+

Endocrine System
15.3 Thyroid & Parathyroid
Bio 30

+
Thyroid Gland:
Role

regulates
metabolism

Body temperature, fat

storage, sugar use

Location

- base of the
neck, in front of the trachea
and windpipe

+
Thyroid Gland:
Produces

three
hormones:
Thyroxine (T4)
increases metabolism and
regulates growth
Triiodothyroxine (T3) similar function, three
iodine atoms
Calcitonin - acts on bone
cells to lower Ca+ found in
the blood

+ Thyroid Disorders

Goiter - enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by lack of

iodine in the diet (iodine used to make T3)

Thyroid needs iodine to produce hormones - iodine is found in

table salt

If no T3 present in blood, the hypothalamus thinks that

the Thyroid is not producing enough T3. This negative
feedback signal causes the Thyroid to be stimulate
repeatedly to produce TSH then symptoms become
evident

Note: symptoms only

appear if condition is
untreated

Goal of treatment is
Whats that word again?

Hyperthyroidism
+
- Thyroid too active
high

amounts of
T3 and T4
are released
oxidation of
sugar is fast
Symptoms:
sweating,
fatigue,
weightless

Hypothyroidism
+
- thyroid not active enough
Low

amounts of T3

& T4
oxidation of sugar is
slower
Excess sugars
converted to glycogen
and fat
Symptoms:
weight gain,
muscle weakness,
cold intolerance,
dry skin and hair

The

thyroid is stimulated by TSH (thyroid

stimulating hormone). This comes from the
pituitary.

Lets

look at the feedback system! p. 486

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qIn8AHHB1_o&

feature=youtu.be&annotation_id=annotation_6337
28905&feature=iv&src_vid=2AFiMipv63k

+ Lets draw it together!

(If its important enough to draw
it must be mighty important)

1.

Receptors in hypothalamus are stimulated when

metabolic rates decrease.

2.

Hypothalamus secretes TRH carried to pituitary

3.

Pituitary secretes TSH carried to blood to thyroid

gland and releases T4 and T3.

4.

T4 and T3 raise metabolism by stimulating

increased use of sugar by body cells.

5.

We get HIGH LEVELS ------ TURN OFF!!

6.

Presence of T3, T4, and TSH in blood inhibit the

release of TRH from the hypothalamus, THUS
turning off production of TSH from pituitary.

Got it? Lets practice:

How
List

does thyroxine affect blood sugar?

the symptoms of hyper and

hypothyroidism.

Early medical intervention

To

treat goiters related to hypothyroidism or

overactive thyroids, some surgeons found success in
removing the thyroid altogether!

While

this resolved many of the patients thyroid

related symptoms, patients quickly began to suffer
from rapid uncontrolled muscle twitching

Calcium

Its

not just important for your bones!

Every

muscle movement requires Ca2+

with no Ca2+ no muscle control!

Calcium

levels are maintained by the

Thyroid and the Parathyroid

Calcitonin
Released

by thyroid in response to high blood

calcium
Causes
bones

to deposit calcium
intestines and kidneys to absorb less Ca2+
Has

a negative Feedback Loop with parathyroid gland

they work opposite to each other

*Parathyroid Glands
These

are small glands hidden in the thyroid.

Prediction:
Negative

Feedback Loop with

Thyroid
Thyroid causes body to lose Ca2+
What will parathyroid do?

They produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)

which raises calcium levels in the blood.

*The negative feedback loop is a little

more complicated for PTH p.487
Blood
Ca+
goes down

parathyroid

(-)

Increase
PTH
Levels

Increase Ca+
in blood from bone

Increase reabsorption
of Ca+ in kidney
and small intestine

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vn9crOgnGgs