TOURISM PLANNING AND

DEVELOPMENT
SUBMITTED BY:
HANZ MATSUO
ARCHANGEL LOPEZ

CHAPTER 1 TOURISM
PLANNING
MEANING OF PLANNING
PLANNING IS THE PROCESS OF SETTING GOALS,
SELECTING ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION TO
ACHIEVE THOSE GOALS, IMPLEMENTING THE
CHOSEN ALTERNATIVE AND EVALUATING THE
CHOICES TO FIND OUT IF IT IS SUCCESSFUL.
PLANNING IS THE KEY TO THE SUCCESS OF ANY
ACTIVITY.

THE NEED FOR TOURISM

PLANNING
IN TOURISM, SUCCESS IS NEITHER GUARANTEED NOR PERMANENT. MANY AREAS HAVE
EXPERIENCED TOURISM CYCLES WHICH START WITH FEW RICH VISITORS, PROCEED
THROUGH A SERIES OF EXPANSION PROGRAMS, ATTAIN SATURATION, THEN GO INTO
DECLINE. IF AN EVENTUAL DECLINE IS TO BE AVOIDED, RESPONSIBLE PLANNING AND
MANAGEMENT ARE ESSENTIAL.
A TOURISM PLAN AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM CAN PROVIDE GUIDELINES FOR AREAS IN
WHICH THE GOVERNMENT AND THE PRIVATE SECTORS HAVE LITTLE OR NO EXPERIENCE ON
HOW TO DEVELOP THESE AREAS.
THROUGH AN INTEGRATED TOURISM PLAN, THE VARIOUS DIRECT AND INDIRECT ECONOMIC
BENEFITS OF TOURISM CAN BE ACHIEVED.
A RESPONSIBLE TOURISM PLAN IS A MEANS TO ATTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
OBJECTIVES THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURIST ATTRACTIONS, FACILITIES, AND
INFRASTRUCTURES.
A CAREFUL TOURISM PLAN IS A MEANS TO ACHIEVE CULTURA CONSERVATION OBJECTIVES AND
PRODUCE SOCIOCULTURAL BENEFITS.
A GOOD TOURISM PLAN IS A MEANS IN WHICH THE NATURAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES FOR
TOURISM ARE MAINTANED, NOT DESTROYED, IN THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS.
THE RIGHT TYPE OF TOURISM PLAN CAN BE USED TO INVIGORATE POORLY DEVELOPED
TOURISM DESTINATIONS.
CAREFUL PLANNING IS NECESSARY TO DEVELOP SPECIALIZED TRAINING FACILITIES FOR THE
EDUCATION AND TRAINING FOR PARTICULAR MANPOWER SKILLS AND ABILITIES.

TOURISM PLANNING APPROACHES

AND TECHNIQUES

SYSTEMS APPROACH REQUIRES THAT ADEQUATE INFORATION ABOUT THE SYSTEM IS

AVAILABLE TO UNDERSTAND AND ANALYZE IT. COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY IS NEEDED TO
COLLECT AND ANALYZE THIS DATA.
COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH ALL ASPECTS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT ARE
ANALYZED AND PLANNED ON A BROAD SCOPE.
INTEGRATED APPROACH TOURISM IS PLANNED AND DEVELOPED AS AN INTEGRATED
SYSTEM WITHIN ITSELF AND INTEGRATED INTO THE OVERALL PLAN AND DEVELOPMENT
PATTERN OF THE AREA.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH TOURISM IS PLANNED, DEVELOPED
AND MANAGED IN SUCH A WAYTHAT THE NATURAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES ARE NOT
USED UP SO THAT THEY ARE AVAILABLE FOR CONTINUOUS AND PERMANENT USE IN THE
FUTURE. CARRYING CAPATICY ANALYSIS IS AN IMPORTANT TECHNIQUE USED IN THE
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH.
COMMUNITY APPROACH PLANNING IS FOR THE RESIDENTS OF THE AREA. THE LOCAL
RESIDENTS SHOULD BE GIVEN THE OPPORTUNITY TO PARTICIPATE IN THE PLANNING OF
THE COMMUNITYS FUTURE DEVELOPMENT AND EXPRESS THEIR OPINION ON THE TYPE OF
COMMUNITY THEY WANT TO LIVE IN.
IMPLEMENTABLE APPROACH TOURISM PLAN, POLICIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS ARE
EXPRESSED IN A PRACTICAL AND ACHIEVABLE MANNER.
SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TOURISM PLANNING IS BASED ON AN ORDERLY
ARRANGEMENT OF ACTIVITIES.

LEVELS OF TOURISM PLANNING

INTERNATIONAL PLANNING
THIS LEVEL OF TOURISM PLANNING INVOLVES INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORATION
SERVICES, THE MOVEMENT AND SCHEDULING OF THE TOURS OF TOURIST AMONG
DIFFERENT COUNTRIES, THE DEVELOPMENT OF MAJOR TOURIST ATTRACTIONS AND
FACILITIES IN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES AS WELL AS THE WORKING STRATEGIES
AND PROMOTIONAL PROGRAMS OF MANY COUNTRIES. PLANNING AT THE
INTERNATIONAL LEVEL USUALLY TAKES PLACE THROUGH THE WORLD TOURISM
ORGANIZATION (WTO) AND ITS REGIONAL COMMISIONS, THE INTERNATIONAL CIVIL
AVIATION ORGANIZATION (ICAO), THE INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT
ASSOCIATION (IATA), THE PACIFIC ASIA TRAVEL COUNCIL OF THE SOUTH PACIFC
(TCSP), THE SUB-COMMITTEE ON TOURISM (SCOT) OF THE ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH
EAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN), THE TOURISM COORDINATION UNIT (TCU) OF THE
SOUTHEAST AFRICA DECELOPMENT COORDINATION CONFERENCE (SADCC) AND
THE TOURISM COMMITTEE OF THE ORGANIZATION FOR THE ECONOMIC
COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (OEDC). THE MAIN INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATION IN THE WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION (WTO) WHICH HAS BEEN
APPOINTED BY THE UNITED NATIONS AS THE AGENCY WHICH ENFORCES TOURISM
RELATED PROJECTS SPONSORED BY THE UNITED NATIONS.

NATIONAL PLANNING
THE NATIONAL LEVEL OF TOURISM PLANNING IS CONCERNED WITH THE FOLLOWING
COMPONENTS:
TOURISM POLICY
INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES
A PHYSICAL STRUCTURE PLAN WHICH INCLUDES IMPORNTANT TOURIST
ATTRACTIONS, SELECTED TOURISM DEVELOPMENT REGIONS, INTERNATIONAL
ENTRY POINTS, FACILITIES, AND SERVICES.
THE AMOUNT, KINDS, AND QUALITY OF ACCOMMODATIO AND OTHER REQUIRED
TOURIST FACILITIES AND SERVICES.
THE IMPORTANT TOUR ROUTES IN THE COUNTRY AND THEIR REGIONAL
CONNECTIONS.
TOURISM ORGANIZATIONAL ENTITIES, LAWS, AND INVESTMENT POLICIES.
TOURISM MARKETING STRATEGIES AND PROMOTION.
EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMS.
DESIGN STANDARDS AND FACILITY DEVELOPMENT.
ENVIRONMENTAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIO-CULTURAL ANALYSES.
NATIONAL LEVEL IMPLEMENTATION METHODS INCLUDING THE SHORT-TERM
DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND PROJECT SCHEDULING.

REGIONAL PLANNING
THE REGIONAL LEVEL OF TOURISM PLANNING IS FOR ONE REGION OF A COUNTRY, USUALLY
A STATE OR PROVINCE OR AN ISLAND. IT IS OFTEN DEVISED WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK
OF AN EXISTING NATIONAL POLICY. REGIONAL PLANNING EMPHASIZES THE FOLLOWING
ELEMENTS.

REGIONAL POLICY

REGIONAL ENTRY POINTS AND TRANSPORATION FACILITIES AND SERVICES

KINDS OF TOURIST ATTRACTIONS AND THEIR LOCATIONS

THE AMOUNT, KINDS, AND LOCATION OF TOURIST ACCOMMODATION AND OTHER

TOURIST FACILITIES, AND SERVICES

LOCATION OF TOURIST DEVELOPMENT AREAS INCLUDING RESORT AREAS

SOCIO-CULTURAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, ECONOMIC, AND IMPACT ANALYSES

EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMS ON THE REGIONAL LEVEL

MARKETING TECHNIQUES AND PROMOTION

ORGANIZATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS, LAWS, REGULATIONS, AND INVESTMENT POLICIES

IMPLEMENTATION METHODS WHICH INCLUDE PROJECT PLANS AND REGIONAL ZONING

REGULATIONS
THE REGIONAL LEVEL OF TOURISM PLANNING IS MORE SPECIFIC THAN THE NATIONAL
PLANNING LEVEL

TYPES OF TOURISM
PLANNING
LAND USE PLANNING
TOURIST DEVELOPMENT AREAS SELECTED AS TOURIST RESORTS, RESORT TOWNS,
TOURIST ATTRACTIONS AND URBAN TOURISM IMPOSE LAND USE PLANS.
FACILITY SITE PLANNING
SITE PLANNING IS PLANNING FOR INDIVIDUAL BUILDINGS SUCH AS HOTELS,
COMMERCIAL CENTERS, AND VISITOR FACILITIES. THE ACTUAL LOCATION OF
BUILDINGS, RECREATION AREAS, STREETS, WALKWAYS, PARKING, LANDSCAPING
AREAS, AND OTHER LAND USES ARE SHOWN IN MAPS.
FACILITY DESIGN
DESIGNS FOR LANDSCAPING, ARCHITECTURE, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND
ENGINEERING MUST BE PREPARED FOR RESORTS, HOTELS, RESTAURANTS,
ATTRACTIONS, ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORIC SITES, INFORMATION AND
CULTURAL CENTERS, VISITOR FACILITIES AT NATIONAL PARKS AND OTHER TOURIST
FACILITIES.
SPECIAL STUDIES
SPECIAL STUDIES ON TOURISM ARE OFTEN UNDERTAKEN BASED ON THE NEEDS OF
THE AREA. THESE STUDIES PERTAIN TO ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIO-CULTURAL,
ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSES, MARKETING ANALYSIS AND PROMOTION PROGRAMS.

PROCESS FOR TOURISM PLANNING

IF A TOURISM DEVELOPMENT PROJECT IS TO
SUCCEED, A STRUCTURAL PROCESS SHOULD BE
ESTABLISHED TO PROVIDE FOR CONTROLS OVER
EXPENSES AND PROTECTION FOR THE PEOPLE,
CUSTOME, FUNDS, LAND AND OTHER RESOURCES
INVOLVED.
A 10 STEP PROJECT STRUCTURE FOR TOURISM
PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT IS SUGGESTED.

PROCESS FOR TOURISM PLANNING

ACQUIRE UNDERSTANDING

PRELIMINARY POSITION STATEMENT

THE FIRST STEP IN TOURISM PLANNING IS EDUCATION. PERSONS WHO WILL

MAKE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT DECISION MUST ACQUIRE THE UNDERSTANDING
NECESSARY TO PORTRAY A FRAMEWORK FOR THEIR DECISIONS.
THE RESPONSIBLE GROUP SHOULD DEVELOP A FORMAL STATEMENT OF
INTEREST. THIS WOULD SHOW THE OBJECTIVES THEY WOULD LIKE TO OBTAIN
AND THE RESULT THEY WISH TO ACHIEVE. ALSO IMPORTANT ARE FORMAL
STATEMENTS REGARDING RESTRICTIONS ON TOURISM DEVELOPMENT.

COMMITMENT FOR TOURISM STUDY

THERE SHOULD BE AN INTENSIVE STUDY WHICH ESTABLISHES FEASIBILITY AND

SERVES AS A BASIS FOR ACTUAL DEVELOPMENT. THE IMPORTANCE OF THIS
COMMITMENT IS BASED ON THE FACT THAT THERE IS A TENDENCY TO SHORTEN
AND MINIMIZE THIS ACTIVITI AND ITS IMPORTANCE. SUCH TENDENCY SHOULD BE
CONTROLLED AND SUPPRESSED.

PROCESS FOR TOURISM PLANNING

MARKET AND RESOURCES ANALYSIS

THIS ACTIVITY GATHERS AND CORRALATES DATA ON THE OVERALL SIZE OF THE
DESTINATION OR PROSPECTIVE MARKET AND THE SHARE THAT MARKET IS
EXPECTED TO GAIN. THIS ACTIVITY ALS ODETERMINES WHAT PERCENTAGE OF
THE TOTAL MARKET ANY DESTINATION WILL ATTRACT SUCH AS:

CULTURAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
RECREATIONAL
GUEST FACILITIES
TRANSPORTATION
SUPPORT INDUSTRIES
LAND AVAILABILITY
AVAILABILITY OF APPROPRIATE LABOR
CAPITAL
GOVERNMENT ATTITUDES

CONCEPTUAL PLANNING

THIS ACTIVITY USES THE RESULTS OF THE MARKET FORECAST TO ESTABLISH THE
IMAGE AND IDENTIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT AREA. THIS IS DONE AT AN
OVERALL, COMPREHENSIVE BUT NON-TECHNICAL LEVEL. THIS INVOLES A
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WHAT THE AREA SHOULD LOOK LIKE AND HOW IT
WILL FUNCTION AFTER DEVELOPMENT HAS TAKEN PLACE.

PROCESS FOR TOURISM PLANNING

PLAN APPROVAL

MASTER PLANNING

MASTER PLANNING INVOLVES EXPENSES OF TIME AND MONEY WHICH ARE 5-10 TIMES
MORE EXPENSIVE THAN PREVIOUS ACTIVITIES. THE REASON FOR THIS IS BECAUSE A
MASTER PLAN IS MORE DETAILED AND FREQUENT CHANGES TAKE PLACE BECAUSE OF THE
NATURE OF COOPERATION REQUIRED BETWEEN THE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTORS.

FINAL COMMITMENT

THIS IS A RECOGNITION OF THE NECESSITY OF THE PLAN. AFTER A THOROUGH REVIEW OF

THE CONCEPTUAL PLAN, THE RESPONSIBLE DECISION MAKERS SHOULD MAKE A DECISION
ON WHETHER THE TOURISM PLANNING PROCESS SHOULD PROCEED TO THE MASTER PLAN.

AFTER THE COMPLETION OF A MASTER PLAN, MANY COMMITMENTS ARE NEEDE. THE
GOVERNMENT MUST PLEDGE LEGISLATION POLICIES, FUNDS, AND PROGRAMS TO
ENCOURAGE TOURISM. BANKERS AND OTHER INVESTORS MUST PLEDGE MONEY. PRIVATE
AND PUBLIC SECTOR AGENCIES MUST PLEDGE THE BUILDING OF HOTELS AND OTHER
FACILITIES.

STAGED IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIVITIES FILL THE GAP BETWEEN ACCEPTED DEVELOPMENT PLANS

AND THE CREATION OF AN OPERATIONAL, INTEGRATED TOURISM INDUSTRY. THE DIFFERENT
ELEMENTS MUST BE COORDINATED. CONTINUOUS PLANNING IS NEEDED BECAUSE
TOURISM ITS ELEMENTS TEND TO BE DYNAMIC.

PROCESS FOR TOURISM PLANNING

EVALUATION AND DIRECTION

ESTABLISHED OPERATIONS MUST BE MONITORED TO ASSURE CONTINUING

QUALITY OF SERVICES AND OPERATION SUCCESS. MECHANISMS MUST BE
ESTABLISHED TO PROVIDE CONTINUOUS FEEDBACK ON TOURISM VOLUMES AND
LEVELS OF SATISFACTION PROVIDED. SUCH PROGRAMS WILL PREVENT THE
DECLINE OF RESORTS, ATTRACTIONS, OR DESTINATIONS.

MAJOR ELEMENTS IN PLANNING A

TOURISM DESTINATIONS

THE MAJOR ELEMENTS IN PLANNING TOURISM DESTINATIONS ARE:

1. MARKET ANALYSIS
2. ASSESSMENT OF AVAILABLE RESOURCES
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.

3.
4.
5.
6.

VISITOR ATTRACTIONS
CULTURE
INFRASTRUCTURE AND SUPERSTRUCTURE
TRANSPORTATION
SUPPORT SERVICES
VISITOR ACCOMMODATIONS

MARKETING
ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
ENVIRONMENT
SOCIAL IMPACTS

MAJOR ELEMENTS IN PLANNING A

TOURISM DESTINATIONS

MARKETING ANALYSIS

MARKET ANALYSIS REQUIRESA THOROUGH STUDY OF PAST AND PRESENT TRENDS, TRAVELER
PROFILES, TRAVELER PERFORMANCES AND HABITS, MARKET POSITION, AND DESTINATION
IMAGES.

ASSESMENT OF AVAILABLE RESOURCES

VISITOR ATTRACTIONS THE SUCCESS OF A DESTINATION DEPENDS NOT ONLY ON ITS POWER
TO ATTRACT VISITORS BUT ALSO ON ITS ABILITY TO MAINTAIN THEM.
CULTURE DESTINATION PLANNING ENCOURAGES THE INCLUSION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN
TOURISM.
MANPOWER IN DESTINATION PLANNING, AN ADEQUATELY TRAINED LABOR FORCE IS
REQUIRED.
INFRASTRUCTURE AND SUPERSTRUCTURE THE TERM INFRASTRUCTURE REFERS TO ALL
UNDERGROUND AND SURFACE CONSTRUCTION OF A REGION. SUPER STRUCTURE ARE THE
CAILITIES AND SERVICES THAT ARE ABOVE THE GROUND SUCH AS HOTELS, RESORTS,
RESTAURANTS, SHOPPING CENTERS, AIRORT BUILDINGS, MUSEUMS, STORES AND SIMILAR
STRUCTURES.
TRANSPORTATION A STUDY OF THE PRESENT AND FUTURE TRANSPORTATION NEEDS SUCH
AIR, HIGHWAYS, RAIL AND WATER IS NECESSARY IN THE MOVEMENT.
SUPPORT SERVICES THEY INCLUDE SERVICES SUCH AS MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR
FACILITIES, POLICE STATION, FIRE PROTECTION, RETAIL SHOPS, SPORTS FACILITIES, GAMING,
FESTIVALS , PHARMACIES, HANDICRAFT FACILITIES, BOOKSTORES, DEPARTMENT STORES AND
OTHERS.

MAJOR ELEMENTS IN PLANNING A

TOURISM DESTINATIONS

MARKETING

ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

IT INVOLVES A CAREFUL ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS

SUCH AS FEASIBILITY STUDIES, CASH FLOW, AVAILABLE CAPITAL AND INTEREST RATES.

ENVIRONMENT

MARKETING IS THE PROCESS OF SELECTING A TARGER, CHOOSING STRATEGIES TO REACH THE

MARET, ESTABLISHING OBJECTIVES, COORDINATING THE EFFORTS OF THOSE INVOLVED IN
PROMOTING THE DESTINATION AND EVALUATING SUCCESS AND FAILURES.

THE AIM OF TOURISM PLANNING IS TO DEVELOP THE NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE AREA
WITHOUT DESTROYING THEM AND TO IMPROVE THE NATURAL BEAUTY OF THE AREA.

SOCIAL IMPACT

DEVELOPERS OF A TOURIST DESTINATION SHOULD CONSIDER THE EFFECT OF TOURISM

GROWTH ON THE LOCAL POPULATION. TOO MUCH CONTACT BETWEEN THE RESIDENT
POPULATION AND VISITORS CAN LEAD TO INTERNAL TROUBLE.

STAGES OF DESTINATION
DEVELOPMENT

STAGE 1 INCEPTION DISCOVERY

STAGE 2 GROWTH LOCAL RESPONSE AND INTIATIVE

FOR STAGE 2, THE NUMBER OF TOURIST INCREASES. THE AREA HAS DEVELOPED A GOOD
REPUTATION BY THE WORD OF MOUTH. ALTHOUGH TOURISM IS GROWING, THE FACILITIES AND
SERVICES ARE OWNED AND CONTROLLED BY THE RESIDENTS. THE INCREASED INTERACTION
BETWEEN TOURIST AND RESIDENTS RESULT IN A DESIRE OF RESIDENTS FOR BETTER
EDUCATION, INCREASED AWARENESS OF THE OUTSIDE WORLD, TREND EQUALITY, AND A
CHANGE OF TRADITIONAL LIFESTYLES.

STAGE 3 MATURITY INSTITUTIONALIZATION

DURING THIS STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT, A FEW ADVENTUROUS TOURIST VISIT THE AREA. THESE
ARE ALL THE ALLOCENTRIC TYPES OF TOURIST. SOME OF THEM DECIDE TO STAY IN THE AREA
AND BECOME EXPATRIATES. DURING STAGE, TOURISTS ARE GENERALLY WELCOMED BY THE
RESIDENTS.

MATURITY IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF TOURISTS AND THE

FORMALIZATION OF SERVICES, ITINERARIES, AND ROLES. THERE IS A LOSS OF LOCAL DECISIONMAKING AND CONTROL IN THE TOURIST INDUSTRY. DURING THE MATURITY
INSTITUTIONALIZATION STAGE FACILITIES AND PROCEDURES ARE STANDARDIZED WHICH RESULT
IN GREATER EFFICIENCY.

STAGE 4 DECLINE SATURATION AND ALIENATION

IN THE FINAL STAGE, THE DESTINATION HAS BECOME SATURATED. THE RESIDENTS HAVE
BECOME DISILLUSIONED BECAUSE TOURISM HAS NOT PRODUCED ALL THE BENEFITS THEY
EXPECTED.

CHAPTER 2 TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT
GOALS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE AIMS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

PROVIDE A FRAMEWORK FOR RAISING THE STANDARD OF LIVING OF THE PEOPLE

THROUGH THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF TOURISM
DEVELOP THE INFRASTRUCTURE AND PROVIDE RECREATION FACILITIES FOR TOURISTS
AND LOCAL RESIDENTS.
ESTABLISH TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT WITHIN THE TOURIST CENTERS AND RESORTS THAT
ARE SUITABLE TO THE PURPOSES OF THESE AREAS.
PROVIDE A DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM THAT IS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CULTURAL,
SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC PHILOSOPHY OF THE GOVERNMENT AND THE PEOPLE OF THE
HOST COUNTRY OR DESTINATION.

HINDRANCES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUPPLY

TO CHANGE POTENTIAL SUPPLY TO ACTUAL SUPPLY, THE FIRST
OBSTACLE IS THE LACK OF TRANSPORTATION AND ACCESS ROUTES TO
THE TOURIST CENTER. SECOND IS THE LACK OF ACCOMMODATION.
THE THIRS IS INADEQUATE FINANCING OF INFRASTRUCTURE SUCH AS
WATER SUPPLE, SANITATION, POWER SUPPLY. THE LAST IS THE LACK OF
SUFFICIENT NUMBER OF TRAINED PERSONNEL.

THE MANAGEMENT OF TOURISM

ALTHOUGH THE GOVERNMENT MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PROMOTION OF
TOURISM IN THE COUNTRY AND FOR THE FORMULATION OF A TOURIST
PROGRAM OF DEVELOPMENT, IT HAS ALSO RESPONSIBILITIES WITH
REGARD TO ITS IMPLEMENTATION. A BASIC ISSUE WHICH THE
GOVERNMENT WILL HAVE TO DETERMINE IS THE DIVISION OF
RESPONSIBILITIES BETWEEN THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS.
THERE ARE FIVE FUNCTIONS WHICH ARE THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE
GOVERNMENT IN ASSISTING TOURISM DEVELOPMENT. THESE ARE:

BASIC MAREKET RESEARCH INTO FUTURE TOURISM DEMAND

THE PUBLICITY PROMOTING THE COUNTRY AND ITS TOURIST ASSESTS AND CREATING THE
CONDITIONS OF GOODWILL, INTEREST, EASE OF ENTRY ET. WHICH WILL NOT ONLU ATTRACT
TOURIST BUT MAKE SURE THAT THEY WILL GO AWAY WITH A GOOD IMPRESSION AND WISH TO
RETURN
THE REGULATION AND CONTROL OF THE VARIOUS SERVICES WHICH CONSTITUTE THE
INDUSTRY THE SUCCESS OF WHICH WILL DEPENDE ON THE MUTUAL COOPERATION AND
CONFIDENCE BETWEEN THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS.
THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
MAKING ARRANGEMENTS THAT ARE NECESSARY FOR TOURISM PROMOTION WITH OTHER
GOVERNMENTS

GOVERNMENT REGUALTION AND

ASSISTANCE
THE GOVERNMENT CAN DO MUCH TO CREATE A FAVORABLE CLIMATE FOR INVESTMENT
BY A PRUDENT SYSTEM OF REGULATION. THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD FIRST CONSULT
THE INDUSTRY BEFORE MAKING THE REGULATIONS SINCE THE REGULATORY SYSTEM
CAN ENCOURAGE INVESTMENT ONLY IF IT HAS THE CONFIDENCE OF THE INDUSTRY.
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE GOVERNMENT FINANCIAL INCENTIVES:

SUBSIDIES IT IS THE MOST ATTRACTIVE INCENTIVE FROM THE INVESTORS POINT OF VIEW. IT IS A MEANS OF
INITIATING INVESTMENT IN A NEW DEVELOPMENT AREA.
CREDITS THE GOVERNMENT ECOURAGES TOURISM INVESTMENT BY PROVIDING SPECIAL CREDITS FOR
INVESTMENT IN AREAS DECLARED TO BE OF NATIONAL TOURIST INTEREST.

GUARANTEED CREDITS: INTEREST REBATES THE GOVERNMENT MAY GUARANTEE CREDITS OBTAINED THROUGH NORMAL BANKING
ARRANGEMENTS
TECHINICAL ADVICE THE STAFF OF THE CREDIT INSTITUTION SHOULD BE ABLE TO GUIDE THE INVESTOR IN THE MANAGEMENT OF
THE PROJECT.

PREFERENTIAL RATES OF INTEREST THE GOVERNMENT MAY OFFER CAPITAL FOR INVESTMENT AT LOWER
THAN MARKET RATES OF INTEREST.
SPECIAL FACILITIES FOR LAND PURCHASE THIS IS A STRONG INCENTIVE TO TOURIST DEVELOPMENT
ESPECIALLY IN NEW TOURIST AREAS.
FISCAL AIDS MOST GOVERNMENTS RECOGNIZE TOURISM AS AN EXPORT INDUSTRY AND GIVE IT THE SAME
CONCESSIONARY ARRANGEMENT AS OTHER EXPORT INDUSTRIES.
RELIEFS ON OPERATING COSTS - THE GOVERNMENT CAN MAKE TOURISM INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVE BY
OFFERING SPECIAL CONCESSIONS AT THE OPERATING STAGE IN ORDER TO INCREASE THE PROFITABILITY OF THE
PROJECT.
RECRUITING AND TRAINING EMPLOYEES A VERY IMPORTANT FUNCTION OF THE GOVERNMENT IS TO HELP IN
RECRUITING EMPLOYEES. THIS IS OFTEN ACCOMPLISHED THROUGH AN EMPLOYMENT SERVICE.

CHAPTER 3 THEORIES IN
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
THERE ARE SEVERAL THEORIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURIST
DESTINATIONS, HOW THEY HAVE EMERGED, GROWN, AND IN
SOME CASES DECLINED. CHRISTALLER, A GERMAN
GEOGRAPHER AND PLANNER, PUBLISHED AN ARTICLE IN 1963, IN
WHICH HE SUGGESTED THAT THERE WAS A PROCESS OF
CONTINUOS DEVELOPMENT OF TOURIST AREAS.
CHRISTALLERS IDEAS ON HOW TOURIST AREAS DEVELOP CAN BE
SUMMARIZED AS FOLLOWS

DESTINATIONS DEVELOP AND CHANGE OVER TIME.

THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF VISITORS AT DIFFERENT TIMES.
THE TOURIST EXPERIENCE CHANGES OVER TIME.
THE IMPACTS ON THE DESTINATIONS CHANGE OVER TIME.
THE INVOLVEMENT OF LOCALS IN TOURISM DESTINATIONS CHANGE OVERTIME.
NEW CYCLES INVOLVING NEW TOURIST DESTINATIONS WILL OCCUR.

THEORIES IN TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT
IN 1973, STANLEY PLOG, AN AMERICAN RESEARCHER, DEVELOPED A THEORY
THAT THE POPULARITY OF A DESTINATION IS RELATED TO THE INHERENT
PERSONALITIES OF TRAVELERS. HE HYPOTHESIZED THAT TRAVELERS CAN
BE CLASSIFIED BASED ON THEIR DIFFERENT PERSONALITIES, AS
PSYCHOCENTRICS AND ALLOCENTRICS. PSYCHOCENTRICS LIKE TO VISIT
FAMILIAR ENVIRONMENTS OR CULTURE. ALLOCENTRICS, ON THE OTHER
EXTREME, HAVE AS TRONG NEED FOR NEW AND VARIED EXPERIENCES.
MAJORITY OF TOURIST ARE LOCATED CLOSE TO A MIDPOINT BETWEEN THE
PSYCHOCENTRICS AND ALLOCENTRICS. THESE ARE THE MIDCENTRICS. THE
MIDCENTRIC PERSONALITY COMPRISES THE MASS MARKET FOR TRAVEL.
MIDCENTRICS ARE NOT ADVENTUROUS BUT THEY ARE NOT AFRAID TO TRY
NEW EXPERIENCES SO LONG THAT THESE ARE NOT TOO CHALLENGING.

THEORIES IN TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT
COHEN IN 1972, DEVELOPED A THEORY WHICH IS RELATED TO THE BEHAVIOR
OF TOURISTS. HE CLASSIFIED THE TYPOLOGY INTO FOUR NAMELY;

ORGANIZED MASS TOURIST THESE TOURIST TRAVEL IN GROUPS.

INDIVIDUAL MASS TOURIST EACH MEMBER OF THE GROUP HAS A CERTAIN DEGREE OF
CONTROL OVER HIS TIME AND ITINERARY AND IS NOT BOUND TO A GROUP.
EXPLORERS SUCH TOURIST ARRANGE THEIR OWN TRIP.
DRIFTERS THESE TOURIST AVOID CONTACT WITH OTHER TOURISTS.

DOXEY IN 1975, PROPOSED A THEORY CALLED IRRITATION INDEX OR IN

SHORT IRRIDEX. THE THEORY SUGGEST THAT OVER TIME, AS THE LOCALS
BECOME MORE HOSTILE TO VISITORS, THE NUMBER OF VISITORS WILL NOT
CONTINUE TO GROW AT THE SAME PREVIOUS RATE AND MAY ACTUALLY
DECLINE.

EUPHORIA VISITORS ARE WELCOME AND THERE IS LITTLE PLANNING

APATHY VISITORS ARE TAKEN FOR GRANTED AND CONTACT BECOMES FORMAL
ANNOYANCE SATURATION IS APPROACHED AND THE LOCAL PEOPLE HAVE MISGIVINGS.
ANTAGONISM OPEN EXPRESSION OF IRRITATION AND PLANNING IS REMEDIAL, YET
PROMOTION IS INCREASED TO OFFSET THE DETERIORATING REPUTATION OF THE RESORT.

THEORIES IN TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT
BUTLER, A GEOGRAPHER, DEVELOPED HIS THEORY OR MODEL WHICH WAS BUILT
ON THE IDEAS OF CHRISTALLER, PLOG, COHEN AND DOXCY. BUTLERS THEORY
APPEARED IN 1980 IN WHICH HE, NOT ONLY ACKNOWLEDGE THAT HIS THEORY
WAS BASED ON EARLIER THEORIES BUT HE ALSO INDICATED THAT IT WAS
BASED ON THE BUSINESS CONCEPT OF THE PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE.
IN 1988, BUTLER RECONSIDERED HIS MODEL. HE SHOWED THAT DESPITE SOME
CRITICISMS, AFTER ALMOST 20 YEARS, THERE WAS MUCH SUPPORT FOR HIS
ORIGINAL MODEL. HE SUGGESTED THAT THE FOLLOWING KEY POINTS
CONFIRMED THA VALIDITY OF HIS ORIGINAL THEORY:

THE KEY CONCEPT IS DYNAMISM

THERE IS A COMMON PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT OF TOURIST DESTINATIONS
THERE ARE LIMITS TO GROWTH
THERE ARE TRIGGERS OR FACTORS THAT BRING ABOUT CHANGE IN A DESTINATION
MANAGEMENT IS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR
LONG-TERM VIEW. THERE IS A NEED TO LOOK AHEAD FOR 50 YEARS, NOT 5 YEARS, TO AVOID THE FAILURES
SUGGESTED BY THE MODEL
SPATIAK COMPONENT. THERE IS A POSSIBILITY THAT TOURIST WILL GO ELSEWHERE AS THE DESTINATION
DECLINES
UNIVERSAL APPLICABILITY. THE MODEL APPLIES TO ALL DESTINATIONS

THEORIES IN TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT
EXPLORATION

FEW ADVENTUROUS TOURIST, VISITING SITES WITH NO PUBLIC FACILITIES

VISITORS ATTRACTED TO THE RESORT BY A NATURAL PHYSICAL FEATURE
SPECFIC VISITOR TYPE OF A SELECT NATURE

INVOLVEMENT

LIMITED INTERACTION BETWEEN LOCAL RESIDENTS AND THE DEVELOPING TOURISM INDUSTRY LEADS TO THE PROVISION OF
BASIC SERVICES
INCREASED ADVERTISING INDUCES A DEFINABLE PATTERN OF SEASONAL VARIATION
DEFINITE MARKET AREA BEGINS TO EMERGE

DEVELOPMENT

DEVELOPMENT OF ADDITIONAL TOURIST FACILITIES AND INCREASED PROMOTIONAL EFFORTS

GREATER CONTROL OF THE TOURIST TRADE BY OUTSIDERS
NUMBER OF TOURIST AT PEAK PERIODS FAR OUTWEIGHS THE SIZE OF THE RESIDENT POPULAION

CONSOLIDATION

TOURISM HAS BECOME A MAJOR PART OF THE LOCAL ECONOMY

A WELL-DELINIATED BUSINESS DISTRICT HAS TAKEN SHAPE
SOME OF THE OLDER DETERIORATING FACILITIES ARE PERCIEVED AS SECOND RATE
LOCAL EFFORTS ARE MADE TO EXTEND THE TOURIST SEASON

STAGNATION

PEAK NUMBERS OF TOURIST AND CAPACITY LEVELS ARE REACHED

THE RESORT HAS A WELL ESTABLISHED IMAGE, BUT IS NO LONGER IN FASHION
THE ACCOMODATION STOCK IS GRADUALLY ERODED AND PROPERTY TUROVER RATES ARE HIGH

POST-STAGNATION

FIVE POSSIBILITIES, REFLECTING A RANGE OF OPTIONS THAT MAY BE FOLLOWED, DEPENDING PARTLY ON THE SUCCESS OF
LOCAL MANAGEMENT DECISIONS.

CHAPTER 4 SUSTAINABLE
TOURISM
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
ONE OF THE STRONGEST MOTIVATIONS FOR TRAVEL AT THE PRESENT TIME
IS INTEREST IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AS WELL AS THE HERITAGE,
ARTS, HISTORY, LANGUAGE, CUSTOMS AND CULTURE OF PEOPLE IN OTHER
COUNTRIES. AN IMPORTANT ATTRACTION IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
MAY BE A BEAUTIFUL LANDSCAPE, AN IMPRESSIVE MOUNTAIN, AND THE
LOVELY FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE AREA AND AN ATTRACTIVE FOREST.

MEANING OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MEANS ACHIEVING QUALITY GROWTH IN A MANNER
THAT DOES NOT DEPLETE THE NATURAL AND BUILT EVIRONMENTS AND
PRESERVES THE CULTURE, HISTORY, AND HERITAGE OF THE LOCAL
COMMUNITY. THE WORD ENVIRONTMENT INCLUDES THE NATURAL
HABITATS, BUILT SCTRUCTURES, CULTURE, HERITAGE, HISTORY, AND
SOCIAL INTERACTIONS.
THE KEY TO SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IS TO BALANCE THE NUMBER OF
VISITORS WITH THE CAPACITY OF THE GIVEN ENVIRONMENT IN A MANNER
THAT ALLOWS THE GREATEST INTERACTION AND ENJOYMENT WITH THE
LEAST DESTRUCTION.

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
FRAMEWORK
IN THE BEGINNING OF LIFE AND IT WILL BE UNTIL THE END, PEOPLE ARE UNITED
WITH NATURE. THIS IS THE BEGINNING TRIAD OF TIME, PEOPLE, AND NATURE,
THE INTERGRITY OF CREATION. DRAWING FROM THE FILIPINOS MYTHICAL
PAST OF MALAKAS AND MAGANDA OR THE BIBLICAL STORY OF ADAM AND
EVE, IT IS SECOND NATURE TO THE FILIPINO TO SEE THE OTHER PERSON AS A
FELLOW HUMAN BEING (KAPWA TAO). HENCE THE CONCEPT OF EQUALITY
AND PARTNERSHIP IS NOTHING NEW TO THE FILIPINO. THIS IS THE CONCEPT
THAT IS AT THE HEART OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN THE Philippines.
BECAUSE OF THIS UNITY WITH NATURE AND THIS CONCEPT OF EQUALITY AND
PARTNERSHIP, EVEN FAMILY AND COMMUNITY CAN BE ONE IN OWNING UP THE
ACCOUNTABILITY TO BE STEWARDS OF THE FUTURE:

AS A WAY OF GIVING GLORY TO THE CREATOR

AS A WAY OF VALUING HUMAN LIFE AND THE LEGACY OF OUR FOREFATHERS, AND
OUT OF RESPECT FOR THE DIGNITY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

WHAT EVERY TOURISM MASTER PLANNER OR PRACTICIONER SHOULD KEEP

TOPMOST IN THEIR MIND WHEN THINKING CUSTOMER FOCUS IS:

IF YOU WANT TOURIST TO FIND YOUR CITY/PROVINCE/MUNICIPALITY/BARANGAY ATTRACTIVE,

THE RESIDENTS MUST FIRST FIND IT ATTRACTIVE

CURRENT TRENDS IN SUSTAINABLE

TOURISM
CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC
TRAVELER MAGAZINE CREATED IN 2002 THE WORLD LEGACY
AWARDS TO RECOGNIZE OUTSTANDING BUSINESSES,
ORGANIZATIONS AND PLACES THAT HAVE CONTRIBUTED VERY
MUCH IN PROMOTING THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM.
THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC TRAVELER IN ITS MARCH ISSUE 2004.
PUBLISHED CRITERIA TO MEASURE THE EXTENT TO WHICH
WORLDWIDE TOURISM DESTINATIONS FOLLOW THE BEST
PRACTICES IN A SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT. THESE
CRITERIA ARE THE FOLLOWING:

ENVIRONTMENT AND ECOLOGICAL QUALITY

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL INTEGRITY
CONDITION OF ANY HISTORIC BUILDING AND ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE
AESTHETIC APPEAL
QUALITY OF TOURISM MANAGEMENT
OVERALL OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE

GLOBAL IMPACT OF SUSTAINABLE

TOURISM
GLOBALLY, THE INTEREST OF TOURIST IN SUSTAINABLE TOURISM HAS
GROWN TREMENDOUSLY SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE 21 ST
CENTURY.
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM POLICY IN THE WORLD TODAY IS A POSITIVE
APPROACH WHICH AIMS TO MAINTAIN QUALITY TOURISM PRODUCTS
IN ORDER TO SATISFY THE GROWING DOMESTIC AND
INTERNATIONAL MARKET FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND TOURISM
EXPERIENCE. THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PRINCIPLES CONTAINED IN
THE CODE OF ETHICS FOR TOURISTS PUBLISHED IN THE PARKS
CANADA VACATION PLANNER:

ENJOY OUR DIVERSE NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE AND HELP US TO PROTECT AND PRESERVE IT.
ASSIST IN OUR CONSERVATION EFFORTS THROUGH THE EFFICIENT USE OF RESOURCES INCLUDING
ENERGY AND WATER.
EXPERIENCE THE FRIENDLINESS OF OUR PEOPLE AND THE WELCOMING SPIRIT OF OUR COMMUNITIES.
AVOID ACTIVITIES WHICH MAY THREATEN WILDLIFE OR PLANT POPULATION OR WHICH MAY
POTENTIALLY DAMAGING TO OUR NATURAL ENVIRONMENT.
SELECT TOURISM PRODUCTS AND SERVICES WHICH DEMONSTRATE SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY.

THE BENEFITS OF SUSTAINABLE

TOURISM
TOURIST ATTRACTIONS IN BOTH THE NATURAL AND BUILT
ENVIRONMENTS ARE IMPORTANTE FACTORS FOR ECONOMIC
GROWTH, UNSPOILED NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS, WELL-MAINTAINED
HISTORIC SITES AND CULTURAL HERITAGE EVENTS CAN PRODUCE
ECONOMIC AND QUALITY OF LIFE BENEFITS. SATISFIED VISITORS
ARE LIKELY AND CAN SURELY CONTRIBUTE TO THE ECONOMIC
GROWTH OF TOURISM TO A LOCAL COMMUNITY.
THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF SUCCESSFUL SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
MANAGEMENT INCLUDE DEVELOPING NEW BUSINESSES,
EXPANDING JOB OPPORTUNITIES, INCREASING INCOME,
MARKETING NEW PRODUCTS, IMPROVING INFRASTRUCTURE,
ENCOURAGING DIVERSIFICATION, INTEGRATING THE LOCAL
ECONOMY AND SPECIAL OPPORTUNITIES WITH OTHER SERVICES
AND PRODUCTS, PROMOTING COMMUNITY PRIDE AND HIGHER
QUALITY OF LIFE TO THE LOCAL POPULATION.

CHAPTER 5 THE KEY PLAYERS IN

TOURISM PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
TOURISTS

TOURIST ARE A SIGNIFICANT FACTOR IN THE PLANNING ANG MANAGEMENT OF

TOURISM. UNFORTUNATELY, TOURIST ARE OFTEN REGARDED AS THE MAJOR
CAUSE OF THE PROBLEMS OF TOURISM. SINCE THEY ARE OUTSIDERS, THEY
ARE USUALLY BLAMED BY THE INSIDERS OR THE LOCAL RESIDENTS FOR THE
NEGATIVE CONCESQUENCES OF TOURISM

THE HOST COMMUNITY

APPROPRIATE TERMS GIVEN TO THE HOST COMMUNITY ARE LOCAL COMMUNITY,

RESIDENT COMMUNITY, OR DESTINATION COMMUNITY. THE HOST COMMUNITY IS
HETEROGENOUS BECAUSE IT IS MADE UP OF LONG-TERM INDIGENOUS
RESIDENTS AS WELL AS DOMESTICE AND INTERNATIONAL IMMIGRANTS.
SWASBROOKE SUGGESTED THAT A HOST COMMUNITY IS DIVIDED INTO:

ELITES AND THE REST OF THE POPULATION

INDIGENOUS RESIDENTS AND IMMIGRANTS
THOSE DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN TOURISM AND THOSE NOT INVOLVED
PROPERTY OWNERS AND PROPERTY RENTERS
YOUNGER PEOPLE AND OLDER PEOPLE
EMPLOYERS, EMPLOYEES, SELF-EMPLOYED
THOSE WITH PRIVATE CARS, THOSE RELYING ON PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AFFLUENT AND LESS WELL-OFF RESIDENTS
MAJORITY COMMUNITYES/MINORITY COMMUNITIES

THE KEY PLAYERS IN TOURISM

PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ARE USUALLY THE PUBLIC SECTOR OF TOURISM. THEY ARE
NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS THAT ARE FUNDED FROM THE TAXES PAID BY THE
CITIZENS. THE PRINCIPLAL REASONS FOR THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR
IN TOURISM ARE THE FOLLOWING:

THE PUBLIC SECTOR IS MANDATED TO REPRESENT THE WHOLE POPULATION AND NOT ONLY ONE SET OF
STAKEHOLDERS OR INTEREST GROUP.
THE PUBLIC SECTOR IS INTENDED TO BE IMPARTIAL, WITHOUT PARTICULAR VESTED OR COMMERCIAL INTEREST.
THE PUBLIC SECTOR CAN TAKE A LONGER-TERM VIEW OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT THAN THE PRIVATE SECTOR.

THE TOURISM INDUSTRY

THE TOURISM INDUSTRY IS DIFFICULT TO DEFINE BECAUSE IT IS COMPLEX AND HAS

MANY DIMENSIONS. THE TOURISM INDUSTRY IS OFTEN BLAMED FOR CAUSING
DAMAGES TO DESTINATIONS AND SHOWING UNWILLINGNESS TO BE INVOLVED IN
PLANNING FOR LONG-TERM TOURISM DEVELOPMENT. BECAUSE OF THE COMPLEXITY
OF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY, IT IS DIFFICULT TO DETERMINE THE CAUSE OF THE
PROBLEMS.

THE TOURISM INDUSTRY HAS BEEN BLAMED FOR:

BEING MAINLY CONCERNED WITH SHORT-TERM PROFIT, RATHER THAN LONG-TERM SUSTAINABILITY
EXPLOITING THE ENVIRONMENT AND LOCAL POPULATION RATHER THAN CONSERVING THEM
BEING RELATIVELY FICKLE AND SHOWING LITTLE COMMITMENT TO PARTICULAR DESTINATIONS
NOT DOING ENOUGH TO RAISE TOURIST AWARENESS OF ISSUES SUCH AS SUSTAINABILITY
GETTING ON THE SUSTAINABILITY ISSUE WHEN IT WILL PRODUCE GOOD PUBLICITY
BEING INCREASINGLY OWNED AND CONTROLLED BY LARGE TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS WHO HAVE LITTLE REGARD FOR
INDIVIDUAL DESTINATIONS

CHAPTER 6 TOURISM IMPACTS

ECONOMIC IMPACTS OR TOURISM
THE IMPACTS OF TOURISM CANNOT BE ONLY POSITIVE OR BENEFICIAL
BUT ALSO NEGATIVE OR DETRIMENTAL. THE FOLLOWING ARE USUALLY
REGARDED AS POSITIVE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM.

CONTRIBUTION TO FOREIGN EXCHANGE EARNINGS

CONTRIBUTION TO GOVERNMENT REVENUES
GENERATION OF EMPLOYMENT
CONTRIBUTION TO REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

NEGATIVE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM

THE NEGATIVE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF TOURISM ARE THE
FOLLOWING:

INFLATION
OPPORTUNITY COSTS
OVER-DEPENDENCE ON TOURISM

TOURISM IMPACTS
SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM
A DISCUSSION OF THE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM WIL
LREQUIRE A DISCUSSION OF THE MEANING OF TERMS SOCIETY AND
CULTURE. SOCIETY IS CONCERNED WITH THE PEOPLE IN GOUROS,
THEIR INTERACTION, THEIR ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR. CULTURE IS
ABOUT THE SOCIAL INTERACTION OF PEOPL, THEIR SOCIAL RELATIONS
AND MATERIAL ARTIFACTS
CULTURAL ATTRACTIONS INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:

HANDICRAFTS
LANGUAGE
TRADITIONS
GASTRONOMY
ART AND MUSIC
HISTORY OF THE TOURIST AREA
TYPES OF WORK ENGAGED IN BY THE LOCAL RESIDENTS
ARCHITECTURE
RELIGION
EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
DRESS
LEISURE ACTIVITIES

TOURISM IMPACTS
POSITIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM
THE BENEFICIAL SOCIAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM ARE THE FOLLOWING:

CREATION OF EMPLOYMENT
CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
RENEWAL OF CULTURAL PRIDE
CROSS-CULTURAL EXCHANGE

NEGATIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM

THE NEGATIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM ARE:

OVERCROWDING AND LOSS OF AMENITIES FOR RESIDENTS

OVER COMMERCIALIZATION OF TRADITIONAL ARTS AND CRAFTS
DEMONSTRATION EFFECT
ACCULTURATION

TOURISM IMPACTS
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

THE ENVIRONMENT IS RECOGNIZED AS THE MAJOR RESOURCE FOR TOURISM.

TOURISM DEPENDS ON THE ENVIRONMENT BECAUSE THE ENVIRONMENT IS A
MAJOR TOURIST ATTRACTION. THERE IS MUTUAL DEPENDENCE BETWEENT TOURISM
AND ENVIRONMENT WHICH HAS BEEN DESCRIBED AS SYMBIOTIC.
THE TERM ENVIRONMENT REFERS TO THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND THE BUILT
ENVIRONMENT. THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT IS WHAT EXIST IN NATURE SUCH AS
CLIMATE AND WEATHER, THE LAND AND ITS SOILS AND TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY,
WATER FEATURES, FLORA, FAUNA AND ECOLOGY SYSTEMS. THE BUILT
ENVIRONMENT CONSISTSOF MAN-MADE PHYSICAL FEATURES SUCH AS BUILDINGS,
INFRASTRUCTURE, ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HISTOTORIC SITES.

POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

THE FOLLOWING ARE THE POSITIVE ENVIRONMENT IMPACTS:

CONSERVATION OF IMPORTANT NATURAL AREAS
CONSERVATION OF ARCHAELOGICAL AND HISTORIC SITES
IMPROVEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
ENHANCEMENT OF ENVIRONMENT
IMPROVEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE
INCREASING ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS

TOURISM IMPACTS

NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

THE FOLLOWING ARE THE NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENT IMPACTS:

WATER POLLUTION
AIR POLLUTION
NOISE POLLUTION
VISUAL POLLUTION
WASTE DISPOSAL PROBLEMS
ECOLOGICAL DISRUPTION
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD
DAMAGE TO ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HISTORIC SITES
LAND USE PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 7 COLLABORATION AND

PARTNERSHIPS IN TOURISM
MEANING OF COLLABORATION AND PARTNERSHIP

DIFFERENT TERMS ARE USED TO DESCRIBE COLLABORATION. THESE INCLUDE COALITION,

FORUMS, ALLIANCES, TASK FORCES. COLLABORATION OCCURS WHEN A GROUP OF INDEPENDENT
STAKEHOLDERS OF A PROBLEM DOMAIN ENGAGE IN A INTERACTIVE PROCESS, USING SHARED
RULES, NORMS AND STRUCTURES TO ACT OR DECIDE ON ISSUES RELATED TO THAT DOMAIN.
A PARTNERSHIP IS AN ON-GOING ARRANGEMENT BETWEEN TWO OR MORE PARTIES
CHARACTERIZED BY DURABILITY OVER TIME, INCLUSIVENESS, COOPERATION AND FLEXIBILITY.
COLLABORATIVE RELATIONSHIPS CAN HAVE MANY FORMS. THE PROCESSES INVOLVED IN
PARTNERSHIP MAY VARY FROM VERY FORMAL TO VERY INFORMAL.

POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF COLLABORATION AND PARTNERSHIP

THE INVOLVEMENT OF A WIDE RANGE STAKEHOLDER WHO ARE IN THE BEST

POSITION TO INTRODUCE CHANGE AND IMPROVEMENT.
THE DEMOCRATIZATION OF TORISM DECISION MAKING MAY BE REALIZED WITH THE
INVOLVEMENT OF MANY STAKEHOLDERS.
INVOLVEMENT OF SEVERAL STAKEHOLDERS MAY INCREASE THE SOCIAL
ACCEPTANCE OF POLICIES.
THE PARTIES WHO ARE DIRECTYLE AFFECTED BY THE ISSUES MAY BRING THEIR
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND OTHER CAPACITIES TO THE POLICY-MAKING PROCESS.
A CREATIVE SYNERGY MAY RESULT FROM WORKING TOGETHER, LEADING TO
GREATER INNOVATION AND EFFECTIVENESS.

COLLABORATION AND
PARTNERSHIPS IN TOURISM
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS OF COLLABORATION AND
PARTNERSHIPS
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE POTENTIAL PROBLEMS OF COLLABORATION AND
PARTNERSHIPS:

COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS MAY BE UNDER-RESOURCED IN RELATION TO REQUIREMENTS FOR ADDITIONAL

STAFF TIME, LEADERSHIP AND ADMINISTRATIVE RESOURCES.
INVOLVING A RANGE OF STOCKHOLDERS IN POLICY-MAKING MAY BE COSTLY AND TIME-CONSUMING.
THE COMPLEXITY OF ENGAGING DIFFERENT STAKEHOLDERS IN POLICY-MAKING MAKES IT DIFFICULT TO
INVOLVE THEM EQUALLY.
THE VESTED INTERESTS AND ESTABLISHED PRACTICES OF THE VARIOUS STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVED IN
COLLABORATIVE WORKING MAY BLOCK INNOVATION.
THE NEED TO DEVELOP CONSENSUS AND THE NEED TO DISCLOSE NEW IDEAS IN ADVANCE OF THEIR
INTRODUCTION MIGHT DISCOURAGE ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT.
THERE MAY BE FRAGMENTATION IN DECISION MAKING AND REDUCED CONTROL OVER IMPLEMENTATION

THE POWER OF SOME PARTNERSHIPS MAY BE TOO GREAT, LEADING TO THE CREATION OF CARTELS.
SOME COLLABORATIVE ARRANGEMENTS MAY OUTLIVE THEIR USEFULLNESS, WITH THEIR BUREUCRACIES
SEEKING TO EXTEND THEIR LIVES UNRESONABLY.

CHAPTER 8 THE FUTURE OF

TOURISM PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
THE IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON TOURISM

THE MAJOR CHALLENGE TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF TOURISM IN THE NEXT FIFTY

YEARS IS THE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING. IN 2008, IT WAS ACCEPTED BY
SEVERAL SCIENTIST THAT GLOBAL WARMING IS OCCURRING. THE INCREASE IN
EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS OVER THE PAST TEN YEARS HAVE BEEN
ATTRIBUTED TO GLOBAL WARMING. A MAJOR GLOBAL CONSEQUENCE OF GLOBAL
WARMING IS THE MELTING OF BOTH POLAR ICE CAPS. THE GLOBAL EFFECT WILL
BE A RISE IN SEA LEVEL. IF THIS OCCURS, IT IS POSSIBLE THAT LOW-LYING
COUNTRIES AND SMALL ISLAND NATIONS WILL BE FLOODED. THIS MAY RESULT IN
THE DISAPPEARANCE OF COASTAL TOURISM IN THESE PARTS OF THE WORLD.

THE EFFECTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS ON TOURISM

IN THE EARLY PART OF THE 21ST CENTURY, OTHER TOURISM DESTINATIONS

SUFFERED FROM LOCAL PROBLEMS WHICH AFFECT TOURIST ARRIVALS. THESE
INCLUDE THE EFFECTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS SUCH AS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS,
STORMS AND FLOODING. AIRLINE DISRUPTIONS CAUSED BY STORMS RESULT IN
DELAYS AND CANCELLATIONS IN WEATHER AFFECTED LOCATIONS. IN ADDITION,
AFFECTED AIRLINES SUFFER NEGATIVE ECONOMIC IMPACT BECAUSE DELAYS
AND GROUNDINGS CAUSE AIRPLANES TO BE MISALLOCATED FOR THE START OF
THE NEXT ROUND OF FLIGHTS.

THE FUTURE OF TOURISM

PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
THE IMPACT OF HEALTH ISSUES ON TOURISM

FEAR OF DISEASE REDUCES TRAVEL DEMAND. MOST TRAVELERS AVOID AREAS

THAT HAVE HIGH HEALTH RISKS. DISEASES SPREAD MORE RAPIDLY DUE TO
TRAVEL, PARTICULARLY THROUGH AVIATION. REPORTS RELEASED BY HARVARD
RESEARCHERS SHOW THAT THE BIRD FLU VIRUS SPREAD MORE RAPIDLY DUE TO
INTERNATIONAL TOURISM, ESPECIALLY AIR TRAVEL.

IMPACT OF TERRORIST ATTACKS ON TOURISM

THE BOMBING OF WORLD TRADE CENTER IN NEW YORK ON SEPTEMBER 11, 2001
HAD A LONG-TERM EFFECT ON THE GLOBAL TOURISM INDUSTRY. TERRORIST
ATTACKS ARE BEING VIEWED AS PART OF GLOBAL, NOT A LOCAL THREAT. IN
UNITED STATES, THE TERRORIST ATTACKS HAD A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON
POTENTIAL AND REAL TRAVELERS. THE IMPACTS OF SEPTEMBER 11, 2001 HAVE
CONTINUED EVEN AFTER THE OCCURRENCE OF THE EVENT. THE BANKCRUPTCY
OF AMERICAN AIRLINES IN 2002 HAS BEEN LINKED CLOSELY TO THE DECLINE IN
THE NUMBER OF PASSENGERS SINCE THE TERRORIST ATTACKS. THE DECLINE IN
THE NUMBER OF TOURIST ARRIVALS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM IN THE AUTUMN
OF 2001 WAS ATTRIBUTED PARTLY TO THE RELATIVELY SMALL NUMBER OF US
VISITORS WHO VISITED BRITAIN IN THE AUTUMN OF 2001 COMPARED TO
PREVIOUS YEARS.

THE FUTURE OF TOURISM

PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
THE BALI TERRORIST ATTACK ON TOURIST CALLS INTO QUESTION WHETHER
TOURISM WILL CONTINUE TO EXPAND IN TERMS OF VISITOR ARRIVALS
AND AT THE SAME TIME SPREAD TO ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD. IT IS
APPROPRIATE TO ASSUME THAT THE NUMBER OF TOURISTS WILL
CONTINUE TO INCREASE ON A GLOBAL SCALE IN THE FUTURE IN SPITE
OF SIGNIFICANT HINDRANCES AT SPECIFIC LOCATIONS. IF TOURISM
REACHES ALMOST ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD, IT IS VERY IMPORTANT
THAT CAREFUL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT POLICIES ARE ADOPTED
AND APPLIED. IN THE PAST, RECENT PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT HAS
BEEN REGARDED AS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE GOVERNMENT. IN THE
FUTURE, IT IS NECESSARY THAT THE PRIVATE SECTOR WILL BE MORE
ACTIVELY INVOLVED IN PLANNING AND MANAGING TOURISM.
THE SUCCESS OF TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE 21 ST
CENTURY IN PROMOTING THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF TOURISM WILL
DEPEND NOT ONLY ON STRUCTURES, ORGANIZATIONS, AND INDIVIDUALS
BUT IN THE POLITICAL WILL THAT IT IS POSSIBLE AND DESIRABLE TO
PLAN AND DEVELOP TOURISM.

CHAPTER 9 INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY AND TOURISM
PLANNING DEVELOPMENT
TOURISM IS A COMPLICATED WORLDWIDE INDUSTRY AND
INFORMATION IS ITS ANIMATING FORCE. INFORMATION ABOUT THE
TOURISM PRODUCT IS IMPORTANT TO HELP THE CUSTOMER IN
MAKING CHOICES. SINCE THE TOURISM PRODUCT IS INTANGIBLE,
SELLING THE PRODUCT REQUIRES DESCRIPTION BY THE TRAVEL
TRADE. ELECTRONIC FORMS OF MESSAGES ABOUT TOURISM
PRODUCTS HAVE MORE ADVANTAGES THAN PRINTED SOURCES.
ELECTRONIC FORMS ARE MORE UP-TO-DATE, MORE VISUAL AND
MORE COLORFUL. COMPUTERIZED SYSTEMS SUCH AS THE
INTERNET, CAN PROVIDE TOUR OPERATORS AND TOURISM
PROVIDERS ACCESS TO LARGE NUMBERS OF POTENTIAL
CUSTOMERS SIMULTANEOUSLY.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND

TOURISM PLANNING
DEVELOPMENT
GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)

IN THE PAST, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY OR IT WAS NOT USED EXTENSIVELY IN TOURISM

PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT. IN THE EARLY 1990S, DESTINATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
(DMS) WAS APPLIED TO TOURISM DESTINATIONS. THIS INVOLVED THE COORDINATION AND
DELIVERY OF THE DESTINATION TOURISM PRODUCT.
IN NEW ZEALAND, GIS WERE USED IN CONNECTION WITH THE RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT ACT
(RDA) WHICH WAS INTRODUCED IN 1991. GIS HAVE BEEN USEFUL IN NEW ZEALAND IN THE
FOLLOWING AREAS:

CONTRIBUTING TO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND THE STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT.

HELPING IN THE ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF REGIONAL POLICY STATEMENTS.
ASSISTING WITH DECISIONS ON PLANNING PERMISSION.

MACADAMS CONDUCTED A RESEARCH ON THE USE OF GIS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

HIS INVESTIGATION SHOWED THAT GIS HAD AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN TOURISM
PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT IN TERMS OF:

THE PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENTS

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DATA COLLECTION PARTICULARLY IN TERMS OF COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT
THE USE OF SYSTEM ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
INTERVIEWING LOCAL REPRESENTATIVES AND LOCAL PEOPLE
INTERPRETING SITES USING THE RESULT OF VISITOR SUREVEYS
FEASBILITY STUDIES FOR A TOURIST FACILITY
STRATEGY PROGRAMSN INCLUDING AN ACTION PLAN
TRAFFIC MODELLING FROM HIGHWAY ENGINEERS DATA
WILDLIFE DATA FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ECOLOGY IN LOCAL AREAS
INFRASTRUCTURE AUDIT IN HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS
POLICY STUDIES

THATS ALL THANK YOU!