CHAPTER 9:

CHEMICAL
QUANTITIES
Lets Start with a CHAPTER 8 Review

9.1 Grilled Cheese Problem

I want to have a grilled cheese party. They
require two slices of bread and one slice
of cheese. So how many grilled cheese
can I make if I have 5 slices of cheese
and a loaf of bread with 10 slices?

Step 1: Write Out the Recipe

Step 2: Find the Quantity and Ratios

Step 3: Use the Ratio to Obtain Units

SMORES STOICHIOMETRY
Equation

We have...

So we can make...

Lab Information: Calculations

CuSO4 * X H2O (s) CuSO4 (s) + X H2O (g)
You know empty crucible + cover
You know mass of blue vitriol
You know final mass after heating
Follow empirical formula steps

% Yield vs. % Error

Lab Information: Discussion

CuSO4 * X H2O (s) CuSO4 (s) + X H2O (g)
Describe two sources of error
One should be the heating process
The other could be from your procedure

Describe how they impact your data

DO NOT TALK ABOUT THE SCALE!

C3H8 (g) +
Molecules:

Moles:

Molecule #:

Grams:

O2 (g)

CO2 (g) +

H2O (l)

2 H2 (g) + 1 O2 (g) 2 H2O (l)

We can make many mole ratios here, 6 to be exact

9.2 C3H8 (g) +

O2 (g)

CO2 (g) +

H2O

(l) with oxygen, how many

If 2 moles of propane react

moles of water will be produced?

If 2.5 moles of oxygen react, how many moles of

carbon dioxide will be produced?

Intro to STOICHIOMETRY

Mole Ratios = a unit conversion, comes from

coefficients in a balanced equation, gets us from A to B

Stoichiometry = THE PROCESS, the calculation of

quantities of reactants and products in reactions

MOLEMOLE CALCULATIONS
Convert moles of starting
substance to moles of
desired substance

How many moles of O2 are required to make 0.75 moles H2O?

H2 (g) + O2 (g) H2O (l)

1. Always start with a balanced equation!
2. Convert moles of (A) to moles of desired substance (B) using
your coefficients as a ratio
3. Convert the moles of (B) to the units in the problem

How many moles of H2 are needed to react with 0.35 moles of oxygen?

2 H2 (g) + 1 O2 (g) 2 H2O (l)

STOICHIOMETRY
Lets Review Mole-Mole Problems!

9.4 MOLEMASS CALCULATIONS

1) Convert quantity of starting substance from
grams into moles
2) Convert moles of starting substance to moles of
desired substance using a molar ratio!

How many grams of water is produced when 3.68 mol NH3

combines with oxygen according to the following equation?

NH3 (g) +

O2 (g)

NO(g) + H2O(g)

STOICHIOMETRY
Lets Review Mole-Mass Problems!

9.5 MASSMASS CALCULATIONS

Convert quantity of starting substance
to moles (if moles are not given)
Convert moles of starting substance to
moles of desired substance
Convert moles of desired substance to
the units specified in the problem

STOICHIOMETRY
Lets Review Mass-Mass Problems!

9.6 LIMITING REACTANTS

9.6 LIMITING REACTANTS

The reactant which limits how much product can form

It is also the reactant completely used up in the reaction

1. Calculate the mols of reactants

2. Choose mols of one substance, and
determine the mols needed of the other
3. Determine limiting reactant by
comparing the mols to needed #
4. Carry out calculations based on which
is the limiting reactant

You have 10g H2 and 100g O2, which is LR & XS? How many g H2O?

2 H2 + O2 2 H2O

Some of the acid in acid rain is produced by the following reaction:

3 NO2 (g) + H2O (l) 2 HNO3 (aq) + NO (g)

If a falling raindrop of 0.050 grams comes into contact with 1.0 mg of NO2, how
many grams of HNO3 can be produced?

How to Write a Scientific Lab Report

1. Follow your rubric to see what is required.
2. Turn in all required materials with your lab, on time
3. Your purpose should be explaining how the lab
related to class material, and new equipment used.
For example: The purpose was to find the formula of blue vitriol.
We heated it and evaporated the water VS...
Our purpose was to dehydrate the cupper sulfate, using some
new tools such as the crucible, cover, and clay triangle. We also
found the percent error. We used our knowledge of moles and
empirical formula to solve the question of chemical formula

How to Write a Scientific Lab Report

1. Your pre-lab questions need to be complete
2. Observations should be thorough, and specific
3. Calculations should be clear, circled, thought out
For example: It was blue. Then it turned white VS.
The CuSO4 was a brilliant cerulean blue, with jagged edges,
and a mirror-like surface. Halfway through heating, it appeared
to lose much of its color, turning a greyish white. At the end of
the heating, it appeared to be very chalky and all white.

How to Write a Scientific Lab Report

The discussion is the MAIN part of your report, it should be the
longest, most thought out and intensive part. Sources cited.
Errors not only explained in depth, but related back to data.
For example: We knocked over our crucible and it was bad VS
We left the cover off our crucible for a short period of time
before weighing our CuSO4 after the first heating. A small
amount of water may have reabsorbed into the compound,
changing our data so that the percent of water would be greater
in the compound, and would lead to a greater percent error

PERCENTAGE YIELD
Most reactions fail to give us 100% yield
Theoretical how much we could get
Actual how much we actually get
Percent the ratio of difference

STOICHIOMETRY
Lets Review LR & XS Problems!

STOICHIOMETRY DEMO
Vinegar + Baking Soda Balloon Race

How many grams of Fe3O4 can be obtained by reacting 16.8g Fe with

10.0g water? Which substance is the LR and which is the XS?

3 Fe(s) + 4 H2O (g) Fe3O4 (s) + 4 H2 (g)

Concept Review
Reactants & Products

Empirical Formula

Balancing Equations

Molecular Formula

Moles

Mole Ratios

Particles

Stoichiometry

Molar Mass

Percent Yield

Percent Calculations

Limiting Reactant

Cookie Problem
Cookie Monster Needs 100 Cookies STAT! You find this old recipe
4 Tablespoons Unsalted Butter
1/3 Cup Brown Sugar
1/3 Cup White, Granulated Sugar
1 Egg
1 Cup All Purpose Flour
1 Tablespoon Cornstarch
1/2 teaspoon Baking Soda
1/4 teaspoon Kosher Salt
Makes 20 cookies USE STOICHIOMERY!

Ingredients for one batch

Batches

Total Amount

9.1 Cookie Problem

Grocery List

4 Tablespoons Unsalted Butter

x5

20 Tbsp Unsalted Butter

1/3 Cup Brown Sugar

x5

5/3 Cup Brown Sugar

1/3 Cup White, Granulated Sugar

x5

5/3 Cup White, Granulated Sugar

1 Egg

x5

5 Eggs

1 Cup All Purpose Flour

x5

5 Cups All Purpose Flour

1 Tablespoon Cornstarch

x5

5 Tbsp Cornstarch

1/2 teaspoon Baking Soda

x5

2.5 tsp Baking Soda

1/4 teaspoon Kosher Salt

x5

1.25 tsp Kosher Salt