Annotated Bibliography

Winn Nelson

Hensler, B. (April 7, 2105). Firefighting history: How did we get professional?. Retrieved from
http://www.firerescue1.com/fire-chief/articles/2150803-Firefighting-history-How-didwe-get-professional/
This describes how the United States in the urban areas has moved away from volunteer
fire departments and towards professional fire fighters. Early in American history
firefighting was 100%, starting with Benjamin Franklin and moving through the 18th
century and since the 1980's fire-fighting in the United States has begun a great shift
toward professional fire-fighting in urban areas. A main focus in fire-fighting is
professionalism and contrary to popular belief in most situations volunteers have the
tendency to be more dedicated and professional then there paid counterparts.
Jakescomic. (March 12, 2014). Evolution of the Ambulance FINAL. Retrieved form
http://jakescomic.com/2014/03/12/evolution-ambulance-final/
This artifact describes the changes in the ambulance itself. Going from the horse and
carriage to the larger high-tech boxes and van style ambulances that house sophisticate
equipment. There have been many improvements in roadways and engines, increasing
speed and decreasing transport time to the hospital. Along when ambulances went from
just transporting to actually providing patient care and treatments while in transport.
Along with when ambulances began to carry trained staff that could administer that prehospital care.
National Association of Emergency Dispatch. The History of Fire Fighting. Retrieved from
https://www.emergencydispatch.org/articles/historyoffirefighting.html

In this artifact, there is a brief overview of the American fire service and the different
components of it. It goes through many different components and then dives into the
history/summary of each components, including things such as apparatuses, actual
firefighting, and equipment. This really allowed me to see some of the details of
firefighting. It talks about the different types of water and foam and how some are more
effective than others. It gives an example of what is going on at a fire and what the
firefighters are doing on a scene, as well as the physiology of a fire and the temperatures
associated with it. It also includes many other miscellaneous topics relating to the fire
service.
National Fire Protection Agency. (1984). Fire Through The Ages: A Timeline. Retrieved from
http://www.auroraregionalfiremuseum.org/history/general/history_timeline.htm
This artifact is an extremely in depth timeline in the history of American firefighting. It
talks about when the first fire engine arrived in the U.S. to 911 and the events following
and the death tolls and how along the way the inclusion of different equipment has allow
for improvement in techniques and outcomes of fires. It also outlines when some major
fire in the United States and internationally were. The timeline put the major fire events
in context with other major event in history.
Page, C. & Sbat, M. & Vazquez, K. & Yalcin, Z. D. (April 25, 2013). Analysis of Emergency
Medical Systems Across the World. Retrieved from https://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/Eproject/Available/E-project-042413-092332/unrestricted/MQFIQP2809.pdf
This artifact is a publication by the Worcester Polytechnic Institute and their analysis of
different countries EMS systems, as well as specific systems in the United States that are

prevalent. It goes through multiple countries including South Africa, Taiwan, Germany,
and the Unites Kingdom and explains their individual dispatch systems, levels of
certifications and there different types of ambulances. When explain the different cities in
the United States such as New York, Boston, and Seattle, they explained their responses
times, tiered response systems, as well as things such as their individual budgets and
training. At the end of the article, there is a comparison of all fifteen cities and countries
that they outlined and how successful each of them are.
Page, J. O. (1997). History of Emergency Medical Services. Retrieved from
http://www.emsedsem.org/ctemsi/HISTORY%20OF%20EMERGENCY%20MEDICAL
%20SERVICES.pdf
My first annotated artifact was a timeline on some of the big events in the beginning of
EMS and the inclusion of CPR. Then it gives some insight into modern EMS and the
constant improvement of patient care in the field and policy. After the policy, it includes a
section on major governmental roles and the nationalization of EMS, then it goes into
another timeline with some of the major milestones of EMS. This artifact will be useful
to me because itll give me a basis for the history portion of my capstone and allow for a
jumping off point for other specific topics in EMS. I will definitely be able to use some of
the pre-modern references in it and use that as a point to maybe dive into some of the premodern flawed logic.
Robbins, V. D. (May 5, 2010). Looking-Forward EMS. Retrieved from
http://www.emsworld.com/article/10319606/forward-looking-ems

This artifact talks about some of the recent advances in the EMS system as a wholes with
some focus on a company call MONOC, which is one of largest EMS agencies in the
nation. It talks about recent innovations in EMS and the debate over some advanced
pharmacology, hypothermia protocol, and closest appropriate facility policies. It also
talks about the expansion of specialty care in the field and the expansion of the scopes of
EMTs and Paramedics. The author also uses how as providers with today's innovations
we can predict what will happen next in the field of EMS and how everything will
become more in-sync and flowing.
Rogers, D. B. (June 15, 2013). The Evolution in Fire Service Concepts. Retrieved from
http://www.iafc.org/onScene/article.cfm?ItemNumber=6927
This artifact talks about different topics that have had an influence on the American Fire
Service. It talks about the increased regulations and codes incorporated by the fire
service, as well as the inclusion of incident command systems and new systems of
firefighting. Also, how fire-fighting has had adapt to the possibilities of massive
wildfires, weapons of mass destruction and fires in skyscrapers. Social media has greatly
influenced the fire service and how they educate and inform the public on safety and
advocacy.
Rosenbaum, D. (August 4, 2014). Why do fire trucks respond to EMS calls?. Retrieved from
https://vimeo.com/102553698
This video explains why fire trucks respond to EMS calls in Henrico County. It explains
how fire trucks also have the same trained EMTs and Paramedics on-board and same
equipment and because there are more fire trucks than ambulance in the county. It

explains the joint response response system and why it is effective. It explains it in terms
of cardiac arrest survivals rates and the effectiveness of early on-set CPR and rapid
defibrillation. It also explains the full-service response system to fire and EMS calls in
Henrico County.
Warren, T. N. (October 25 2012). THE MODERN FIRE SERVICE: A LOOK AROUND.
Retrieved from http://www.fireengineering.com/articles/2012/10/the-modern-fireservice-a-look-around.html
This artifact is a personal account from fire Chief Thomas Warren, in Rhode Island, that
shows the change made in departments in his 40+ years active in the fire services. He
explains how many of todays modern day concepts such as HazMat and communicable
diseases weren't not even a thought up until the past ten years. He also explains how the
changes in his fire department have been welcomed, while others have been strongly
rejected by firefighters. He talks about how with advancements in technology firefighter
safety has improved and how the number of fires in the United States has decreased.