Chapter on Idgham

To assimilate one letter into another letter, reading them as mushaddad is called
idgham. The first letter is called mudgham and the second is called mudgham fih. The
opposite of idgham is izhar.
Idgham is broken down into 3 categories:
1. Idgham Mithlayn: This is when two such letters that have the same sifaat and
makhraj come together [i.e. the same letter] like: , .
2. Idgham Mutajanisain: This is when two such letters that have the same makhraj
but different sifaat come together like: , .
3. Idgham Mutuqaribayn: This is when two such letters that have similar makhraj
and sifaat come together like: , . This particular idgham is
permissible not mandatory.

Idgham is broken down into 2 different categories (from a different aspect): sagheer
and kabir:
Idgham Kabir: It is that idgham wherein the letter that idgham is being done to, is
mutaharrik and afterwards it becomes sakin and idgham is thereafter done like: .
Idgham kabir does not occur according to all qaris. Our Imam Hafs () - whose
form of recitation is predominant in the Indo-Pak- also does not implement this
idgham.
Idgham Sagheer: It is that idgham wherein the letter upon which idgham is being
applied was already sakin like .
Idhgam sagheer is of two more types: taamm and naaqis.
1. Idgham Sagheer Taamm: Is when the first letter completely is made similar to the
second letter like the idgham of into in .
2. Idgham Sagheer Naaqis: When the first letter is not made to be exactly similar to
the second letter, rather some Sifaat of the mudgham remain after the assimilation
like the idgham of into in .

Things that prevent the Idgham from occurring:

In the following scenarios idgham will not occur:
1. When the first letter is a madhmum like .
2. When the first letter is a maftuh like .
3. When the first letter has a tanwin on it like .
4. When the first letter has a tashdeed on it like .
5. When a letter has been omitted from the original word. However if this scenario
occurs in when the idgham is mithlain-when after the first letter another letter of its
type appears-, then idgham is also permissible like (the examples are for when the
idgham is not mithlain) , , .
6. When the first letter is a harf madd like , .
7. When the first letter is a harf halqi whether the second is or isnt like
,. However, in this scenario idgham will take place with the same letter like
.
Note: The idgham of the of tareef1 will occur in the huruf shamsiyyah and will not
occur in the huruf qamariyyah.
The huruf shamsiyyah are thus:

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In this poem, the first letter of each word will be taken (the italicized part is the poem
whereas the individual letters not italicized are the huruf shamsiyyah derived from the
poem).
The huruf qamariyyah are thus: