CONJUNCTIONS

AND
INTERJECTIONS
M. Ilham Ramadhan
Wanda Pandu W.

What is a Conjunction?
A conjunction is like glue. It helps things to stick together.

A conjunction joins words, phrases, and sentences, which

are called clauses.

What is a Conjunction?
Conjunctions join two or more words.

Example: I went to the store to buy eggs, milk, and bread.

What is a Conjunction?
Conjunctions can join two prepositional phrases.

Ex. I went skiing down the hill and past the trees.

What is a Conjunction?
Conjunctions can connect two clauses or sentences.
When two sentences are joined, a comma MUST be

placed before the conjunction.

Ex. I played cards for awhile, but then I played chess.

All of these words, and many more,

are conjunctions ! ! !
or

for

than
while

if

before

even though
nor

and
since
ye
t
wher
e

whether

wherever

then
because

so
although
unless
until

Let us take a closer

but

What is a conjunction?
Conjunction is the name for those common words
that are used to join (conjoin) parts of sentences. Also,
conjunctions may be used to begin certain sentences.

There are two different types of conjunctions:

coordinating conjunctions and subordinating
conjunctions.

Conjunctions sometimes work in pairs and are called

correlative conjunctions.

Conjunctive adverbs are also frequently used to

provide logical connections in sentences.

Coordinating Conjunction
They connect words, phrases, and clauses, which are

sentences.
They connect things of equal value.
(This means that they would connect a noun with another
noun or a prepositional phrase with another prepositional
phrase.)

Coordinating Conjunction

When to Use Each Coordinating Conjunction:

Reason

Coordinating Conjunction

To communicate addition
To communicate contrast
To communicate a result/effect
To communicate a reason/cause
To communicate a choice
To communicate a negative choice

and
but, yet
so
for
or
nor

Use them between two independent clauses.

Coordinating Conjunction
F- for

introduces the reason for the first clause

A- and

joins two similar ideas together

N- nor

not used very often

B- but

joins two contrasting ideas

O- or

joins two alternative ideas

Y- yet
S- so

joins contrasting ideas (like but)

shows the second idea results from the first

Coordinating conjunction
Coordinating conjunctions affect the meaning of your

sentence.
For is also used to show a relationship between things.
When it is used to combine two sentences, you must put
a comma before it.
Ex. I ordered a pizza, for I was hungry.

Coordinating conjunction
Coordinating conjunctions affect the meaning of your

sentence.
And connects things that are alike or joined together.
Ex. I want popcorn and pizza.

Coordinating conjunction
Coordinating conjunctions affect the meaning of your

sentence.
But is used to connect things that are different or
separated.
Ex. I want popcorn but not pizza.

Coordinating conjunction
Coordinating conjunctions affect the meaning of your

sentence.
Or is used to offer a choice.
Ex. Do I want popcorn or pizza?

Coordinating conjunction
Coordinating conjunctions affect the meaning of your

sentence.
Nor is used to offer a negative choice.
Ex. I do not want popcorn nor pizza.

Coordinating conjunction
Coordinating conjunctions affect the meaning of your

sentence.
Yet is used to show a change. When it is used to
combine two sentences, you must put a comma before it.
Ex. I want popcorn, yet I also want pizza.

Coordinating conjunction
Coordinating conjunctions affect the meaning of your

sentence.
So is used to show a relationship between things. When
it is used to combine two sentences, you must put a
comma before it.
Ex. I want popcorn, so I made some.

More Coordinating
Conjunctions...

These are likely used less often; however, they serve an

important function.

When to Use Each Coordinating Conjunction:

Reason
To communicate additional
information

Coordinating Conjunction

consequently
furthermore
however
indeed
moreover
nevertheless
then
therefore
Use them between two independent clauses.

Coordinating Conjunction
Examples of coordinating conjunctions in sentences:
Ex. He only wears brown wingtips, consequently, he does not wear white
socks. ( Consequently joins two independent clauses.)
Ex. The shoes were not suede, however, they were leather. (However
joins two independent clauses.)
Ex. It was not a Eve party, nevertheless, many came dressed in
costumes. (nevertheless joins two independent clauses.)

Subordinate Conjunctions
These conjunctions are used to express relationships
between a dependent and an independent clause.
When to Use Common Subordinate Conjunctions:
Reason

Subordinate Conjunction

Regarding time

after, before, once, since,

until, when, whenever, while
as, because, since
in order that, so, so that, that
even if, unless
although, even though,
though, whereas
where, wherever
than, whether

To communicate a reason/cause
To communicate a result/effect
To communicate a conditionif
To communicate contrast
Regarding location
Regarding a choice

Subordinate Conjunctions

Subordinate conjunctions often begin a dependent clause. If

the dependent clause begins or interrupts the sentence, then
it is separated from the independent clause by a comma.

Examples of subordinate conjunctions in sentences:

Once she found the perfect broach, she purchased
three outfits to match it. (Once demonstrates a time context. A
Ex.

comma is used because the conjunction begins the sentence.)

Ex. He wore the top hat wherever he went. (Wherever
demonstrates a location context. Though wherever begins the
dependent clause, no comma is used because it does not begin the
sentence or interrupt the sentence.)

Correlative conjunction
Another type of conjunction is called correlative

conjunctions.
Correlative conjunctions connect words, phrases,
and clauses, which are sentences.
Correlative conjunctions connect things of equal
value.
(This means that they will connect a verb with
another verb or a sentence with another
sentence.)

Correlative conjunction
Correlative Conjunctions are not single words.

They work in pairs.

There are five pairs of correlative conjunctions:
both.and

whether.or

not only.but also

neither.nor

either.or

Examples of Correlative
Conjunctions

I saw both the Statue of Liberty and the Empire State

Building.

Examples of Correlative
Conjunctions

I dont want neither pickles nor tomato on my hamburger.

Examples of Correlative
Conjunctions

I dont know whether to play baseball or to play basketball

this year.

Examples of Correlative
Conjunctions

Either the student or the teacher can answer the question.

Examples of Correlative
Conjunctions

Not only do I play the flute, but I also play the clarinet.

Correlative Conjunctions
Common Correlative Conjunctions and Examples:
both, and

Ex. Both maroon and gray accent nicely.

either, or

Ex. I like to wear either pants or capris.

neither, nor

Ex. Neither the shirt nor the jacket fit.

not only, but (also)

Ex. Not only one button fell off, but all of

them.

whether, or

Ex. Whether or not you wear nice clothes,

you have to wear clothes.

not, so much as

Ex. It was not that his clothes were

flamboyant so much as they were
purplish.

Conjunctive Adverbs
Conjunctive adverbs provide connections and transitions
that clarify or limit the meaning of words.

When to Use Common Conjunctive Adverbs:

Reason
To communicate addition
To communicate contrast

Conjunctive Adverb

also, furthermore, besides

however, still, nevertheless,
instead, otherwise
To communicate comparison
similarly, likewise
To introduce a result/summary therefore, thus, consequently,
accordingly, hence, then
To indicate time
next, then, meanwhile, finally
To communicate emphasis
indeed, certainly

Conjunctive Adverbs

Conjunctive adverbs can appear anywhere in a

sentence. They should be followed by a comma and,
when in the middle of a sentence, preceded by a
semicolon.
Examples of conjunctive adverbs in sentences:
Ex. Furthermore, stiletto heels are not a fad; they are
classic! (Furthermore communicates an additional
statement and is followed by a comma.)
Ex. His red cape caught on the skyscraper; therefore,
his flying ended abruptly. (Therefore communicates a
result and is preceded by a semicolon because it is in
the middle of the sentence.)

1. Farhan has a great jump shot ..... he isn't quick on

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

his feet.
Farhan is neither sane ..... brilliant.
Farhan plays basketball well, .... his favorite sport is
badminton
Farhan is not the only Olympic athlete in his
family, .... are his brother, sister, and his Uncle Chet
Farhan wants popcorn, .... Farhan made some
My favorite soda is Sprite, .... Annes is Coca-Cola.
I like to eat cake ... drink tea.
I like my classes. I like my teachers (make sent.
With conj)
Sarah ran away ..... the dog pursue.

I love New Bern High School. I like my

classes .... teachers. I enjoy going to
football games, .... I dont like the crowds
of people there. I am in the band, .... I get
in for free.