrational Lviv of the old nooks and maze streets, authentic Lvivers and dangerous guys;
a romantic Lviv irrationally driven out of the civilized center filled with tourists.
The former Bachevski factory / Rogatka (slingshot)
On 114/116 Bohdan Khmelnytskyi Street, there is a building which is one of the
most valuable places of Pidzamche memory. From 1782 to 1939, it housed a Europewide famous alcohol factory of the Bachevski family. After the war, Almazinstrument
plant was located here.
The Bachevski factory was well known to all citizens of Lviv throughout its existence
history. Their products became an important aspect of popular culture of the prewar
Lviv and this popularity helped to keep the memory of the factory through the time of
war, regimes and population shuffle. The preserved knowledge about the alcohol factory
has proved to be particularly popular in the recent years and has become almost a symbol of Pidzamche as a vivid area with old (alcohol drinking) traditions.
However, factory engraved in the residents memory for quite a differet reason. The
facility was located on the Rogatka (slingshot) the former driveway to the city, which
52
ANDRIY BONDARENKO
was a combination of two worlds a town and a village. What is more, this location was
known because of the legendary batyars (hooligans). Rogatka has preserved its boundary and mischevious character even until now.
Svitoch factory
An important place that embodies memory of an industrial glory of the already Soviet
Pidzamche is the Svitoch confectionery. During the Soviet time the Svitoch products were
extremely successful popular in the central cities and sold for export. Lviv was very proud
of this enterprise. Its many buildings and the smell of chocolate are still reminding of the
past rapid industrial life at Pidzamche. Not for everyone, but for many the factory is also
a symbol of the continuing traditions of the Polish, Ukrainian and Jewish prewar confectioneries as it had been founded on the basis of three pre-Soviet enterprises owned by them.
St. Paraskeva church
The Church of St. Paraskeva Pyatnytsia is a reminder of the thousand-year history
of Pidzamche as a center of the ancient princely city. The top of its tower can be seen
from outside the Pidzamche area. However, few people know about the authentic altar
of the early 17th century, which has been preserved in the church to our times. What is
more, due to several rearrangements its Roman-Gothic forms are missinterpreted by the
non-specialists.
St. Nicholas church
One of the most important places of the pre-Polish Pidzamche is the St. Nicholas
church located at the beginning of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi Street. This church gained
a strong foothold in the collective memory as a marker of the princely Lviv mainly
thanks to the Soviet travellers who made it known as the most ancient church of Lviv.
Old Polish houses
A strong signal about the past is also generated by the houses. The most obvious and
the most popular among them is the Schultzs kamyanytsia (stone house), located at 56 B.
Khmelnytskyi Street. The places of memory are usually the buildings with distinctive ornaments and decorative elements. That is why they tell us not about the past of the ploretariat area of Pidzamche, but rather about a romanticized image of the Polish Lviv as a whole.
Pubs of Pidzamche
The past in the minds of Lviv residents can be also resurrected by various cafes,
bars and pubs that have still retained their Soviet style. There is a tradition among young
people who have special tours through the Pidzamche pubs to enjoy the spirit of the old
pub catering. It is believed that the local old pubs are rich in colourful authentic details
53
and give opportunity for unexpected encounters. In such a perspective, the Soviet past
of Pidzamche appears as an interesting, exotic world.
Deliberately created monuments, which are the products of the official policies of
memory, are also worth mentioning. However, the effect of their additional pseudosymbolic value is created with special tables with inscriptions. They have a certain potential of transformation into the places of spontaneous collective memory.
Prison at Zamarstynivska Street
At the beginning of 9 Zamarstynivska Street, there is a building based on a former
convent of the Order of Missionaries. In Soviet times it operated as a military prison. In
June 1941 this prison became a place for massacre hundreds of political prisoners were
killed by the NKVD workers. This event is reported by the special memorial plaques
placed on the buildings facade.
Holocaust memorial
Memorial complex on the Chornovola Avenu is one of a few official commemoration places of local Jews killed during the Holocaust. The central monument is constructed in the expressive but rather abstract manner, thats why only a part of Lviv residents understand its meaning.
Sites of memory: stereotypes and reality
Now, it is worth seeing what kind of picture of the past is represented by these collective memory places at Pidzamche. In particular, there is rather a compromise in this
not too long list. It includes almost all the places that have really more or less collective meaning instead of personal one. A complete list of authentic sites of memory at
Pidzamche would be even shorter. To be more accurate, we should include only the
Bachevski factory, Slingshot, St. Nicholas church and the nice houses. These are the
objects that are telling something to the majority of the Lviv citizens, even if they do not
know their exact location or a particular context.
If we talk about the places of local importance, the list should be significantly extended. There would be many different factories, the silent and dilapidated buildings which remind about a lively industrial life of 1960-1980. For instance, an old furniture workshop
on B. Khmelnytskyi Street or a vacant lot on Skydana Street where, as everyone knew, was
located a large Cold War bomb shelter. The prewar past was preserved in the landscape of
Pidzamche in a form of either stereotypical beautiful romantic buildings or very personal
memories preserved by those who had personally experienced the war15.
15
In particular, it is mentioned in a series of interviews collected by the Center for Urban History within
the Searching for Home in Postwar Lviv: The Experience of Pidzamche (http://www.lvivcenter.org/en/
researchprojects/pidzamche/).
54
ANDRIY BONDARENKO
At the first glance, these places of memory hold sufficiently sketchy, but more or less
trustworthy representations of the past periods in the history of Pidzamche. However,
upon closer examination, we can see that they contain relatively little direct reflections
preserved in the collective memory. It can be stated that they have been formed by rather
recent aberrations and interferences from outside.
Thus, a vision of the ancient Ukrainian princely Pidzamche represented by the ancient churches at its core is correctly reflecting some fundamental features of this place
in a centuries-old perspective. Despite numerous restructurings, the local Orthodox
churches, by their presence and density, are surely testifying about the Orthodox and
Ruthenian origin of the city and the central position of Pidzamche in the early medieval
Lviv. However, this is only a core and it is devoid of any other narratives regarding a subsequent history of the Rusyn-Ukrainian culture in Lviv. Although, for the local residents
who, for example, have preserved in their family circle a continuity of the Ukrainian Lviv
perspective, the Orthodox churches of Pidzamche are coloured with somewhat different
historical associations. They are related not so much to the lost-in-the-centuries museum of princely city but rather a living example of the ancient Ukrainian tradition. A local eye fitted in the appropriate context16 apparently will not see the St. Nicolas church,
the Basilian monastery, as a place of memory a living bastion of the local Ukrainian
culture. It practically disappeared from the symbolic landscape in the Soviet Lviv and existed there only as a residence of Ivan Fedorov, the first publisher (Shah 2006).
Actually, an importance of the Pidzamche churches as remembering objects is determined, in general, not by a continuity of the tradition17, but by the already Soviet official historical narratives.
Due to the lack of living witnesses, the image of the bourgeois Polish Lviv has to be
explained by other means. It is displayed in the facades and roofs of the nice old houses at Pidzamche or the solid gate with lions leading to the former factory of Bachevski. Polishness and romanticized lower middle class features have been apparently
brought here by a non-native eye, as, in fact, they do not relate to the real nature of the
pre-war Pidzamche when comparing, lets say, with the central and southern areas of
Lviv. We may say that Pidzamche was, at first, multicultural if the nearer Pidzamche
was mainly Jewish, than further across the railways, can be called Ukrainian, as well
as the Polish, Jewish and many others. No ethnic element was a primary one. If we talk
about the specially decorated buildings, they belonged to the Jews rather than the Poles,
16
See Stepan Shah, Lviv the city of my youth. Remembering dedicated to shadows of the forgotten
Lvivers, Printing kunshty (illustrations) Publisher, Lviv, 2006. p. 106-108.
17
For instance, the tradition that has kept a place name of the Theodore Square for two centuries that
passed since a destruction of the Austrian Church of St. Theodore which had been standing on that square.
55
and their inhabitants, once again, did not belong to any nationality18 (otocki ). Secondly, the nice lower middle class of Pidzamche was represented by the single dwellings of
manufacturers who actually preferred to live in the closer to center areas. At that time,
most of the nice houses were under census, and there lived people who worked hard
at the factories, laundries, hospitals etc. There was scarcely anyone who ate products of
a high quality from the Bachevski factory Lviv residents assocciated the former enterprise with fancy looking bottles and delicious drinks.
An image of the working and hooligan Slingshot populated by batyars also appears
to be over simplified and is partially incorrect. At least, one must remember the fact that
in the pre-war time the batyars occurred in all districts of Lviv, and especially Lychakiv
and Klepariv. In addition, most residents of Pidzamche do not find their area somewhat
rowdy and dangerous, and whereas they agree on a working part and interpret this definition with a slightly different meaning than the rest of the Lviv citizens not a dangerous and widespreadly violent, but rather simple in manners or poorly educated19.
Similar discrepancies between reality and memory can be found in the overall exotic picture of Pidzamche as a park of the Soviet industrial period. Actually, the Svitoch
factory as a place of memory is an interesting case itself, because it actually opposes the
stereotype of degradingness of Pidzamche and a fundamental dullness and backwardness of the Soviet industry. Not for everyone, but for some who already know, this factory is also a symbol of the continuing traditions of the Polish, Ukrainian and Jewish
prewar confectioners, as it was founded on a basis of three pre-Soviet enterprises of Lviv.
Of course, a distortion of the collective memory is, as mentioned above, a normal thing,
and one should not explain it with any special ignorance of the city history among the Lviv
residents. Distortion is one the most accurate reflections of the past. On those reflections we
can see the footprints of the forces and factors that have affected the life of Pidzamche over
the past two centuries. In order to trace specific relations of various facets of the collective
memory including the certain moments of social, political or everyday life at Pidzamche in
different periods, it obviously requires an independent scientific research to be conducted.
However, the overall look can already single out several fundamental points.
Collective memory and a gap between Lww and Lviv

What are the main features of a collective remembrance attached to the memory places
at Pidzamche? Firstly, its almost a complete lack of memory of the local Jews. Secondly,
its almost a complete lack of memory of a local peculiarity of the prewar Pidzamche.
18
See Bronisaw otocki, jeszcze raz si umiechn... Wspomnienia 1907 1958. T. I: 1907 1944.
(typescript), Zakad narodowy imienia Ossoliskich, Rps. Ossol. 15428, II/I, p. 13
19
In particular, it is mentioned in a series of interviews collected by the Center for Urban History within
the Searching for Home in Postwar...
56
ANDRIY BONDARENKO
Thirdly, its an amazing constancy of repeating the external stereotypes about Pidzamche
and its residents.
In these nuances, as it looks like, the important features of the post-war history of
Lviv of the twentieth century are encrypted. First of all, its a radical breakage of communication between the old Polish and the new Soviet Lviv. There was almost a complete
change in population of the city. From 1939 to 1960, Lviv has gone through a huge outflow of refugees and influx of new immigrants during the war, as well as a mass extermination of Jews during the German occupation, and Stalinist repressions against the suspicious groups, and a postwar deportation of Poles under construction of the ethnically
homogeneous states. An additional factor in its post-war normalization was an influx
of new residents from the other republics of the Soviet Union mostly from Russia and
Eastern Ukraine, which were to provide a consistent Sovietization.
Its role was played also by the ideological and repressive practices of the Soviet regime that hindered transfer of knowledge and memory of the former Lviv even there
where normal channels of communication had still remained. People were just afraid to
talk about the past. Therefore, the main sources of authoritative knowledge of the old
for a new population, or for the children (after all, even the native-born families were
scared to retell the old to their children) was urban landscape itself; material environment of the old dwellings; very casual and fragmentary testimonies of eyewitnesses, parents, relatives and friends; the presence of those former Lvivers, that is, those authentic
residents of the old Lviv who had not yet moved. Of course, it was not enough to make
a complete picture of the past. Therefore, an important role was played by the official
Soviet sources historical books, guides, propaganda brochures, radio and TV shows,
films, monuments, memorials.
Accordingly, the collective memory of the postwar Lviv residents was formed as
a strange and contradictory mixture of the authentic testimonies and Soviet narratives.
With a collapse of the Soviet Union, the situation has changed, of course. However, the
official politics of memory from top was inconsistent and one-sided. Thus, commemorating of the exterminated local Jews resulted in creating a memorial complex on the
Chornovola Avenue and a memorial sign in the former concentration camp of Yaniv.
That was not enough to significantly affect the creation of a new post-Soviet collective memory. An emphasis on Ukrainians in Lviv has been confined mainly to the national liberation narratives. Accordingly, most of the collective remembering meanings
were created spontaneously. They preferred the nice bourgeois visions of the Polish
Lviv, based on popular opposition of positive lower middle class and negative sovkovist (Soviet thinking).
In the context of Pidzamche, these new narratives turned out to be too simplified to
somehow represent a complex and multifaceted history of the area. Therefore, creation
of a more or less adequate memory of the past of Pidzamche, in particular, and not an
57
idealized and faceless old area or an exotic working ghetto, requires a lot of further efforts both from top and bottom. It should be noted that in this context the Pidzamche
revitalization international project which is implemented in a partnership with the City
Institute of Lviv and the Institute of Urban Development from Krakow involving other
non-governmental and professional organizations plays not the last and quite a constructive role. In particular, it seems to be an important initiative of installing the tourist
interpretation signs at Pidzamche which should convey information about the significant buildings of the area to a wider audience.
Bibliography
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6.
7.
Sauer C., 2008, The morphology of landscape // The cultural geography reader (ed.
by T.S. Oakes, P.L. Price), New York, Routledge, 96-104.
Yi-Fu Tuan, 2001, Space and Place: The perspective of experience, University of
Minnesota Press.
Pierre N., 1999, Les Lieux de mmoire, Vol.1: The State, University of Chicago Press.
Portelli A., 1990, The Death of Luigi Trastulli and Other Stories: Form and Meaning
in Oral History, State University of New York Press.
Passerini L., 1996, Autobiography of a Generation: Italy, 1968, Wesleyan University
Press.
otocki B., Jeszcze raz si umiechn... Wspomnienia 1907 1958, Vol. I 1907-1944
(typescript), Zakad narodowy imienia Ossoliskich, Rps. Ossol. 15428, II/I, 13.
Shah S., 2006, Lviv the city of my youth. Remembering dedicated to shadows of
the forgotten Lvivers, Printing kunshty (illustrations) Publisher, Lviv, 106-108.
Natalia Mysak
Identity formation of non-central

districts of Lviv: the role of local
community in designing of open
public spaces
The role of dichotomies of center-periphery, touristic-local, public-private in the formation of integral image of Lviv is examined in the article. The main emphasis is made on
the importance of the city districts, which are located outside the active representative
center of the city. Participational planning is considered as an important tool of successful spatial development of the city and local identity formation. The article contains examples of basic participatory planning approaches applied in Pidzamche district of Lviv,
namely, the projects of redesign of public spaces and residential yards; and also specialties of redesign process of public square in Sykhiv district in Lviv.
In view of the turbulent history of Lviv, its identity was constantly changing. There
have been numerous attempts to link historical periods together and rethink multicultural achievements of Ukrainian, Soviet, Polish, Austrian and princely periods as
a whole. However, the actual image of the city only from the perspective of the history
remains very versatile. At the same time the heterogeneity of the city is also expressed
spatially: many districts are underestimated due to many reasons, along with it practically all resources and efforts aimed at improvement of only the space of the central part of
the city. Local residents do not usually have tools by using which they could influence by
themselves the spatial development of the district where they live. Top-down decisionmaking can provide instant but not lasting effect. Therefore, it is now extremely topical
to look for the tools that could attract the maximum number of users in the transformation of public space, thus contributing to the sustainable development of the city and
preservation of its identity.
60
NATALIA MYSAK
Center-periphery ratio
When looking for a definition of identity everyday practices of users and their experience are now increasingly taken as a basis: architectural identity is formed as a result of
interaction of users and environment. Taking personality or community as a starting
point, we inevitably run against the pluralism of perceptions and images formed around
one city, district or even a house.
Every city has representative structures and spaces, which form its appearance. For Lviv
the ensemble of the historic center plays this role listed as the UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Given that one of the priorities of the city development is tourism, the strategy is aimed at the
renovation and renewal of the central part the most attractive for tourists (or rather the
best known for tourists). Of course, the center of Lviv is important for residents of the city, as
it is a major urban symbolic space that is a link of the urban community to the whole Lviv.
Along with many positive aspects of the historic core development, there are significant drawbacks: residents of Lviv increasingly frequently leave a gentrified central part and
settle outside of what is usually called Lviv. The space outside is a kind of utility room,
unappreciated and unknown. Off-center and non-representative districts that are often
branded with such adjectives as depressing, marginal, dormitory, and is a space based
on which the image of the city is formed for the most of its residents. Near the center of
Lviv there is another level of symbolic urban spaces local ones, which are important for
the community of a certain part of the city, district or quarter, and which representatives
of this community would associate themselves with [7]. Work on the symbolic space of all
districts of the city, turning them into more expressive and relevant to the needs is a guarantee that residents will experience a greater connection with the territory and responsibility for it. Furthermore the identity of each district is a part of an integral identity of the
city, which cannot be hidden behind the renovated facades of the Market Square.
It should be noted that the residents of the city have fundamentally different views
of their city. A team of Dutch researchers called Lviv a city of paradoxes, primarily
based on the heterogeneity of perception of the city by those who live in it. [10] However,
for the successful spatial development of the city overall and in particular non-central
districts it is important to enable them to become not only the functional part of the city,
but also a valuable mental one.
The spatial development of non-central districts and involvement

of residents in the process of the space changing
The built environment of the city is extremely sensitive to any changes in the social
structure and is a representation of the processes taking place in the society at all levels.
Therefore, modernization strategy of only representative spaces can be a kind of meta-
61
IDENTITY FORMATION OF NON-CENTRAL DISTRICTS OF LVIV: THE ROLE OF...
phor. At the same time, work on all parts of the city can be an important step towards
democratization and preservation of local identity.
Problematic parts of the city contain a potential, which is unnoticeable on the face
of it: it may be the greatest interaction between people and the potential of the community formation and under conditions of a lack of resources such environment can be
a source of both social and architectural innovation. Given the dramatic changes in the
society happening in the recent decades, it is important to find a new role of architecture,
which could develop these potentials. Architectural historian Andreas Lepic notes that
neither approach of postwar modernism, which in conjunction with the political program had to resolve the issue of welfare of all social groups and create a new society nor
approach of modern star architects (starchitects), which create new iconic structures
for the use of a predominantly small segment in the society, did not give a complete answer to the global challenges facing architecture as a discipline today [3]. The point of
the manifesto of social engineers Christian Ernsten and Joost Janmaat After Post, Ex,
Neo, End and Re (2011) is about the conceptual shifts in the approach to the spatial development of cities. More interdisciplinary projects that combine social innovation and
spatial development of the city arise after the declaration of such shifts.
Co-founder of architectural platform WikiHous Alastair Parvin asserts that the
main task of the architect today is to learn to design not only for 1% of solvent customers, but also for all social groups. The society today has many problems that can be
solved through architecture and design process. He emphasizes that the problem is not
to find a client but to find an approach. Moreover, the architecture does not have to deal
with buildings, because to build a construction is the most expensive solution, which
can only be assumed. To avoid this, one needs to go beyond the discipline [4].
In search of the right answer about the role of architecture, now an approach is increasingly used when architects only moderate the process that leads to finding the necessary form for implementation. Users of the future facility or space have to be involved
in the most stages of design and implementation in such cases, as well as experts of various fields. These projects are primarily aimed at solving social problems and creation of
lasting effect on the community. The design process is preceded by the profound study
of the area and study of local specifics. Mainly such projects have small budgets, but it
only facilitates innovative solutions and capability of their reuse without the assistance of
experts. Developed projects are mainly treated as pilot and giving an impulse.
Some of the architectural and urban initiatives, which contain bright social, ecological and political components involving the greatest number of interested groups are
described in works Moderators of Change. Architecture that helps (2011) and Handmade Urbanism (2013).
The most prominent socially responsible design and construction bureau is Rural
Studio, founded in 1993 at Auburn University in Alabama. Apart from educational func-
62
NATALIA MYSAK
tions, it aims to create a high quality and comfortable architecture for vulnerable segments of the population living in the west Alabama. Over 140 projects were implemented during existence of the bureau. At the same time, there are many such programs at the
faculties of architecture, which are an important part of the education program.
Along with students many professional architects are engaged in design in such contexts with numerous social challenges, where it is necessary to use the principles of smart
design and innovative strategies. Such design gave at the same time a positive result in
the favelas of Sao Paulo and Caracas, poor areas of Burkina Faso and Mali, problem areas of the USA, Germany and France. In particular, in 2013 Hamburg held an International Building Exhibition IBA Hamburg2013, which presented a variety of examples of
the participatory planning methods and development of the problem parts of the city.
Along with the approach of architects-moderators, there are such agents of changing the urban space as spatial pioneers or makers [1], [2]. The problems what they are
engaged in can be very broad and concern all the phenomena that occur at the intersection of social challenges and spatial development of the city. In contraposition to the
moderators, they hold a position of promoting their own ideas, which they consider
right and progressive. Although they may impose their lifestyle, their actions stimulate the community and create a space for discussion around the problematic issues [1].
Whatever the approach, the following steps are important for the successful implementation of the project: activation of the community; establishing interaction between
the community and other interested groups; involvement of experts in various fields;
implementation of (pilot) projects; lasting effect.
Returning to the subject of the spatial development of Lviv, it can be asserted that
the community of the city shows recently a certain level of readiness to participate in
this process: examples of self-organization can be increasingly found, Apartment Owners Associations began to appear, bottom-up initiatives; the city administration emphasizes increasingly the need for decentralization as one of the main keys to successful development. By now, most of the residents of the city do not have an experience in
initiating changes in common spaces, and local communities are not always sufficiently
emancipated to solve their problems alone. Given the significant problems of spatial development in many districts of the city, which, along with the historical center, is given
insufficient attention, the issue of socially oriented architecture, activation of communities and local initiatives is very important.
In addition to project Revitalization of Pidzamche, which will be discussed later,
German Society for International Cooperation (GIZ) actively works with residents and
involves them in the design and implementation of projects in the old part of the city;
last year Urban Caf was founded a platform for dialogue between the city administration, businesses and residents; there are new local urban initiatives.
63
Pidzamche: center or periphery?

One of the districts of Lviv with significant social problems is the oldest section of
the city Pidzamche. Its northern part is often called a depressing district, it is passed
over by tourists and Lviv citizens living in other areas do not get to this district too much.
Pidzamche is margins in the center. Due to its bad infrastructure, this area mentally appears to be significantly distant from the active center, though it is physically within a pedestrian accessibility.
Pidzamche is a kind of urban palimpsest, which reflects the multiculturalism and
dramatic history of the city. Although it is a place of origin of Lviv and its former center,
since the 14th century it became aside of urban life and even then it fell into disrepute
of a problem area, which supplemented in the course of time only with new aspects [9].
Many of the common clichs today are unfair or exaggerated, but their existence substantially affects the spatial development of the district.
Fig. 32 The ensemble of the historic part of the city listed as the UNESCO World Heritage Site,
and the area of project Pidzamche Revitalization in the overall structure of Lviv.
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NATALIA MYSAK
After a long stay and analysis within this part of the city, one can formulate some of
its advantages, potentials and drawbacks. The main advantages can be a close proximity
to the active center of the city; a sense of authenticity and layers of different historical
periods, making this area a kind of open-air museum; urban fabric has a human scale,
comfortable for pedestrians. A significant potential for the development includes a large
number of postindustrial areas. However, among the major weaknesses are bad condition of infrastructure, poor transportation, and most importantly, numerous social challenges, such as criminality, poverty and alcoholism.
Despite a large number of strengths and potentials, probably a social problem is crucial for the spatial development of Pidzamche. Formation of the community and its activation can significantly affect the security situation and welfare of the district. The broadest possible involvement of local people in decision-making, public information and
implementation of pilot projects of various natures could, on the one hand, help to form
a positive image of the district, but on the other hand directly affect the community.
Design of the common.

Pidzamche development strategy elaborated by Lviv City Institute in cooperation with
the Institute of Urban Development in Krakow includes a wide range of activities aimed
at heritage preservation, activation of the local community and as a result, creating the
district comfort for the inhabitants, hospitable and interesting for tourists and prospective for investors[11].
One of the strategy stages is renovation of residential yards, playgrounds and open public spaces of Pidzamche. Eight locations have been renovated for two years: three residential yards, three playgrounds, two open public spaces. Working with different types of open
spaces and engaging users in the process gives different effects and forms different models
of cooperation. Another important aspect is involvement of a large number of participants
users (local residents), representatives of Institute of Urban Development in Krakow and
City Institute in Lviv, Lviv city council, district administration, nongovernmental urban initiative Lypneva.com, creative team Kickit Art Studio, building contractors and others.
Foundations of public hearing procedures were laid, various information methods
were tested, involvement of citizens in the decision-making process and assignment of
responsibilities as well as stronger social networks were formed in the process of design.
Although the project was financed by Polska Pomoc fund and from the grant of Lviv City
Council, a small financial donation from residents, their involvement in the installation
of certain elements or voluntary assistance in performing of simple works was also an
important aspect. A competent commission selected locations of open spaces for the development in 2013, while in 2014 the residents had an opportunity to submit an application for renovation of their space.
65
Pre-design phase is the most responsible part of the project that provides a versatile
research of the area and, most importantly, meeting with residents who help to look at
the space in the light of the user perception. It is important to have several meetings, and
the design process has to be long enough so that residents have time to think over and
discuss their needs and suggestions. It is important to select the format of the meeting
and the method by which opinions and wishes of the participants will be documented.
The project team used the method of open dialogue directly at the location, information
was presented on posters, on which a table with categories was beforehand ruled: (1)
I like in the yard (in the playground, in the square) (2) I do not like in the yard (in the
playground, in the square) (3) I would like to have in the yard (in the playground, in
the square) (4) I would not like to have in the yard (in the playground, in the square).
It ought to be noted that the most active discussions took place when residential yards
were discussed; they were more temperate, when it went to childrens playgrounds, and
finally, at the meeting on the general modernization of common public space the level of
motivation was the lowest. Thus, the gradation of responsibility levels is manifested, which
proportionally increases the level of control over the area, and therefore its security.
The residents were most actively involved in the discussions of residential yards,
since they know that space and use it often. The peculiarity of childrens playgrounds design was that the target group is much bigger than in the discussion concerning the yard,
which is why different people often come to the meeting and make adjustments at differ-
Fig. 33. Ratio of the public-private in the structure of open public spaces
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NATALIA MYSAK
ent stages. Fewer inhabitants participated in the design of a general public space than in
the previous cases: they probably do not fully feel as the owners in the area.
The process of pre-design study and design involving residents is long and deserves
a separate extensive research. Now, however, the attention will be focused on the design
decisions of open spaces that we managed to find together.
Firstly, it is worth noting that by attracting future users of the facility to the design,
a separate solution should be found for each single case. However, if we consider the design decisions on Pidzamche areas, we can single out several approaches that were used.
Of course, these approaches were not usually used in pure form but mixed with the predominant ones. Generally, it should be kept in mind that the result of physical incarnation is only an intermediate stage of a much broader revitalization process.
Approach 1: to improve the condition of coverings and equipment without significant interventions.
As mentioned earlier, significant part of the project is the research itself, analysis and
dialogue with users. They help to avoid unnecessary interventions that can damage the
space. The ultimate goal of each project is to make the restored spaces work. Sometimes
it requires only partial improvement of the physical condition of some coatings and equip-
Fig. 34 The renovated open public spaces under Pidzamche Revitalization project (see
together with Fig. 35)
67
Fig. 35 The revovated open public spaces under Pidzamche Revitalization project (see
together with Fig. 34)
ment. In particular, it concerns spaces that were formed for a long time and are actively
used by residents. In such cases it is better not to intervene as it can become a decoration,
and result in loss of the spirit of place or having changed it dramatically make it inactive.
This approach, in particular, was used to refine Krynychna square. Installation of
new benches, lopping and fountain reconstruction were the only interventions. After
the completed works the square became more active, some social mix appeared there.
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NATALIA MYSAK
Approach 2: Find a spatial solution of the existing functions.

An example of finding solutions to support present functions is a residential court at
the address 83, 85, 87, Bohdana Khmelnytskoho st., which was restored in 2013. This court
was distinguished by plenty of flower-beds, so the main goal was to preserve and support
this function. As a result, gardening was given a new forms: wooden plant containers and
stands for plants were installed. In addition, the functional zoning was developed so that
the flower stands were also limiters of the parking area. Additionally, recreation and sports
areas were provided. A year after the restoration, all installed containers and flower stands
were filled with plants. This court has turned into a kind of an urban garden.
This approach was used to design of common court for three residential buildings on 12,
14, Ostryanytsi st., and 4 Skydana st. this year. This space was actively used by residents before
the restoration, but not all the functions were properly provided. Therefore, the main objective was to create a convenient backdrop for daily practices that occurred there. Accordingly,
the court was more clearly zoned and the functioned gained a new form. Also, at the wishes
of residents, the project involves installation of simple gymnastic equipment. To enhance the
recreational function of the court, the center of its compositions was formed around a new
element pergola, and sufficient number of benches was installed. To maintain gardening
several rectangular flower-beds were provided, as well as some stands with flower containers.
The latter also is part of the design for drying clothes, for which two compact areas near the
front walls are given now. Two dry trunks and a stump that were blocking up the court were
uprooted. This court was treated as an open living room for three houses.
A similar approach of finding a new spatial solution of available functions was applied in the design of two childrens playgrounds: at the intersection of Zhovkivska st.
and Ostryanytsi st. this year, and on 66-72 B. Khmelnytskoho st. last year. In fact, typical
equipment was used in both locations, but the space around it was organized differently.
A characteristic feature of the design area at the intersection of Zhovkivska st. and
Ostryanytsi st. was a task to combine a project on installation of standard equipment
approved by the city administration and the desire of residents to have an extraordinary space for childrens development. Keeping the location of standard equipment, the
new project involved the installation of new surface, front walls painting and additional
unusual items. The combination of different types of covering lawn, wooden saw cut,
river stone, paving stone are peculiarities of the ground. The painting the lower parts
of two end walls adjacent to the site essentially influenced the perception of space. Such
elements as colored path, which consists of several ladders hillocks and an object for
climbing which is a geodesic dome, were additionally installed. Coverings for the sandboxes that can be transformed into benches at opening were also manufactured.
The site, located on 66-72, B. Khmelnytskoho st., is a combination of areas for different age groups. Though initially this space was considered to be only a childrens playground, later it became apparent that not only children of different ages often gather
69
there but also young and older people. This peculiarity was taken into account at zoning
(ensuring a quiet area and additional seats) and installing additional elements (basketball hoop, tennis-table, and a wooden platform). What is more, security supposed to
be a new quality of the space, since the residents complained that it was often a place of
antisocial behaviour. To remedy the situation, first of all it was necessary to take a visual barrier away it was a damaged childrens castle remaining from the eighties. Its
walls were torn down only to a certain level to use them as a basis for additional seats
and a wooden podium. Other elements of the site were reused as well. Besides, all the
childrens equipment was saved, only the space around it was changed. A so-called sand
pool is the main compositional element, where all the game elements are disposed.
There is a track around it for children to ride bicycles, roller skates or skateboards.
Approach 3: Add a function, create new uniqueness.
An additional function was provided in all three residential courts the possibility
of sports. In the court located on 83, 85, 87, Bohdana Khmelnytskoho st. a versatile space
was created which size and configuration allow it to serve as a platform for sports (such
as volleyball or badminton). Supports for the grid that are also supports for the lights
were installed too. Thus we did not seek to impose any specific scenarios of pastime
but created additional opportunities. Besides, residents, without any assistance, made
a swing and a sandbox at the empty space left according to the project. One can often see
children in this place. In two other residential yards the projects included installation
of gymnastic equipment at the residents wishes, though this function was not planned.
Some spaces are white spots on the mental maps of the district. They are not used
and are not identified by local residents. Foreigners are also reluctant to linger there.
Such a space is a square located on 74, B. Khmelnitskoho st.. During the meetings, it was
difficult for the residents to express specific suggestions concerning possible use of the
square. Therefore, we used an approach that provides a new set of functions and image
of the space. New elements of public welfare are bright accents in the appearance of seats:
a yellow bench, which rises from the ground level and changes its configuration for the
entire length; green wooden platform; blue seats-membranes on the edge of the park
and the street. A kind of peculiar navigation are red stripes that will lead to the square
from two entrances and attract pedestrians attention. Besides, the steps will be replaced
by a ramp. Design of the space will turn the park into a magnet to the district, and the
set and configuration of the elements will create opportunities for arranging workshops,
performances, public lectures, films or just relaxing.
A similar effect of creating a new feature and the uniqueness can have a new striking
element of the playground, which will soon be equipped at the intersection of Ostryanytsi
st. and Skydana st. A playing maze more than 45 meters long can become a recognizable
element in the space.
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NATALIA MYSAK
An effective mean of forming a new uniqueness of the place is art. Three projects
(two playgrounds and residential yard at addresses 83, 85, 87, Bohdana Khmelnytskoho
st.), where wall paintings were created on the sides of nearby houses showed that art interventions can quickly revive the space and stir community to activity.
Approach 4: Emphasize uniqueness of the place.
Another residential yard, which will be shortly restored, is located at the address 105,
Khmelnytskoho st. A five-story building in the style of functionalism is marked by the number 105, was built in the interwar period, and a number of semi-detached single-deck
houses that share the same yard. This specific character of combination of urban housing
and the housing typical for rural areas, was emphasized in the project: the court is conventionally divided into two zones. To emphasize each zone we used techniques typical for the
respective environment: paved up and geometrically clear-planned urban area and more
spare planning of the territory near the country estates. It is emphasized by the covering
materials and the elements of improvement. Thereat this yard is functionality one piece and
equally accessible by all residents of the houses. Formation of such a dialogue between different types of architectural environment is important for all Pidzamche because it contains
a lot of contrasts and paradoxes as, after all, its very history.
Having analyzed the results of the design that we got, we summarized some guidelines for work in similar areas:
more research less intervention. A careful study of the area can prevent unnecessary interventions. This will not only save resources, but also guarantee that the
space will work.
maximum involvement of residents and consideration of their needs. It is important not just to restore the space but make it alive for a long time. Involvement of
users to the design process will encourage them to care for the space in the future.
creating opportunities, not imposing restrictions. Imposing specific functions,
we cannot be sure whether they will really work. It is more efficient to create opportunity of different scenarios of use, to make planning maximally soft. The
greatest potential is the space available.
maximum use of local and reuse of existing resources. These aspects are particularly important due to a permanent lack of new resuorces. It also contributes to stable development.
atmosphere saving and emphasizing peculiarities is critical in maintaining the
identity of the place.
consideration of safety and convenience for people with different physical abilities. This aspect is crucial to form a comfortable area and its more positive image. It
should be added that but for traditional means of safe space creation, the most effective is a feeling of owners presence.
71
Yards improvement can be considered just one of the intermediate stages of the revitalization process. The main part of the project will begin after, when these spaces will start
to be used. We can assume that more significant changes will take place in more private
residential yards, the greatest interaction and activity will be on the playground. However,
there is hope that availability of such common public spaces, as the park on 74, B. Khmelnytskoho st., will be a reason for not only local residents to stay longer on Pidzamche streets,
but also the citizens of Lviv in general as well as tourists.
Local community as a driving force of changes.

Sikhiv is the largest socialist district of the city, which presents a strong contrast to the notions about Lviv, and even contradicts it, despite the fact that every fifth resident of the
city lives here. Active construction of the area began in the early 1980s. Initially it was
planned that 120 000 workers of south-eastern industrial hub of the city would dwell here,
which were mostly migrants from neighboring villages. However, today, a real social mix is
formed in Sykhiv. Besides, many students and young families live here. The identity of the
area is very versatile and varies from the image of the ideal socialist settlement in 1980s to
one of most criminogenic areas in Ukraine in 1990s and to a satisfactory, or even desirable
residential areas in recent years. However, the idea about the area of those who dont live
there is much more negative than of local residents, who see many advantages in it.
Unlike Pidzamche, Sykhiv doesnt have such a rich history and its development
strategy, but residents of the area more and more show themselves as a community and
defend their interests in the public space of the area.
Open public space is always the intersection of interests of a large number of interest groups. As you know, an open space in the modernist city has always been an issue of
concern. First of all, because of free designing and tabula rasa city planning, it belonged
to everyone and anyone at the same time. Despite the fact that Charles Jencks back in year
1972 declared the end of the new architecture the chain of examples shows, when residents directly affected and changed the environment of their living, the final word didnt
always belonged to the architects. This time Sykhiv residents showed an example of common solidarity and ability to organize themselves to solve contentious issues in the area.
Activation of the community was held in response to the unexpected intervention
in public space. Unwelcome construction of four-decker office and shopping center
on one of the Sykhiv squares grouped the community and provoke action. The square,
where the construction is planned, is bounded by a school, a house, a shopping center
and public transport stop. Active front of arcades of adjacent buildings, some architectural elements, and the configuration of the square itself form distinct ensemble of
the space. Previously, the square was used as a place to walk and a transit area around
an important transport hub of the district. Now, it also became a meeting place for the
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NATALIA MYSAK
Fig. 36. Ensemble of the historic part of the city, enrolled in the list of UNESCO World Heritage
and the area of mass housing development Sykhiv in the overall structure of Lviv
residents of adjacent houses. Near the built-up area the residents independently set up
a sculpture and benches, planted plants. At some stage, the initiative group of designers
joined into the process of refining space, which started the process of the space research
and communication with the users of the area. They jointly organized an open meeting
to discuss how this public space should look.
It should be noted that according to the clear structure of urban planning of the
area, the square is one of four major public spaces of Sykhiv. Undoubtedly, it is also an
important symbolic space. However, the area, architectural and urban planning solution
of which were awarded at many competitions both in the years of Soviet Union, and independent Ukraine, is rarely valued as a heritage by the citizens or even professionals today. Along with this, the paradox of Sykhiv is that its inhabitants mostly value the space
where they live in terms of functions, infrastructure, environmental conditions, and social contacts. At the same time, lots of processes which affect the spatial development of
73
Fig. 37 Announcement of the meeting on the square arrangement in Sykhiv, 2 The part of the
square in front of the school 3 Discussion process.
the area and its identity in the future occur here. One of these processes is the destruction of urban planning outline and, consequently, public space, which often turns into
a jungle of SAF-s or an unbalanced space randomly built-up with new houses.
Positive factors are the steps on the way of integration of the area towards the structure of the city. Particularly, in 2014, laying the tram line was continued, which should
considerably reduce the transportation difficulties that exist in the area and connect it
to the rest of the city. But for functional communication, it is important for Sykhiv to
become an integral part of a coherent identity of Lviv. Given the large number of challenges that exist in this space on the one hand and an active community on the other, we
can suggests that participatory design can bring positive results in the work on the main
challenges that exist here.
Conclusion
Building an integral image of the city and preserving the identity of all its parts is an
important factor for the future spatial development. Symbolic spaces of the city are the
basis for creating image of the city and the main connection for inhabitants. The main
symbolic space of Lviv is its historic core. However, all others outlying areas of the city
are left unattended and are stigmatized with controversial ideas. For most Lviv inhabitants, the image of the city is based on those very spaces. Consequently, the topical goal
today is to search tools for the revitalization of the community, making identities and
cultivating successful development of all areas within the city. The first step in this direction could be done by intensifying and supporting local symbolic spaces.
At the same time, today architecture is looking for a new role in the process of making environment comfortable for all social groups, especially in the problem areas of cities, so it steps outside the classical discipline. Today, it becomes more and more standard
approach, when architects only moderate design process. It helps to resolve not only the
functional but also social problems and creates prolonged effect on the community, and
also forms new models of collaboration between users.
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NATALIA MYSAK
The example of two completely different unrepresentative parts of the city Pidzamche and Sykhiv, which have radically different identities indicates different behaviorus of
the local communites towards us and shows which tools are required for each case. We
need to remove adjective depressed from the image of Pidzamche as well as adjective
dormitory from Syhiv to provide active development to these areas in the future.
The main stages of the most projects which involve residents are: (1) activation of
the community; (2) facilitating interaction between the community and other interested
groups; (3) involvement of specialists in various fields; (4) implementation of projects;
(5) prolonged effect.
The first phase activation of community , in case of Pidzamche, was held thanks
to a number of soft events according to special strategy of development of this area
while in case of Sykhiv thanks to the conflict with unwanted housing development.
Now, the question of creating a common symbolic space in Sykhiv is in the process of
regulating interaction between groups with different interests and there are first steps in
design phase investigation of public space and communication with residents. Open
spaces renovation project of Pidzamche, lasting 2 years, has passed all 5 steps, which
were mention above.
Analyzing all finished projects in Pidzamche, we could point out several approaches
to space design which were used:
approach 1: improve coverings and equipment without essential changes;
approach 2: find spatial solution of the functions that already exist;
approach 3: add a function to create a new uniqueness;
approach 4: emphasize the uniqueness of the area.
In addition, we could derive some guidelines for working with such areas:
more research less intervention;
maximum involvement of residents and consideration of their needs;
creating opportunities, not imposing restrictions;
maximum use of local and reuse of existing resources;
atmosphere saving and emphasizing peculiarities;
consideration of safety and convenience for people with different physical abilities.
Based on all above examples we could conclude that the main resource of problem
areas are their inhabitants, and the main result of participatory design is not space modernization but social impact that it can create.
As far as Lviv is concerned, we could see that today, in the situation of the lack of resources, social problems and the commercialization of public space, a key role is played
by active participation of local communities in the process of transforming the common
space. And this is the only way to sustainable development and preservation of identity.
75
Bibliography
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Christmann G., 2012, Neighbourhood Developement From Below? / Gabriela

B. Christmann // Metropolis 6: Civil Society / IBA-Hamburg (ed.) Berlin: Jovis
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2. Ernsten Ch., 2008, After Post, Ex, Neo, End and Re. Manifesto / Christian Ernsten,
Joost Janmaat // Volume Engineering Society. #2., 44-45.
3. Lepic A. (ed.) Moderators of Change. Architecture That Helps / A. Lepic (ed.),
A. Schmedding (ed.). Bonn: Hatje Canty Verlag, 2011. 256 p.
4. Parvin A. Architecture for the people by the people [electronic resource] /Alastair
Parvin // TED2013. 2013. Access: http://www.ted.com/talks/alastair_parvin_architecture_for_the_people_by_the_people#t-316618
5. Rosa M. (ed.) Handmade Urbanism / M. Rosa, U. Weiland. (ed.) Berlin: Jovis
Verlag GmbH, 2013. 224 p.
6. Sassen S. Urbanizing Technology. When the City Talks back [electronic resource]
/ Saskia Sassen // TEDxNantes. 2011. Access: http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/
TEDxNantes-Saskia-Sassen;search%3Atag%3A%22tedxnantes%22
7. Sergi V. Public Space and Social Identity / Valera Sergi. Barcelona: Universitat de
Barcelona, 1997. 20 .
8. Vassal J. Project Place Lon Aucoc [electronic resource] / J. Vassal, L. Anne. Access: http://www.lacatonvassal.com/index.php?idp=37#
9. . : . . . /
. : Instytut Rozwoju Miast, 2013. 29 .
10. , / [. , . , . .]. :
, 2014. 255 .
11. [ ]. 2014.
: http://www.city-institute.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=art
icle&id=512&Itemid=255
Agata Bloswick
CanBdone (aDaSie)
change your city
It is said that Poles are not willing to participate in social activities. According to CBOS
poll, only 20% of respondents claimed that they worked voluntarily for their local environment in 2011. On the other hand, 72% stated that ordinary people are able to solve
problems of local communities. On 13 October, in such unfavourable atmosphere, a bottom- up initiative appeared. The idea was that the local community will repaint local
shops facades which had been damaged by acts of vandalism.
To begin with, we were going from store to store asking the owners for permission
but we heard only complaints: Why are you doing this? Theyre going to spray it again
anyway!, Its a waste of your time and money. It would be better if you donate some
childrens charity instead. or It is city officials duty while they cant deal with the vandals. All mentioned quotes represented the attitude we wanted to change:
a) Lack of faith in the long-term effect
b) Social activities are limited to donating a few coins once in a year
c) Shifting responsibility for security and aesthetics to city officials
Words that best describe citizens attitude are Cant be done Nie da si in Polish. Our response was to name our group aDaSie which can be translated as CanBdone. What is more, there is an untranslatable word-play. In Polish, the name can be understood as little Adam20 a boy that is still a bit naive, but who is looking at the world
20
You can imagine a little girl called Canby Donavan
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AGATA BLOSWICK
without prejudices, without the typical negative attitude. What is more, it is difficult
to be angry at a boy, lets imagine him wearing a pom-pom cap, who wants to help his
neighbours even if his actions can be described as ridiculous he is a little boy after all!
During the organization phase, we wanted to define groups scope of action. Every
action is preceded by a short problem diagnosis it is checked if there is an organization
or office responsible for the issue or if any other city or country had already found a solution. Then, the easiest idea is implemented. Often, at the solution-searching phase, the
only answer from city offices and organizations was loathed Cant be done. Some cases
cannot be dealt with by city-level administration because it is against the law. We decided to focus on problems which we are able to solve on our own but cannot be solved by
city officials due to legal or budgetary reasons. It is obvious that every city has a limited
budget by focusing on small issues it will run out of funds for larger investments.
Action no.1: Daubs repainting CanBdone!
The daubs on shop facades repainting action. Housing estate Kliny, Krakw. The
action began with contacting District Council (Rada Dzielnicy) and Municipal Police
(Stra Miejska). We wanted to provide paint and a couple of volunteers. We thought that,
Fig. 38 Action no.1: Daubs repainting
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CANBDONE (ADASIE) CHANGE YOUR CITY
in the meantime, District Council and Municipal Police will help us preparing a neighbourhood picnic where local citizens would grab a paintbrush and feel jointly responsible for the look of their housing estate and, in the future, they will pay more attention
to both aesthetic and neighbourhood security. The officials stated that they cannot take
part in the event due to the fact that the buildings are private properties and it would
be against the law (cant be done). Full of understanding, we faced the daubs on our
own. Within a few mornings, without paying a single penny, a small group of volunteers repainted the whole complex of shops. Paint found in our basements or donated by
observers was used. First daubs were covered in November 2013. In February 2014 we
asked a graffiti artist, who came to Krakw from Belgium, to decorate one of the walls
with a painting he did it free of charge. A year has passed since we repainted the first
wall and it was not sprayed again. It proves that that all the fears expressed by the shopkeepers were groundless and, what is more, we aroused the sense of the group and the
feeling of shared responsibility. By spraying new daubs on the walls, vandals would start
a war not only with shopkeepers or Municipal Police, but also their own neighbours.
Perhaps, this was the factor that decided about the success of our action.
Action no.2: Going to school CanBdone!
During the Action no. 1 we realized that it is not a problem to find sprayed walls,
the real difficulty is to motivate new volunteers. We decided that due to the fact that we
demand their free time and attention at our projects we must give something in return.
That is how we came up with an idea called Going to school CanBdone! Two groups
with relatively large amount of free time were identified students and pensioners. In
the first phase, we organized all-day, free communication trainings. It was conducted
free of charge by tutors who specialize in soft skills (under the leadership of one of the
CanBdone initiator) and everyone who presented an idea for its practical use in social
activities might sign in. Krakw City Office provided us with a room for free where we
could conduct the trainings. Our goal was to motivate young people to focus not only on
taking, but also on giving, on barter trade. The trainings were attended by 30 young people and four of them decided to be our volunteers (return on investment is 13%). Trainings for seniors are currently in preparation.
Action no.3: Do you want to build a snowman? CanBdone!
On Krakw housing estate Kliny, where in 2013 we repainted sprayed walls, there are
two communal blocks of flats. The walls of the blocks were sprayed by vandals and inhabitants had been complaining about the lack of security for a long time. After consulting the
residents we agreed that those people lack the sense of community. Neighbours do not know
each other, do not meet and do not even say good morning. We decided that we will arrange family integration picnic which will be an opportunity to talk with the residents about
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AGATA BLOSWICK
Fig. 39 Action no.2: Go to school
their problems and possible solutions. We prepared activities for children like for example
a competition for the best snowman and hot drinks and cakes for their parents. Unfortunately, a day before the event snow melted completely and we had to improvise the competition utilizing cardboards. Nevertheless, a large number of people appeared and had, as it
turned out, an opportunity to speak freely about their problems for the first time in their lives.
A preparation of the picnic cost, on average, 1,5z (~0,5$) per person. It required only our volunteers commitment for cake preparation, thermoses borrowing and cardboard gathering.
The profit was that the residents are now aware of the fact that they are not alone with their
problems; we felt that they understood the need of cooperation a bottom-up initiative. We
plan to come back to this estate and, during the next picnic, ask residents to cooperate while
repainting the sprayed walls and creating a mural on one of them. Due to the fact that the flat
is a property of Zarzd Budynkw Komunalnych (Communal Buildings Office of Krakw?)
formalities prolong the process, therefore the event will probably take place in 2015.
Action no.4: Spring cleaning CanBdone!
Environmental awareness in Poland is increasing. The change of so called Ustawa
mieciowa (The Rubbish Act) was supposed to limit the problem of wild dumps be-
81
cause now the municipal administration is responsible for rubbish removal. Unfortunately, it turned out that not all wild dumps can be removed by public services because
some of them are situated on a private property (cant be done). We decided to conduct
this action in a whole different way. All our actions, up to this point, were coordinated
and managed by somebody from our group. We set the date, place and goals and if nobody else appeared there was always a small group of our volunteers who controlled the
event. Spring cleaning action was conducted by setting the date (the first Saturday of the
spring) and the amount of time needed i.e. 1 hour. The rest: place, team, participants
were to choose on their own. We contacted Miejskie Przedsibiorstwo Oczyszczania
(Municipal Cleaning Company) which provided us with plastic bags and collected them
later. At least 50 people from 11 districts of Krakw (there are 18 districts) took part in
Fig. 40 Action no.5: Planting flowers
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AGATA BLOSWICK
the event, collecting rubbish for one hour. They filled a large number of bags and sent us
the photos of the results of their work. In fact, the whole action did not have to be a part
of CanBdone event. Every person might have done it on his/her own, in front of his/her
house, but being a part of a larger group, a social group, motivated them. Although there
was no volunteers present in any of the 11 districts in order to coordinate the action,
every participant felt that he/she was a part of a larger case.
Action no.5: Planting flowers CanBdone!
Another event, this time organized to celebrate Earth Day, was aimed at planting
flowers at neglected parks and empty pots. One of the goals was to attract residents
attention to public green spaces, limited access to common gardens and pushing the
greenery aesthetic issue by the wayside. It was the first and, so far, the only action that
is considered as partial failure. During the preparation, 25 people from 7 districts of
Krakw wanted to plant flowers in different areas of the city. Unfortunately, city officials
responsible for the greenery did not allow us to plant flowers because they claimed that
it is already too late for planting pansies and too early for other kinds of flowers. They
also demanded planting plans and special permissions. As it can be imagined, early enthusiasm was gone and, as a consequence, only a couple of neglected flowerbeds were replanted (despite the fact that we were given 150 marigold seedlings for free). Most of the
flowerbeds and pots were later weed out of our seedlings by citys cleaning services. The
flowers planted in semi-private properties (housing associations, kindergartens, pots in
the front of shops) survived the whole season until the first frost. This action thought us
that so called Guerrilla Gardening must be prepared in advance, spots carefully selected,
permissions obtained and one must be aware that the part of plantings will be destroyed.
Action no.6: CanBdone without ads
An issue of advertisement in public space has been a matter of heated debate recently. Krakw was the first city in Poland which introduced so called Park Kulturowy
(Cultural Park) within the Old City area in 2010. As a result, most of ugly advertisements
were removed from facades and visual chaos in the most representative part of the city
was limited. Unfortunately, just outside the Planty Park advertising is everywhere: from
flashy signs through billboards and posters in shop windows to small leaflets and ads
glued to gutters. In the Presidential Palace there is a debate concerning protection of the
landscape. The discussed act will regulate a question of issuing permits for large format
advertising. On local level, in Krakw, there is a discussion about expanding the borders
of cultural park in order to cover Kazimierz district and Stare Podgrze district. Community organizations, like Moje Miasto a w Nim, or journalist Filip Springer are debating about the necessity of the law change concerning outdoor advertising at the central
83
Fig. 41 Action no.6: CanBdone without ads
level. Despite the fact that numerous subjects are already involved in the advertising issue, CanBdone has found their niche: illegal ads on posts, lampposts, road signs and gutters. The ads are printed at home then glued or taped piling up and littering our living
space. This action was conducted in the same way as the other. We arranged the date and
time but allowed participants to choose their spots: a place where ads are the most annoying e.g. at the bus stop. We have received a large number of photos from the different
parts of Krakw, some of them showed significant changes for the better.
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AGATA BLOSWICK
Action no. 7: Buy local products CanBdone!

Just before the Christmas season, at the end of November 2014, we introduced Buy
Local Products CanBdone! action. The main goal of the event was to present the importance of supporting local community through buying local products from local sellers or
manufacturers as well as choosing small local shops instead of shopping malls. In 2014, in
Poland, 245000m2 of hypermarket retail space was built which stands for 20% increase in
supply compared to 2013. This changes the behaviour of buyers, promotes shopping malls
at the expense of street shops, causes additional traffic because the malls are located at the
outskirts but also changes social behaviour we are buying from unknown people, supporting foreign companies, creating workplaces and increasing CIT tax in other countries.
Apart from economic problems, changes in the city tissue appear. City centres are being
abandoned, small professional services are being closed and street shops are being replaced
by bank offices. Our action promoted locally manufactured products from food, through
Christmas decorations to gifts. The aim was not only to promote Polish products, but also
to find small shops that are worth recommending and to become friends with shopkeepers
from ones neighbourhood. Several dozen of small shopkeepers and manufacturers signed
in. They agreed to give a discount to everyone who knows the password: Buy local CanBdone (aDaSie kupowa lokalenie). The action caused quite a stir; there were proposals
to create a map of greengrocers, market squares and galleries of local art. This shows that
Krakw small business still needs an utmost attention.
Summary
Why CanBdone is different from other initiatives? Most of city initiatives fail because of
two things: criticism and involvement in politic. It is clearly visible all journalists who
have ever interviewed us asked what we are working against. Our main idea was not to
work against something but to work for something: for clean city, for giving a good
example, for changing present cant be done approach. From the beginning, we deliberately did not point at those who are guilty of the negligence in the city but we focused
on problem solving or presenting how it was done in different cities or countries. On
our Facebook site there are everyday updates that show solutions from other countries
with a commentary which elements can be adopted by Krakw. Despite the fact that we
are not interested in creating city politic, among our fans there are some district and city
councillors as well as several local journalists. It shows that our actions echo around the
city and we hope that their actions might be inspired by our activity.
Another success of CanBdone is remaining truly neutral social movement as far
as political terms are concerned. In October 2014, when we began our actions, Krakw
anticipated local elections campaign for 2014. In a fit of sudden concern for residents,
councillors and other officials are more than eager to join such initiatives in order to pro-
85
mote themselves on election posters. Undoubtedly, every form of promotion is valuable

but there is a risk that the initiative will be associated with a particular councillor which
undermines its social aspect.
The most important feature of CanBdone is that there is no leader, surname or
face that is being promoted. The main idea is that every citizen can become this Adam
boy21, come up with an idea and conduct it in his/her neighbourhood, do something
for the city or copy some smart ideas seen abroad. This is the reason why we did not decide to register our initiative as a foundation or even association; we work as an informal
group in order to enable everyone who is interested in a possibility of co-creating our
community and improving city life.
Our Facebook page has had 720 likes so far which is a fraction of all Krakw citizens
and 49% of them are men and women between 25 and 34. This is a group that actively
takes part in the creation of civil society, the group that I include myself too, hoping for
the better city that we live in.
21
or Canby girl
Oksana Savchuk
Rethinking Lviv: urban development

strategy analysis in the terms
of sustainability with an emphasis
of green urbanism approach and urban
agriculture in Sykhiv
This paper has a broad perspective on sustainable development of Lviv through policy document analysis using
the theory of green urbanism and major trends in development of European cities. The paper emphasize the importance of the development of urban gardening projects,
by reffering to the case study of such movement in Syhiv.
Introduction
The constant pursuit of economic development has created a great pressure on the environment. Dramatic shifts on the global scale, changes of climate patterns and demographic
challenges are forcing the society to rethink its relation to nature. Thus, the threat of a global ecological crisis contributed to the development of theories about how to achieve sustainable development worldwide (United Nations Environment Programme 1972).
The principles of sustainable development aim to penetrate in every sphere of life and
considering the constant increase in urban population (Population Division 2008), the process of careful city planning is getting more crucial. Cities play an important role not just
being concentrated hubs of human activity, but also accumulating developed goods. Moreover, the way cities are designed defines the way resources and labour are being distributed
and used. Consequently, it is essential to use a sustainable approach in planning of physical
space and processes in a city to create a rational and optimised living environment.
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OKSANA SAVCHUK
Industrialization, constant population growth and other factors created a number

of new challenges for urban development and forced researches all over the world to rethink this concept in favour of more human-nature balanced relations (Beatley 2003; Gorgolewski 2011; Lehmann 2010). Considering Beatleys theory on green urbanism (2003)
this paper compares the six main criterias he uses to analyse sustainable development of
European cities to the policy documents of Lviv, the largest city in the west part of Ukraine.
Sustainable urban planning is a complex holistic approach and deepening knowledge in one domain inevitably leads to the development of others. However, it is not
possible to focus on all the topics, but here the specific example of urban agriculture in
the city of Lviv will be assessed. Although the city offers a strategy to achieve sustainable development to some extent (Koshlo et al., 2008), the community initiative of urban
gardening is not even considered as a subject of support and development. Agriculture,
albeit not being cited as such in Beatley (2000) theory, is related to green spaces quality
and quantity and to compactness, thus it is relevant for urban sustainability. As a result,
discovering how the city can benefit from urban agriculture might help to understand in
what way it actually meets the future vision of Lviv and enhance its sustainability.
The main aim of this paper is to understand what aspects of development strategy
of Lviv are sustainable and in addition, to figure out if an urban agriculture can enhance
the sustainable urban development of the city.
The paper focuses on the following questions: (1) Can urban development policies
support sustainability in the city of Lviv? In what aspects? (2) What measures need to be
taken into account for developing sustainability in Lviv? (3) To what extend can urban
gardening contribute to a sustainable urban development of Lviv?
Brief on method
As this work aims to understand sustainable approach in the development of Lviv, firstly,
this paper shows the perspective of Ukrainian scholars on the concept of sustainability. The
general tendencies of tackling sustainable urban development, green urbanism and urban
agriculture are defined in order to provide the theoretical framework for the analysis of
the future vision of the city. Background information includes information regarding the
national strategy for sustainable development, a review of the main urban planning and
development documents of Lviv, and describes one of the urban agriculture movements
in Syhiv (specific district in Lviv). In the analysis part, the general demographic tendency
is defined in order to understand possible scenarios of city development. The theories are
applied on important findings in the policy documents of Lviv and the case study of Syhiv,
thus, the conclusions are drawn to formulate answers for the research questions.
A number of policy documents and articles were analysed using both secondary
and primary data.
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RETHINKING LVIV: URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ANALYSIS...
Primary sources such as legal documents and statistical data provided by United
Nations and Central Office of Statistics in Lviv region were analysed using both qualitative and quantitative approach. The United Nation documents (United Nations Environment Programme 1972; The World Commission on Environment and Development
1987) were reviewed to define the concept of sustainable urban development, as well as
statistics (Population Division, 2008) to analyse the demographic situation in Ukraine.
Secondary sources were used to describe the current discussion of sustainable development in the Ukrainian scientific sphere, to define the theoretical framework and also
to highlight the general information about the researched area. Interpretation of Integrated Development Strategy of Lviv for 2012-2025 (City Institute 2011) and the master
plan adjustment (Koshlo et al., 2008) has been made to understand the approach of the
citys government towards the sustainability concept. All policy documents were available through the official websites of United Nations and Lviv City Council.
Due to the lack of information and time limits, personal communication was used
with the researcher of the urban gardening movement in Syhiv, district of Lviv. The interview used open-ended questions (Appendix 2) and was conducted on 10th December,
2013 via an online video call with Natalia Mysak (Lviv Polytechnic National University).
Articles were searched by keywords according to the topic using the google-scholar
search engine and articles from obligatory course literature were available in Malm
University library.
Theoretical framework
The most popular concept of sustainable development was firstly introduced by the
commission of Brundtland in the report Our Common Future and founded the following definition: Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
(WCED 1987). This definition implies to provide an adequate level of comfort for current and future generations.
Considering that Ukraine is one of the founding members of United Nations, it
is clear that it should not only listen to its recommendations, but also contribute with
its intellectual potential. Number of Ukrainian researchers defines the concept of sustainable development as interdependence between economic prosperity, environmental
protection and social justice. Most of the works are focused on achieving environmental
balance, while achieving economic growth, and the social aspect is limited only to the
context of health care. (Trehobchuk 2002; Korniychuk & Shevchuk 2009; Landyk 2004).
In his publication The concept of sustainable development in Ukraine Trehobchuk
(2002) mentions that sustainable development is primarily an economic growth which
effectively solve the major problems of society without depletion, degradation and pollu-
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OKSANA SAVCHUK
tion of the environment (authors translation). In addition, he argues that the pursuit of
economic development cannot be justified if it is undermining public physical and mental
health (Trehobchuk 2002), in this way referring to environmental and social conditions.
Korniychuk & Shevchuk argue that the mechanism for maximizing market economy
worsens the ecological state of the planet (2009). The urgent need to resolve the systemic
crisis of world civilization (Korniychuk & Shevchuk 2009), which threatens the survival of
human civilization, claimed to be possible by rethinking an approach to economic development. They conclude that scientists worldwide are positive about achieving sustainability
with a few cautions, but the main question in the field is in what way it might be achieved.
Scientific researches in the field of sustainable development influenced attempts to
turn theory into practice by amending the legislation. As an example, the draft resolution on the Concept of Ukraines transition to sustainable development defines sustainable development as the principle which correlates with the rate of economic and social development according to (1) natural system capacity and (2) limits of the biosphere
to assimilate pollution and other negative impacts of economic activities (Landyk 2004).
All in all, the principles of sustainable development in Ukraine are commonly used to
describe economic growth with mentioning unsystematic measures to improve the environment and living conditions in general.
Sustainability concerns each aspect of human life, it shapes specific lifestyle and the living environment. Consequently, appropriate development of cities becomes crucial in balancing social and economic activities, while reducing ecological impacts. It is argued that
urban planning as a tool to shape physical spaces and processes in cities must be applied to
human settlements and urbanization with a view to avoiding adverse effects on the environment and obtaining maximum social, economic and environmental benefits for all (United Nations Environment Programme 1972). Moreover, the development of the cities influences the achievement of sustainability on a global scale, because rational urban planning
is defined as one of the means to balance exploitation of resources for development and
protection of the environment (United Nations Environment Programme 1972). Thus, it is
important to understand how such urban planning could be achieved and in what aspects.
According to Beatley (2003), it is possible to outline general tendencies in facing
those challenges. Studies of European cities, for instance, shows that major trends are
to (1) promote compactness, (2) invest in sustainable infrastructures, (3) create cities
comfortable for pedestrians, (4) increasing quantity and quality of green spaces, (5) use
alternative energy sources. (Beathley, 2003). All those strategies are complementary and
closely intertwined. For example, the walkability directly depends on the compactness
and the quality of public space, which in turn is influenced by transportation patterns
and the comfortable thermal conditions. From this perspective, it is clear that sustainable urban planning is a complex holistic approach and deepening knowledge in one
trend inevitable leads to the development of others.
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The term green urbanism was introduced by Beatley (2000) in order to delineate
a generic term for the strategy of urban development with accent on its environmental
and social components. Green urbanism emphasizes on urban planning as a tool to create more sustainable places, communities, and lifestyles (Beatley 2000, p.5). The main vision of this concept is determined by the following qualities: (1) diminishing ecological
footprint, (2) nature-oriented design, (3) targeting circular metabolism, (4) aspiration of
local and regional self-sufficiency, (5) popularisation of healthful lifestyle, (6) high quality of life, highly livable neighbourhoods and communities (Beatley, 2000, pp.5-8). In
addition, Lehmann highlights three main pillars of green urbanism: urban planning &
transportation, water & biodiversity, and energy & materials (2010).Thus emphasizing
the important role of usage of renewable energy for building design and transportation
system. All in all, green urbanism might be seen as the holistic strategy to achieve sustainable city development.
In order to enhance the understanding of green urbanism in practice, this paper
employs the concept of urban agriculture. Nowadays agriculture is mostly seen as a rural endeavour (in the context of rural development), however scientists incline to the
belief that introducing it to the urban context might reshape cities (Gorgolewski 2011;
Lehmann 2010). Local food production and short supply chains are identified as principles of green urbanism (Lehmann 2010). In this way, urban agriculture can be recognised as the embodiment of this principle. Researchers worldwide persuade that reanimation of food production within a city could bring number of benefits:
reduce ecological footprint by producing food locally and thus to diminishing energy
usage for production and transportation needs (Gorgolewski 2011; Lehmann 2010);
improve public health by promoting healthy nutrition, personal wellness, community betterment, and environmental health (Brown & Jameton 2000);
fight poverty by increasing the food security (Brown & Jameton 2000; Lehmann
2010), as there are even historical evidences of spontaneous development of urban
gardening in public spaces during crisis times in US (Schmelzkopf 1995);
efficiently use empty spaces by reusing vacant, unused or awaiting lots (Brown &
Jameton 2000; Gorgolewski 2011);
create safe public space owing to more frequent presence and sense of common
property, for instance, in poor neighbourhoods gardens appeared to be safe islands
providing sense of community (Schmelzkopf 1995)
Urban agriculture is a general term for all the food production activities within the urban area; thus, there are different types, scales and possible location for such activities. Such
movements are mostly non-commercial venture types like community gardens, school
or institutional gardens, but there are entrepreneurial gardens as well (Brown & Jameton
2000). The scale of this movement depends on the available space in the city. Small scale
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OKSANA SAVCHUK
projects are possible within dense parts in city centres as integrated production components
(e.g. windowsill, rooftop) and within traditional urban low-rise residential areas small yards
and limited public green space (Brown & Jameton 2000; Gorgolewski 2011). More extensive
food production might take place in peri-urban and former industrial areas. Some shortterm opportunities might be provided on plots awaiting for long-term development.
Description of the researched area: Background

Sustainable development in Ukraine
The country do not have a clear strategy of sustainable development defined in
legal documents, however, there have been several attempts to submit draft laws e.g.
Ukraines transition to sustainable development. Those documents were aimed to reveal the complexity of the negative anthropogenic impacts on the environment and to
persuade the Government to take immediate actions. The main argument was that the
ecological situation in Ukraine is in crisis as the level of anthropogenic impacts on the
environment is higher than in developed countries in four to five times and additionally,
the country bears the burden of the Chernobyl accident (Samojlenko & Hazan 2002). All
those factors had negative impacts on public health, and thus, reduced the average life
expectancy (Samojlenko & Hazan 2002). Moreover, the country lacks general long-term
development strategy, which could enable consistent actions of the political forces, the
society, the state and the local governments. In the near future, Ukraine will face difficulties of resources provision, competitiveness of their products in foreign and domestic
markets, reduction of the working population and others (Landyk 2004). Concerning
the environmental conditions, the situation is critical. The air quality suffers from industrial contaminations, as well as from constantly increasing emissions from cars (Trehobchuk 2002). Against this backdrop, it is clear that in order to provide high quality of life
now and for future generations, immediate actions should be taken.
Considering that Ukraine does not have a clear strategy to address these and future consequent problems, each city deals and develops its own approach (City Institute
2011). Lviv is chosen for this research as one of the most innovative and open city in
Ukraine (Koshlo et al., 2008). Lviv is actively seeking for new solutions, cooperating with
international organisations, and adopting findings in the development of the city.
Policy documents of Lviv

Lviv is the biggest city in the west part of Ukraine (Figure 1) with a current population
of 758,5 thousand inhabitants (Department of Statistics in the Lviv region, 2013) and the
area is 182.01 km2. The city with over 750 year of history, is the cultural, educational, and
commercial centre of the region.
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Fig. 42. Location of Lviv, Ukraine.
Urban planning in Ukraine is mainly determined by future-oriented master plan

and policy documents. To understand the current strategy in urban planning of Lviv it is
important to analyse the modern master plan and review the adopted documents which
enhance it.
Integrated Development Strategy of Lviv for 2012-2025
To ensure the sustainable development of the city and improving the quality of
life of citizens, the City Council adopted this strategy in 2011. This work summarise
more than 100 different documents aiming to define the future visions of the city. Public
participation was recognized here as an integral part of shaping the common future in
the city and the research methods were based on European experiences (Birmingham,
Poznan, Krakow and Warsaw). (City Institute, 2011)
Three priority aims were outlined. The first priority is to make the city comfortable
for living, studying, and working. This implies the satisfaction of residents with the living conditions in the city, characterised by a high comfort level, security and social protection within favorable environmental conditions. The second goal is to develop competitive and innovative economics, which creates attractive conditions for investment
and decrease unemployment rate. The third aim is to maintain and develop the city, as
stronghold of national values, city of tradition, knowledge, culture, tourism and sport.
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OKSANA SAVCHUK
Some of the performance indicators in terms of assessing increasing quality of life in the
city might be interesting regarding the topic of this paper. For instance, the percentage
of environmentally friendly public transportation (including cycling), constituted 34%
in 2010, and is targeting 65% till 2025. The other rather interesting indicator is the emphasis on promotion of condominiums presented only at 4.8% from all housing in 2010
and setting a dramatic increase to 80% in 2015 and 95% in 2025. (City Institute, 2011)
Lviv master plan and strategy
The current master plan for Lviv city developed for 2025 and adopted in the 80s
back in the Soviet times, which means it could not even consider the modern transition
to market economy and its influence on urban development (Koshlo et al., 2008). Modern transition times are characterised by a deep economic and political crisis which create a double character of city planning (1) for predicted population changes versus (2)
citys potential capacities.
The latest edition of Lviv master plan sets qualitatively new visions as for such type
of document. Namely, it is the creation of city where people feel comfortable referring
to increase of quality of life and city open to the world (Koshlo et al., 2008, p.5)
The way of achieving this aim is determined by preservation, revival, and development. Preservation concerns natural and historical architectural environment, and also
traditions, culture, science and education. The main direction of the city revival strategy
involves becoming the unofficial capital of west Ukraine, the centre of various activities
in the region, and reconstruction of lost valuable elements of the environment. (Koshlo
et al., 2008, p.5). Future plans are to develop the city as a touristic centre and industrial
centre, based on knowledge-intensive and zero-waste production. Lviv also aims to become a transportation and international trade hub, as well as a cultural, educational and
scientific centre (Koshlo et al., 2008, p.6).
Ecological situation. The air quality is recognised to be mostly reduced by car pollution, and needs to be improved by changes in the transportation system. The priority
is given for electric vehicles, bicycle usage, limitation of access for private cars to the old
town, and providing alternative bypass paths. Water pollution is constant and requires
usage of modern technological solutions. Noise pollution is mostly caused by the means
of transportation (e.g. aircrafts, trains, trams and other vehicles). It is suggested to use
noise screens and to reorganize the transport in the way of directing it outwards the city.
Considering landscape-recreational area, it is claimed to create the natural ecological
core of the city and create adequate conditions for leisure.
Public transportation. Considering radial road system and historical environment
with its narrow streets, there is an acute transportation problem in the old town. The master plan answers it with a strategy to reduce car usage according to the principles park &
walk and park & ride (Koshlo.M et al., 2008, p.16). Referring to limitation of private car
95
usage with preference to walking and usage of public transport. The master plan supports
the development of traditional public transportation usage of railroad for internal transportations, and even considers the possibility of creation of a light metropolitan.
Waste management. The Storage capacity of the city landfill is overdue since 2006,
and is still receiving 1121 tonnes of waste per year. There is an idea to create a recycling
factory, however it was supposed to be build by 2010.
Suburban development. The city is planned to grow by adjoining villages and suburban areas, which involves the development of transport infrastructure. The strategy
claimed to transform from compact settlement into branched structure (Koshlo et al.,
2008, p.10).
Concepts of cycling and infrastructure improvement in Lviv (2010)
The main idea is based on European experiences and aims to integrate cycling as
a real part of the transportation system since 2012. This document defines the problems
which might be solved by implementing cycling infrastructure: (1) ecological situation
in the city, (2) quality of life by creation of new public spaces and reduce commuting
time, (3) public health, (4) traffic congestions, (5) segregated neighbourhoods, (6) overloaded city centre. With this concept Lviv aims to achieve a number of goals: to improve
the quality of life and the ecological situation; to increase the level of investment into
the city; and to improve public health. In addition, Lviv aims to become the first city in
Ukraine which introduce complete cycling infrastructure.
Urban gardening as a strategy
An example of urban gardening movement in Syhiv, is used to illustrate that production of food is not just possible, but also support sustainable development of the city.
Syhiv is the largest Lvivs panel housing estate, planned for an area of 390 ha and
population of 120 thousand inhabitants. Originally, it was a nearby village located 6.5
km from city center, but it was adjoined to Lviv in the 50s. Currently, this neighbourhood is perceived as a symbol of the Soviet urban planning in Ukraine. In 1981 the construction of the first building has been completed. (Tregubova 1989)
According to the interview with the local researcher Natalia Mysak, urban agriculture is clearly manifested in Syhiv by vegetable beds, herbariums in the courtyards, mostly
close to the buildings, and vegetable gardens on the outskirts of the micro-districts.
There are number of reasons why this movement became popular exactly here. This
housing development was built mostly for newcomers with a rural background in the
times of rapid urbanisation back in 1980s. The area, quite peripheral, provided vast plots
of unused fertile soil and inside of modernistic neighbourhoods there were spacious distances between buildings which mostly were not used according to planned functions
(sport fields, communication hubs). In addition, after the fall of the Soviet Union, mas-
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OKSANA SAVCHUK
Fig. 43. Scheme of location of Syhiv in Lviv. (by author)
sive privatisation started, which created the issue of unclear private/public boundaries.
Thus, the available land and agricultural skills of residence, under the influence of the
crisis transition times resulted in local food production. It might be that this communal
usage of public space that contributed somehow to the relatively high public participation. Nowadays Syhiv is the most active neighbourhood in organising condominiums,
one fourth of the total amount in Lviv.
There is a lack of information about the results of urban gardening movement, however the obvious benefits are that it works as a community building for elderly, actually
produce food, and provides visual evidence of active usage of public space. As times
passes, modern population of the area, partly lost connection with rural background,
and this activities are stigmatised as entertainment for seniors. (N. Mysak, personal
communication, December 10th, 2013)
97
Fig. 44 Urban gardening in Syhiv. (N. Mysak, personal photograph, May 2012)
Fig. 45 Urban gardening in Syhiv. (N. Mysak, May 2012)
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OKSANA SAVCHUK
Fig. 46 Scheme of urban gardening manifestations in Syhiv, Lviv (by author; map source:
https://maps.google.com/2013)
Analysis
Lviv in national context
An understanding of the demographic tendency is vital for urban planning, as it
defines the future of a city. In addition, lifestyle shifts contribute to urban design, as the
constantly growing urban population require more compact and comfortable living con-
99
ditions. Thus, it is important to analyse the forecast concerning demographic changes

and shifts in proportion of urban-rural inhabitants.
Considering the worldwide tendencies in increase of population and urbanisation, the demographic situation in Lviv is not that clear. Surprisingly, the population of
Ukraine is predicted to shrink from its current 44 million to 36 million in 2050 (appendix 1, UN, 2011), due to high migration rates and negative natural population growth.
This context could influence the already decreasing population of Lviv (Central Office of Statistics in Lviv region 2011). On the other hand, urbanisation prospects show
that regardless the general demographic decrease, the urban populations would still relatively grow in the medium-sized cities (500 000 1 million) like Lviv (appendix 1, UN,
2011). In addition, according to Lviv masterplan, the city population is estimated to
reach 750 000 residents and 130 000 in suburban areas in 2025 (Lviv City Council 2008).
Given this, it could be concluded that the city population could increase only slightly,
however the current deep political crisis can lead to unpredictable impacts.
Interpretation of policy documents
The concept of sustainable urban development is not clearly seen in the master plan
(Koshlo et al., 2008), however it might be traced in development priorities of integrated
strategy in aspects of making comfortable living environment and innovative economics, referring to social and economic aspects (City Institute 2011). The cultural aspect is
strongly emphasised in all the documents and plays an important role in the city branding, thus attracting investments and new residents.
In accordance with the European experiences in sustainable urban planning (Beathley 2003), it is possible to follow the application of those principles in Lvivs development
vision and strategy:
Compact form. The city is planned to grow by adjoining villages and suburban area
(Koshlo et al., 2008), which creates a threat to ineffective land usage and contradicts the
densification strategy. Furthermore, it may undermine the cultural conservation goal.
Sustainable mobility. The car usage is proposed to be reduced according to the principles park & walk and park & ride (Koshlo et al., 2008, p.16). Reconstruction of the
existing tram lines is planned, thus prioritising electric vehicles, but still use buses as an
additional mean of transport. Nevertheless the figures contradict that statement as the
tramway lines are planned to increase just from 36.8 to 63.2 km, while the bus routes
will be increased from 172 to 392 km. Even more, it is planned to increase the length of
the roads from 605 to 935 km, which not only disregards the poor conditions of existing
roads, but will also increase the car usage and further pollution (Koshlo et al., 2008). On
the other hand, the development of bicycle infrastructures is still in progress, and the
increase of environmentally friendly public transportation is one of the priorities (City
Institute 2011).
100
OKSANA SAVCHUK
Walkable city. The city in general has a great problem with unregulated parking,
sometimes pavements are totally occupied by cars, and there is even a NGO whose aim
is to return sidewalks for pedestrians. The project of a walkable old town is still currently
under development. The strategy for organising pedestrians area, at least in the old town
is aiming to improve the ecological situation, attract tourists and investments. It was
greatly influenced by the cooperation project called the Municipal Development and
Rehabilitation of the Old City of Lviv, that engaged the citys Heritage Department and
the German international cooperation organization and resulted in the publication The
integrated concept for the inner city of Lviv(2011).
Green environment. The creation of an ecological core in the city is one of the strategies stated in the master plan. It includes the restoration of parks, suburban lakes, and
outdoor spaces. Even according to the quantitative approach of the master plan, the situation is not satisfactory, as the norm of the green area per capita is 17m2 and the current
situation provides only 11,2 m2 (Koshlo et al., 2008).
Urban gardening as a strategy for sustainable development of Lviv
This chapter compares the city problems defined in the policy documents, with
those highlighted in the theoretical part, which could be tackled with the green urbanism approach and resolved by developing urban agriculture. The case of Syhiv is used to
support the claims.
Some of the described problems of the city could be tackled through the green urbanism approach. First of all, the future vision aims to develop a comfortable city for
different ages and lifestyles (City Institute 2011). The aspect which apply to everyone is
the negative impact of the current ecological situation on public health. Thus, the reduction of the ecological footprint (Beatley 2000, p.6) should be included in the city development strategy. Moreover, the public health could also be improved by popularisation
of healthy lifestyle (Beatley 2000, p.7), including not only the promotion of physical
activities, but also providing informations regarding impact of food people consume.
Creation of highly livable neighbourhoods and communities (Beatley 2000, p.7) could
increase the social qualities of life and reconnect segregated neighbourhoods. Moreover,
as the inner city is crowded and busy with transport, investing in diversity of usage of
public green spaces all across the city could create alternative communication and educational hubs.
Taking a closer look on the phenomenon of urban gardening in Syhiv can help to
understand in what ways it contributes to city development in a sustainable way.
Urban gardening is especially important for the elderly and people with a previous
rural background. It is not only facilitating their economic situation, but also has community building effect. Thus, urban gardening contributes to the improvement of public
101
health, by engaging residents to be more active, and promotes a social way of life (Brown
& Jameton 2000), while consuming ecologically clean and self-produced food.
Urban agriculture provides additional support for poor people (Schmelzkopf 1995).
There is no statistical data concerning land used for urban gardening and the amount of
food produced, however it is quite obvious that vegetable gardens on the outskirts of the
micro-districts, are not made for aesthetical reasons.
In the case of Syhiv, it might be seen that gardening actually have some influence on
shaping the community, creating a sense of common ownership and responsibility, since
in this neighbourhood condominiums constitute one fourth of the citys total housing.
(N. Mysak, personal communication, December 10th, 2013).
Thus, such an active community care of abandoned public areas (Brown & Jameton
2000, Gorgolewski 2011) might serve as a starting point for developing the sense of community and accelerate the achievement of the goal to dramatically increase the number
of condominiums (City Institute 2011).
Furthermore, development of urban agriculture contribute to the safety of the area
(Schmelzkopf 1995), as by investing own time and work in the betterment of the area,
residents spend more time outside, thus making public space more alive.
Conclusions
This study defined the prerequisites and the complexity of sustainable development in
Lviv, considering its national context and future city vision (Koshlo et al., 2008; City Institute 2011)
Can urban development support sustainability in the city of Lviv? In what aspects?
Using the principles of sustainability in city planning is a key for successful organisation of an efficient city by changes in the design of physical space and processes in the
city. According to the UN (WCED 1987), urban development should be applied in a way
to benefit every resident in social and economic aspects without depletion of nature. In
Lviv for instance, adjoining nearby villages to the city without proper decentralisation
and creation of alternative to the usage of private vehicles, could have devastating effect
on transportation systems, and thus, increase the air pollution, and negatively influence
the public health etc. Appropriate approach in urban design can greatly influence the
sustainable development of Lviv in a number of aspects:
promote densification and compactness by decentralisation, developing mixed-use
neighbourhoods;
improve the transportation patterns, develop environmentally friendly network of
trams, busses and prioritise the development of bike infrastructure;
102
OKSANA SAVCHUK
make the city a comfortable and walkable city, including the expansion of pedestrian areas, creating roads of mixed usage;
provide high quality green spaces in the required amount, within walkable distance
for all;
implement renewable and energy saving technologies both in renovations and new
constructions.
What measures need to be taken into account for developing sustainability in Lviv?
Urban development is a complex task which requires a holistic approach and simultaneous resolving of numerous issues. Considering the national and the local context,
number of measures should be taken into account. First of all, the sustainable development approach should be ratified on national level as it defines external environmental,
economic and social conditions. Secondly, the city should focus on resolving all urgent
issues exclusively in a sustainable way. Last, but not the least, the city should redefine its
top-down approach to decision making, and develop not only informing and engaging
people in discussion, but also to develop and support community initiatives that really
reflect the vision of the citys residents.
To what extend can urban gardening contribute to a sustainable urban development of Lviv?
From the perspective of encouraging DIY urban movements, urban agriculture development can be seen as a practical implementation of the residents desire to improve
their living conditions. This movement might benefit for sustainable development of
Lviv in all its aspects. From a social point of view, it contributes to the community building and develops the sense of common property and responsibility. Moreover, it can
enhance public physical and mental health. From an economic perspective, self-food
production tackles poverty issues, especially for senior residents. The environmental
benefits are represented by possible reduction of the ecological footprint.
Considering all these factors, it is clear that urban gardening corresponds to the
priorities of a city development. Namely, to create comfortable living conditions for all
and establish itself as a center of traditions, education and research. Therefore, urban
gardening should not be ignored, but supported by the city government, and undergo
a detailed investigation.
103
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Community-Led Urban Regeneration - Polish-Ukrainian Experience and Inspiration - 2014 - Small

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Institute of Urban Development

Krakw Lww 2014

The book Community-Led Urban Regeneration. Polish-Ukrainian experience and inspiration

Review: prof. dr hab. Zygmunt Ziobrowski

Copyright by Institute of Urban Development, Krakw 2014

Community-Led Urban Regeneration.

Pidzamche revitalization project ...................................................................................... 17

Sites of Memory at Pidzamche: the Past in the Symbolic Landscape

Identity formation of non-central districts of Lviv: the role of local community

CanBdone (aDaSie) change your city ............................................................................... 77

Rethinking Lviv: urban development strategy analysis in the terms of sustainability

Fig. 1 Market Square (Rynok) in Lviv during reconstruction, K. Janas 2011

In the meantime a framework of revitalisation policy had been planned in Poland. It

Rewitalizacja podwrek Podzamcza profesjonalizacja zarzdzania komunalnymi zasobami

Rewitalizacja dzielnicy Podzamcze we Lwowie 2014-2015 etap III

Fig. 2 View on Pidzamche from Charnovola str., J. Morykvas 2014

Pidzamche revitalization project

Two revitalization programs were introduced in 2011:

Rewitalizacja podwrek Podzamcza profesjonalizacja zarzdzania komunalnymi zasobami

We have considered the revitalization of five courtyards and a couple of selected

The process of designing that involves public consultations

Planned and executed objectives

Fig. 5 Backyard at 11-13 Pidzamche st.

Fig. 6 Playground at Khmelnitskoho st. before revitalization public consultations

Fig. 7 Graffiti painting at the playground, K. Janas 2013.

Fig. 8 Playground at Khmelickoho st. after revitalization, K. Janas 2013

construction of a stage platform

Fig. 9 Backyard revitalization project visualization

Fig. 10 Courtyards at Khmelnitskoho the first meeting with residents

Fig. 11 Residents celbrating an opening of their backyard (not vegetated yet)

Fig. 12 The Krynichna square after revitalization, E. Shcheholskyi 2014

Actvities and projects in 2014

Fig. 13 Residents presenting projects prepared by themselves

Fig. 15 Final project proposal for the backyard at 12 Ostryanitsi St.

Fig. 16 Doors renovation works at 2 Ohirkova St

Fig. 17 Doors at 56 Khmelnickoho St. before and after renovation

Fig. 18 Doors before and after renovation at 9 Pidzamche St.

residents, conducting a fundraising, the signing of a collective agreement to co-finance

Fig. 21 Project of a tree house for children, by A. Shulyar, N. Mysak, M. Dukh

Fig. 22 Backyard at 105 Khmelnickoho St. residents at work

Fig. 25 Opening of the playground at Zhovkivska St. and Ostryanytsi St.

Fig. 29 Murals on Zhovkivska Ostryanytsi St.

Fig. 31 Instalation of the infoplates

Sites of Memory at Pidzamche:

History, memory, the past: construction, and not a reflection

Sites of memory at Pidzamche

Collective memory and a gap between Lww and Lviv

Identity formation of non-central

The spatial development of non-central districts and involvement

Pidzamche: center or periphery?

Design of the common.

Approach 2: Find a spatial solution of the existing functions.

Local community as a driving force of changes.

Christmann G., 2012, Neighbourhood Developement From Below? / Gabriela

You can imagine a little girl called Canby Donavan

Fig. 38 Action no.1: Daubs repainting

Fig. 39 Action no.2: Go to school

Fig. 40 Action no.5: Planting flowers

Fig. 41 Action no.6: CanBdone without ads

Action no. 7: Buy local products CanBdone!

mote themselves on election posters. Undoubtedly, every form of promotion is valuable

Rethinking Lviv: urban development

Industrialization, constant population growth and other factors created a number