Enthalpy Part 2

By: Group 2
11 Einstein

Recap
The enthalpy change is the amount of heat released (Exothermic) or
absorbed (Endothermic) when a chemical reaction occurs at constant
pressure (100 kPa, approximately normal atmospheric pressure)

H = H(products) - H(reactants)

Hesss Law
Hess's Law of Constant Heat Summation states that regardless of the multiple stages or steps of a
reaction, the total enthalpy change for the reaction is the sum of all changes.
Hess Cycle
>States that the total enthalpy change in a chemical reaction will not be affected from what route are
taken by the chemical reaction as long as the initial and final conditions are the same. Hess Law
tell us that the enthalpy change for for direct routes and indirect route is the same.
Indirect

F+G

A+B

C
Direct

Indirect
X

Y+Z

Example
Find the H of
C2H4(g) + 6F2(g) 2 CF4 (g) + 4HF(g)

Using the following relevant enthalpy change of formation:

(x2) 2H2(g) + 2F2(g) (4) 2HF(g)

H = -537 kJ mol-1 (x2) (-1074 KJ mol-1)

(flip) 2C(s) + 2 H2(g) C2H4 (g)

mol-1)

H = +52.3 kJ mol-1 (flip sign) (-52.3 kJ

(x2 and flip) 2CF4 (g) 2C(s) + (4) 2 F2 (g)

H = 680 kJ mol-1 (-1360 kJ mol-1)

Modified equation:
2H2 + 2F2 4HF

H = -1074 KJ

C2H4 2C+ 2H2

H = -52.3 kJ

2C+ 4F2 2CF4

H = -1360 kJ

2H2 + 2F2 4HF

H = -1074 KJ

C2H4 2C+ 2H2

H = -52.3 kJ

2C+ 4F2 2CF4

H = -1360 kJ

C2H4(g) + 6F2(g) 2 CF4 (g) + 4HF

H=-2486 KJ

Example 2
Calculate the standard enthalpy changes for the reaction:
2NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)
The relevant enthalpy changes of formation are:
Hf = [NaHCO3 (s)] = -950.8 kJ mol -1
Hf = [Na2CO3(s) ]= -1130.7 kJ mol -1
Hf = [CO2 (g)]= -393.5 kJ mol -1
Hf = [H2O (I)]=-285.8 kJ mol -1

Try this...
Hr
Reactants

Products

Indirect

Direct
H1

2 Hf = [NaHCO3 (s)]

H2

Elements

H2 = H1 + Hr
Direct

Indirect

Hf

= [CO2 ]= -393.5 kJ mol 1

Hf

= [H2O ]=-285.8 kJ mol -1

Hf

= [Na2HCO3 ] = -950.8 kJ mol 1

Answer...
H2 = H1 + Hr
Hf[CO2 ] + Hf[H2O ] + Hf[Na2HCO3 ] = 2 Hf [NaHCO3 (s)] + Hr
(-1130.7) + (-393.5) + (-285.8) = 2 ( -950.8) + Hr
-1810.0 = -1901.6 + Hr
Hr = (-1810.0 ) + (1901.6)
Hr = 91.6 kL mol1
H2 = H1 + Hr
-1810.0 = -1901.6 + 91.6

Bond energies and enthalphy changes

Enthalpy changes

Breaking bond
(endothermic)
Forming bond
(exothermic)

> Energy needed to break bonds is less than the energy released when bonds are formed the
reaction will release energy (exothermic)
> Energy needed to break bonds is more than the energy released when bonds are formed the
reaction will absorb energy (endothermic)

Bond energy
> The amount of energy needed to break a
specific covalent bond bond energy
> Symbol= E
> Units = kJ mol-1

Using Bond Energy to find Enthalpy

Example:
Find H for the following reaction
given the following bond
energies:

Lets Try!

QUICK TIPS!
RE-DRAW(REPRESENTING THE
BOND) TO MAKE IT EASIER

Answer:
Total endothermic change for bond breaking:
8xC-H
2xC-C
5xO=O
= (8 x +413) + 2(+347) + 5(+498)
Total exothermic change for bond forming:
6 x C=O

8 x O-H

= (6 x -805) + (8 x -464)

Delta H= [(8x413)+(2x347)+(5x498)] --- [(6x805)+(8x464)]=

- 2054 kJ mol-1

Average bond energy

Average bond energies are often used because the strength of a bond
between two particular types of atom is different in different compounds

For example:

It takes more energy to break the first O-H bond in water than to break O-H bond in
ethanol.

Thank You!