Chapter 15 - Solutions

Solution homogeneous mixture of two

or more substances in the same physical
state

1.

solute substance being dissolved

2.

Ex. salt, sugar

solvent material in which solute is

dissolved

Ex. water is the universal solvent

Salt water

Salt water

There is more solvent

than solute in a
solution.
Ex. more water than
salt

Soluble able to be
dissolved
Ex. salt in water

Insoluble does not

dissolve
Ex. oil in water

Like dissolves like

Polar solutes will dissolve in
Nonpolar

solvents

polar solvents

solutes will dissolve in nonpolar

Like dissolves like

Solute

Polar Solvent (H2O)

Polar

soluble

Ionic
Nonpolar

Non-Polar Solvent (oil)

Like dissolves like

Solute

Polar Solvent (H2O)

Polar

soluble

Ionic

soluble

Nonpolar

Non-Polar Solvent (oil)

Like dissolves like

Solute

Polar Solvent (H2O)

Polar

soluble

Ionic

soluble

Nonpolar

insoluble

Non-Polar Solvent (oil)

Like dissolves like

Solute

Polar Solvent (H2O)

Non-Polar Solvent (oil)

Polar

soluble

insoluble

Ionic

soluble

Nonpolar

insoluble

Like dissolves like

Solute

Polar Solvent (H2O)

Non-Polar Solvent (oil)

Polar

soluble

insoluble

Ionic

soluble

insoluble

Nonpolar

insoluble

Like dissolves like

Solute

Polar Solvent (H2O)

Non-Polar Solvent (oil)

Polar

soluble

insoluble

Ionic

soluble

insoluble

Nonpolar

insoluble

soluble

Soluble able to be
dissolved
Ex. salt in water

Ionic dissolves in
polar water.

Insolube does not

dissolve
Ex. oil in water

Nonpolar oil does

not dissolve in
polar water.

Oil Spills

Factors Affecting Solubility

Factors Affecting Solubility

Factors Affecting Solubility

Factors Affecting Solubility

Factors Affecting Solubility

Factors Affecting Solubility

Factors Affecting Solubility

Factors Affecting Solubility

Dissolved Oxygen

Thermal Pollution

Algae Blooms

Aqueous (aq)
When a material is dissolved in water

vs.

Electrolyte
dissociation of ionic compounds (salts)

into ions to conduct electricity when

dissolved in water

Go to the web:
http://www.chem.iastate.edu/group/Green

bowe/sections/projectfolder/flashfiles/ther
mochem/solutionSalt.html
http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/Biol

ogy1111/animations/dissolve.swf

Dissolving takes place at the

surface of the solute.

Non-electrolyte
Substance does NOT conduct electricity

when dissolved in water

Includes all covalent compounds

Ex. sugar water

 Concentrated vs. dilute

Lots of material dissolved vs. very little

dissolved

 Saturated

solution contains maximum

amount of solute

Unsaturated

less than maximum

Supersaturated more than maximum

Must be heated

Rock Candy

Alloy
Two or more metals dissolved in each

other
brass = Cu + Zn

sterling silver = Ag + Cu

Colligative Properties

Dependent on the presence of dissolved

particles and their concentration

1)

Boiling point elevation solute particles

increase boiling point

2)

Freezing point depression solute

particles decrease freezing point

Go to the Web:
Boiling point elevation:
http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/soluti

ons/eboil2.html
Freezing point depression:
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/

101/solutions/faq/why-salt-melts-ice.shtml

Fixing Spaghetti
Example of boiling point elevation.
Adding salt requires the temperature to be

greater than 100oC for the water to boil.

Salt on Roads
Example of freezing point depression.
The temperature must be lower than 32 oF

for the water on the road to freeze.

Molarity (M)

Dilution

How to dilute a solution

Vocabulary Word:
stock solution a solution of a reagent at

a standard concentration

Usually the highest concentration

Using a pipet

Using a pipet

Use bulb to fill pipet

2) Use finger to adjust height of meniscus
3) Let off pressure to drain liquid
1)