Assessment 1

Ciaran Morton

Pixel - Picture
Pixels are used in raster and bitmap images, they are rectangular, make up images and depending on the
amount of pixels determine the quality of the picture (e.g. 8-bit art is made up of a very small amount of pixels
compared to HD which is 1080 pixels per inch.) However, at a certain size even HD images will eventually
pixelate, this is because expanding then only expands the size of the pixels. The only images that dont pixelate
are called vector images, these are much different to bitmap and raster images as they use points and lines
instead of pixels, meaning expanding the image keeps all the aspects the same (including quality).
Pixels are used in things like: TVs, monitors, phones, cameras etc. The more pixels, the higher resolution the
image is; for example HD is 1080p/1080ppi/1080 pixels per inch. Where as SD/standard definition is only 720p/
720 pixels per inch.
On the right is a graph with information on different screen sizes,
Aspect ratios, resolution width etc.

Pixel - element
Pixels/picture elements are the smallest controllable point on a image. Pixels are rectangles that are coloured
differently and grouped together to create an image. Each pixel is an individual element, if one of them changes
(e.g. changes colour, depending on the resolution it will change the image slightly or drastically). Examples
below:

Pixel - images
Images that use pixels are called raster or bitmap images, they also come in a variety of sizes/resolutions; for
example 720ppi (pixels per inch) and 1080ppi. The resolution of an image determines the quality of the image. 1080
ppi is high definition (HD) and has to be expanded out a lot before it will start to pixelate where as a 720ppi image is
pixelated without having to expand it. Because of this most people use raster images, especially in businesses so that
they can use their logo on things like a logo on business cards and on bill boards with the same image quality.

1080ppi

720ppi

Pixel - resolution
The resolution of an image is determined by the pixels per inch (ppi), for example HD images are 1080 ppi or
higher where as SD images (standard definition images) are only 720 ppi or lower. The benefit to having HD
images is that you can stretch them further without them pixelating where as a SD image is already slightly
pixelated. The downside to having HD instead of SD is that because HD has more pixels it takes up more
memory to save. So better images (i.e. HD images take up much more memory than standard definition
(SD/720ppi) as there are more pixels in a high definition image HD/1080ppi is 360 pixels more in every inch of
the image compared to standard definition/720p.

Pixel intensity
Pixel intensity is a lot like resolution, the higher the intensity the better the image quality. If the image hasnt
got intense pixels it will be faded/blurred/distorted causing the image to look bad and be pixelated. In a camera
intensity and capture size are quite important, if you have a camera with high capture size but low intensity it
will take large low resolution/ pixelated images, the other way around (low capture size but high intensity it will
take small HD images, however they will need to be stretched out to be a decent size causing the image o
pixelate.

Raster images compression

Raster images (or bitmap images) computers can compress to make the file size smaller. When this happens the
image resolution decreases. This is because the computer will try to save memory by merge pixels together in
order to decrease the file size. If you save a HD image the computer might change it from HD to SD by grouping
pixels together and lowering the resolution of the image. (image 8 bit to left, 16 bit to right). Compressing one
image wont save much memory, but 100 compressed images would save quite a lot of memory (an example 1
compressed saves 1MB, if 1024 compressed a GB of data is saved and improve the computers performance,
clock speed, battery life etc.)

Raster images file extensions

There are a lot of file extensions for raster/bitmap images, such as: (google android application package) APK,
(WhatsApp messenger message database file) CRYPT8, (V card file) VCF, and many more. A raster image file
extension basically means to change the address of the image from jpeg to one of the names above, such as
CRYPT8 or VCF. A file extension would add more data to the image meaning that it would compress less and
more detail from the image would be saved, if the file extension is big enough the image could be made HD
through editing or retaking and saving over the previous image.

Raster images - GIF

A GIF is a animated image without sound, basically a group of images being shown one after another quickly. A
GIF is a short video file that can be made easily and doesnt take up that much memory. GIFs take up a lot more
memory than still images as they have multiple still images within them, if they were compressed the individual
images would drastically decrease in detail and become pixelated. So, if creating a GIF dont compress or try o
compress very little or else the details will drastically decrease and the whole GIF would come out pixelated and
distorted.

https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-OoGl0PFxXTY
/UyyBlBMEQOI/AAAAAAAABvw/JxjN1Js8id8/w800-h800
/130407.gif
(link to GIF)

Raster images - TIFF

Tagged image file format, or TIFF is a way of storing images, this method is widely used by graphic artists as
TIFF supports image manipulation software, an example of this is Adobe Photoshop. TIFF was originally created
by Aldus, it was then bought by Adobe who launched an update for it in 1992 of the TIFF specification. When
using Photoshop, to make it easier for the software you can go to files nd change the save fie from JPEG to TIFF
so that Photoshop or another photo manipulator will support the file type.

Raster images - JPEG

JPEG is a image compression technique, it is able to compress a photo and reduce it file size by 5 percent. The
downsides to this are, 5% isnt a lot and some details will be lost from the image as pixels have been merged to
save data. However if the compression is high it could lose 50% of the data, meaning the image could go from
to range HD to a low standard grainy image. To stop this, just have a lot of data spare before making an image,
this means you wont actually have to compress the image and it will stay a good quality.

Raster images - PNG

Like JPEG, PNG or portable network graphics are used to compress image file size. PNG is used to compress file
size so that the image wont take up to much data. PNG is mainly used to compress gifs, the downside to
compressing gifs is that you will lose detail in them because the images will pixelate causing the entire
animation to pixelate. By compressing graphics they get worse just to save data, the best way to avoid PNG is
ether use vector, as you cant compress a vector graphic because it doesn't use pixels, you could also plan
ahead and ensure you have a lot of free data by ether clearing some space or buying a portable hard drive and
storing data on it.

Bit depth - Sampling

Bit depth is the number of bits in a sample of digital audio. The bit depth determines the resolution of each
sample, for example a digital audio file that has a lot of bits is a good quality audio sample where a
compressed audio file could be distorted or poor quality. Therefore good quality audio clips take up more data
than low resolution audio clips because they have more bits in them, high quality audio clips also have different
layers all filled with bits, the same as images, compressing an audio file will get rid of some bits and worsen the
quality of the audio file will decrease just to save on data, therefore to stop this all you need is a lot free data,
just in case the audio file you create is large.

Bit depth bits per pixel

The number of bits per pixel determines the quality and resolution of the audio sample, the bigger the file, the
more data its holding so the audio sample will be a better quality than a small, compressed file. This is similar to
images as the more bits/pixels they have the better quality they are. Images are made up of pixels, the more
pixels, the higher resolution the image is, this is the same for pixels as they are made of bits, the more bits, the
higher relation each pixel is, meaning the whole image becomes higher resolution, also it means the image can
be starched more without pixilation as the bits will be starched but will be s o small it would take a lot of
starching before they become visible. Just like is there are a low amount of bits per pixel, the image3 would
only be have to be starched very little before pixilation occurs.

Bit depth - monochrome

Monochrome, or colour depth is the number of bits used to indicate what colour a pixel is. Meaning monochrome
is used in all colour photos as it indicates what colour everything has to be. The higher the colour depth, the
more colours and shades will appear on the image, meaning the image will be brighter or duller, however 32 bit
monochrome might seem amazing, but when editing them there only a few editing to9ols that can be used on
it, therefore settling at 16 bit is a lot better as even thought there arent as many colours, you can use all of the
editing tools on it.

Bit depth - 256

In bit depth there are 256 colours, around 65,500 high colours, nearly 17 million true colours and nearly 17
million colours including greyscale. There are also different types of colour, 8 bit colour, 16 bit colour, 24 bit
colour, 32 bit colour etcetera excreta. Even though 32 bit colour monochrome is better than 16 bit or 8 bit, 16
and 8 bit can be edited easily and with all of the tools, where as 32 bit has a lot more colours and shades
available to it but only very few tools compatible with 32 colour bit monochrome.

Bit depth high colours

High colours or Hicolour or thousands of colours is a way of storing image data. The colour of a pixel is usually
supported by 16 bytes (16 bytes in a pixel). There is always a main colour depending on how many bytes your
computer will support for example, 15 bytes will have as main colour of red, green and blue where 16 bytes
will have a main colour of just green. 32 bit monochrome contains all of the high colours, therefore has a lot
more variations to 16 and 8 bit monochrome, although the negatives about 32 bit not many editing tools drag
it down significantly, hopefully in the next version of Photoshop to be released it will have tools that support 32
bit, an example of tools that do not support 32 bit on Photoshop are Liquefy.

Bit depth true colours

True colour is a method of storing image information, it has millions of colours, but red, green and blue are the
main three, this is because all of the other colours are a mix or shade of these three. These three colours are in
all monochromes (for example in 8, 16 and 32 monochrome) the only difference between each monochrome is
that 32 has a lot more shades than 8 and a few more shade3s than 16. Currently the best one to use is 16 bit,
this is because it might not have as many shades as 32 bit, but it does support all editing tools (especially on
Photoshop), unit there are a lot more editing tools for 32 bit.

Colour space Grey scale

Greyscale is all the variations of black and white, from black at its most intense and white at its most intense,
the greyscale is mainly made up of grey colours. Grey scale is used mainly in black and white co9lours, in a
black and white image all of the colours are replaced with a shade of grey, for example a blue and red image
that is turned into black and white will be two different shades of grey, even thought they arent colours there is
still a way to distinguish the two of them, this is by mixing black and white into different ratios, example image
below:

Image capture - scanner

A image scanner will scan photos, text, handwriting and just about anything and turn it into a digital photo.
There used to be hand held scanners where you had to manually scan objects, but modern scanners do
everything electronically. The problem with scanners is that it wont pick up the softer lines e.g. pencil to make
sure it picks everything up you have to press down so that the lines are clearer and the scanner will detect
them.

Image capture digital camera

resolution
Digital cameras are normally limited to the image sensor. They also use light, the brighter the image the more
data it will take up, so when compressing a light digital camera image it will lose a lot of detail and distort as it
is reducing all of the pixels down and basically deleting information. To get a high quality image, ether make
sure the room/space is well light and there are not too bright/too dark lights in the image. The easier one is
buying an expensive digital camera with high specifications.

Image capture - resolution

The resolution of an image depends on the camera, if you have a good camera that has the ability to take HD
images where as a budget camera will only take SD / low resolution images, the main differences is that HD
images look better where as SD / low definition images dont take up much space. The resolution also depends
on the space you have available when editing the image, a lot of data can be edited a lot and wont need to be
compressed to fit, however only a bit of data left means the image wont be able to0 be edited a lot and will
need to be compressed to save data, but through compressing it loses detail and lower resolution, therefore it
will fit on the computer but it wont be as good because the computer doesnt have enough memory to save all
of the details on the image.

Image capture - storage

Storage refers to the storage space available on a camera or computer, HD animated images will take up far
more than standard definition still images. This is because the HD animated image contains a lot more data
than the standard image. If a camera runs out of storage it will refuse to take the image, you will have to
transfer the current photos to another device or just delete them to free up space. Before making an image,
check the computer to see if you have enough space, even though it would only take a few MB try and get a GB
free before starting, that way it is near impossible to run out of data. To free up data you can ether delete old
work or images that are no longer needed, or you could buy a hard drive, where you can store all of your work
to.

Optimising target destination

Optimization is to make the photo well balanced with: a good quality, decent file size and good use of the colour
scale available. The target destination for a image would be a website, to get the graphic onto the website/to
the target destination all you need to do is import it onto the website when you are creating the website, when
you launch the website your chosen graphic will be there. The image made needs to suit the style of the
destination, an example of this is a rock website needs images of rock a black and white classical music
image would be out of place.

Optimising bit depth

Optimising bit depth means using all of the colours available to you and making well balanced images and audio
samples which are both good quality and a decent file size. If a sound or image is distorted and has a large file
size it is not optimized as optimized means the best it can be, for an image to be the best it can be it needs to
have a decent file size and a decent / good quality. The problem with high bit depth in Photoshop is only 8 and
16 bit depth is compatible with certain effects, where as 32 bit isnt compatible with much, mainly because it
will be harder to create the tools for it, even though there are probably ways around it it might take up too much
data and would probably compress more of the details out of it.

Optimising - resolution
When handling resolution file size is a big factor, if you have a lot of space free, you can use high definition
sound and images, however if your data is limited using a mix of standard and high definition photos is good
because you will have high definition photos but still be saving data on the standard definition photos. When
creating a high resolution image, you need to create the image large with a really high resolution
Normal -

High resolution

Optimising dimensions

The detentions of a raster or bitmap photo are important as expanding them will cause pixilation, the best thing
to do is make a vector image as they can be shrunk or expanded with out it becoming pixelated, this is because
it uses paths and points instead of pixels. Meaning when expanded it expands or shrinks all aspects of the
image, so it keeps the same quality no matter what size it is, this is good for logos as they could be used on
business cards and banners as the image will be the same quality on both of them.

Optimisation intended image

output
When making a bitmap or raster image you need to know exactly what size you want the image or else you will
end up making a too small image that will be starched and become pixelated. Where as a vector image can be
shrunk or expanded and stay the same resolution. Also to set the file compression low so that it wont compress
much and a lot of the details wont be missed out. If the image is compressed a lot it will lose a lot of detail to
save a lot of data, although images take up very little data, so compressing them is pointless unless it is a big
image, HD with effects (maybe filters or a GIF) that is above 100Mb, unless it isnt worth compressing.

Optimising - screen
When creating the images on a computer it is a good idea to optimize the screen space and not have any
rubbish hanging around, for example pop ups can ether be closed immediately or put on a separate screen if
you have a two screen system to stop them from popping up again. You can also change the screen settings in
options where you set the screen to a certain brightness, you can also set certain colours differently, this option
is on personalise. You can also optimize the computer screen by putting more than one application on the
screen, for example a google page on the top right, word document left and another page in the bottom right
hand corner (more examples below).

Optimising worldwide web

To optimize the world wide web, when searching for things use key words to narrow down the search, by
narrowing the search you will get more things related to your question and less things loosely based on your
question. You can also9 get an add blocker that stops time wasting for adds to load or to close ads down.